You are on page 1of 30

B GIAO DUC VA AO TAO TRNG I HC NHA TRANG KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM *********&********

BO CO THC HNH

GVHD : ThS. L Th Tng NHM: 03 LP : 51CBTP-1

Khnh Ha, ngy 17 thng 04 nm 2012

DANH SCH NHM 03- 51CBTP1


STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 H V TN Phm Th Bch Nhi ng Th Phng Cai Th L Qunh Phng Th Huyn Son Hong Vn Thnh Bi Th Tho Nguyn Thi Thanh Tho Phan Th Hng Th Trn Th Thu Trn Ngc Anh Tuyt Bi Thanh Thy ng Th Thy Trn Th Thu Thy Nguyn Th M Thng Trng Th Tin V Th Tn Thi Th Trang Nguyn Th Trinh Hong Th Thanh Tr V Quang Trung Nguyn Hu Tun Ng Tun T Trn nh T Ng Hng Vn Trn Th V MSSV 51131068 50131219 51131304 51131331 51131469 51131493 51131509 51131445 51131416 51131833 51131606 51131604 51131600 51131464 51131639 51131944 51131696 51131716 51131794 51131750 51131851 51131974 51131978 51132040 51132056

MC LC LI M U4
A. HP MT NHUYN (B - CHANH DY)5

1. Thit lp v thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut hp mt nhuyn6 2. nh gi cm quan...12 3. xut kin...15
B. HP THT XU MI..16 1. Thit lp v thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut hp tht xu mi. 2. nh gi cm quan18 3. xut kin20

C.. TRNG

GII THIU THIT B GHP M V THIT B THANH

A. Thit b ghp m bn t ng21

1. Quy phm vn hnh my ghp m 4 con ln 2. Nguyn tc, cu to v hot ng ca my ghp m 4 con ln
B. Thit b thanh trng...23

1. Quy phm vn hnh thit b thanh trng 2. Cu to, hot ng

LI M U hp thc phm ra i t thi xa xa, khi con ngi i xa thm him hay v mc ch chin tranh, mun m bo lng thc n qua thi gian di m khng b h hng, khng phi qua ch bin nn ngi ta nghin cu v pht minh ra hp thc phm vo nm 1804 do Nicolas Appert. Tuy nhin vi iu kin k thut cha cao nn sn phm khng thi gian di v th ngi ta tip tc nghin cu v sn phm hp n ngy nay c hon chnh. Sn phm hp rt a dng v phong ph v ngun nguyn liu lun di do t rau qu, tht gia sc, gia cm cho n nguyn liu thy sn tt c hu nh u ch bin ra sn phm hp. Khng ch n thun l mt loi nguyn liu m ngi ta bit phi trn nhiu nguyn liu khc nhau lm tng thm hng v, cht lng v gi tr cm quan. Vi s hng dn tn tnh ca c v s thng nht ca cc thnh vin trong nhm, chng em thy rng sn phm hp tht xu mi ang c nhu cu s dng cao v c gi tr v mt dinh dng ln, v c th n km vi nhiu sn phm khc khng cn qua ch bin. Ngoi ra nhm cn lm sn phm mt nhuyn b hng chanh dy y l mt sn phm mi, c s ha quyn gia hng thm d chu v v ngt hi ha ca b to nn hng v mi l, cung cp nhiu cht dinh dng nhu A, C, v cc vitamin khc. Hai sn phm ny va m bo dinh dng va m bo an ton sc khe cho ngi tiu dng v to nn mt ba n ngon ming.

A . SN PHM MT NHUYN B HNG CHANH DY GII THIU Nc ta c kh hu nhit i nn tri cy v c qu ht sc phong ph: chanh dy, b , u , xoi, Ngun nguyn liu cy nh l vn nn mn mt l mn n quen thuc ca ngi Vit Nam. Khng ch tr nh thch mt m ngi ln cng b hp dn bi v ngt ngo v hng thm c trng ca chng. Mt nhuyn tri l loi thc phm ngt c ch bin t ngun nguyn liu l tri cy hoc mt s loi c v ng vi tc dng ca pectin to nn snh cho sn phm B l ngun cung cp vitamin A, tt cho th gic, tng trng xng v s sinh sn, iu ha h min dch v gp phn dinh dng, bo v cho da. Ngoi ra n cn bi dng thn kinh, gip cc phn ng chuyn ha cc t bo thn kinh v no v nhiu nguyn t vi lng khc. Chanh dy l loi qu mi rt c a chung nc ta trong nhng nm gn y, tri chanh dy cha nhiu loi vitamin cng nhng nguyn t vi lng khc c ch cho tim mch, khng cha cholesterol, giu vitamin A v vitamin C, l ngun cung cp kali, cht st di do, ngun cht x tuyt ho v gip lm du cc c ang b cng cng. c bit mi v ca dch qu rt c bit. Tuy nhin mt chanh dy hin nay cha ph bin nn y c xem l sn phm mi v cng v nhng hiu qu, tc dng ca n , chng ti la chn v thc hin quy trnh Mt nhuyn b hng chanh dy ng hp. Mt lm t nguyn liu b cng vi hng chanh dy b sung vo to hng v rt ngon, hp dn v nhm tn dng c ngun nguyn liu phong ph v gp phn lm a dng sn phm ch bin t rau qu, nhm tha mn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi.

I.

QUY TRNH SN XUT HP MT B HNG CHANH DY

1. S quy trnh cng ngh

B X l Ra Ct khc Luc chn Xay mn Phi trn Gia nhit B Rt hp Bi kh n g Chanh dy X l p ly dch Dch chanh dy

Ghp m

Sn phm Bo n

Thanh trng Lm ngui

2. Thuyt minh quy trnh 2.1 Nguyn liu Nguyn liu c vai tr quyt nh n cht lng ca sn phm. Nguyn liu c s dng sn xut hp mt b hng chanh dy gm hai nguyn liu chnh l b v chanh dy: + B : 2kg + Chanh dy: 1kg Yu cu ca nguyn liu l phi t chn k thut, b gi, dy cm, chanh dy c mu tm, b mt hi nhn, khi ct i c mi thm t trng, dch mu vng ti, nguyn liu khng bm dp, ng thi, su bnh

2.2 X l Nguyn liu sau khi mua v c ra di vi nc chy loi b ht ct sn, tp cht dnh trn qu, ng thi loi b c mt phn vi sinh vt bm trn b mt qu, sau ro nc, sau tip tc x l c hc: i vi b : Sau khi ra sch, tin hnh gt sch v, b i qu b, ly ht ht trong qu, sau ra li ln th hai. Sau khi ra ln hai, ct b thnh tng khc nh.

i vi chanh dy: Sau khi ra sch, dng dao b i qu, tch b v, ch ly phn cm v dch. Qu trnh x l cn din ra nhanh trnh hin tng oxy ha dch qu.

2.3. Luc chn, xay mn b Sau khi ct nh, tin hnh luc chn b. Sau xay mn v dng ry lc tch x b.

Yu cu sau khi xay v lc tch x, b dng st, mn, khng cn st x khng nh hng n cht lng thnh phm sau ny, sn phm khng vn cc, d tao gel. 2.4 p ly dch chanh dy Cm v dch chanh dy sau khi tch khi v c p loi b ht. Mc ch: lm gim chua ca chanh dy. Yu cu: khng c st ht trong nc dch. Sau khi p dch xong, tin hnh b sung ng, to v ngt, gim chua ca chanh dy. 2.5 Phi trn Trn chung b sau khi xay v lc tch x vi dch chanh dy sau b sung ng n v ngt thch hp. (Nhm s dng 1kg ng tinh luyn). 2.6 Gia nhit.

Yu cu
Thi gian gia nhit: gia nhit n khi t snh thch hp Trong qu trnh gia nhit, thng xuyn khuy o trnh hin tng

chy kht di y ni, gip cho sn phm mt sau ny c ng u v mu sc v mi v. 2.7 Rt hp 2.7.1 Chun b hp
9

Loi bao b c chn lm bao b cho sn phm l bao b thy tinh. Cc l thy tinh c kim tra k lng, loi b cc l b nt, m, st mingcc l sau khi c kim tra s c ra bng dung dch ra, sau ra li bng nc lnh. Sau khi ra ta em i thanh trng, thy tinh l loi vt liu d v do s thay i nhit nn ch dng nc nng c nhit 75- 850C m khng dng nc si v thi gian thanh trng bao b trong nc nng ko di t 5 n 7 pht. 2.7.2 Rt thc phm vo hp Cng on ny c tin hnh th cng. Dng mung mc tng mung ln cho vo hp. d cho vo hp, nhit thc phm phi khong 60- 700C, v vy, vic chun b hp phi c tin hnh trc khi gia nhit hn hp b v dch chanh dy, sau khi gia nhit xong, c th tin hnh rt hp ngay, gip hiu qu bi kh tt, tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt, gim nh ch thanh trng , m bo cht lng ca sn phm, gim bt s bin i v mu v mi ca sn phm. Cn phi cha khong khng nh hp, bao b s dng l bao b thy tinh nn khong khng ny chim 6- 10% th tch ton b hp. Yu cu: rt hp khng dnh mp m bo qu trnh ghp m, m ghp khng b h. 2.8 Bi kh, ghp m Thc phm c rt vo hp trong tnh trng c nng nhit n nhit cao, nh vy ui c phn ln khng kh trn khong khng nh hp. Sau khi rt thc phm vo hp, dng khn sch lau quanh mp hp, m bo khng cn dnh ra bn ngoi, nhanh chng vn cht np hp. 2.9 Thanh trng Mc ch thanh trng: Tiu dit h vi sinh vt, v hiu ha enzym trong sn phm hp t v trng thng phm Chn ch thanh trng:

10

Chn nhit thanh trng da vo acid: y l sn phm mt qu nn thuc nhm sn phm chua c pH < 4,2 c thanh trng nhit di 1000C nhng khng nh hn 75-800C. Chn nhit thanh trng l 900C S dng phng php thanh trng h iu kin thanh trng: Thanh trng trong ni c cha nc. Mc nc cao hn sn phm 10 15cm

Cng thc thanh trng cho sn phm:

(15 20 15)/ 90
+ Thi gian nng nhit: 15 pht + Thi gian gi nhit: 20 pht + Thi gian h nhit: 15 pht
2.10 : Lm ngui

Sn phm sau khi thanh trng s c em i lm ngui. Lm ngui nhm h nhit sn phm chun b cho cng on tip theo.
2.11 : Bo n

Thng sn phm hp bo n trong 2 tun kim tra cht lng, nhng do trong qu trnh lm sn phm cha m bo cc yu cu k thut nn bo n trong 1 tun.

11

BNG NH GI CM QUAN MT NHUYN HNG CHANH DY THEO TCVN 3215-79

Cc ch tiu

H s quan trng

im 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 5

nh gi Mu vng ti, sng c trng ca b . Mu vng ti ca b . Mu vng hi thm. Mu vng thm. Mu vng hi nu. Mu nu. snh keo c trng ca mt nhuyn, khng c bt kh. snh va, khng c bt kh. snh va, xut hin 1 vi bt kh. snh t, xut hin 1 vi bt kh snh rt t, xut hin nhiu bt kh. Khng c snh, xut hin nhiu bt kh. Mi thm c trng ca chanh dy. Mi thm ca chanh dy. Mi thm nh ca chanh dy. Mi thm nh ca chanh dy, hi c mi chua Mi thm rt nh ca chanh dy ln mi hi chua Khng c mi thm, c mi l, mi chua. V ngt c trng, hi ha ca ng v b , c v chua nh ca chanh dy V ngt hi ha, c v chua nh ca chanh dy V ngt nh, c v chua nh ca chanh dy V ngt nh v c v chua gt C v ngt rt nh, c v l, c v chua gt Khng c v ngt, c v chua gt.

Mu sc

0.9

Trng thi

1.3

Mi

1.1

0.7

4 3 2 1 0

12

BNG CHO IM MT NHUYN B HNG CHANH DY THEO TIU CHUN VCTN 3215-79 Ch tiu Mu Thnh vin ng Th Phng Phm Th Bch Nhi Cai Th L Qunh Phng Th Huyn Son Hong Vn Thnh Bi Th Tho Nguyn Thi Thanh Tho Phan Th Hng Th Trn Th Thu Trn Ngc Anh Tuyt Bi Thanh Thy ng Th Thy Trn Th Thu Thy Nguyn Th M Thng Trng Th Tin V Th Tn Thi Th Trang Nguyn Th Trinh Hong Th Thanh Tr V Quang Trung Nguyn Hu Tun Ng Tun T Trn nh T Ng Hng Vn Trn Th V 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 Mi V Trng thi 4 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4

13

KT QU NH GI CM QUAN Ch tiu Tng TB cha c trng lng H s trng lng TB c trng lng Mu 99 3.96 0.9 3.56 Mi 94 3.76 1.1 4.14 V 91 3.64 0.7 2.55 Trng thi 108 4.32 1.3 5.62

im cht lng :

15.87

Sau khi x ly kt qua thu c, tng im san phm at c la 16.3. Tra bang phn loai cht lng: im cht lng cua san phm hp thit xiu mai la 15.87 thuc khoang [ 15,2 18,5]. Vy cht lng cua san phm trn at loai kha.

14

III/ XUT KIN V sn phm mt nhuyn b hng chanh dy l mt sn phm mi nn vn cha hon thin v cht lng cng nh gi tr cm quan: - Vi sn phm mt nhuyn yu cu v snh, st rt cao nn ngoi lng pectin c sn trong nguyn liu ta nn b sung thm pectin vo tng gi tr cm quan v mt trng thi cho sn phm - Nguyn liu b phi c chn k thut v khi sn phm s c mu vng, sng c trng, mu sc ti sng, lm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. - Chanh dy khng b dp nt, khng qu xanh khi p dch ta c th thu c lng dch ln nht, v c mi thm ca chanh dy - Khi thanh trng h th thanh trng khng ko di thi gian v nhit thanh trng khng qu cao( phi ng yu cu thanh trng ) trnh gy ra phn ng caramen lm mu sc ca sn phm thm v mt i mu vng sng c trng. - Lng ng cho vo phi ph hp vi th hiu ca ngi sn phm khng qu ngt, khng qu nht. - Ngoi ra vi hng chanh dy ta c th to ra vi nhiu loi mt nhuyn khc nhau lm phong ph thm sn phm.

15

Tht heo
I/ QUY TRNH SN XUT HP THT XU MI

Phn loi ,lm sch Nguyn liu ph (hnh,ti)

C chua Phn loi, ra

Xay nh Chn

Bm nh Mui , tiu, bt

Phi trn

Xay nhuyn Lc Dch lc

Hp chn

V hp ro un si Ra Kim tra Lm ngui Hp Bo n Bi kh, vn np un nng Rt st nng

Thanh trng

Sn phm

16

II/ THUYT MINH QUY TRNH T 2 kg nguyn liu tht em i lm sch ri ro sau tin hnh xay 2 ln tht nhuyn v ng nht, to iu kin cho qu trnh to gel v bin tnh protein, d dng cho cc cng on sau. Sau khi xay nhuyn ly 15% tht chun b dch st, tin hnh nh sau: cho du vo cho ri kh hnh, cho tht vo tao n khi chin cho gia v vo. Tip theo l cng on p gia v( phi trn ph gia) gm c: ng 540g, mui 500g, bt ngt 200g,bt m 600g, hnh 100g, ti 120g, 4 tha caf du n sau nho trn u gia v thm u trong tht, to hng thm v v hi ha cho tht sau ny. nh hnh bng cch ti vin trn, kch thc va phi d dng cho qu trnh x l nhit. Trong qu trnh hp th i chun b bao b, kim tra mp mo, r xt, xc try ca hp, hp em i xp thc phm vo phi m bo cc iu kin, v s dung bao b thy tinh nn cn: khng nt, khng m ming. Ri em i ra bng dung dch ra, thanh trng bao b c than v np bng cch cho bao b vo ni inox, cho nc vo sau un ln 80 C sau ly bao b ra v cho vo r,p ngc. X l nhit bng cch hp ri em i xp hp, khi xp hp phi ch : khi lng tnh l 180g/hp, t l ci nc ci 60%, nc 40%, rt st nng 80-90 C. Bi kh, ghp m: y kn hp. Thanh trng nhit 105=121 C tiu dit vi sinh vt trong thi gian 75 pht. Lm ngui: h nhit xung di 40C.Bo n nhit phng trong vng 15 ngy ta c sn phm hp tht (xu mi).

17

BNG NH GI CM QUAN HP THT XU MI THEO TCVN 3215-79

H s quan trong 1,3

Chi tiu Mau sc

im 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0

anh gia Mau o cam c trng cua st ca chua Mau o cam nhat cua st ca chua Dich st co mau cam Dich st co mau cam nhat Dich st co mau nht nhat, nhng vn xac inh c Dich st co mau nht nhat, kho xac inh Co mui thm c trng cua gia vi va thit Co mui thm cua gia vi va thit Co mui thm nhe Mui cua gia vi nhiu hn ln at mui thm t nhin cua thit Co mui hng cua toi, bt u xut hin mui chua Co mui la, mui chua h hong vi hai hoa c trng cua thit va gia vi Co vi hai hoa cua thit va gia vi Vi kem hai hoa gia thit va gia vi Vi khng hai hoa nhng khng co vi la Co vi la nhng cha h hong Co vi la h hong (vi chua) Cu truc vin thit nguyn ven, dai, dich st co sanh va phai at yu cu. Cu truc vin thit nguyn ven, dai, dich st co sanh kem Cu truc vin thit nguyn ven, it dai, dich st co sanh kem Vin thit bi v 1 phn, cu truc long leo, dich st khng sanh Vin thit bi v nhiu, dich st hi long Vin thit bi nat, dich st long, co bot khi

0,9

Mui

0,6

Vi

1,2

Trang thai

18

BNG CHO IM CA CC THNH VIN


Tin hanh anh gia cam quan san phm hp thit xiu mai, s lng thanh vin hi ng anh gia cam quan gm 25 ngi, vi cung iu kin anh gia nh nhau, thi thu c bang kt qua nh sau: S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 H V TN Mau sc 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4.4 1.3 5.7

Vi Trang thai Phm Th Bch Nhi 3 4 ng Th Phng 4 5 Cai Th L Qunh 4 3 Phng Th Huyn Son 4 4 Hong Vn Thnh 3 4 Bi Th Tho 4 3 Nguyn Thi Thanh Tho 4 5 Phan Th Hng Th 4 4 Trn Th Thu 4 4 Trn Ngc Anh Tuyt 4 4 Bi Thanh Thy 4 4 ng Th Thy 4 4 Trn Th Thu Thy 4 4 Nguyn Th M Thng 5 5 Trng Th Tin 5 4 V Th Tn 3 4 Thi Th Trang 4 4 Nguyn Th Trinh 4 3 Hong Th Thanh Tr 4 4 V Quang Trung 4 4 Nguyn Hu Tun 4 3 Ng Tun T 4 4 Trn nh T 4 4 Ng Hng Vn 4 4 Trn Th V 3 4 TB cha co HSQT 3.9 4 HSQT 0.6 1.2 TB co HSQT 2.3 4.8 Tng 16.3 Sau khi x ly kt qua thu c, tng im san phm at c la 16.3. Tra

Mui 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 4 5 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 3.9 0.9 3.5

bang phn loai cht lng:

19

im cht lng cua san phm hp thit xiu mai la 16,3 thuc khoang [ 15,2 18,5]. Vy cht lng cua san phm trn at loai kha. III/ KIN XUT: nng cao cht lng sn phm hp tht xu mi, nhm em xin xut mt s kin sau: - La chn nguyn liu ti cha b bin tnh bi nhit v lnh sn phm c kt dnh tt. - S dng nguyn liu c c nc v m tng bo ngy cho sn phm, tng gi tr cm quan, ( t l nc/ m l 7:3). - m bo thc hin ng quy trnh cng ngh, k thut v iu kin v sinh nng cao cht lng sn phm.

20

C. GII THIU THIT B GHP M

V THIT B THANH TRNG


I/ THIT B GHP M

QUY PHM VN HNH MY GHP M 4 CON LN

1. Bt cu dao in( chuyn v v tr on).

2. Khi ng my nn kh cho n khi t c 4-5 bar. 3. M np bo v. 4. Kim tra v iu chnh khong cch gia a p trn v a p di cho ph hp vi hp cn ghp. 5. Kim tra v iu chnh khe h gia cc con ln vi a p trn . 6. Kha np bo v. 7. n cng tc khi ng my ghp m. 8. t hp ln a p di. 9. Dng chn p vo van cp kh nn iu chnh a p di nng hp ln.

21

10. Sau khi hp c ghp xong nhc chn ln khi van cp kh nn h a p di ly hp ra. 11. Tip tc a hp khc vo , lp li thao tc t 8 n 10 . 12. Khi ton b hp ghp xong, n cng tt my ghp m (nt ). 13. Tc cu dao in (chuyn v v tr off).

22

II. H THNG NI THANH TRNG 1. M t ni thanh trng Ni thanh trng c trang b cho phng th nghim l ni thanh trng theo m. Khng rung, c dng ng c s dng thanh trng thc phm ng trong hp ghp kn. Mt cch tng qut, cc hp dc xp vo st c a vo hoc ly ra khi ni thanh trng d dng. Cc ni thanh trng tnh dng hi nc l dng ni thanh trng c s dng rng ri nht trong ngnh sn xut hp Do ni thanh trng l loi ni dng p sut nn chng c ch to bng cc tm thp dy inch tr ln, un thnh hnh ni v c hn li vi nhau. Cc cnh ca hoc np c lm bng st c hoc cc tm thp dy. Ca c tay nm v kha m bo an ton cho ca. Nhng b phn ny u quan trng i vi s an ton cho cng nhn (sinh vin) v phi lun trong tnh trng vn hnh tt ngn nga tay nm hoc ca khng b long ra trong qu trnh vn hnh ni p sut bn trong ni l rt ln. 2. Lp t v vn hnh ni thanh trng Ngun cung cp hi phi y ni thanh trng t n nhit x l trong mt khong thi gian hp l. Hp c lm ngui ngay trong ni, ngun nc cung cp phi lm ngui hon ton v ng nht trong mt khong thi gian ph hp. Thit k, lp t v vn hnh h thng ui kh phi m bo loi c khng kh ra khi ni trc khi bt u qu trnh x l nhit.

23

2.1 Trang b dng c Cc v bao ngoi ca bu nhit k hoc u d ca dng c o nhit ( nhit k thy ngn) c lp vo ng bn ngoi gn ni. Ming ng ny phi c ni vi ni v c ng knh t nht l inch, l thot hi c ng knh 1/16 inch tr ln cung cp dng hi lin tc thi qua ton b chiu di ca dng nhit k hoc u d. L thot hi ca ng ny lin tc cho hi thot ra trong sut qu trnh x l nhit. 2.2. Cung cp hi v ng cp hi nc Hi phi c cp cho bung x l thng qua ng cp hi ln cung cp hi ni thanh trng ang s dng. Vic cung cp hi khng th hin qua vic p ng cc

24

yu cu ui kh, thi gian t nhit x l lu hn , nhit dao ng trong ni khi cc ni thanh trng ang c ui kh.. 2.3. u cp hi: u cp hi ca mi ni phi ln cung cp hi cho hot ng vn hnh ni thanh trng v c gn ti v tr sao cho thun li cho vic loi b khng kh trong qu trnh ui kh. Mc d hi c th vo t y ni hoc t trn nh ni nhng u cp hi phi nm i din vi l ui kh. 2.4. Van kim sot hi vo ni: Phi trang b cho ni thanh trng tnh b kim sot hi t ng duy tr nhit ni thanh trng. Vic s dng mt van kim sot c kch thc nh hn u cp hi c li th hn trong vic kim sot nhit , qu trnh x l do nhit t dao dng hn so vi khi s dng van kim sot c kch thc ln. Tuy nhin, van kim sot c cng kch thc vi u cp hi l mt c tnh an ton cho ni khi mt nhn vin vn hnh phi theo di nhiu ni v nhit trong ni c th ln rt nhanh khi khng s dng b kim sot hi t ng. Khi s dng b kim sot hi bng van kim sot hi vo ni, ngi vn hnh nn ni thanh trng trong sut thi gian nng nhit ngn nga hnh thnh p sut qu ln trong ni. Khi ni thanh trng t n nhit x l, van kim sot hi c ng li t t trnh gim nhit t ngt. Ni thanh trng c trang b b kim sot hi vn hnh bng tay. Ngi vn hnh phi bit cch vn hnh ni bng tay. 2.5 ng cp hi: c ni vi ng ng dn hi bn trong ni cung cp ng u hi trong ni thanh trng. Ni thanh trng dng ng c th c ui kh tt m khng cn c ng cp hi khi hi i vo qua mt l cp hi t nh ni hay t di y ni. 2.6 : ui kh: ui kh qua cc l c van kim sot trn ni thanh trng, c s dng loi b kh trong giai on ui kh. Chng c t trong ni thanh trng i din vi u cp hi

25

v c thit k, lp t v vn hnh sao cho khng kh c loi b hon ton ra khi ni trc khi bt u qu trnh x l nhit. Vic ui kh c kim sot bng van cng, van hnh cu hoc van mt chiu tng t, l nhng loi van c m hon ton cho php khng k nhanh chng thot ra khi ni trong qu trnh ui kh. Khng nn dng van hnh cu c cng kch c vi ng ui kh v chng lm gim hiu qu ui kh do c s i khng gia hi v khng kh i qua van. Van ui kh c ni trc tip vi h thng thot nc m khng c b ngt khng kh trong ng. Khi cc ng gp kh i vi ng ui kh ca ni thanh trng tnh, n s c kim sot bng van tng, van hnh cu hoc van mt chiu khc. ng gp ca ni phi c kch thc sao cho din tch mt ct ca ng gp kh ln hn tng din tch mt ct ca tt c cc ng ui kh. ng gp khng c ni trc tip vi h thng thot nc m khng c b ngt khng kh trong ng dn. 2.7. Cc l thot hi L thot hi v cc l nh trn ni thanh trng c dng loi khng kh v to ra s tun hon hi trong ni. L thot hi phi m rng hi thot ra ngoi lin tc trong sut qu trnh x l k c thi gian nng nhit. Cc l thot hi c kch thc >= 1/16 inch c dng ch lp nhit k v cc l c kch thc ln hn hoc bng 1/8 inch c dng trn ni thanh trng. Tt c cc l thot hi phi c b tr sao cho ngi vn hnh c th quan st thy hi ang thot ra trong qu trnh x ly nhit. Ni thanh trng c u cp hi nm trn nh hoc pha trn mt ca hp thp nht, th cc l thot hi c ng knh t 1/8 inch tr ln phi c lp y ni loi b hon ton nc ngng t. Tt c cc l thot hi gm c l dnh cho hi ngng t phi c b tr sao cho ngi vn hnh c th quan st chng ang hot ng tt. ngi vn hnh phi kim tra tnh trng cc l thot hi tn sut m bo rng chng ang hot ng tt hoc hi ngng t c loi b hon ton. Nn kim tra bng mt v ghi li kt qu 15pht mt ln.

26

i vi ni thanh trng tnh dng nm ngang phi c t nht mt l thot hi nm cch u ni khong 1 foot v nu c nhiu l th khong cch gia cc l khng qu 8 foot. i vi ni thanh trng tnh dng ng t nht phi c mt l thot hi nm i din vi l cp hi. Cc l thot hi c th b tr ti cc v tr khc vi nhng v tr ny min l c s liu v phn b nhit hoc c ti liu chng minh rng chng loi b c hon ton khng kh v m bo tun hon tt hi bn trong ni. Nh my phi lu tr ton b thng tin ny v phi lun sn sang cung cp cho c quan c thm quyn khi c yu cu. 2.8. Cung cp nc a s cc ni thanh trng c trang b ng dn nc lm ngui mt phn hoc hon ton hp sau qu trnh x l nhit. Theo quy nh, ni thanh trng s dng nc ngn nga s r r khng kh vo ni trong qu trnh x l nhit. 2.9 Kt cu gi: Cc gi lm bng thp di, tm kim loi c l hoc cc vt liu ph hp khc. Khi s dng tm kim loi lm y, cc l c c ng knh 1 inch v khong cch gia tm 2 l l 2 inch.

3. Nhng vn lin quan n x l nhit: Khi vn hnh ni thanh trng tnh lin quan n hi nc c mt s vn quan trng lin quan n quy trnh x l nhit y . Nhng vn ny bao gm: 3.1. ui kh: Khng c mt phng php ui kh no p dng cho tt c cc ni thanh trng tnh, do tt c cc quy trnh ui kh u phi do c quan c thm quyn v x l nhit thit lp. m bo loi b hon ton khng kh, thi gian, nhit v cc yu t khc trong quy trnh ui kh ca tng ni c th u phi c tun

27

th. Khng c bt u thi gian x l nhit cho ni thanh trng nu cha ui kh y v cha t n nhit x l v cha duy tr nhit d . Trc khi bt u qu trnh x l nhit, trong ni c sn mt lng kh. ni thanh trng dng ng, khng kh chim ti 60% khng gian bn trong ni khi c xp y hp. iu quan trng l khi khng kh phi c loi b khi ni trc khi qu trnh x l nhit. i vi bt k ni thanh trng no s dng hi nc lm mi trng truyn nhit, th th nghim phn b nhit hoc cc th nghim khc ph hp c tin hnh thit lp quy trnh ui kh ph hp. 3.2. Nhit ban u: Phi xc nh nhit ban u ca hp lnh nht trong ni thanh trng vo thi im bt u chu trnh thanh trng. Trong thc hnh khi rt hp chng ta tin hnh rt st nng, v vy hp lnh nht l hp c rt st v ghp kn u tin. Cn xc nh nhit tm ca hp xc nh nhit ban u. 3.3. Thi gian x l nhit: Thi gian x l nhit khng c tnh khi quy trnh ui kh cha hon tt v nhit ni thanh trng hin th trn dng c o nhit ( nhit k thy ngn) cha t ti nhit x l yu cu. Phi s dng thit b o thi gian chnh xc o quy trnh ui kh v x l nhit. 3.4. Lm ngui hp: Chng ta lm ngui mt phn hp trong ni thanh trng. Trong qu trnh lm ngui hp bng p sut, p sut trong ni c duy tr trong khi cc hp c lm ngui gim p sut bn trong hp n mc an ton. Sau c th nhng hp ny p sut kh quyn m khng s hp b cong vnh hoc bin dng m ghp. Cc hp c ngui hon ton khi nhit bn trong hp gim xung cn khong 100oF (38oC). C th lm ngui bng cch x nc ngp hon ton hp bn trong ni thanh trng v khi lm ngui hp bng cch phun, cc hp s khng c lm ngui ng u

28

CC TH TC THANH TRNG NHIT


I.

THANH TRNG TRONG NC C GIA NHIT BNG

HI NNG DNG KHNG KH NN LM P SUT I KHNG Bc 1: Chun b 1. Bt cu dao tng 2. M van cp nc chnh 3. Bt cng tt bm v v tr 1 4. ng tt c cc van ca ni hi 5. Bt cng tt my nn v v tr ON 6. Bt cng tt ni hi v v tr 1 Bt cng tt s 2- n bo ni hi ang hot ng- n xanh sang n bo cp nc sang, khi nc c cung cp vo ni hi, n bo cp nc tt, n bo ch un sang Chn ch un 1 hay 2 l xo nt 3 Khi p lc trong ni hi t c 4,5bar, rowle t ng s t ng tt ch un Bc 2: Nng v gi nhit 1. ng van x y 2. ng van x kh 3. Cho hp vo ni thanh trng 4. M van cp nc vo ni thanh trng c ni, ng van cp nc 5. ng cht np ni thanh trng 6. Chuyn van cp hi nng trn ni hi v v tr m 7. M t t hi nng trn ni hi vo ni thanh trng, nng p sut trong ni ln khong 0,5-0,6bar 8. M van x kh cho n khi c hi nc thong ra u van hoc p lc trong ni gim n o,1 bar, ng van x kh

29

9. Tng tc cp hi nng vo ni thanh trng. Theo di qu trnh nng nhit, iu chnh van cp hi nng gi nhit trong ni n nh nhit thanh trng trong sut thi gian gi nhit 10. Theo di p sut trong ni Bc 3: H nhit v lm ngui 1. Khi kt thc thi gian gi nhit ng van cp hi trn ni hi, ng van cp hi trn ni thanh trng 2. Sau chuyn cng tt bm v v tr 2, a nc vo thc hin giai on h nhit hp. M t t van cp nc vo ni thanh trng, 2-3 pht sau m t t van x nc 3. M van cp kh nn cung cp kh nn vo ni, thng xuyn theo di p sut trong ni, iu chnh van cp nc, van x nc, iu chnh van cp kh nn gi p sut trong ni thanh trng n nh
4. Khi kt thc thi gian h nhit, nhit trong ni khiddos gim xung n

40-50oC, m t t van x kh gim p sut trong ni xung 0


5. Khi p sut trong ni gim xung o, m np ni thanh trng, tip tc cp

nc h nhit hp xung 40-500C, ly hp ra, lau sch 6. Tt ni hi( chuyn cng tt v v tr 0) 7. Tt my bm (v tr 0) 8. ng van cp nc chnh, X ht nc trong ni thanh trng
9. Tt cu dao tng

30

You might also like