Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BO CO:
08104521
2.
Nguyn Th Huyn
08096211
3.
4.
Nguyn M Linh
5.
6.
ng Th Bch Tuyn
08234201
08109511
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 1
MC LC
Bi 1: Ph gia chng oxy ha
1. TNG QUAN L THUYT...................................................................................8
1.1 Ph gia chng oxy ha............................................................................................8
1.1.1 Gii thiu............................................................................................................8
1.1.2 C ch qu trnh oxy ha cht bo....................................................................10
1.1.3 Tng quan v ph gia chng oxy ha Butyl hydroxytoluen (BHT)..................11
1.2Nguyn liu du thc vt........................................................................................13
1.2.1 Tng quan..........................................................................................................13
1.2.2 c im...........................................................................................................13
1.2.3 Thnh phn........................................................................................................14
1.2.4 Phn loi............................................................................................................16
1.2.5 Bo qun ...........................................................................................................16
1.2.6 c tnh ca mt s loi du n........................................................................17
2. TIN HNH TH NGHIM - KT QU - BN LUN.....................................18
2.1 Xc nh ch s acid..............................................................................................18
2.1.1 nh ngha.......................................................................................................18
2.1.2 Nguyn tc.......................................................................................................19
2.1.3 S tin hnh th nghim..............................................................................19
2.1.4 Thuyt minh quy trnh.....................................................................................20
2.1.5 Kt qu th nghim..........................................................................................21
2.1.6 Nhn xt kt qu..............................................................................................23
2.2 Xc nh ch s Iod bng phng php Wijs........................................................23
2.2.1 nh ngha.........................................................................................................24
2.2.2 Nguyn tc xc nh..........................................................................................24
2.2.3 S quy trnh tin hnh th nghim................................................................24
2.2.4 Thuyt minh quy trnh.......................................................................................25
2.2.5 Kt qu th nghim..........................................................................................26
2.2.6 Nhn xt kt qu..............................................................................................27
2.3 Xc nh ch s peroxyt........................................................................................28
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 2
2.3.1 nh ngha.........................................................................................................28
2.3.2 Nguyn tc........................................................................................................28
2.3.3 Thuyt minh quy trnh.......................................................................................29
2.3.4 Kt qu th nghim............................................................................................30
2.3.5 S quy trnh tin hnh th nghim................................................................30
3. TR LI CU HI..............................................................................................31
Bi 2: Ph gia to nh45
I.Tng quan..............................................................................................................45
1. H nh tng...........................................................................................................45
1.1 Khi nim..............................................................................................................45
1.1.1 Phn loi h nh tng.......................................................................................45
1.1.2 S hnh thnh nh tng....................................................................................46
1.2 Cht to nh...........................................................................................................46
1.2.1 nh ngha..........................................................................................................46
1.2.2 Phn loi.............................................................................................................46
1.3 Lecithine................................................................................................................47
1.3.1 c im.............................................................................................................47
1.3.2 Ngun gc..........................................................................................................48
1.3.3 c tnh..............................................................................................................49
1.3.4 C ch tc dng..................................................................................................49
1.4 Lauryl sunfate........................................................................................................50
1.4.1 c im............................................................................................................50
1.4.2 Ngun gc..........................................................................................................51
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 3
1.4.3 c cht..............................................................................................................51
1.4.4 C ch tc dng..................................................................................................52
1.5 Nguyn liu th nghim.........................................................................................52
1.5.1 Du thc vt.......................................................................................................53
1.5.2 Nc...................................................................................................................53
2. Qui trnh tin hnh th nghim.................................................................................54
2.1 Qui trnh chung......................................................................................................54
2.2 Thuyt minh qui trnh............................................................................................55
2.2.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st h du/nc..................................................................55
2.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st h nc/du..................................................................56
3. Kt qu - bn lun....................................................................................................56
3.1
Kt qu............................................................................................................57
3.1.1
Th nghim 1: H du/nc..................................................................57
3.1.2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du..................................................................57
3.2
Bn lun..........................................................................................................58
3.2.1
Th nghim 1: H du/nc..................................................................58
3.2.2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du..................................................................58
4.Tr li cu hi..........................................................................................................59
Bi 3: Ph gia ng c
1.1
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 4
3. Kt qu - bn lun....................................................................................................75
3.1 Kt qu..................................................................................................................75
3.2 Bn lun.................................................................................................................76
4. Tr li cu hi.........................................................................................................77
Bi 4: Ph gia ci thin bt
1. Tng quan v nguyn liu......................................................................................83
1.1 Bt m.................................................................................................................83
1.2 Ph gia ci thin bt m......................................................................................85
1.2.1
1.2.1.1
Vitamin C.......................................................................................................86
Tnh cht v ng dng.................................................................................87
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 5
S quy trnh..................................................................................................89
2.2
Bi 5: Enzyme
1. Tng quan................................................................................................................98
1.1 Nhm enzyme........................................................................................................98
1.1.1 Gii thiu v Enzyme.........................................................................................98
1.1.2 Vai tr ca enzyme trong ch bin thc phm...................................................98
1.1.3 Nhm cc Enzyme thng c s dng trn th trng..................................99
1.1.4 Enzyme pectinas.................................................................................................99
1.1.4.1 c im..........................................................................................................99
1.1.4.2 Ngun gc.......................................................................................................99
1.2. Nguyn liu da..................................................................................................100
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 6
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 7
Page 8
BHA (Butylhydroxyanisoile)
BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
TBHQ (Tert-butylhydroquinone)
Tn
M t
Butyl
L tinh th mu trng,
hydroxyanisol
(BHA )
Butyl
(BHT)
Tert
butyl
hydroquinon
(TBHQ)
Liu lng s
nng chy
Du,
m,
etanol,
eter,
hydroxytoluen
Nhit
Tnh tan
dng
nc.
Du, m, ru.
V d: nitrit, nitrat tc dng vi Fe, gi cho Fe (II) khng b oxy ha thnh Fe (III),
trnh lm mt mu tht.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 9
Ro+ Ho
Giai on kt thc:
ROOo + ROOo
ROOR + O2
ROOo + Ro
ROOR
Ro + Ro
R-R
Page 10
+ AH
+ AH
+ AH
+ Ao
+ Ao
RH
ROH
ROOH + Ao
+ Ao
+ Ao
RA
+ Ao
ROOo
ROA
ROOA
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 11
- BHT l cht rn mu trng, dng tinh th, hnh si, khng v, thong mi
c trng.
- Tan km trong du, m, ru. Khng tan trong nc v propan 1,2 diol.
- Bn nhit, nhit nng chy 69 72oC.
- BHT c tc dng chng oxy ha km hn BHA do cu to ca n cng knh
hn BHA. S c mt ca st trong mt s sn phm thc phm hay bao b, BHT c
th to ra mu vng.
- c tnh
L hp cht t c, liu lng 50 mg/kg th trng khng gy nh hng ti
sc khe, liu lng gy cht chut LD50 = 1000 mg/kg th trng.
Khi BHT i vo c th qua ng ming s c hp th nhanh chng qua d
dy, rut, sau s c thi ra ngoi theo nc tiu v phn.
ngi, s bi tit BHT thng qua thn c th nghim khi cho n vi khu
phn c cha 40mg/kg th trng. Nghin cu cho thy 50% liu lng ny c bi
tit ra ngoi trong 24 gi u v 25% liu lng cn li c bi tit trong 10 ngy
tip theo. S chuyn ha thng qua con ng oxy ha; trong s oxy ha nhm
methyl tri loi gm nhm, th v kh, cn s oxy ha nhm tert butyl th tri
ngi.
Th nghim trn ng vt cho thy, liu lng BHT cao khi a vo c th
trong 40 ngy hoc hn s gy c cho cc c quan.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 12
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 13
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 14
Page 15
Du canola.
Du hnh.
Du nhn qu m.
Du phng.
Du nnh.
Du ht nho.
Page 16
Du/cht bo
Bo ha
(%)
Khng bo Khng bo
ha n
ha a
(%)
(%)
im si
(C)
66
30
150
B sa tru lng, b lc
65
32%
190 250
Du canola
62
32
242
Du da
92
177
Du bp
13
25
62
236
Du ht bong
24
26
50
216
Du ht nho
12
17
71
204
M ln/heo
41
47
12
138 201
Macgarin, m
80
14
16
150
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 17
Diacyglycerol (DAG)
3.5
37
59
215
14
73
11
190
Du liu (th)
14
73
11
215
Du liu (tinh)
14
73
11
225
14
73
11
242
Du c
52
38
10
230
Du lc/du phng
18
49
33
231
Du cm go
20
47
33
254
Du rum
10
13
77
265
14
43
43
177
14
43
43
232
Du u tng/du nnh
15
24
61
241
11
20
69
246
2.1 Xc nh ch s acid
2.1.1 nh ngha
Ch s acid l s mg KOH cn dng trung ha acid bo t do c trong 1g
du hoc m.
Ch s acid th hin cht lng ca lipid. Nu ch s acid tng th cht lng
sn phm gim v ngc li, ch s acid cng thp th du cng tt v c bo qun
tt.
Di tc dng ca cc enzym thy phn (lipaza, photpholipaza) khi c nc v
nhit, triglycerit s b phn ct mi lin kt este v b thy phn thnh acid bo t
do.
Cc acid khng no hoc c mch ngn (nh du da) d b thy phn hay oxi
ha, phng thch cc acid bo t do c khi lng phn t nh d bay hi gy mi
kh chu.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 18
2.1.2 Nguyn tc
-
Trung ha lng axt bo t do c trong cht bo bng dung dch KOH phn
ng xy ra:
RCOOH +
KOH RCOOK
H2O
100ml cn
PP
Thm ch th
Mu du
Cho vo mu du
Lc nh, un cch
thy
KOH 0.01N
Tnh ton
Kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 19
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 20
RCOOK + H2O
Th tch KOH tiu tn s c ghi li, p dng cng thc v tnh ton c ch
s axit ca mu s dng.
2.1.5 Kt qu th nghim
Mu M0
Mu M1
Mu M2
(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
Ln 1
8.8
7.5
5.6
Ln 2
8.5
7.4
5.4
Trung bnh
8.65
7.45
5.5
AV =
56.11 V N K
m
Trong :
56.11: Phn t lng ca KOH (vC).
V: Th tch dd KOH 0,01N tiu tn (mL).
N: Nng ca dung dch KOH (= 0.01N).
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 21
Kt qu
Mu M0
Mu M1
Mu M2
0.56
0.48
0.35
2.1.6 Nhn xt kt qu
Ta thy mu trng (khng cho BHA) vo c ch s acid cao nht. Mu c nng
BHA cng cao th ch s acid cng thp.
Thng thng cc sn phm du m lu s c ch s acid cng cao. Trong
cc nh my sn xut du thc vt ch s acid l mt trong cc ch s bt buc phi
kim tra m bo cht lng ca sn phm lu thng trn th trng.
Nhng iu cn lu khi tin hnh th nghim xc nh ch s acid (AV)
- y l phng php chun acid baz nn cn s dng phi trung tnh
theo ch th phenolphthalein.
- Cn phi un nng tng qu trnh ha tan du.
- Chn ch th phenolphthalein v ti im tng ng tn ti RCOOK c
tnh kim v pT = 9.
- Bnh tam gic phi c ra sch v sy kh.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 22
2.2.2 Nguyn tc xc nh
Nhng dy ni khng bo ha ca cc acid bo khng no c kh nng gn iod hoc
cc halogen khc, do ch s it xc nh tng qut cc acid bo khng no trog cht
10ml du
5ml cloroform
15 ml Wijs
bo.
R1-CH=CH-R2-COOH + ICl R1-CHI-CHCl-R2-COOH
Lc mnh,
trong
ti 45
ICld + KI
KCl + Ibng
2
ph
I2 + 2Na2S2O3
2NaI + Na2S4O6
vothvnghim
lc
2.2.3 S quy trnh tinCho
hnh
10ml KI 10%
mnh
3 git HTB
30 ml H2O
Chun bng
Na2S2O3 0.01N
Ghi nhn V tiu
tn
Tnh kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 23
Kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 24
R1-CH-CH-R2-COOH
I
Cl
4I- + O2 + 4H+
2I2 + 2H2O
Phn ng ny s c y mnh khi c s hin din ca nh sng. V vy cn phi
thc hin phn ng trong bng ti.
B sung KI v nc
Sau khi thuc th cng hp vo cc ni i th ta s b sung KI vo KI tc
dng vi lng thuc th d
Phng trnh phn ng
ICld + KI
KCl +
I2
Chun bng Na2S2O3
I2 t do trn s c xc nh thng qua vic ghi nhn li th tch Na2S2O3
tiu tn. Thng s dng Na2S2O3 0.1N chun nhng gim sai s th trong bi
th nghim s dng Na2S2O3 0.002N chun.
I2
+ 2 Na2S2O3
2NaI
+ Na2S4O6
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 25
Mu M1
Mu M2
(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
Ln 1
10.8
11.2
12.0
Ln 2
10.6
11.5
11.9
Trung bnh
10.7
11.35
11.95
IV =
0.01269 ( V1 V2 ) N
100
m
Trong :
0.01269: S gam Iod ng vi 1mL N2S2O3 0.1N.
V1: Th tch N2S2O3 0.01N cho mu trng (mL).
V2: Th tch N2S2O3 N2S2O3 0.01N (mL) cho mu th.
N: Nng chnh xc ca dung dch KOH (= 0.1N).
m: Khi lng mu th (g).
- Kt qu tnh ton ch s Iod:
Ch s Iod
Mu M1
Mu M2
0.094
0.181
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 26
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 27
Ch s ny phn nh s i ha ca du m
2.3.2 Nguyn tc
Da vo tc dng ca peroxyt vi dung dch KI to ra I 2 t do (trong mi
trng acid acetic v cloroform). Sau chun I2 t do bng dung dch chun
Na2S2O3 vi ch th h tinh bt.
im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch chuyn t mu tm en sang
khng mu.
Phng trnh phn ng
R 1 CH CH R 2
O
O
+ 2KI + 2CH3 COOH
R 1 CH CH R 2
O
+ 2CH3COOK + H 2 O + I2
10ml du
10ml CH3COOH
I2 + 2Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na2S4O6
1ml KI bo ha
5ml cloroform
trong ti 5ph
3 git HTB
Cho vo hn
hp
30 ml H2O
Chun bng
Na2S2O3 0.01N
Ghi nhn V tiu
tn
Tnh kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 28
Kt qu
4I- + O2 + 4H+
2I2 + 2H2O
Trong mi trng kim th I2 s b kh thnh iodua, cng gy sai s khi chun
.
I2 + OH-
IO- + I- + H2O
KI c cho thm vo phn ng vi peroxit gii phng ra I2 di dng t
do
R1-CH-CH-R2
R1-CH-CH-R2
O O
+ 2KI + 2CH3COOH
O
+ 2CH3COOK + H2O + I2
y bnh, lc mnh
Lc mnh nhm ha tan ht cht bo v to iu kin cho phn ng xy ra
nhanh hn. Phn ng ny cng cn c thi gian v phi thc hin trong iu kin
khng c nh sng. Nguyn nhn gii thch tng t nh bi xc nh ch s Iod.
B sung h tinh bt v chun vi Na2S2O3 n mt mu
H tinh bt c cho thm vo vi vai tr l cht ch th nhn bit c
im tng ng trong php chun gia I2 sinh ra trn vi Na2S2O3. im
tng ng nhn c khi mu xanh ca h tinh bt v I2 khng cn na
I2 + 2 Na2S2O3
2NaI + Na2S4O6
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 29
Sau khi cho h tinh bt vo cn phi tin hnh chun ngay v iot hp th
mnh ln b mt h tinh bt, nu thi gian lu th iot s chui su vo bn trong cu
trc ca h tinh bt, do s gy sai s ln.
2.3.5 Kt qu th nghim
Mu M0
Mu M1
Mu M2
(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
Ln 1
12.6
11.8
8.2
Ln 2
12.4
11.5
8.4
Trung bnh
12.5
11.65
8.3
P0 V =
(V1 V2 ) N
1000 (meq/kg)
m
Trong :
N Nng chnh xc dd Na2S2O3 (= 0.01N).
V2 Th tch Na2S2O3 0.01N cho mu th (mL).
V1 Th tch Na2S2O3 0.01N cho mu trng (= 0mL)
M Khi lng mu du cn phn tch (= 4.37g).
Ch s Peroxyt
Mu M1
Mu M2
1.95
9.61
2.3.6 Nhn xt kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 30
I3-(vng)
I3- + S2O32-
S4O62-+ I-
TR LI CU HI
Page 31
to
LH
L*
nh sng
Vi cht khi mo to gc t do A*
A*
O2
AOO*
AOO* +
LH
AOOH
L*
A*
LH
AH
L*
Page 32
LOO* +
O2
LH
L*
LOOH+
Fe2+
LO*
Fe3+
LOOH
Fe3+
LOO* +
Fe2+
Kt thc
L*
L*
LL
LOO*
L*
LOOL
LOO*
LOO*
LOOL
O2
InH
L*
LOOH
InH
+
LH
In*
+
In*
In*
L*
In*
In*
In*
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 33
Page 34
AH + S
Xt cho cng cht chng oxy ha cht bo bng ph gia thc cht l:
+ Ngn chn nguyn nhn gy ra phn ng oxy ha.
+ Ngn chn cc phn ng lan truyn.
- Qu trnh chng oxy ha cht bo ph thuc vo cc yu t:
+ Hot tnh ca cc cht chng oxy ha.
+ Nng ca cc cht chng oxy ha.
+ nh sng.
+ Nhit .
+ Kim loi.
Cu 5. Trnh by c ch chng oxy ha ca acid ascorbic?
- To mi trng acid n nh chng s oxy ho cht bo.
- Loi b hot tnh ca cc ion kim loi (bng cch to phc v hot).
- Loi b oxy (oxy ho acid ascorbic).
- Phc hi cc cht chng s oxy ho.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 35
6 HI + 3 C6H6O6.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 36
ML
200
100
Du v m khng cha nc
200
M th nhu tng
200
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Ghi chu
15
Page 37
Qua kh
100
30
90
100
10
Keo cao su
750
11
90
12
200
13
25
14
100
1000
200
gai
200
mui)
200
15
19
200
15
1000
15
21
200
15
* BHT
- Tn ting Vit: Butylat hydroxy toluen (BHT).
- Tn ting Anh: Butyated Hydroxytoluene.
- INS: 321.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 38
- ADL: 0 0.3.
- Chc nng: Chng oxy hoa.
STT
ML
100
Ghi chu
2
lanh)
3
Du va m khng cha nc
200
15
hp Margarin va b)
5
Qua kh
100
100
200
15
200
15
Keo cao su
750
10
200
11
15
2
200
15
13
100
15
14
15
16
Thuy san, san phm thuy san hun khoi,sy kh, 200
ln men hoc p mui, k ca nhuyn th, giap
xac, da gai
17
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 39
18
100
19
100
20
15
* TBHQ
- Tn ting Vit: Tert-Butylhydroquinon (TBHQ).
ML
200
Du va m khng cha nc
200
200
15
200
15
hoc ct nho
Ghi chu
15
100
gai
200
200
15
* ACID CITRIC
- Tn ting Vit: axit xitric.
- Tn ting Anh: citric acid.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 40
- INS: 330.
- ADI: CX.
- Chc nng: iu chinh axit, chng oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai.
STT Nhom thc phm
ML
1500
Ghi chu
men
GMP
Du va m khng cha nc
100
B va b c c
GMP
Rau, cu ng lanh
GMP
hoc ct nho
2000
100
ti
GMP
GMP
10
GMP
11
GMP
12
Nc ung khng cn
GMP
13
GMP
chai
GMP
15
Ru vang
700
ACID ASCORBIC
- Tn ting Vit: axit ascorbic (L-).
- Tn ting Anh: Ascorbic acid (L-).
- INS: 300.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 41
- ADI: CX.
- Chc nng: Chng oxy hoa, n inh mau.
STT Nhom thc phm
ML
500
Du va m khng cha nc
200
B va b c c
GMP
Rau, cu ng lanh
100
2000
Ghi chu
52
50
ong chai
Necta qua thanh trung pasteur ong hp hoc 400
ong chai
10
Ru vang
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
200
Page 42
Bi 2: PH GIA TO NH
I. Tng quan
1. H nh tng
1.1
Khi nim
L mt h phn tn cao ca t nht hai cht lng m thng thng ha tan c
vi nhau, mt pha l pha phn tn, pha kia l pha lin tc.
V d v h nh tng nh sa, mayonnaise, b,
a: h nh tng du trong nc
b: h nh tng nc trong du
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 43
Ngoi ra, khi da vo kch thc ca cc git lng chia thnh 2 nhm:
0.2 50 mm (Kinetically Stable)
0.01 0.2 mm (Thermodynamically Stable)
1.1.2
S hnh thnh nh tng
1.2
Cht to nh
1.2.1
nh ngha
L cht lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc pha trong h v t duy tr c s
n nh cu trc ca h nh tng. Trong cu trc phn t ca cht nh ha c c
phn ho nc (hydrophilic) v phn k nc (hydrophobic).
Mono-&- di-glycerid
Cc dn xut ca monoglycerid.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 44
Ester ca sorbitol
Cc phospholipid nh lecithine.
1.3
1.3.1
Lecithine
c im
Lecithine l mt thut ng chung ch nh bt k nhm cht bo no c mu
K hiu E 322.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 45
1.3.2
Ngun gc
Cc lecithin t ban u c tm ra vo nm 1847 bi nh ha hc ngi Php
Page 46
c tnh
Lecithine khng c tnh. Trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm c s dng
nhiu nh: trong bnh ko n lm gim nht, thay th cc nguyn liu t hn,
kim sot ng kt tinh v tnh dng chy ca s c la, gip ng nht trong vic
pha trn cc thnh phn, ci thin dng i cho mt s sn phm, v c th c s
dng nh mt lp ph. Trong h nh tng n lm n nh nh tng, gim s bn
tung te trong khi chin, v ci thin kt cu. Lecithine lm gim cc cht bo trong
bt nho, bnh m, trng, gip phn phi cc thnh phn trong bt, n nh qu trnh
ln men, tng khi lng ln, bo v cc t bo men trong bt khi ng lnh, v hot
ng nh cht chng dnh. N ci thin tnh thm t ca a nc bt (v d nh cht
bo protein thp) v bt lipophilic (v d nh bt ca cao), kim sot bt, v gip bt
phn tn hon ton trong nc.
V d, lecithin l cht nh ha m gi ca cao v b ca cao vi mt lp ph
ngoi . Trong b thc vt, c bit l b c cha hm lng cht bo cao (> 75%),
lecithin c thm vo l "chng bn tung te" khi chin .
l s chp thun ca Thc phm v Dc Hoa K cho ngi tiu dng vi
trng thi thng c cng nhn nh an ton. Lecithin c EU tha nhn nh l
mt ph gia thc phm, c ch nh bi s E322. C nghin cu cho thy lecithin
c ngun gc t u nnh c tc dng ng k vo vic gim cholesterol v cht bo
trung tnh, trong khi tng HDL (cholesterol tt) cp trong mu. Tuy nhin, cc nghin
cu v lecithin u nnh khng ph hp v mu thun nhau t nhng nm 1920.
1.3.4
C ch tc dng
C ch c th ca lecithine xy ra trong h nh tng nh sau. Phn ng ha
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 47
b mt. Khi 2 cht lng khng tan trn ln vi nhau th gia b mt phn pha ca 2
cht lng ny s xut hin cc ng sut do sc cng b mt to nn. Nng lng b
mt l i lng t l thun vi sc cng b mt v din tch phn pha. n nh h
nh tng ngi ta cn cho cc cht hot ng b mt nh lecithine. Cc cht ny
lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc, gp phn gim nng lng b mt. Do lm
bn h nh tng.
1.4
1.4.1
Lauryl sunfate
c im
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 48
Ngun gc
Lauryl sulfate c iu ch bi ethoxylation ca ru dodecyl. Kt qu cc
ethoxylate c chuyn thnh mt este ca axt sulfuric. Lauryl sulfate natri (cn gi
l sodium dodecyl sulfate hay SLS) c sn xut tng t, nhng khng c
ethoxylation SLS v lauryl sulfate ammonium (ALS) thng c s dng thay th
trong cc sn phm tiu dng.
Laurylsulfate l cht hot ng b mt c s dng trong nhiu sn phm m
phm lm sch kem. N tng t nh x phng.
1.4.3
c cht
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 49
C ch tc dng
Cht hot ng b mt lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc. Cc phn t lauryl
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 50
Du thc vt
C ngun gc thc vt, nm th lng trong mi trng bnh thng. C kh
Nc
Nc l mt hp cht ha hc ca xy v hir, c cng thc ha hc l H2O.
Page 51
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 52
2.2
2.2.1
M1
0.1 % Lecithine
M2
0.1 % Lauryl sunfate
Cho 5 mL du vo ln lt 3 mu
o thi gian t lc ngng khuy n khi tch lp v o chiu cao tng lp.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 53
2.2.2
M1
0.1 % Lecithine
M2
0.1 % Lauryl sunfate
Cho 5 mL nc vo ln lt 3 mu
o thi gian t lc ngng khuy n khi tch lp v o chiu cao tng lp.
3. Kt qu - bn lun
3.1
Kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 54
Th nghim 1: H du/nc
M0
M1
M2
3.1.2
Thi gian
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
Chiu cao lp
Ln
tch lp
lp nc
lp du
bt
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
(s)
6
5
5
11
13
11
19
20
21
(cm)
2,6
2,7
2,6
2,4
2,5
2,5
2,6
2,4
2,4
(cm)
0,4
0,3
0,4
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,3
0,3
0,4
(cm)
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
C t bt
C t bt
C t bt
0,2
0,3
0,2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du
Ln
3.2
3.2.1
1
M0
2
3
1
M1
2
3
1
M2
2
3
Bn lun
Thi gian
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
Chiu cao lp
tch lp
lp nc
lp du
bt
(m-s)
02-00
01-47
01-50
15-20
16-38
17-54
17-45
23-10
20-06
(cm)
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,7
0,7
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,2
(cm)
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,0
3,0
2,9
3,0
3,2
3,2
(cm)
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
0,9
0,9
0,8
Th nghim 1: H du/nc
Gi s thi gian tch lp trong cc ln lp th nghim ca cc mu khng c s
3.2.2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du
Gi s thi gian tch lp trong cc ln lp th nghim ca cc mu khng c s
Page 56
Page 57
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 58
Khng t c mc ch ca th nghim.
Phospholipase C:
Alkaline-phosphatase
Choline kinase:
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 59
Cu 7, 8 : Nu gi tr INS, ADI, ML ca lecithin, lauryl sulphate, mono - &diglycerid ca axid bo? K tn nhng thc phm thng s dng lecithin, lauryl
sulphate, mono - &di-glycerid ca axid bo v liu lng c php s dng?
INS (international numbering system) l k hiu c u ban Codex v thc
phm xc nh cho mi cht ph gia khi xp chng vo danh mc cht ph gia thc
phm.
ADI (acceptable Daily Intake) l lng xc nh ca mi cht ph gia thc
phm c c th n vo hng ngy thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung m khng
gy nh hng c hi n sc kho. ADI c tnh theo mg/kg trng lng c
th/ngy. ADI c th c biu hin di dng: gi tr xc nh, cha quy nh
(CQ) v cha xc nh (CX).
ML (MaximumLevel) mc gii hn ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng trong
qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn sn phm.
Lecithin
-
INS: 322
ADI: CX
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ML
GMP
GMP
GMP
5000
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
Page 60
9
10
11
12
13
GMP
GMP
GMP
3000
5000
INS: 471
ADI: CX
Chc nng:lam day, nhu hoa, n inh, cht n, chng tao bot
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ML
2000
100
2500
20000
100000
GMP
5000
5000
5000
15000
GMP
18
Page 61
Bi 3: PH GIA NG C
1.Tng quan v ph gia
1.1Khi nim
Ph gia lm ng c, lm dy l nhng cht c cho vo thc phm nhm lm
ng, to keo, lm kt dnh tng khi lng ln, to cu trc, tng dy ca thc
phm.
Cc cht lm c v to ng rt hu ch v lm cho thc phm c cht lng
cao hn. Chng c c tnh nh n nh sn phm, p ng yu cu ca ngi tiu
dung. Ngy nay, cc sn phm b sung ph gia loi ny ngy cng ph bin, a dng.
1.2 Gii thiu mt s loi ph gia s dng trong th nghim
1.2.1 Triphosphate pentasodium
Sodium triphosphate (STP, i khi STPP hoc natri tripoly hoc TPP) l mt
hp cht v c vi cng thc Na5P3O10. y l mui sodium polyphosphate pentaanion, l c s lin hp ca axit triphosphoric.Triphosphate pentasodium c sn
xut bng cch nung nng mt hn hp stoichiometric disodium phosphate, Na2HPO4,
v bt phosphate, NaH2PO4, trong iu kin kim sot cht ch.
2 Na2HPO4+ NaH2PO4 Na5P3O10+ 2 H2O
TPP l mt mui khng mu, m tn ti c dng khan v l hexahydrate. TPP l
mt cht bo qun hi sn, tht, gia cm v thc n chn nui. N c ph bin vi
s k hiu E451. Trong thc phm, STPP c s dng duy tr m.
1.2.2 Pectin
Pectin l mt polysaccharide tn ti ph bin trong thc vt, l thnh phn tham
gia xy dng cu trc t bo thc vt. thc vt pectin tn ti ch yu 2 dng l
pectin ha tan v protopectin khng ha tan. Di tc dng ca acid, enzyme
protopectinaza hoc khi gia nhit th protopectin chuyn thnh pectin.
Page 62
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 63
- Pectin methoxyl ha cao (High Methoxyl Pectin HMP): DE >50 % hay MI >
7%. Cht ny c th lm tng nht cho sn phm. Mun to ng cn phi c iu
kin pH = 3,1 3,4 v nng ng trn 60 %.
- Pectin methoxyl ha thp (Low Methoxyl Pectin LMP): DE < 50 % hay MI <
7%. c sn xut bng cch gim nhm methoxyl trong phn t pectin. Pectin
methoxy thp c th to ng trong mi trng khng c ng. Chng thng c
dng lm mng bao bc cc sn phm.
Page 64
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 65
C ch to gel ca agar
1.2.4 Alginat
c chit t to nu, bao gm axit alginic, alginat natri, alginat kali, alginat
amn, alginat canxi, alginat propylen-glycol. Phng php s dng : s dng rng ri
trong cng nghip sa ng, sa scola, kem, bnh ko, mn n nh bp nu bng c,
cc sn phm tht chn.
Liu dng: 50mg/kg th trng i vi axit alginic, alginat natri v alginat amn,
25 mg/kg th trng i vi alginat kali v alginat canxi
Trong iu kin nhit cao trng thi si v khi lm ngui s to thnh gel.
Alginat cng c kh nng kt hp vi ion Ca2+ to gel.
C ch to gel ca Alginat
1.2.5 Carragenan
c sn xut thnh cng t loi to bin Rhodophyceae, c cu trc l mt
mch thng ca polysaccharide -Sulphat, cha galactose v anhydrogalac tose vi cc
lin kt 1 - 3 v 1 - 4. Khi nhit cao, carrageenan s lin kt thun nghch vi ion
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 66
Page 67
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 68
L hp cht ion ca canxi v clo. Cht ny tan nhiu trong nc. Ti nhit
phng, n l cht rn. Cht ny c th sn xut t vi nhng i vi vic sn xut
sn lng ln th ngi ta to n nh l mt sn phm ph ca cng ngh Solvay. Do
n c tnh ht m cao,ngi ta phi cha mui ny trong cc dng c y np kn.
Clorua canxi c th phc v nh l ngun cung cp ion canxi trong dung dch, chng
hn kt ta do nhiu hp cht ca canxi l khng ha tan trong nc. Clorua canxi
c s dng ph bin nh l cht in gii v c v cc mn, c tm thy trong
cc loi ung dnh cho nhng ngi tp luyn th thao v cc dng ung khc.
3.1 Tin hnh th nghim
2.1 Th nghim 1
Tm ti
V, u, chn
X l
Ngm ph gia
9
Ph gia
Cn mu trc v
sau ngm
Kt qu
-
Chun b dung dch 200ml TPP 5% v 200ml TPP 10%: cn 10g v 20g TPP
dng bt trng cho vo hai becker 250 ml ri thm nc vo cho 200 ml,
ta c dung dch TPP 5% v 10%
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 69
TPP 5%
TPP 10%
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 70
3.2 Th nghim 2
-
Chun b dung dch: pha dung dch ng 50%, chnh pH dung dich ng v
gi tr 3,5 bng dung dch HCL 5%
Thc hin:
M0: 50g dd ng 50%
M1: 50g dd ng 50% + 1% pectin ( 1% ca 50g dd ng)
M2: 50g dd ng 50% + 1% agar ( 1% ca 50g dd ng)
M3: 50g dd ng 50% + 1% alginate ( 1% ca 50g dd ng)
M4: 50g dd ng 50% + 1% carragenan ( 1% ca 50g dd ng)
un nng tt c cc mu cho cc cht tan hon ton, sau ngui v
quan st.
Alginate
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Carrageenan
Page 71
Pectin
Agar
2.3 Th nghim 3
M0: 30g nc + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M1: 30g nc +1% pectin + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M2: 30g nc + 1% agar + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M3: 30g nc + 1% alginate + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M4: 30g nc + 1% carragenan + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
Ta tnh c s gam CaCl2 cn cho vo l: mCaCl2 = 0.41625g
-
Ch khi cho CaCl2 vo cn phi khuy du v nhanh tay trnh hin tng
vn cc.
CaCl2 phi c cho vo cc mu di dng dung dch tc l c ha tan
trong nc, khng c cho trc tip trnh tan khng hon ton, sau
ngui v quan st.
2.4 Th nghim 4
Tin hnh y nh th ngim 3 nhng thay CaCl2 bng 0.1% [K+] t KCl, ta tnh
c mKCl = 0,0573g. Sau ngui v quan st.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 72
3. Kt qu - bn lun
3.1 Kt qu
Th nghim 1
Mu
Trng
5% TPP (1)
5% TPP (2)
5% TPP (3)
10% TPP (1)
10% TPP (2)
10% TPP (3)
Th nghim 2
M0: mu
M1: 1% pectin M2: 1% agar
trng
o nht: To gel, do, To gel, cng
1 pht 20
nht
giy
Th nghim 3
M0: mu
M1: 1% pectin
trng
o nht: Khng to
12 giy
gel, nht
tng
Th nghim 4
M1: 1% pectin M2: 1% agar
Tng nht
To ng
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
To ng, do,
n hi
M2: 1% agar
Khng to
gel, nht
tng
ng, cng,
gin
M3: 1% alginate
Tng nht
Khng to gel,
tng nht
M4: 1% carragenan
To gel gin, trong
Page 73
3.2 Bn lun
Th nghim 1
Khi lng tt c cc mu sau khi ngm nc v dung dch TPP u tng ln.
Mu ngm nc c khi lng tng ln thp nht, tuy nhin cc mu tng ln khng
u nhau v cng khng c s khc bit r rng i vi cc mu 5 v 10% TPP.
Th nghim 2
Hin tng xy ra r rng v chnh xc
Th nghim 3
Hin tng xy ra ng vi cc mu ch tr agar: mu khng to c gel m ch
tng nht. iu ny ch c th c gii thch l c s sai st trong qu trnh thao
tc, dn n kt qu sai lch
Th nghim 4
Hin tng xy ra r rng v chnh xc.
4. Tr li cu hi
Cu 1 : Trnh by tnh cht v c ch hot ng ca ph gia s dng trong bi?
Agarose c cu to mch thng , trung tnh, t cc gc beta D-galactopyranose
v 3-6- alhidro-L- galactose. C hai gc c s sp xp xen k, bn cc lin kt
khc nhau. Lin kt alpha 1-3 d phn hy bng enzyme to thnh neoagarobiose.
Lin kt Beta 1-4 d thy phn vi xc tc ca acid v to thnh gc agaragarobiose. Agar-agarobiose lm cho Agar-agar trong mi trng nc c kh nng
to gel.
Agaropectin c kh nng to gel thp trong nc, cu trc ca n n nay vn
cha xc nh r. Ch bit rng n c to nn bi s sp xp xen k gia Dgalactose v L-galactose v chng cha tt c cc nhm phn cc trong agar
Acid alginic hay cn gi l Alginate, trong rong Alginic thng dng mui
Alginate Ca, Fe, Mg tham gia vo cu trc ca thnh v mng t bo. L mt
Copolymer mch thng c cu to t 2 gc Uronat l alpha L- gluronat v Beta Dmannuromat thong qua lin kt 1-4 glucosit.
Cu 2 : Trnh by tc hi c th xy ra khi s dng sai nhng ph gia trong bi th
nghim ?
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 74
Page 75
ADI
ML
CQ
CX
Bng
Agar
E406
Khng gii hn
Khng gii hn
Carrageenan
E407
CX
Bng
triphosphate
Gelatin
INS
E451i
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Mc cho
php
Page 76
GMP
2200
mg/kg
1100
mg/kg
GMP
5000
mg/kg
5000
mg/kg
1000
mg/kg
Page 77
GMP
2000
mg/kg
1000
mg/kg
cho php
INS:
407
Tn ting Anh
gm Furcellaran)
Carrageenan and its Na, K, NH4 salts (includes
ADI:
CX
Chc nng
Furcellaran)
Lm dy, nh ho, n nh
STT
1
3
4
ln men
Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti
Thy sn, sn phm thy sn xay nh ng lnh, k
c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ML
Ghi ch
5000
150
GMP
GMP
21
Page 78
7
8
9
10
GMP
gai
Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui)
GMP
3000
GMP
11
ng chai
Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc ng
12
chai
C ph, ch, nc ung c dc tho v cc loi
13
Tn ting Vit
Tn ting Anh
Chc nng
STT
1.
2.
3.
GMP
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
51
3000
1000
GMP
GMP
INS:
ADI:
ML
CQ
CX
Ghi ch
10000
10000
5000
Page 79
Bi 4: PH GIA CI THIN BT
1.Tng quan v nguyn liu
1.1 Bt m
Bt m l sn phm c ch bin t ht la m bng qu trnh nghin. Trong
qu trnh ny v cm v phi c tch ra v phn cn li ca ht la m (ni nh)
c nghin nh ti mn thch hp (ra thnh phm l bt m). Bt m hin nay
c lm t nhiu loi bt c nghin trn t nhiu loi la khc nhau. Ngi ta gi
tn nh bt m loi trng, hay nu, en.. ty vo mu sc ca bt v gi l bt cng
hay mm ty vo lng v tnh cht gluten ca bt. Bt m lm bnh m (bread),
gluten cao hn v khe hn, lm cho bnh n khe, gi c hnh dng ca bnh
sau khi nng. Bt m lm bnh kem xp (cake hay gateaux) c gluten t hn. Bt
lm bnh ngt (pastry) c gluten cao hn bnh kem xp cht t, v thp hn bt lm
bnh m.
Cc cht dinh dng trong bt hng cao th d tiu ha hn, nhng bt m
dng thp th c hm lng khong v vitamin cao hn. Bt m gm c gluxit v
lipit, c th v thnh phn dinh dng c chia bng di y:
Bng phn loi bt m
Loi bt v
hng bt
Bt m ho
79
12
0,8
1,8
0,1
0,5
Hng I
2,5
77,5
14
1,5
0,3
0,7
Hng II
3,5
71
14,5
1,9
2,8
0,8
1,2
hng
Hm lng
Page 80
Hng bt
tro
ry
Thng hng
0,75
Bt la m cng
140/3*
260/12*
Hng 1
1,10
190/3
Hng 2
1,80
Thng hng
Hng 1
gluten %
(ln hn)
32
43/35
32
Mu sc
Hi vng
Hi vng
nht
Hi vng
27/2
38/60
25
Bt la mi mm
0,55
260/14
260/14
28
Trng, hi vng
0,75
190/3
43/50
30
Trng, hi vng
*: t s l s hiu ry, mu s l % khng lt ry
Page 81
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 82
S CAS: [50-81-7].
L cht chng oxy ha, to v chua. Thng dng tinh th khng mu hoc mu
trng, i mu khi phi ngoi khng kh hoc iu kin m t. Vitamin C khng
mi, c v chua ca axit. Tan trong nc, etanol v acetol. Khng tan trong
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 83
Page 84
RS
+
____________
R-SH
+ H2O
RS
NAD.
Page 85
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 86
Bt m
Cn
Phi trn
Ra gluten
Dung dch
Iod
V trn
Ngm nc
Xc nh cht lng
Kt qu
Page 87
Trn u cc mu cho n khi khi bt khng dnh vo ly na. Khi nho trn vi
nc thnh phn protein khng ha tan l glutelin v gliadin ht nc trng n to
thnh cu trc khung mng gluten. Gluten l thnh phn quan trng to cu trc cho
sn phm. trong 20 pht cho gluten ht nc trng n, n nh cht lng bt
nho.
2.2.3 Ra gluten
Mc ch: lm tri i lng tinh bt thu c khi do n hi gi l gluten t
xc nh cht lng.
Tin hnh: sau khi 20 pht, ra khi bt nho di vi nc chy nh, cho khi
bt vo lng bn tay, t pha di 1 ry trnh mt gluten, ra n khi nc ra
tht trong. Kim tra bng cch cho vo nc ra mt t dung dch iod, nu sau khi cho
iod vo dung dch c mu xanh tm chng t vn cn tinh bt, ta tip tc ra. Nu
dung dch khng i mu l t.
2.2.4 Xc nh cht lng gluten
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 88
Xc nh cng t.
Cn 4g gluten, v thnh hnh cu ri ngm trong nc khong 15 pht. Sau
nc ra, lau kh. Xc nh cng t bng cch dng hai tay ko di khi gluten
trn thc chia milimet cho ti khi t,tnh chiu di t lc t. Thi gian ko 10
giy. Khi ko khng c xon si gluten. cng t biu th nh sau:
+ cng ngn: 10cm
+ cng trung bnh: 10 20 cm
+ cng di: ln hn 20cm
Xc nh n hi
nh gi n hi, dng khi lng cn li sau khi xc nh cng t.
Dng tay c nh hnh dng khi gluten khong 2cm, sau ko di ming gluten
trn thc khong 5cm ri bung ra.
Nhn nh n hi ca gluten theo 3 mc sau:
+ Gluten n hi tt : gluten c kh nng phc hi hon ton chiu di v hnh
dng ban u sau khi ko hay nn.
+ Gluten n hi km: hon ton khng tr li trng thi ban u v b st sau
khi ko.
+ Gluten n hi trung bnh: gluten c nhng c tnh gia hai loi trn.
Ty theo mc n hi v cng t cht lng gluten c chia thnh ba
nhm:
+ Tt : gluten c n hi tt, cng t trung bnh.
+ Trung bnh: gluten c n hi tt, cng ngn hoc c n hi trung
bnh, cng t trung bnh.
+ Km : c n hi km, b vn, b t khi cng.
3 Kt qu v bn lun
3.1 Kt qu
Bng kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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Mu
Mu Trng (M01)
Khi lng
cng t
n hi
gluten t (g)
(cm)
(cm)
6,7
16,2
3,5
(M02)
6,62
15,5
3,2
(M03)
6,59
17,1
3,0
6,76
18,0
2,1
(M12)
6,71
17,5
2,5
(M13)
6,73
19,1
2,0
6,97
19,8
2,2
(M22)
6,91
19,5
2,2
(M23)
6,93
19,8
2,1
7,22
19,8
2,0
(M32)
7,25
19,8
2,1
(M33)
6,98
20
2,2
Mu 0,2%VTM C (M21)
7,25
20
2,0
(M42)
7,26
>20
2,0
(M43)
7,32
>20
2,0
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3.2 Bn lun
T kt qu trn ta thy gluten c cht lng thay i khi thm ph gia vo. C
th l bt m ban u ch c cht lng trung bnh nhng sau khi cho thm ph gia
vo th cht lng bt m ci thin ( c cht lng tt ). T c th thy vic
thm vo mt lng nh ph gia cng lm ci thin cht lng bt m.
Ta c th thy khi cho Na2S2O3 0,1% v Na2S2O3 0,2% th cng t ca
gluten kh di (khong gn 20cm n ln hn 20cm), iu ny khng hp l v
Na2S2O3 lm tng kh nng n hi ca gluten nhng khng lm cho cng t
qu di. Kt qu th nghim c th sai st bi nhng l do sau:
+ Thi gian ko di t hn 10s, v ko nhanh nn gluten s ko di c nhiu
hn so vi vic ko t t.
+ Ha cht c th khng tinh khit dn n kt qua khng hp l
4 Tr li cu hi
Cu 1: C ch hot ng ca cc ph gia s dng trong th nghim
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Bi 5: ENZYME
1.
Tng quan
1.1.
Nhm enzyme
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81.3-91.2 g
Page 98
0.03-0.29 g
Phosphorus
6.6-11.9 mg
Nitrogen
0.038-0.098 g
Tro
0.21-0.49 g
Calcium
6.2-37.2 mg
Cht x
0.3-0.6 g
Iron
0.27-1.05 mg
Carotene
0.003-0.055 mg
Thiamine
0.048-0.138 mg
Riboflavin
0.011-0.04 mg
Niacin
0.13-0.267 mg
Ascorbic Acid
27.0-165.2 mg
Page 99
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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Phng trnh long xng: trong thnh phn da cha nhiu mangan (ti 73%
khi lng) v cc khong cht cn thit trong lin kt cc m, gip hn ch long
xng.
Cha nhiu beta caroten gip h tr rt tt cho mt, ngn nga bnh thoi
ha im vng.
2. Cch tin hnh
2.1. Quy trnh
Da
X l
Cung,
v, ht
Ct nh
Xay nt
X l enzyme
Pectinase
Lc
Kt qu
Page 101
2.2.1. X l
- Mc ch: X l nguyn liu nhm to iu kin thun tin cho nhng khu
tip theo, loi b nhng phn khng s dng c nh v, mt v loi b bn bm
trn nguyn liu.
- Yu cu: Loi nhng phn khng s dng c v ra sch nguyn liu. Hn
ch thp nht hao ph trong thao tc.
- Thc hin: Da gt b v ngoi, ly mt v ra sch
2.2.2. Ct nh
- Mc ch:Lm nh nguyn liu, thun li cho qu trnh xay
- Thc hin:Dng dao xt da thnh nhng ming nh
2.2.3. Xay nt
- Mc ch: Ph v cu trc mng t bo thu c dch qu ng thi lm
mn v nt tht qu.
- Yu cu:Xay nt thu c hon ton dch qu
- Thc hin: Nguyn liu sau khi ct nh c xay mn bng my xay sinh t,
t l nc : da l 1:1
2.2.4. X l enzyme
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3. Kt qu - Bnh lun
3.1. Kt qu th nghim
Mu trng
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 3
Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3 Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
V(ml)
89
90
88
90
90
89
90
91
90
pH
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
Bx
7.1
7.2
7.0
7.5
7.6
7.3
7.9
7.7
7.5
22s59
22s48
22s19
22s20 20s33
nht
20s19 20s11
20s23 20s14
(s)
Mu
sc,
Mu vng c
trong
trong tng dn theo th t t mu trng n mu c 0.2% pectinase
nht ca nc l: 18s50
3.2. X l kt qu
Ly kt qu trung bnh 3 ln:
Thng s
Mu trng
0.1% enzyme
0.2% enzym
89
89.67
90.33
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pH
4.2
4.2
4.2
Bx
7.1
7.47
7.7
nht (s)
22.42
20.24
20.16
Mu sc
Vng
Vng nht
Vng nht
Cng thc tnh mc gim nht ca dung dch sau khi x l bng
pectinase:
N (%) =
ET0 ET1
100
ET0 ETw
Vi:
ET0 : thi gian chy ca dch khng x l enzyme (s)
ET1 : thi gian chy ca dch c x l enzyme (s)
ETw : thi gian chy ca mu nc ct (s) : 18s50
N : mc gim nht ca dch x l enzyme (%)
Cng thc tnh mc tng hiu sut thu hi dch:
V1 V0
100
V0
Vi:
V0 : th tch dch thu c m khng x l enzyme (ml)
V1 : th tch dch thu c khi x l enzyme (ml)
Mu c 0.1% enzyme
Ln 1
Mu c 0.2% enzyme
Ln 2 Ln 3 Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
3.3. Nhn
N(%) 15.52
1.12
T 3 Nhm 2 (%)
DHTP4
56.43
50.75
53.05
54.42
49.68
1.14
1.12
1.1
2.27
xt
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khong 7. Tuy nhin mt s enzyme c pHopt rt thp (pepsin) hoc rt cao (subtilisin)
hoc t thay i trong khong pH xc nh. Cn ch l pHopt ca mt enzyme ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t: c tnh v nhit c cht, dung dch m, nhit phn
ng.
- Nng c cht: Vi mt lng Enzyme xc nh, nu tng dn lng c cht
trong dung dch th thot u hot tnh ca Enzyme tng dn nhng n mt lc no
th s gia tng v nng c cht cng khng lm tng hot tnh ca Enzyme.
l v tt c cc trung tm hot ng ca Enzyme c bo ho bi c cht.
- Nng Enzyme: Vi mt lng c cht xc nh, nng Enzyme cng cao
th tc phn ng xy ra cng nhanh. T bo c th iu ho tc chuyn ho vt
cht bng vic tng gim nng Enzyme trong t bo.
- Cht c ch Enzyme: Mt s cht ho hc c th c ch hot ng ca enzyme
nn t bo khi cn c ch enzyme no cng c th to ra cc cht c ch c hiu
cho enzyme y.
- Cht hot ha Enzyme: Mt s cht khc khi lin kt vi enzyme li lm tng
hot tnh ca enzymehoc lm cho enzyme khng hot ng thnh hot ng.Cht
hot ha c th l cc anion, cc ion kim loi hoc cc cht hu c khc. C th hot
ng trc tip hoc gin tip.Tc dng hot ha ch nhng nng xc nh, vt
qu gii hn ny c th lm gim hot ng ca enzyme.
- Ion kim loi: C mt sEnzyme chu nh hng bi bn cht v nng ca
ion kim loi. Qu trnh ny rt phc tp bao gm c tc dng ca ion kim loi ti
phn t protein ca enzyme v c tc dng ca ion kim loi n trung tm hot ng
v c ch xc tc ca enzyme.
Cu 3: Ngoi pectinase, c th s dng enzyme no tng hiu sut thu hi
dch qu?
Tr li: C th s dng:
- Enzyme protease thy phn v protein ca v nguyn sinh t bo, lm cho s
thot ca dch d dng.
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ML ca pectinase l 16,3%
ML ca protease cha xc nh
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Gio trnh thc hnh ph gia thc phm Nguyn Th Hong Yn, L Phm
Tn Quc, m Sao Mai NXB i hc quc gia TP HCM.
Cc an ton v sinh thc phm H thng quy chun k thut quc gia v ph
gia thc phm v v sinh an ton thc phm NXB Lao ng x hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate
http://hoahocngaynay.com/vi/nghien-cuu-giang-day/bai-nghien-cuu/86-pectinva-ung-dung.html
http://blog.yume.vn/xem-blog/carrageenan-chuc-nang-va-ungdung.nhi46cnsh.35D0A8F2.html
http://nafiqad.gov.vn/b.../attachment_file
http://giaoan.violet.vn/present/show/entry_id/1490125/cm_id/1339974
http://catscook.blogspot.com/2011/01/bot-accord-polyphosphate-chat-thayhan.html
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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http://pangasius-vietnam.com/UserFile/.../3649_QD-BNN-CLTY1.pdf
Wikipedia. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pineapple).
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