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Beam Deflections - A pultruded beam will be designed for deflection, strength and buckling.
Fiber reinforced composite beams exhibit both flexural and shear deflections. Shear deflections are most
apparent when the span to depth ratios are less than 20. At short spans, the shear deflections comprise a
significant portion of the actual deflections; therefore, the designer should always account for shear
deflections when designing with composites. Reference Pultex Fiber Reinforced Polymer Structural
Profiles Material Properties Sheets for the appropriate properties of the profiles for which you are
utilizing in your design.
Although coupon testing is a good quality control method, composite materials are not homogeneous and
will exhibit different properties in the web and flange areas. Deflection predictions should be made with
values based on full section testing. Please reference Appendix B per ASTM D198 for full section testing
procedure.
The Allowable Uniform Load Tables were calculated using physical properties that were derived from
full section testing. The Load Tables are based on simply supported end conditions with uniformly
distributed loads. For beam loadings and end conditions not represented in the Allowable Uniform Load
Tables, reference the Beam Deflection Formula and relative design tables.
The following formula was used to predict the deflections in The Allowable Uniform Load Tables:
= 5wL4 + w L2
Where:
384 EI
8AG
A = kAw (mm2)
Aw = Shear area of profile (mm2) (Ref. Table 2)
k = Shear coefficients (Ref. Table 2)
Ex = Modulus of elasticity (GPa)
G = Modulus of rigidity (Shear Modulus) (GPa)
I = Moment of inertia (mm4)
L = Length of span (m)
= Deflection (mm)
w = Load on the beam (N/m)
Allowable Stresses
Fiber reinforced composite beams exhibit compressive, flexural, and shear stresses under various load
conditions. The dominating failure mode for long span flexural members is typically local buckling of
the compressive flange, while short spans are dominated by in-plane shear failures.
Safety Factors
The allowable stresses used in The Allowable Uniform Load Tables are based on the ultimate
compressive buckling, flexural and shear strengths with applied safety factors. Specifically, a 2.5
safety factor is used for local buckling and flexural stresses while a 3 safety factor is used for shear. The
following shear and flexure formula were used to predict the Allowable Loads.
V=fv(Aw); where fv = allowable shear stress = 31 MPa = 10.3 MPa (Equation P-4)
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M= fb(Sx); where fb = allowable flexural stress = 227.6 MPa = 91.0 MPa (Equation P-5)
Local Buckling of the Compression Flange for Wide Flange, I-Sections, Square Tube and
Rectangular Tube Sections
The local compression buckling strength of pultruded wide flange, I-Sections, square tubes and
rectangular tubes can be determined by utilizing the following equations. The local bucking equations
were derived from University research. (Reference Step by Step Design Equations for Fiber-reinforced
Plastic Beams for Transportation Structures)Davalos,Barbero and Qiao
cr
2 tf
12 b
[ q (2
(Ex ) f (E y ) f
)+ p((E ) (
y f
xy f
+ 2(Gxy ) f
)]
(Equation P-3)
Where, x is the critical stress, and p and q are constants that are defined by the coefficient of
restraint () at the junction of the plates:
I/W sections:
2bw (E y )f
bf
0.004
0.065
; q = 0.025 +
; =
p = 0.3 +
;b =
b f (E y )w
2
0.5
+ 0.4
Box sections:
bw( E y ) f
0.002
0.08
; q = 1.0 +
; =
p = 2.0 +
;b = bf
b f ( E y )w
1.3
+ 0.2
Where:
xcr
b
b
bf
bw
Ex
Ey
f
Gxy
p
q
t
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For I-Sections or Wide Flange Sections, the lateral torsional buckling load for various loading conditions
can be determined by using the following equation:
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M cr = Cb
E y
Cw I y + E y I y G J
KL
b
KLb
(Equation P-1)
h2I y
Cw =
4
1
J = (2bt 3f + ht w3 )
3
Cw
J
Cb
Mcr
Lb
Ey
G
K
Iy
Cb is a moment gradient adjuster, that depends on the type of load and end restraint conditions. Values
for Cb can be located in Table 1.
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Table 1
Lateral Buckling Coefficient for Various End Conditions1
Lateral Support
about y-axis
Moment gradient
adjuster (Cb)
Effective length
coefficient (K)
None
1.0
1.0
None
Full
1.13
0.97
1.0
0.5
None
Full
1.30
0.86
1.0
0.5
None
Full
1.35
1.07
1.0
0.5
None
Full
1.70
1.04
1.0
0.5
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Load
R is V
Vx
=
=
wl
5 wl 4
wl 2
+
384 EI
8 G A
wx
l 3 2 lx 2 + x 3
24 EI
wl
2
1
w x
2
wl 2
8
wx
(l x )
2
Note: Reference Table 2. Shear Areas and Shear Coefficients for Various Cross Sections A', A'=kAw.
Load
Equiv.
Uniform
R is V
Vx
(at midpoint)
M
2 wl
3
w l4
wl 2
+
384 EI
8G A
wx2
(l x )2
24 EI l 2
wl
2
1
x
w
2
wl2
12
wl2
24
w
6 lx l 2 6 x 2
12
Equiv.
max.
Uniform
(at
M max.
point
(at
M
of
when
point
when
Load
of
load)
x <
Pl3
48 EI
load)
x <
2P
=
=
Px
48 EI
P
2
Pl
4
Px
2
(3 l
Pl
4GA
2
4 x
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Total
Load
Equiv.
Uniform
x when
x <
and
when
Pl3
192 EI
Pl
4 G A
Px 2
48 EI l 2
(3 l
4x)
P
2
Pl
8
P
(4 x l )
8
ends)
x <
Equiv. Uniform
max.
M max.
(at
(at
Load
free end
fixed
8P
Pl3
Pl
+
3 EI
G A
P
2l 3 3l 2 x + x 3
6 EI
=
=
=
R is V
end )
M x
P
Pl
Px
Equiv.
Uniform
max.
Load
M max.
R is V
Vx
=
=
end)
(at fixed
4 wl
wl 2
wl4
+
8 EI
2 GA
w
24 EI
wl
wx
(x
4l 3 x + 3l
wl 2
2
wx2
2
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Equiv. Uniform
max.
(at
Load
center
x (when
x < a)
R is V
M max. (between loads)
M x (when x < a )
=
=
=
x (when
8 Pa
l
Pa l 2
a2
Pa
+
EI 8
6
G A
Px
3 la 3 a 2 x 2
6 EI
Pa
3 lx 3 x 2 a 2
6 EI
P
Pa
Px
Table 2
Type
Shear Area
Rectangular
Section
Aw= bd
I or W-Section
A' = kAw
Type
Shear Area
5/6
Channel
Section
Aw= 2bt
5/6
Aw= 2bt
5/6
Channel
Section
Aw= ht
I or W-Section
Aw= th
Solid Round
Aw=
8/9
Square Tube
Aw= 2th
Angle Section
Aw= th
Rectangular
Tube
Aw= 2tb
5/6
Circular Tube
Aw= 2Rt
Cross Section
Note:
Arrows indicate direction of shear forces
k = Shear coefficient
Note: Values are approximated for simplicity. For exact shear coefficients reference Timoshenko's Beam Theory.
Aw = Shear area
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1/4
KLb
E y
C w I y + E y I y GJ
KLb
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27.59GPa
1 PL3 1 PL
=
+
48 EI 4 GA'
Where: A' = kAw
= Deflection (in)
P = Concentrated load (lbs.);i.e., Pallowable = 6,600N
L = length of span (in) 3.66mm
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1
( 6 ,600 N )( 3.66 m )3
1
( 6 ,600 N )( 3.66 m )
+
48 ( 27.59GPa )( 16964344 mm4 ) 4 ( 3.45GPa )( 1,452 mm 2 .0015 mm )
= 15.57mm or L/235
Step 6. Determine if the flexural strength is adequate.
f = M/Sx
Where:
f
= flexural stress (GPa)
M = maximum moment (N - m)
Sx = Section modulus (mm3)
From the Elements of Section of The New and Improved Design Manual for Pultrusion of
Standard and Custom Fiber Reinforced Polymer Structural Profiles, determine Sx for the 152mm
x 152mm x 9.5mm Wide Flange Section. Sx = 222630mm3.
From the Pultex SuperStructural Profiles for Wide Flange Sections and I-Sections Material
Properties Sheets, determine the ultimate flexural strength and apply the proper safety factor,
which in the present case is 2.5.
f = 227.6 MPa ultimate flexural strength.
(227.6 MPa/2.5) = (3.66mm/4)/222630mm3
Pflexural= 4,983 lbs.
Pflexural > Pallowable therefore, the strength is adequate.
Step 7. Calculate the Critical Buckling load and determine if it is adequate. From equation (P-2):
cr
2 tf
12 b
[ q (2
(E x ) f
* 2 (E y )
)+ p((E ) (
y
xy
+ 2(G xy ) f
)]
2bw (E y ) f
bf
0.004
0.065
; q = 0.025 +
; =
;b =
p = 0.3 +
2
b f (E y )w
0.5
+ 0.4
Where:
xcr
b
b
bf
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bw
Ex
Ey
f
Gxy
p
q
t
= Flange
= Modulus of rigidity (Shear Modulus) (GPa)
= Constant defined by the coefficient of restraint ()
= Constant defined by the coefficient of restraint ()
= Thickness of the compression flange (mm)
= Coefficient of restraint of the compression plates
xcr
= 156 MPa
Step 7. The allowable local buckling load is determined by evaluating the critical buckling stress to
bending stress and applying the appropriate safety factor. In this case use 2.5.
Use =M/Sx where, M=PL/4
Therefore, P =(xcr Sx4)/L
Pbuckling=(156 MPa*222638 mm3*4)/3.66mm = 37995 N/2.5
Pallowable =15,198N> Pglobal buckling 6598N; therefore, global buckling governs the design.
The design is governed by Mcr Lateral Torsional Buckling (Global buckling) and is limited to
6598N.
Reference the Chemical Compatibility Guide to determine the proper Pultex Series.
Choose Pultex 1625 Series.
12
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Nomenclature
c
xcr
xy
yx
Aw
A
b
b
bf
bw
Cb
Cw
D
D11, D22
ExorEy
Ey local
f
fb
fv
G
Gxy
h
Ix or y
J
K
k
L
Lb
M
Mcr
P
p
q
r
Sx
t
V
Wt.
Wlb
Wf
Wv
Wlu
L/D
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Deflection (mm)
1-(xyyx)
Coefficient of restraint of the compression plates
Compressive stress (GPa)
Critical buckling stress in (GPa)
Poissons ratio (longitudinal)
Poissons ratio (transverse)
Unsupported length or region over which Nx acts (length of beam) inches
Shear area of profile (Table 2) (mm2)
kAw, Shear coefficient x shear area of profile (mm2)
Half the width of the compression flange for I/W sections (mm)
The width of the compression flange for box sections, b=bf (mm)
Width of the compression flange (mm)
Height of the section (mm)
Moment Variation Constant
Warping Constant (mm6)
Deflection (mm)
Flexural rigidity in 1, 2 and radial directions
Modulus of elasticity of the major or minor axis(GPa)
Local transverse modulus of Elasticity (GPa)
Flange
Flexural stress (GPa)
Shear stress (GPa)
Shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) (GPa)
Shear modulus (GPa)
Depth of section (mm)
Moment of Inertia about desired axis (mm4)
Torsion Constant (mm4)
Effective length coefficient
Shear coefficient (Table 2.)
Length (mm)
Unsupported length between points that have lateral restraint (mm)
Maximum moment (m -N)
Critical Moment that causes lateral buckling (m-N)
Point load (N)
Constant defined by the coefficient of restraint ()
Constant defined by the coefficient of restraint ()
Radius of gyration (mm)
Section modulus (mm3)
Thickness of compression flange (mm)
Shear Force (N)
Weight of profile in N/m
Maximum load governed by critical local buckling (N/m)
Maximum load governed by flexural stress (N/m)
Maximum load governed by shear strength (N/m)
Maximum laterally unsupported load (N/m)
Ratio of length of the span to the deflection
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13
400
300
48% increase in E-Modulus
200
100
0
8
10
11
12
Span (ft)
13
14
15
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Quantity
19 pcs. @11'
21 pcs. @20'
Price $
Total
$24.28/ft $5,074.52
$33.14/ft $13,918.80
$18,993.32
15
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Step 2. Determine which Wide Flange Section profile will satisfy the loading condition above.
a. 80 psf x 5' panel width = 400 lbs/ft live load on the beams.
b. Calculate the dead load. Assume that a 6" x 6" x 3/8" Wide Flange Section profile is
sufficient.
c. The weight of the 6" x 6" x 3/8" section is 4.92 lbs/ft.
d. Calculate the weight of the Flowgrip 3.46 psf x 5' = 17.3 lbs/ft.
Step 3. Determine the total live load (LL) and dead load (DL) combination.
a. 400 lbs/ft LL + 4.92 lbs/ft DL + 17.3 lbs/ft DL = 422.2 lbs./ft.
Step 4. Determine if the 6" x 6" x 3/8" Wide Flange Section profile is adequate.
a. Reference the 6" x 6" x 3/8" Wide Flange Section in the Allowable Uniform Load Tables.
b. Locate the 10' span row and look across to the l/180 deflection column.
c. The Pultex SuperStructural 6" x 6" x 3/8" Wide Flange Section will hold 441 lbs/ft and
deflect less than L/180; therefore, the 6" x 6" x 3/8" Wide Flange Section profile is adequate.
Step 5. Space all beams at 5' O.C. across the 10' section of the span.
Bill of Materials for Pultex SuperStructural Project Design
Item
Quantity
6"x6"x3/8" W-Section; 1625; Spaced 5' O.C.
13 pcs. @11'
Flowgrip Solid Floor Panel
21 pcs. @ 20'
Misc., i.e., fasteners, adhesives
Total Material Price
Price $
$24.28/ft
$33.14/ft
Total
$3,472.04
$13,918.80
$17,390.84
$18,993
$19,000
$18,500
$17,391
$18,000
$17,500
$17,000
$16,500
Pultex
SuperStructural
Pultex SuperStructural
Profiles
Profiles
Pultex
PultexStandard
Standard
Structural
StrucuralProfiles
Profiles
16
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Span
mm
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
5000
5250
5500
5750
6000
6250
6500
6750
7000
7250
7500
7750
8000
8250
8500
8750
9000
9250
9500
L/D=80
L/D=100
3.13
6.25
9.38
12.50
15.63
18.75
21.88
25.00
28.13
31.25
34.38
37.50
40.63
43.75
46.88
50.00
53.13
56.25
59.38
62.50
65.63
68.75
71.88
75.00
78.13
81.25
84.38
87.50
90.63
93.75
96.88
100.00
103.13
106.25
109.38
112.50
115.63
118.75
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50
25.00
27.50
30.00
32.50
35.00
37.50
40.00
42.50
45.00
47.50
50.00
52.50
55.00
57.50
60.00
62.50
65.00
67.50
70.00
72.50
75.00
77.50
80.00
82.50
85.00
87.50
90.00
92.50
95.00
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L/D=360 L/D=500
0.69
1.39
2.08
2.78
3.47
4.17
4.86
5.56
6.25
6.94
7.64
8.33
9.03
9.72
10.42
11.11
11.81
12.50
13.19
13.89
14.58
15.28
15.97
16.67
17.36
18.06
18.75
19.44
20.14
20.83
21.53
22.22
22.92
23.61
24.31
25.00
25.69
26.39
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
18.00
18.50
19.00
Span L/D=80
mm
9750 121.88
10000 125.00
10250 128.13
10500 131.25
10750 134.38
11000 137.50
11250 140.63
11500 143.75
11750 146.88
12000 150.00
12250 153.13
12500 156.25
12750 159.38
13000 162.50
13250 165.63
13500 168.75
13750 171.88
14000 175.00
14250 178.13
14500 181.25
14750 184.38
15000 187.50
15250 190.63
15500 193.75
15750 196.88
16000 200.00
16250 203.13
16500 206.25
16750 209.38
17000 212.50
17250 215.63
17500 218.75
17750 221.88
18000 225.00
18250 228.13
18500 231.25
18750 234.38
19000 237.50
19250 240.63
19500 243.75
19750 246.88
L/D=100
97.50
100.00
102.50
105.00
107.50
110.00
112.50
115.00
117.50
120.00
122.50
125.00
127.50
130.00
132.50
135.00
137.50
140.00
142.50
145.00
147.50
150.00
152.50
155.00
157.50
160.00
162.50
165.00
167.50
170.00
172.50
175.00
177.50
180.00
182.50
185.00
187.50
190.00
192.50
195.00
197.50
L/D=360 L/D=500
27.08
27.78
28.47
29.17
29.86
30.56
31.25
31.94
32.64
33.33
34.03
34.72
35.42
36.11
36.81
37.50
38.19
38.89
39.58
40.28
40.97
41.67
42.36
43.06
43.75
44.44
45.14
45.83
46.53
47.22
47.92
48.61
49.31
50.00
50.69
51.39
52.08
52.78
53.47
54.17
54.86
19.50
20.00
20.50
21.00
21.50
22.00
22.50
23.00
23.50
24.00
24.50
25.00
25.50
26.00
26.50
27.00
27.50
28.00
28.50
29.00
29.50
30.00
30.50
31.00
31.50
32.00
32.50
33.00
33.50
34.00
34.50
35.00
35.50
36.00
36.50
37.00
37.50
38.00
38.50
39.00
39.50
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19722
11929
77495
59332
55243
42296
35587
31139
28131
29765
21098
19843
14066
2.25
7699
46880
33419
27679
2.50
5230
37973
27069
24911
24692
20577
15432
10288
18551
15459
11594
7729
2.75
3702
31382
22371
22646
3.00
2711
26370
18798
20759
21390
14260
11883
8912
5942
16771
11181
9317
6988
4659
3.25
2042
22469
16017
3.50
1575
19374
13811
19162
13377
8918
7432
5574
3716
17794
10832
7221
6018
4513
3009
3.75
1240
16877
4.00
994
14833
12031
16607
8888
5925
4938
3703
2469
10574
15569
7379
4920
4100
3075
2050
4.25
809
4.50
667
13139
9367
14654
6191
4128
3440
2580
1720
11720
8355
13839
5244
3496
2913
2185
1457
4.75
5.00
556
10519
7498
13111
4479
2986
2488
1866
1244
469
9493
6767
12456
3855
2570
2142
1606
1071
5.25
399
8611
6138
11862
3341
2228
1856
1392
928
5.50
343
7846
5593
11323
2915
1943
1619
1214
810
5.75
296
7178
5117
10831
2557
1705
1421
1066
710
Note: Bold numbers in the Factored Load Tables represent the governing load
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E=19.3 GPa
Aw=363 mm2
76.2 x 25.4 x 4.8 mm
G=2.9 GPa
Wt.=0.92 kg/lm
Pultex 1500/1525/1625 Series
Governed by Deflection (Laterally Supported) (N/m)
Span Maximum Load Laterally Supported
L/D
(meter)
Wb or *Wv
100
150
180
240
360
0.50
*15012
10186
0.75
*10008
8242
6869
5151
3434
1.00
*7506
5480
3654
3045
2283
1522
1.25
4810
2873
1916
1596
1197
798
1.50
3341
1685
1123
936
702
468
1.75
2454
1070
713
594
446
297
2.00
1879
720
480
400
300
200
2.25
1485
508
338
282
212
141
2.50
1203
371
247
206
155
103
*Wv - Maximum Load Governed by Shear.
Wb - Maximum Load Governed by Flexure.
Aw=484 mm2
Wt.=1.46
kg/lm
Governed by Deflection (Laterally Supported) (N/m)
L/D
100
150
180
240
360
16299
11302
8477
5651
9126
6084
5070
3803
2535
4814
3209
2674
2006
1337
2832
1888
1573
1180
787
1802
1201
1001
751
500
1215
810
675
506
337
857
571
476
357
238
627
418
348
261
174
472
315
262
197
131
364
243
202
152
101
Wb - Maximum Load Governed by Flexure.
E=19.3 GPa
G=2.9 GPa
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Aw=323 mm2
Wt.=.79 kg/lm
E=19.3 GPa
G=2.9 GPa
Aw=645 mm2
Wt.=1.53 kg/lm
E=19.3 GPa
G=2.9 GPa
*13344
10003
6946
5103
3907
3087
2501
2067
1737
1480
1276
1111
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Aw=484 mm2
Wt.=1.49 kg/lm
E=19.3 GPa
G=2.9 GPa
E=19.3 GPa
Aw=806 mm2
127.0 x 34.9 x 6.4 mm
G=2.9 GPa
Wt.=1.95 kg/lm
Pultex 1500/1525/1625 Series
Governed by Deflection (Laterally Supported) (N/m)
Span Maximum Load Laterally Supported
L/D
(meter)
Wb or *Wv
100
150
180
240
360
1.00
*16680
15760
11820
7880
1.25
*13344
10243
8536
6402
4268
1.50
*11120
9180
6120
5100
3825
2550
1.75
8454
5896
3931
3276
2457
1638
2.00
6472
4002
2668
2223
1667
1112
2.25
5114
2836
1891
1576
1182
788
2.50
4142
2081
1387
1156
867
578
2.75
3423
1571
1047
873
655
436
3.00
2877
1215
810
675
506
337
3.25
2451
958
639
532
399
266
3.50
2113
769
513
427
320
214
3.75
1841
626
418
348
261
174
4.00
1618
517
345
287
215
144
4.25
1433
431
288
240
180
120
4.50
1278
364
243
202
152
101
4.75
1147
310
206
172
129
86
*Wv - Maximum Load Governed by Shear.
Wb - Maximum Load Governed by Flexure.
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E=19.3 GPa
Aw=968 mm2
152.4 x 41.3 x 6.4 mm
G=2.9 GPa
Wt.=2.37 kg/lm
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E=19.3 GPa
Aw= 1048 mm2
177.8 x 50.8 x 6.3 mm
G=2.9 GPa
Wt.= 2.87 kg/lm
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E=19.3 GPa
Aw=1935 mm2
203.2 x 55.6 x 9.5 mm
G=2.9 GPa
Wt.=4.72 kg/lm
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E=19.3 GPa
Aw=3226 mm2
254 x 69.9 x 12.7 mm
G=2.9 GPa
Wt.=7.83 kg/lm
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E=19.3 GPa
Aw=3548 mm2
292.1 x 69.9 x 12.7 mm
G=2.9 GPa
Wt.=8.69 kg/lm
Pultex 1500/1525/1625 Series
Governed by Deflection (Laterally Supported) (N/m)
Span Maximum Load Laterally Supported
L/D
(meter)
Wb or *Wv
100
150
180
240
360
1.75
*41938
30524
2.00
*36696
32453
21635
2.25
*32619
31649
23737
15824
2.50
*29357
28532
23776
17832
11888
2.75
*26688
21932
18276
13707
9138
3.00
*24464
17195
14329
10747
7165
3.25
*22582
20573
13716
11430
8572
5715
3.50
*20969
16659
11106
9255
6941
4627
3.75
18385
13669
9113
7594
5696
3797
4.00
16159
11349
7566
6305
4729
3152
4.25
14313
9522
6348
5290
3967
2645
4.50
12767
8064
5376
4480
3360
2240
4.75
11459
6888
4592
3827
2870
1913
5.00
10341
5928
3952
3294
2470
1647
5.25
9380
5138
3426
2855
2141
1427
5.50
8547
4482
2988
2490
1868
1245
5.75
7820
3933
2622
2185
1639
1092
6.00
7182
3469
2313
1927
1445
964
6.25
6619
3075
2050
1708
1281
854
6.50
6119
2739
1826
1522
1141
761
6.75
5674
2449
1633
1361
1021
680
7.00
5276
2199
1466
1222
916
611
7.25
4919
1982
1321
1101
826
551
7.50
4596
1792
1195
996
747
498
7.75
4304
1626
1084
903
678
452
*Wv - Maximum Load Governed by Shear.
Wb - Maximum Load Governed by Flexure.
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104602
46490
42475
18878
41518
27679
13845
28661
9230
23884
7691
17913
5769
11942
3846
1.00
26150
10619
20759
6024
4016
3347
2510
1673
1.25
16736
6796
16607
3130
2086
1739
1304
869
1.50
11622
4719
13839
1826
1217
1014
761
507
Note: Bold numbers in the Factored Load Tables represent the governing load
53.6 x 53.6 x 5.1
Ultimate In-Plane Shear Strength (MPa)
48.3
1500/1525/1625 Series
Ultimate Flexural Strength (MPa)
227.6 Simply Supported beam with Uniform
E= 22.1 GPa
G =2.9 GPa Ultimate Local Buckling Strength (MPa)
322.3
Loads at various L/D ratios
3
4
Simply Supported with a Uniform Load
(N/m)
Ix= 3.78E5 mm Sx= 1.41E4 mm
Aw= 5.44E2 mm2 Wt.= 1.66 kg/lm
Laterally Supported beams
L/D ratio
Allowable
Allowable
load, local
load,
Allowable load,
Allowable load, laterally compression flexural
In-plane shear
unsupported beam
buckling
capacity,
of the web
global buckling capacity, capacity, 2.5x 2.5x Safety capacity, 3x
Span
2x Safety Factor
Safety Factor
Factor
Safety Factor
(m)
(N/m)
(N/m)
(N/m)
(N/m)
100
150
180
240
360
0.50
58120
41043
28440
23700
17775 11850
35042
0.75
25831
23361
13951
9300
7750
5813 3875
18241
1.00
14530
17521
6107
4071
3393
2545 1696
10261
1.25
9299
14017
3182
2122
1768
1326
884
6567
Note: Bold numbers in the Factored Load Tables represent the governing load
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150
3644
2684
2033
1575
180
6230
4261
3036
2237
1694
1313
240
11828
7193
4673
3196
2277
1678
1270
984
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360
7885
4795
3115
2131
1518
1118
847
656
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51498
32958
88767
56811
62278
49822
48530
27410
32353
18274
1.50
22888
39452
41518
1.75
16816
28985
35587
22405
16804
11203
14633
10975
7317
2.00
12874
22192
31139
2.25
10172
17534
27679
12054
10045
7534
5023
8612
7177
5382
3588
2.50
8240
14203
2.75
6810
11738
24911
6356
5297
3973
2648
22646
4820
4017
3013
2008
3.00
5722
9863
20759
3.25
4876
8404
19162
5609
3739
3116
2337
1558
4436
2957
2464
1848
1232
3.50
4204
7246
3.75
3662
6312
17794
3568
2378
1982
1486
991
16607
2911
1941
1617
1213
809
4.00
3219
4.25
2851
5548
15569
2406
1604
1336
1002
668
4914
14654
2011
1340
1117
838
558
4.50
4.75
2543
4384
13839
1697
1131
943
707
471
2282
3934
13111
1446
964
803
602
402
5.00
2060
3551
12456
1241
828
690
517
345
Note: Bold numbers in the Factored Load Tables represent the governing load
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Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
E = 13.8 GPa
Weight = 5.7 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Lengthwise Direction
100
1046
290
119
3.2 mm
Pultex 1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
L/D
180
150
697
193
79
581
161
66
240
436
121
49
360
291
81
33
E = 5.5 GPa
Weight = 5.7 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Crosswise Direction
100
L/D
180
150
418
116
47
279
77
32
232
64
26
240
174
48
20
360
116
32
13
E = 13.8 GPa
Weight = 11.4 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Lengthwise Direction
100
8369
2321
948
6.4 mm
Pultex 1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
150
5579
1548
632
L/D
180
4649
1290
527
240
3487
967
395
E = 5.5 GPa
Weight = 11.4 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Crosswise Direction
100
3348
929
379
150
2232
619
253
L/D
180
1860
516
211
240
1395
387
158
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645
263
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360
930
258
105
Pultex
E = 13.8 GPa
Weight = 17.3 kg/m2
9.5 mm
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Sheet Spanning in Lengthwise Direction
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
Pultex
100
26931
7835
3200
1737
979
150
17954
5223
2133
1158
653
L/D
180
14962
4353
1778
965
544
240
11221
3265
1333
724
408
360
7481
2176
889
483
272
E = 5.5 GPa
Weight = 17.3 kg/m2
9.5 mm
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Sheet Spanning in Crosswise Direction
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
100
11298
3134
1280
695
392
150
7532
2089
853
463
261
L/D
180
6277
1741
711
386
218
240
4707
1306
533
290
163
360
3138
871
356
193
109
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Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
1070
1220
E = 13.8 GPa
Weight = 22.9 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Lengthwise Direction
100
66951
18571
7585
4118
2321
1476
995
12.7 mm
Pultex 1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
1070
1220
150
44634
12381
5057
2745
1548
984
664
L/D
180
37195
10317
4214
2288
1290
820
553
240
27896
7738
3160
1716
967
615
415
E = 13.8 GPa
Weight = 22.9 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Crosswise Direction
100
26780
7429
3034
1647
929
590
398
150
17854
4952
2023
1098
619
393
265
L/D
180
14878
4127
1686
915
516
328
221
240
11158
3095
1264
686
387
246
166
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18597
5159
2107
1144
645
410
277
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360
7439
2063
843
458
258
164
111
15.9 mm
Pultex 1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
1070
1220
1370
1530
100
130763
36272
14814
8043
4534
2882
1944
1373
986
150
87175
24182
9876
5362
3023
1921
1296
915
657
L/D
180
72646
20151
8230
4468
2519
1601
1080
763
548
240
54485
15113
6173
3351
1889
1201
810
572
411
360
36323
11076
4115
2234
1259
801
540
381
274
E = 5.5 GPa
Weight = 28.3 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Crosswise Direction
15.9 mm
Pultex 1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
1070
1220
1370
1530
100
52305
14509
5929
3217
1814
1153
778
549
394
150
34870
9673
3950
2145
1209
769
518
366
263
L/D
180
29058
8061
3292
1787
1008
640
432
305
219
240
21794
6045
2469
1340
756
480
324
229
164
360
14529
4030
1646
894
504
320
216
153
110
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Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
1070
1220
1370
1530
E = 13.8 GPa
Weight = 33.9 kg/mm2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Lengthwise Direction
100
225959
62679
25599
13898
7835
4980
3360
2373
1703
19.1 mm
Pultex 1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
1070
1220
1370
1530
150
150639
41786
17066
9265
5223
3320
2240
1582
1136
L/D
180
125533
34821
14221
7721
4353
2767
1867
1318
946
240
94149
26116
10666
5971
3265
2075
1400
989
710
E = 5.5 GPa
Weight = 33.9 mm2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Crosswise Direction
100
90383
25071
10239
5559
3134
1992
1344
949
681
150
60256
16714
6826
3706
2089
1328
896
633
454
L/D
180
50213
13929
5689
3088
1741
1107
747
527
379
240
37660
10446
4266
2316
1306
830
560
395
284
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62766
17411
7111
3861
2176
1383
933
659
473
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Table of
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360
25107
6964
2844
1544
871
553
373
264
189
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
1070
1220
1370
1530
E = 13.8 GPa
Weight = 45.3 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Lengthwise Direction
100
535605
148571
60678
32943
18571
11805
7964
5624
4038
25.4 mm
Pultex 1500/1525 & 1625 Series
Span
(millimeter)
300
460
620
760
920
1070
1220
1370
1530
150
357070
99048
40452
21962
12381
7870
5309
3749
2692
L/D
180
240
297559 223169
82540 61905
33710 25283
18302 13726
10317
7738
6558
4919
4424
3318
3124
2343
2243
1682
360
148779
41270
16855
9151
5159
3279
2212
1562
1122
E = 5.5 GPa
Weight = 45.3 kg/m2
All Allowable Uniform Loads are in N/m2.
Sheet Spanning in Crosswise Direction
100
214242
59429
24271
13177
7429
4722
3186
2250
1615
150
142828
39619
16181
8785
4952
3148
2124
1500
1077
L/D
180
119023
33016
13484
7321
4127
2623
1770
1250
897
240
89268
24762
10113
5491
3095
1967
1327
937
673
360
59512
16508
6742
3660
2063
1312
885
625
449
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Note: Clip angle connection dimensions are governed by internal dimensions of beams and external
dimensions of the flanges on the columns.
Chapter 4
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Clip
Angle
Bolt
Angle Connection Hole
Thickness Length
Dia.
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
9.5
114.3
14.3
9.5
12.7
12.7
114.3
114.3
114.3
Ultimate
# of
Shear
# of
Bolts
Load
Bolt # of Angles Bolts through # of Bolts through
Dia.
in
in
Beam Connected Angle
(mm) Connection Shear Web to Column Heels (N)
12.7
2
4
2
4
58,547
17.5 15.9
14.3 12.7
17.5 15.9
2
2
2
4
4
4
2
2
2
4
4
4
58,547
78,062
78,062
Ultimate
Allowable
Bearing Bearing Load Clip Angle
Load of
for 4% Hole Ultimate Load
Connection Deformation before Failure
(N)
(N)
(N)
110,088
40,032
58,547
137,610
146,784
183,480
50,040
53,376
66,720
58,547
78,062
78,062
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152.4
152.4
152.4
152.4
14.3
17.5
14.3
17.5
12.7
15.9
12.7
15.9
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
78,062
78,062
104,083
104,083
110,088
137,610
146,784
183,480
40,032
50,040
53,376
66,720
78,062
78,062
104,083
104,083
Note:
The maximum slip of the connection at failure is approximately 8.9 mm without adhesive.
The maximum slip of the connection at failure is approximately 2.6 mm with adhesive. The
adhesive does not affect the ultimate load capacity of the connection, but does affect the amount
of slip of the connection.
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Metric Bolt Hole Bearing Capacity of Pultex SuperStructural Beams and Columns
Tables 3a and 3b represent the bearing capacity of the flange and web sections of various beams and
columns. The load table is based on the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The ultimate lengthwise bearing strength of the flange sections is 228 MPa.
The ultimate crosswise bearing strength of the web section is 207 MPa.
The 4% hole deformation longitudinal bearing strength of the flange is 83 MPa.
The 4% hole deformation transverse bearing strength of the web is 78 MPa.
No safety factors are applied.
Testing performed at room temperature (23 C)
No adhesive is used.
Bolt torque is not considered.
Table 3a
Bolt Hole Bearing Capacity of Pultex SuperStructural Columns and Beams for 1500/1525 Series
Design Chart
4% Hole
Ultimate Beam
4% Hole
Deformation Beam Web Bearing Deformation Column Ultimate Column
Web Bearing Load
Load in
Flange Bearing Load Flange Bearing Load
# of Bolts # of Bolts
in Transverse
Transverse
in Longitudinal
in Longitudinal
in Column in Beam
Direction (N)
Direction (N)
Direction (N)
Direction (N)
Member
Thickness
(mm)
Bolt
Diameter
(mm)
6.4
12.7
4,170
11,398
13,344
36,696
6.4
12.7
8,340
22,796
26,688
73,392
6.4
12.7
12,510
34,194
40,032
110,088
9.5
12.7
9,174
25,020
20,016
55,044
9.5
12.7
18,348
50,040
40,032
110,088
9.5
12.7
27,522
75,060
60,048
165,132
12.7
12.7
12,232
33,360
26,688
73,392
12.7
12.7
24,464
66,720
53,376
146,784
12.7
12.7
36,696
100,080
80,064
220,176
6.4
15.9
5,213
14,248
16,680
45,870
6.4
15.9
10,425
28,495
33,360
91,740
6.4
15.9
15,638
42,743
50,040
137,610
9.5
15.9
11,468
31,275
25,020
68,805
9.5
15.9
22,935
62,550
50,040
137,610
9.5
15.9
34,403
93,825
75,060
206,415
12.7
15.9
15,290
41,700
33,360
91,740
12.7
15.9
30,580
83,400
66,720
183,480
12.7
15.9
45,870
125,100
100,080
275,220
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Table 3b
Hole Bearing Capacity of Pultex SuperStructural Columns and Beams for 1625 Series
Design Chart
4% Hole Deformation
4% Hole Deformation Ultimate Column
Beam Web
Ultimate Beam Web
Column Flange
Flange Bearing
Member
Bolt
# of Bolts
Bearing Load in
Bearing Load in
Bearing Load in
Load in
Thickness Diameter
in
# of Bolts Transverse Direction Transverse Direction Longitudinal Direction
Longitudinal
(mm)
(mm)
Column in Beam
(N)
(N)
(N)
Direction (N)
6.4
12.7
5,226
13,066
15,568
42,256
6.4
12.7
10,453
26,132
31,136
84,512
6.4
12.7
15,679
39,198
46,704
126,768
9.5
12.7
10,550
28,773
23,352
63,384
9.5
12.7
21,100
57,546
46,704
126,768
9.5
12.7
31,650
86,319
70,056
190,152
12.7
12.7
14,067
38,364
31,136
84,512
12.7
12.7
28,134
76,728
62,272
169,024
12.7
12.7
42,200
115,092
93,408
253,536
6.4
15.9
6,533
16,333
19,460
52,820
6.4
15.9
13,066
32,665
38,920
105,640
6.4
15.9
19,599
48,998
58,380
158,460
9.5
15.9
13,188
35,966
29,190
79,230
9.5
15.9
26,375
71,933
58,380
158,460
9.5
15.9
39,563
107,899
87,570
237,690
12.7
15.9
17,584
47,955
38,920
105,640
12.7
15.9
35,167
95,910
77,840
211,280
12.7
15.9
52,751
143,865
116,760
316,920
Recommended
3.0
2.0
5.0
ASTM A325
Bolt
Size
1/2" -13
5/8" - 11
Low Torque
37.5% of Bolt Proof Load
Torque
ft-lbs. (N m)
29 (39)
57 (77)
High Torque
75% of Bolt Proof Load
Torque
ft-lbs. (N m)
57 (77)
113 (153)
Bolt recommendations based on ASTM A325 grade five coarse threaded bolts
Connection testing performed with grade 8 oversized washers (2.5 times hole dia.)
Proof strength for ASTM A325 bolt equals 75,000 psi
D
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Solution:
1. Reference the 1625 Series of Pultex SuperStructural angle clip connection charts for the 114.3mm
clip angle length (depth of the 152mm x 152mm x 9.5mm section dictates the 114.3mm angle length).
2. First, investigate the 9.5mm thick angles. Looking across to the Ultimate Load Before Failure
Column, the ultimate load of the 9.5mm thick clip angle connection is 13,163 lbs.
3. The design load is 26688N(2.5 S.F.) = 66720N; therefore, the 9.5mm section is not adequate.
4. Investigate the 12.7mm thick angles. The Ultimate load is 78,062N; therefore, the 12.7mm angle is
adequate.
5. Specify the 101.6mm x 101.6mm x12.7mm angle 114.3mm long 1625 Series of Pultex
SuperStructural angle.
6. Determine the bearing capacity of the two holes in the web of the 152mm x 152mm x 9.5mm Wide
Flange Section and the bearing capacity of the four holes in the column.
7. Reference the Hole Bearing Capacity of Pultex Columns and Beams Design Chart. Determine
the row that satisfies the desired bolting condition and member sizes.
8. Enter the row for the 9.5mm member thickness and two bolts in the beam. The ultimate beam web
bearing load in the transverse direction is 171,933N for the 15.9m,m diameter bolts. The design load
with the 2.5 S.F. is 15,000 lbs.; the connection is adequate.
10. From Table 1a, the column bearing load is adequate at 158,460N.
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9.0
8.0
Degrees of Rotation
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Table 2
Moment Capacity of 12.7mm Thick SuperStructural Angles
1500/1525/1625 Series
3
Degrees of Rotation
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
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800
Table 3
Moment Capacity of 9.5mm Thick SuperStructural Angles
1500/1525/1625 Series
8.0
7.0
Degrees of Rotation
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Table 4
Moment Capacity of 9.5mm Thick SuperStructural Angles
1500/1525/1625 Series
Degrees of Rotation
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
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Fig 1.
Fig 2.
When designing a connection with a coped flange, block shear must be checked to insure that the
connection is adequate. The two factors affecting block shear are the transverse tensile and shear
strengths of the web section of the beam. Values for transverse tensile strength and in-plane shear
strengths can be located in the Material Properties Sheets of Pultex Fiber Reinforced Polymer Structural
Profiles and Pultex SuperStructural Profiles for Wide Flange Sections and I-Sections.
The procedure for determining the block shear (Vblock) allowable load is as follows:
1. Determine the in-plane shear and tensile strengths of the beam profile
with which you are designing. (Material Properties Sheets of PultexFiber Reinforced
Polymer Structural Profiles and Pultex SuperStructural Profiles for Wide Flange
Sections and I-Sections).
2. Determine the shear length (Lv) of the bolted connection. (Reference Figure 2.)
3. Determine the net tensile length (Lt) of the bolted connection. (Reference Figure 2.)
4. Apply the proper safety factors to the connection. (Use 2 for demonstration.)
Determine if Vblock allowable is greater than the design load.
Example
Design a framed connection using a Pultex SuperStructural 6" x 6" x 3/8" Wide Flange Section coped
into an Pultex SuperStructural 8" x 8" x 3/8" beam. The holes are 9/16" to accommodate 1/2" bolts.
(Reference Figure 1.)
1. Referencing the Material Properties Sheets for Pultex SuperStructural Profiles, the in-plane
shear and tensile strengths of the web section are 7,000 psi and 10,500 psi, respectively.
2. Calculate the shear length (Lv) of the Figure 1. connection,
i.e., (.130 + 2 + 1.25 -9/16 - 9/32) = 2.53"
3. Calculate the net tension length (Lt) of the above connection,
i.e., (1.5 .5(9/16)) =1.219"
4. Apply the proper safety factors to the transverse shear and tensile strengths,
i.e., (Allowable shear = 7,000/2 = 3,500 psi)
(Allowable tension = 10,500/2 = 5,250 psi)
5. Calculate the allowable shear force for block shear Vblock
i.e., (5000(1.219)(.375) + 3,500(2.53)(.375) = 5,720 lbs.
71
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Endnotes
1
Task Committee on Design of the Structural Plastics Research Council of the Technical Council
on Research of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Structural Plastics Design Manual
Vol. 2. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1984, pg. 732.
2
Task Committee on Design of the Structural Plastics Research Council of the Technical Council
on Research of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Structural Plastics Design Manual
Vol. 1. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1984, pg. 439.
3
Bank, L.C. Bolted Connections for Pultruded Frame Structures. Diss. The Catholic
72
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