Morphology Restoration

Morphological image processing
Image Restoration
SPEECH AND IMAGE PROCESSING LAB

Morphological image processing &
Image restoration
Nishil. B. S.
Nisha J. S.
Nishil. B. S.Nisha J. S. SPEECH AND IMAGE PROCESSING LAB Morphological image processing
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Morhological operations
What is morphological image processing ?

A broad set of image processing operations that
process images based on shapes
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Applications of Morphological image processing

Extraction of image components
eg. Boundaries, skeletons etc.
Geometric measurements
eg. Object location, orientation ,area ,perimeter
Morphological smoothing
To compute the morphological gradient of an image
To compensate uneven background illumination
Granulometry
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Value of each pixel in the output image is based on the neighbouring

pixels in the input image
Morphological operations require an image and a structuring element
Size and shape of the neighbours depends on the structuring element
Basic morphological operations

Erosion
Dilation
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Structuring element
Matrix consisting of only 0’s and 1’s

Can have any arbitrary shape and size
Pixels with values of 1 define the neighborhood
Origin of structuring element identifies the pixel of interest
Matlab syntax
strel(shape, parameters)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Dilation
Grows or thickens objects in a binary image

Manner and extent of thickening controlled by the structuring
element
Rule for dilation

The value of the output pixel is the maximum value of all the pixels in
the input pixel’s neighborhood
Matlab syntax
imdilate(original image, structuring element)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of dilation of binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of dilation of greyscale image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Erosion
Shrinks or thins objects in a binary image

Manner and extent of shrinking controlled by the structuring element
Rule for erosion

The value of the output pixel is the minimum value of all the pixels in the
input pixel’s neighborhood
Matlab syntax
imerode(original image, structuring element)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of erosion of binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Morphological Opening
Erosion followed by dilation

Smoothens object contours
Breaks thin connections between objects
Removes thin protrusions
matlab syntax
imopen(original image, structuring element)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of opening a binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of opening a binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Morphological Closing
Dilation followed by erosion

Joins narrow breaks
Fills long thin gulfs
Fills holes smaller than the structuring element
matlab syntax
imclose(original image, structuring element)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of closing a binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Hit or Miss Transformation
Used to identify specified configurations of pixels
Steps involved in Hit or Miss Transformation

1 Input image is eroded with a structuring element B1
2 Complement of input image is the eroded using a structuring
element B2
3 Logical AND operation is performed on images obtained from step 1
and 2
4 Output image consists of 1 in all locations that match the pixels in
B1
matlab syntax
bwhitmiss(original image, B1, B2)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of Hit or Miss Transformation of a binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of Hit or Miss Transformation of a binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Skeletonization
Skeletonization
Reduce all objects in an image to lines without changing the
essential structure of the image
matlab syntax
bwmorph(original image, ‘skel’, inf)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of Skeletonization of a binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Perimeter Determination
Determines the perimeter pixels of the objects in a binary image

A pixel is considered a perimeter pixel if it satisfies both of these
criteria:
The pixel is on
One (or more) of the pixels in its neighborhood is off
matlab syntax
bwperim(image)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of Perimeterisation of a binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Labeling Connected Components
Method to identify objects in a binary image

Pixels in each different object are assigned a unique integer
Type of the chosen connectivity affects the number of objects found
in an image
Definition of object
Set of pixels in a binary image that form a connected group is called an
object or a connected component
matlab syntax
[L num] = bwlabel(image,connectivity)
L = label matrix
num = total number of objects
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Labeling Connected Components

Pixel Connectivity
Connectivity defines which pixels are connected to other pixels
Standard 2D connectivities are :
4-connected
8-connected
Custom connectivities can also be specified
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of Labeling of a binary image
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Morpholgical Reconstruction
Repeated dilations of an image
Morphological transformation involving two images and a structuring
element
One image, the marker is the starting point of transformation
Other image, the mask constrains the transformation
Morpholgical Reconstruction Algorithm
Initialize h1 to be the marker image
Create the structuring element: B = ones(3)
Repeat:
hk+1 = (hk dilationB) ∩ mask

until hk+1 = hk .
matlab syntax
imreconstruct(marker, mask)
Structuring element
Image Restoration
Illustration of Morpholgical Reconstruction
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Image restoration techniques
Image Restoration
Image Restoration
Recovering the desired or perfect image from a degraded
version.
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Image degradation
causes of Image degradation

1 degradation due to sensor noise
2 Blur due to camera misfocus
3 Degradation due to camera motion
4 Degradation due to random atmospheric turbulence
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Degradation model
Degradation function together with an additive noise term operates on an

input image to produce degraded image
g (x, y ) = h(x, y ) ∗ f (x, y ) + η(x, y )

f(x,y) Original true image
h(x,y) Degradation function, also called PSF(Point Spread Function)
η(x, y ) Additive noise
g(x,y) Degraded image
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Degradation model cont..
Figure: Degradation model
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Image blurring
A form of bandwidth reduction of the image due to imperfect image

formation process
Caused by relative motion between the camera and the original
scene, or by optical system, which is out of focus
PSF of motion blur is characterized by two parameters namely, blur
direction and blur length
matlab syntax
fspecial(’motion’, blur length, blur angle)
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Example of blurred image
Figure: Original and blurred image
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
1 Inverse filtering
2 Wiener filtering
3 Lucy Richardson Algorithm
4 Blind deconvolution
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Inverse Filtering
This is a very basic restoration filter

Restoration is done using the inverse of degradation function
G (u, v )
Fb (x, y ) =
H(u, v )
This filter generally gives poor results
matlab syntax
deconvwnr(degraded image, PSF)
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Wiener Filtering
Used for restoring images in the presence of blur as well as noise

Seeks an estimate fˆ that minimises the statistical error function
e 2 = E (f − fˆ)2
Wiener filter function is given by :

" #
2
|H(u, v )|
F̂ (x, y ) = G (u, v ) 2
H(u, v ) |H(u, v )| + Sn (u, v )/Sf (u, v )
Sn = noise power spectrum

Sf = power spectrum of undegraded image
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
wiener filtering
features
This filter gives descent results
It is quite fast
matlab syntax
deconvwnr(degraded image, psf,nspr)
nspr = Noise to signal power ratio
deconwnr(degraded image,psf, nacorr, facorr)
nacorr = Noise autocorrrelation function
facorr= Undegraded image autocorrelation function
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Lucy - Richardson Algorithm
Iterative non-linear image restoration technique

Used when only the PSF is known
This algorithm maximises the liklihood function
Features
Reduce the effect of noise amplification
Accounts for nonuniform image quality
Reduces Camera read-out noise
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
matlab syntax
deconvlucy(degraded image, psf,numit, dampar, weight)
numit = Number of iterations
dampar = Threshold deviation
weight = weight to be assigned to each pixel
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
Blind deconvolution
Image restoration not based on the specific knowledge of PSF

Based on maximum liklihood estimation
Restores the image and the PSF simultaneously using an iterative
process similar to the Lucy-Richardson algorithm
matlab syntax
deconvblind(degraded image, intpsf)
intpsf = Initial PSF
Image degradation
Degradation model
Image Restoration
References
1 Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods & Steven L. Eddins,“Digital

image processing using matlab”, Pearson Education Inc.
2 Anil K. Jain, “Fundamentals of digital image processing”,
Prentice-Hall Inc.
3 www.prenhall.com/gonzalezwoods
4 www.mathworks.com

Morphology Restoration

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Morphological image processing

SPEECH AND IMAGE PROCESSING LAB

Morphological image processing

What is morphological image processing ?

Morphological image processing

Applications of Morphological image processing

Morphological image processing

Value of each pixel in the output image is based on the neighbouring

Basic morphological operations

Matrix consisting of only 0’s and 1’s

Grows or thickens objects in a binary image

Rule for dilation

Illustration of dilation of binary image

Illustration of dilation of greyscale image

Shrinks or thins objects in a binary image

Rule for erosion

Illustration of erosion of binary image

Erosion followed by dilation

Illustration of opening a binary image

Illustration of opening a binary image

Dilation followed by erosion

Illustration of closing a binary image

Hit or Miss Transformation

Used to identify specified configurations of pixels

Steps involved in Hit or Miss Transformation

Illustration of Hit or Miss Transformation of a binary image

Illustration of Hit or Miss Transformation of a binary image

Illustration of Skeletonization of a binary image

Determines the perimeter pixels of the objects in a binary image

Illustration of Perimeterisation of a binary image

Labeling Connected Components

Method to identify objects in a binary image

Labeling Connected Components

Illustration of Labeling of a binary image

hk+1 = (hk dilationB) ∩ mask

Illustration of Morpholgical Reconstruction

causes of Image degradation

Degradation function together with an additive noise term operates on an

g (x, y ) = h(x, y ) ∗ f (x, y ) + η(x, y )

Degradation model cont..

Figure: Degradation model

A form of bandwidth reduction of the image due to imperfect image

Example of blurred image

Figure: Original and blurred image

Image restoration techniques

This is a very basic restoration filter

Used for restoring images in the presence of blur as well as noise

Wiener filter function is given by :

Sn = noise power spectrum

Lucy - Richardson Algorithm

Iterative non-linear image restoration technique

Image restoration not based on the specific knowledge of PSF

1 Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods & Steven L. Eddins,“Digital

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