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Vo!g.3. Numberl . January.June20i1

INTERNATIONAT JOURNAI OF

CONTENTS

1.

[::*jrfl,tr;ffir

Ir with

Agriculture in Developing

Counrries:..........

.......,.........1_7

p. Sriniaas Subbarao and p. Suseela Rnni

2. 3.

E-Janraj- A Model for Electronic Ridhin.a Khantesra and Tsrun St

Municipality,..........
ri"toti

............9_76

Panchayat Raj Awareness and participation with Reference Tribal Households in Kalvarayan Hilis V. Viuekanadan

to............... ...."...........

...............77_Zs

4. 5. 6.
7.

Ant Colony Optimization for Routing in Arbitrary Networks Ritika and Nipur

27_g4

"Diverse Appliances of Metadata Standards-in Digital Llbrary,, A^aynnk Triaedi, Vishnu Suthar snrl Babulhai Akodiyn A Secure Key Management Scheme for WSN D. C. lutrle fusephirrc, T. febarajai, n. D, C.loyWinnieWise
Select Comrnercial Banks in Chennai CiW R. Neduncheliannnd A, lffirulia

...,....35_40

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"....4r-44

A Study on The Impact of Information lechnology on the Functioning of ................".."..."."...4S_S1

lnternational Journal of lnlormation Technology and Management Research 3 (1), January-June 2011, pp. 35-40

..DIVERSE APPLIANCES OF METADATA STANDARDS IN DIGITAL LIBRARY"

Mayank Trivedi., Vishnu Suthar.- and Babubhai Akodiya.*.

ABSTRACT: There are numerous changes in metadata standards organi"ing a digital library (DL) and successfully gets to the user the articles he/she zoants. Various standards haoe already been dez,eloped in storage and retrieaal of digital data cuhich are described here. They range from the standards that coaer Portable Document Format f.les through the standards that gooern interndtional cataloguing ffirts to standards for oaious forms. Otfurs are stiil under deztelopment and are desuibed in the state inzahich they are currently. In conclusion, itandards are necessary for eaery aspect of the digital library. New standards are being deaeloped by the formal international standards bodies haae been highlighted.

Keyworils: Metadata, Digital library, Metadata Standards

INTRODUCTION
Metadata is the Internet-age term for strucfured data about data. Typical examples are library catalog records, bibliographic headers in Web pages/ "terms of use" statements, and ratings. Differentuser cofiununities - from librarians and computer scientists to government agencies,

Web forums and scientific datasets are proliferating. Metadata will be needed for these
materials. As libraries and museums digitize cultural heritage information, they must create
metadata to orgfinize and manage it; indeed, the cost of creating this metadata is often comparable to the cost of digitization itself. In all such contexts, metadata heips people find what they need, verify its authenticity, process it in an appropriate format, and perhaps to order or pay for it online. No single type of metadata can suit every such application, every type of resource, and every community of users. How the diverse forms of metadata will co-exist and interoperate

cultural heritage organizations, publishers,

businesses, and the legal

community - scope and purpose metadata differently. International communities in areas such as biodiversity, the space sciences, and museums seek to refine the semantics of specialized metadata for the rapidly evolving needs of their fields. Likewise, publishers and other content providers are is a complex issue for research. Its require seeking agreements on standards to enable new metadata standards for different format.2
forms of electronic commerce.l
The creation and rnanagement of metadata is a sizeable and rapidly expanding industry. In the

METADATA STANDARDS
Metadata elements grouped into sets designed for for a specific domain or a particular type of information resource, are called metadata schemes. For every element the name and the semantics (the meaning of the element) are specified. Content rules (how content must
a specific purpose, e.g.,

scholarly communities, libraries and abstracting

and indexing services invest heavily in the :reation of metadata to manage the published :iterature. Scholars are increasingly publishing Seir work in electronic journals or in less formal

' * *

University Librarian, the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat, lndia, E+nail: libmsu@gmail.com Deputy Librarian, C U Shah Medical College, Surendranagar-3800O1, Gujarat, India
Assistant Professor, Sarvoday College of Management, Limbdi, Gujarat, India

36

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be formulated), representation rules (e.9.,

capitalizalton rules), and allowed element values (e.g., from a controlled vocabulary) can be sp"iifi"d optionally. Some schemes also specify in which syntax the elements must be encoded, in contrast to syntax independent schemes.3

2. Metadata content rules enable consistet{

data entry for effective searching. Contert

Metadata schemes that are developed and maintained by standard orgatizabions (such as ISO) or organizations that have taken on such
responsibility (such as the Dublin Core Metadata Iniiiative) are called metadata standards. We know metadata standards for digital library
prospect.a

NEED FOR METADATA

rules include: vocabularies and semarlbl rules as well as authority files, thesaun classifications and ontologies. 3. Metadata mark-up standards ensure tha't metadata is machine readable and that automated searches can be undertaken. 4. Metadata packaging standards define the links between digital objects and their metadata while binding the components into archival packages as defined by the OAIS Reference Model (Open Archival Information Systems Reference Model I5O1.4721:2003)

STANDARDIZATION IN DL Metadata is the core of any information retrieval system and so its implications for any digjtal library are profound: the choice of a metadata scheme underpins any such library's ability to deliver objects in a meaningful way, and greatly affects its long-term ability to maintain and preserve its digital assets.s The adoption of these itandards that the large union catalogues and collaborative cataloguing projects that are now such a prominent part of the library world became possible. The technology of the digital library offers even greater potential for inter-institutional collaboration. To do so effectively, however, requires standard approaches to metadata. To adopt an analogy from the traditional library world, it is necessary to standardize both the containers for digital library metadata.

COMPONENTS OF METADATA STANDARDS Defining metadata doesn't only mean defining elements; a metadata schema cor-nprises other definitions. Here we present the main components of a metadata standard which have to be defined by an archive.6

1. Element set 2. Encoding 3. Storage

WHAT IS DIFFERENT IN DL? For digital libraries, the environment is likely to be in a state of change for the foreseeable future; research and experimentation will be ongoing' For a thoughtful analysis of some of the metadata issues warranting research, see Metadata for TYPES OF METADATA STANDARDS Digital Libraries: a Research Agenda developed Effective implementation of metadata standards by a joint task working Soup established under needs early consideration of the structure, the auspices of the European Union and the content, functionality and links between National Science Foundation. The current article digital objects and metadata instances required' not be seen as an attempt to develop an Different types of metadata standards are should overarching theoretical or technical framework or used interdependently to achieve the following
aims:
1..
as a

comprehensive overview, but as observations

Metsdata structure standards ensure consistent structure across individual entries; enable data searching to be
implemented and data sharing across
a

from the trenches of American Memory,

production digital library system that is also an experiment. The integration of heterogeneous
conten! including content and metadata prepared by other institutions, into American Memory has provided a close look at practical hurdles in the path to Licklider's vision. It has also stimulated an appreciation for how varying descriptive

discipline. Hierarchical structure

standards enable context as well as content to be described.

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37

traditions can contribute to achieving that vision and a not infrequent sense of frustration at the

di{ficulty of incorporating new tools to build better services and enrich the interaction with the
fund of knowledge.T

Metadata section; The File Section; The Structural Map; Structural Links; The Behavior Technical Components: Primary XML Schema+ Extension Schema+ Controlled Vocabularies Prerequisites: METS is defined as an XML

METADATA STANDARDS IN DL

1.

METS (Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard)

Schema, requiring staff and software support capable of operating on datasets using standard XML Schema knowledge and tools. METS Basic
Book

The Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) is a data encoding and

hansmission specification, (in XML format), that provides the means to convey the metadata ,ru"urrury for both the management of digital objects *iUti" a repository and the exchange of rnlh obj".ts between repositories (or between repositories and their users). Thiscommon object foimat was designed to allow the sharing of efforts

to develop inflrmation management tools/

services

ani to facilitate the interoperable exchange of digital materials among institutions (including files that comprise vend"ors). The METS XML schema was created in The names and locations of the 200L under the sponsorship of the Digital Library those objects Federation (DLF), is supported by the Library of for Images in XML) Congress as its maintenance agency, and is 2. MIX (NISO Metadata
goveined by the METS Editorial Board'8

XML schema for encoding technical data elements required to manage digital image collections' The Purpose of METS: METS is an XML Schema of Congress' Network Development and designed foi the PurPose of: lvlaintaining the Library MARC Standards Office, in partnership with the meta'data of the digital objects for the long term; NISO Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images Recording thu ttamet and locations of the files that Standards Committee and other interested comprise those objects; Creating XML document is developing an XML schema for a set that express the hierarchical structure of digital experts, elements required to manage library objects, and when a repository of digital of technical data image collections. The schema provides a objecis iniends to share metadata about a digital digital iirterchange and/or storage of the data object,or the object itself, wi'r'h another repository foimat for Dictionary - Technical or with a tool meant to render the object, the use specified in the Data Metadata for Digital Still images (ANSI/NISO of a common data transfer syntax between repositories and between tools greatly improves 239.87-2006). This schema is currently referred to the facility and efficiency with which the as "NISO Metadata for Images in XI\4I- (NISO transactions can occur. METS was created and MIX)". MIX is expressed using the XML schema designed to provide a relatively easy format for language of the World Wide Web Consortium. these kinds of activities during the life-cycle of MIX is maintained for NISO by the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the the digital object. Library of Congress with input from users.e A METS document consists of setsen major sections: The METS Header contains metadata 3. PREMIS (Preservation Metadata) describing the METS document itself, including such information as creator, editor, etc.; The A data dictionary and supporting XML schemas Descriptive Metadata section; The Administrative for core preservation metadata needed to support

38

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the long-term preservation of digital materials. The new working goup was fortunate in thattwo exceptionally qualified experts - Priscilla Caplan of the Florida Center for Library Automation and F.ebecca Guenther of the Library of Congresswere willing to assume the responsibilities of chairing the group. PREMIS was equally fortunate in the caliber of expertise forming the group{s membership, which extends to libraries, museums, archives, goverrunent, and the private sector, and includes participants from the US, the Netherlands, Australia, Great Britain, Germany, and New Zealand.
The OAIS Framework prompted interest in mo'iing it toward a more implementable status. To achleve this objective, OCLC and RLG

plafform, software, agent) ; character information (character set and size, byte order and size, line

terminators) ; languages; fonts ; markup information; processing and textual notes

technical requirements for printing and viewing;
page ordering and sequencing.

The Library of Congress

Network

Development and MARCStandards Office (LoC) serves as the maintenance agency for textMD, althodgh the majority of the qualitative work on the schema will come from the larger METS comrnunity and textMD implementers external to
LoC.1i

5. ISO/DIS

25577::20O8

(Information and

Documentation - MarcXchange)
Specifies the requirements for a generalized XMLbased exchange format for bibliographic records as well as other types of metadata; Does not define the length or the content of individual records and does not assign any meaning to tags, indicators,

sponsored a second working group called

PREMIS (Preservation Metadata: Implementation

ISO 20775 - Schema for Holdings Information <additional TechnicalCharacteristics>, an extension for format-specific metadata within the ISO 207-75:2009 specifies a schema designed to cover the holdings of all types of resources, IIEMIS preservatioi metadata Object XML physical and electronic, all iyp"s of resource Schema version 2.0.

also exist as a standalone document. hr the future textMD can be used within the pREMIS element

Strategies). Composed of more than thirty international experts in preservation metadata, PREMIS sought to: (i) define a core set of impler-nentabie, broadly applicable preservation or identifiers, these specifications being the metadata elements, supported by a data functions of an implementation forma| describes dictionary; and (ii) identify and evaluate a generalized structure, a framework designed alternative strategies for encoding, storing, primarily for communicatiorr between data managing, and exchanging preservation processing systems, but may also be relevant for metadata in digital archiving systems. It defines use as a processing format within systems. implementable, core preservation metadata, MarcXchange could potentially be used as along with guidelines and recommendations for follows: for representing a complete MARC nunagement and use. PREMIS also developed a set'of XML, schema to support use of the Data record or a set of MARC records in XML; for Dictionary by institutions managing and original resource description in XML syntax; as exchanging PREMIS conformant preservation an extension schema to METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard); for metadata.lo exchange of MARC records in XML; for transfer of MARC records in web services like SRU 4. TextMD (Technical Metadata for Text) XML schema that details technical metadata for (search(retrieval via URL); for publisher transmission of data; as a temporary format in all text-based digital objects. It most commonly serves kinds of.dafa transformation or manipulation, e.g, as an exlension schema used within the Metadata Elcoding and Transmission Schema (METS) conversion) publicatiorj editing, validation; f& metadata in'XML that may be plckaged with an administrative metadata section. However, it could
electronic resource.

6.

The TextMD schema allows for detailing pfopertles such as: encoding information (qualityl

format such as printed text, visuil images, sound recordings, videos, electronic midia and resources published or issued once such as

"DIVERsE Appltnxcns

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LISnARY"

39

monographs or those published serially or in part. Though it is designed to be used as a schema in query responses, 15020775:2009 does not specify a query and response (such as SRU, 239'50 or Open Search) including search atkibutes and index definition. I5O 20775:2009 facilltates the interactive exchange of a combination of stable and dynamic information. How data is gathered

excellent at describing the structure of a digital object, it's missing the ability to describe the content and layout of each piece of the digital
object.

CONCLUSION
This paper has considered some of the difficulties associated with the defined standards of digital library. We have provided corrceptual studies which can be faced when seeking to make use for digital library. The paper describes different

and assembled to populate the schema for

holdings is outside the scope of ISO 20775:2009. Detailed resource description is outside the scope of ISO 20775:2009 as is also detailed information on serials designed for claiming missing issues.l2

7.

ALTO - Technical Metadata for Optical

Character Recognition

ALTO (Analyzed Layout and Text Object) is a XML Schema that details technical metadata for describing the layout information and OCR recognized text of resources, such as pages of a book or a newspaper. It is used as an extension schema to METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard), where METS provides metadata and structural information while ALTO contains content and physical information. Alto
Features

standards within digital library development programmes. These standards aims to provide a pragmatic solution and is designed to provide guidance and support for projects and services in implementing standards-bdsed solutions, without being overly prescriptive.
References

[1]

Daniel, Ron ]r., CarlLagoze, Sandra Payette. Metadata architecture for digital libraries. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Forum on Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries, pp. 27 6-88, 1998.

[2] Arora, ]agdish.

(2009), Digital Preservation: An Overview. Open Access to Textual and Multimedia Content :Bridging the Digital Divide, ]anuary 2930, 2009 ppJ37 [Online]Available: http //ir.inflibnet.ac.in/
dxml/bits tr e am/han dle/L
94

4/1

4 6

6/ 8.p df?

se

quence=

1. ALTO file contains a style section where [3] different styles are listed. The layout 2.
section contains what is on the Page. A page is divided into several regions (Print space, left margin, right margin, top margin and bottom margin). For each region all objects are listed which have been detected inside.
can be given in 1/10mm or rn1'/1200inch. To use

[4] [5] [6] [7]

McCray, A., Gallagher, M., and Flannick, M. Extending the Role of Metadata in a Digital Library System. In Proceedings of the IEEE Forum on Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries (Baltimore, May 19-21).IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. L90-199,7999. International Federation of Library Associations and

Institutions. Digital Libraries: Metadata Resources.

[Online] Available: http /fuzaw.ifla.or glIl/metadata.htm The Library of Congress. (2010) ALTO: Technical metadata for optical character recognition. [Online]
Available: http {fuww.loc. goa/standar ds/alto/ PREMIS Working Group. [Online] Available:
tuww.
ht tp
o

3. Measurements in ALTO XML files

the coordinates within the ALTO file with any resolution they need to be transformed

http//

cl c.

or g/r es e ar ch/p roj e c tdp ftn08,/

into

pixe1s.13

PREMIS Maintenance

Activity. [Online] Available:

/fr.uwo.

Io c.

goa/ s t an d ar ds/p r e mis

Why METS/AITO Conversion? The METS and ALTO havebeenaround for a long time, and are standard with which librariesi, universities, newspaper publishers and newspaper aggregators are aware of. METS is a standard for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata regarding objects within a digital library, using XML. Though METS is

[8] The Library of Congress. [9]

(2010) METS Metadata

encoding & transmission standard. [Online] Available: http /fuww.Io c. gozy's t an dar ds/me ts/ Metadata Reference Guide [Online\ Available: http:// lib r ari e s, mi t. e du/ gui d e s/sub j e c t s/m e t a d a t a/s t an d ar ds/
mets.html

t10l METS/ALTO Conversion [Onlinel Available http:// wuna.pl anm an te chnolo gie s. com/Nle ts/ [11] Gunther ,R.2007. Best practices for using PREMIS with METS. The Library of Congress (Draft), 9, Aug.'07

40

IXTRxenONAL IOURNAL oF INFoRMATIoN TECHNoLoGY AND MANAGEMENT

RFsEARCH

[Online]Available: htQ /rtnow.lo

best-pr actice s-p
re

c.

goa/s
do c

tandards/premis/

[13] Theng Y. L, Duncker E. and Mohd

N (1999), Desigp

misme ts-20 07

0 8 0 9.

Guidelines for User-Centered Digital Libraries.

Pre

[12] Heery, R. M. and Patel, M. (2000), Application Profiles:

Mixing And Matching Metadata Schemas, Ariadne,

Issue 25, September 2000.[Online] Availabler

3rd Conf. on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, LNAI 1696, pp. 1.67 -"183.

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