Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

LI M U Ngy nay vi tc pht trin mnh m ca in t v cng ngh thng tin, hng lot cc sn phm cng ngh cao ra i. Nhng sn phm ny gp phn nng cao i sng con ngi v y mnh cuc cch mng cng ngh thng tin.My tnh in t ra i vo u thp k th t ca th k 20 v pht trin nhanh chng, lm nn mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc tnh ton v x l thng tin, m ra mt k nguyn mi trong lch s nhn loi - K nguyn my tnh in t.Vi nhng cng vic m con ngi khng th lm c nhng chic my tnh li x l mt cch rt n gin v nhanh chng.C th ni my tnh l nhng siu cng c,do con ngi ch to ra v phc v cho chnh cuc sng ca con ngi. Cng ngh tnh ton cng pht trin mnh m ln mt tm cao mi.N c s dng trong mi ngnh ngh mi lnh vc v tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong i sng con ngi.Nhng d pht trin mnh m ti mc no i na th n vn da trn nhng php ton c bn trong qu trnh x l,thc thi cc cng vicV vy nghin cu tnh ton th phi nghin cu t nhng php x l c bn ny. bi tp ln ny nhm 05 s trnh by v phng php thit k mt b nhn v b chia hai s 8bit c xy dng bng cc cng logic c bn nh:AND,OR,XOR Ni dung bi tho lun bao gm 03 phn chnh: PHN 1: GII THIU CHUNG V KIN TRC MY TNH PHN 2:C BN V L THUYT TNH TON PHN 3: THIT K B NHN CHIA 8 BIT PHN 4:CHNG TRNH V TH NGHIM

Nhm 05

-1-

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

PHN 1: GII THIU CHUNG V KIN TRC MY TNH 1.1 Khi nim kin trc my tnh Kin trc my tnh l thit k khi nim v cu trc hot ng cn bn ca mt h thng my tnh.N l mt bn thit k (blueprint) m t c tnh cht chc nng v cc yu cu (c bit l tc v cc kt ni tng h) v nhng s thi hnh thit k cho nhng b phn khc nhau ca mt my tnh - tp trung ch yu vo vic CPU hot ng ni ti nh th no v truy cp cc a ch trong b nh bng cch no. N cng c th c nh ngha nh l khoa hc v ngh thut la chn v kt ni cc thnh phn phn cng to thnh cc my tnh p ng c cc mc ch v tnh nng, hiu sut v gi c. 1.2 Phm tr trong kin trc my tnh Kin trc my tnh bao gm t nht ba phm tr con chnh: +) Kin trc tp lnh (Instruction set architecture, ISA), l hnh nh tru tng ca mt h thng tnh ton c nhn t gc ca mt lp trnh vin s dng ngn ng my (hay hp ng), bao gm tp lnh, cch nh a ch b nh (memory address modes), cc thanh ghi, v cc nh dng a ch v d liu. +) Vi kin trc (Microarchitecture), cn gi l T chc my tnh (Computer organization) l mt m t bc thp, c th hn v h thng. M t ny ni v cc b phn cu thnh ca h thng c kt ni vi nhau nh th no v chng hot ng tng h nh th no thc hin kin trc tp lnh. V d, kch thc b m cache ca mt my tnh l mt c im v t chc my tnh m thng khng lin quan n kin trc tp lnh. +)Thit k h thng (System Design) bao gm tt c cc thnh phn phn cng khc bn trong mt h thng tnh ton chng hn nh cc ng kt ni h thng bus (my tnh) v witch,cc b iu khin b nh (memory controller), cc cy ph h b nh, cc c ch CPU off-load nh Direct memory access (truy nhp b nh trc tip),cc vn nh a x l (multi-processing)

Nhm 05

-2-

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

PHN 2:C BN V L THUYT TNH TON 2.1: C bn v l thuyt tnh ton 2.1.1 Cc i tng trong x l tin hc L nhng phn t thuc vo nhng tp hp v hn m c v lun c biu din di mt dng no .VD:s nguyn,s thp phn 2.1.2 Chc nng ca tnh ton Mt tnh ton c biu din mt cch h thng nh sau:
D liu vo Tnh ton D liu ra

Cung cp mt hoc nhiu d liu u vo b tnh ton th u ra ta nhn c mt hoc nhiu d liu tng ng. 2.1.3 Cu trc php ton Thc hin cc php ton s cp (elementary operation) trong mt khong thi gian hu hn.Mi php ton,gi thit khng chia ct nh hn c,c chn trong mt tp hp hu hn cc php ton l mt phn m t cu trc my. Ln lt thc hin php ton s cp theo mt th t xc nh trc,to thnh mt chng trnh(program) l mt phn m t cu trc ny. Mt dy cc php ton s cp c my thc hin lin tip c gi l tnh ton(computation) 2.1.4 M hnh tnh ton (T) L s m t tt c cc php ton s cp c th c thc hin trn nhng i tng no ,cch tc ng ln mi mt trong chng nh th no,v m t cch thc chng trnh c thc hin(execution) trn my. 2.2: Cc php ton thao tc 2.2.1: Cc ton t thao tc a, Php AND L mt ton t hai ngi,c nhim v tnh ton trn tng bit vi hai chui c cng di to ra mt chui bit mi c cng di vi hai chui ban u.Trn mi cp bit tng ng nhau ca hai ton hng,php ton AND s tr v 1 nu hai ton hng l 1,cn tt c cc trng hp khc AND s to ra bit 0 VD :Thc hin php ton AND vi hai s nh phn 1001 v 1100 1001 AND 1100 = 1000
Nhm 05 -3Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

b, Php OR L mt ton t hai ngi,c nhim v tnh ton trn tng bit vi hai chui c cng di to ra mt chui bit mi c cng di vi hai chui ban u.Trn mi cp bit tng ng nhau ca hai ton hng,php ton OR s tr v 1 nu mt trong hai ton hng l 1,cn tt c cc trng hp khc OR s to ra bit 0 VD :Thc hin php ton OR vi hai s nh phn 1001 v 1100 1001 OR 1100 = 1101 c, Php XOR L mt ton t hai ngi,c nhim v tnh ton trn tng bit vi hai chui c cng di to ra mt chui bit mi c cng di vi hai chui ban u.Tuy nhin trn mi cp bit tng ng nhau ca hai ton hng,php ton XOR s tr v 1 nu ch mt trong hai ton hng l 1,cn tt c cc trng hp khc XOR s to ra bit 0 VD :Thc hin php ton XOR vi hai s nh phn 1001 v 1100 1001 XOR 1100 = 0101 d, Php NOT Php ton NOT cn c gi l ton t ly phn b(complement) l mt ton t mt ngi c nhim v ph nh lun l tng bit ca ton hng n.Tc l o 1 thnh 0 v 0 thnh 1 VD :Thc hin php ton XOR vi hai s nh phn 1001 NOT 1001 = 0110 2.2.2 Dch chuyn v quay bit a, Dch chuyn khng nh Gm c dch tri v dch phi,khi dch chuyn cc bit vt qua phm vi lu tr s mt v t ng thm bit 0 vo cui dy bit Dch cc bit sang tri n v tr Cc bit vt qu phm vi lu tr s mt T ng thm bit 0 vo cui dy bit X=3,n=2 00001100 Vi dch phi tng t Ch :ta gi li bit u tin lm bit du ca s
Nhm 05 -4Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

b,Dch chuyn c nh Gm dch chuyn tri v dch chuyn phi,khi dch chuyn s c mt bit gi l bit nh,bit nh s t ng thm vo cui dy bit ,cc bit vt qua phm vi lu tr s bin mt. Dch cc bit sang tri n v tr Cc bit vt qu phm vi lu tr s mt T ng thm bit nh vo cui dy bit X=3,n=2 00001111 Dch phi tng t trn Ch :ta gi bit u tin lm bit du 2.3 Cc php tnh trn h nh phn 2.3.1 Php cng cng hai s nh phn,chng ta cn phi nh cc nguyn tc sau: 0+0=0 0+1=1 1+0=1 1+1=10 (Nh 1 cng vo hng trc ,tng t nh php cng s thp phn) By gi ta tin hnh cng hai s nh phn 1000111(s 71 trong h thp phn)v s 11110(s 30 trong h thp phn) Ct 71= 30= + 101= 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 3 0 1 4 0 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 0

Ta tin hnh cng t phi qua tri nh sau: Bc 1 2 3 4

Nhm 05

Ti ct 7 6 5 4

Thc hin php tnh 1+0=1 1+1=10(vit 0,nh 1) 1+1=10,cng thm 1(nh bc 2)l 11, vit 1 nh 1 0+1=1,cng thm 1(nh bc 3)l 10,vit 0 nh 1
-5Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

5 6 7

3 2 1

0+1=1,cng thm 1 (nh bc 4)l 10 vit 0 nh 1 0+1(nh bc 5)=1 Ly 1 trn xung

V kt qu chng ta c l:1000111+11110=1100101(71+30=101) 2.3.2 Php tr tr hai s nh phn,ta cn nh cc nguyn tc sau: 0-0=0 0-1=-1(mn) 1-0=1 1-1=0 -1-1=-10 Thc hin php tr 51-28=23 Ct 51= 28= 23= 0 1 0 1 1 1 6 1 0 5 1 1 4 0 1 3 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 0

Ta tin hnh tr t phi sang tri nh sau Bc 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ti ct 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thc hin php tnh 1-0=1 1-0=1 0-1=-1(Vit 1 v nh -1) 0-1=-1,cng thm -1 nh bc 3 l -10 vit 0 nh -1 1-1=0,cng vi -1 nh bc 4 l -1,vit 1 nh -1 1+-1(nh bc 5)=0

Vy 110011-11100=010111(tng ng vi 51-28=23) S b 1 :Khi ta o tt c cc bit c trong s nh phn(i 1 thnh 0 v ngc li),ta c s b 1 ca s nh phn .S b 1 thng c dng biu din s m trong my tnh.Khi ,bit cc tri(bit u tin bn tri)l bit nh du vi quy c:Nu bit du l 0 th s l s dng,nu bit du l s 1 th s l s m. V d:S 28 trong h nh phn(vi mu 8bit)l:00011100.Vy s b 1 s l 11100011.

Nhm 05

-6-

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

thc hin php tr vi s nh phn,ta c th thc hin php cng vi s b 1 ca s nh phn . V d:Thc hin php tr 2-5=-3 Ta c 210=0000 00102,510=0000 01012,s b 1 ca 5 l 1111 1010 Vy 2-5=0000 0010+1111 1010=1111 1100 S b 2 :S b 2 c c l do o tt c cc bit c trong s nh phn(i 1 thnh 0 v 0 thnh 1)ri cng thm 1 vo kt qu.Hay ni cch khc s b 2 l s b 1 cng thm 1.s b 2 cng c dng biu din s m.Khi bit cc tri(bit u tin bn tri) l bit nh du vi quy c:Nu bit du l 0 th s l s dng,nu bit du l 1 th l s m. V d thc hin php tr 2-5=-3 Ta c 210=0000 00102 510=0000 01012.S b 1 ca 5 l 1111 1010,s b 2 ca 5 l:1111 1011 Vy 2-5=0000 0010 + 1111 1011 Ct 2= -5= + -3= 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 8 0 1 7 0 1 6 0 1 5 0 1 4 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 1

Ta thc hin php tr theo cc bc sau: Bc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ti ct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Thc hin php tnh 0+1=1 1+1=10,vit 0 nh 1 0+0=0,cng thm 1 nh bc 2 vo l 1 0+1=1 0+1=1 0+1=1 0+1=1 0+1=1

Ta c kt qu 1111 1101,l s b 2 ca -3 2.3.3 Php nhn Php tnh nhn trong h nh phn cng tng t nh phng php lm trong h thp phn.Hai s A v B c nhn vi nhau bi tch s cc k s 0 v 1 ca A v B.Vi mi con s B,tch ca n vi 1 s trong A c tnh v vit xung mt hng
Nhm 05 -7Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

mi,mi hng mi phi dch chuyn v tr sang bn tri 1 bit.Tng ca cc tch cc b ny cho ta kt qu tch s cui cng. V d:9x6=54 (1001x110=110110) Ta thc hin php nhn nh sau: 1 0 1 0 (s nhn) X 1 1 0 (s b nhn) +0 0 0 0 + 1010 + 1010 =1 1 1 1 0 0 Xt bit du tin ca s b nhn.Nu bng 0 th ta c kt qu l 0 thc hin php cng.nu bng 1 th ta c kt qu l s nhn thc hin php cng. php tnh trn.bit u tin ca s b nhn bng 0.ta c kt qu u tin 0000,xt tip bit th 2.bng 1 nn kt qu l s nhn 1010.Dch tri bit th 2 sang 1 bit.tip bit th 3 ca s b nhn bng 1 nn kt qu nhn c l 1010 dch tri tip kt qu sang 1 bit so vi kt qu th 2.Cng 3 kt qu va nhn c li ta s thu c kt qu ca php nhn 2.3.4 Php chia Php chia nh phn c thc hin nh chia thp phn.

Nhm 05

-8-

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

PHN 3 : THIT K B NHN CHIA 8 BIT 3.1 Thit k b cng 3.1.1 Mch cng na Gi A l s c cng B l s cng S l tng ca A v B C l s nh ra t php cng Trc ht n gin, xt mch cng nh phn 1 bit Vi t hp 4 trng thi logic ca A v B th trng thi logic ng ra S v C nh sau

Hnh .3.1 Cng na Rt gn biu thc logic ta c:

S=AB+AB C=AB
Nhn thy S l ng ra ca cng EXOR 2 ng vo A v B; cn C l ng ra ca cng AND T y v c cu trc logic ca mch

Hnh 3.2 Mch cng na y l mch cng na hay cng cha (haft adder : HA) v cha c s nh ban u ca php cng trc .
Nhm 05 -9Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

3.1.2 Mch cng By gi gi s mch thc hin php cng ln u ri nn c tng l S0 v s nh C0, nu tip tc cng ln 2 khi trng thi logic ca A v B thay i th S khng ch l tng ca A v B m gm c C0 trc . Khi ny ta c mch cng : full adder (FA)

Hnh 3.3 Cng Rt gn biu thc ta c

S=(AB+AB)Ci+(AB+AB)Ci C=AB+(AB+AB)Ci
Cu trc ca mch logic s l :

Hnh 3.4 Mch cng Nhn thy rng : FA thc ra bao gm trong n 2 HA v cng OR ng ra cho s nh C. C 2 mch HA v FA trn mi ch lm php cng 1 bit 3.1.3 cng nhiu bit a Cng song song By gi nu 2 s cng c nhiu bit hn th cch cng cng s tng t : trc ht cng 2 bit LSB cho bit tng (LSB). S nh c a ti cng chung vi 2 bit k tip bit LSB cho bit tng hng k tip cho n php cng cui cng gia 2 bit MSB c bit tng hng , s nh khi ny tr thnh bit LSB ca tng
Nhm 05 - 10 Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

Hnh sau s minh ho r rng hn mch cng nhiu bit (4 bit)

Hnh .3.5 Cng 4 bit y l mt mch cng song song v cc hng c cng cng mt lc tuy nhin nh cu trc mch trn th cc bit ra ca tng khng phi l ng thi bi v cc php cng cc bit cao th chm hn do phi ch bit nh php cng trc a ti. Tc l c tr hon lm gim tnh ng b ca mch. Nu thm vo mch cho php cung cp sn cc bit nh phc v cho cc php cng cc hng c cng lc th s khc phc c im ny. Vi cng ngh tch hp cao, vic thm mch cung cp sn cc bit nh tr nn d dng hn khi mch tr thnh mch cng c s nh nhn trc. b Cng ni tip Ngoi cch cng song song nh thy trn, cn mt dng mch cng s nhiu bit na gi l mch cng ni tip. Khi ny 2 bit LSB ca cc s c cng trc, bit LSB ca tng c a ra 1 ghi dch cn s nh s quay tr v cng chung vi 2 bit k tip bit LSB v c vy cho n 2 bit cui cng c cng. Mch ghi dch ng ra dch chuyn sang phi qua mi ln cng s cho ra kt qu cng s nh cui cng tr thnh bit MSB ca tng ra. R rng mch thc hin php tnh chm hn so vi cng song song, n cng cn 1 xung nhp gi cho cc mch lm vic ng b

Hnh.3.6 Mch cng 4 bit ni tip

Nhm 05

- 11 -

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

3.2 Thit k b tr na v tr 3.2.1 Tr na v tr Cng gm 2 loi mch tr na hay cha : haft subtractor (HS) v tr hay cn gi l tr bn phn : full subtractor (FS) (khi ny cn bit mn Bi trc tham gia vo php tnh).Php tr thc ra l php cng vi s m. c s m ca 1 s ta ly b 1 ca s , cn khi thc hin mch th l cng o Hnh .3.7 l mch tr HS v bn cnh l bng trng thi

Hnh .3.7 Mch tr na, bng trng thi v mch logic Cn hnh .3.8 l mch tr FS cng bng trng thi hot ng bn cnh

hnh .3.8 Mch tr

V cu trc mch tr cng tng t mch cng ch khc l s b tr B cn phi qua cng o khi thc hin AND vi s tr A cho s mn R. Mch tr FS cng gm 2 mch tr HS v cng OR ng ra cho s mn B0

Hnh .3.9 Mch tr ht

Nhm 05

- 12 -

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

3.2.2 Mch tr nhiu bit Vi mch tr nh phn nhiu bit, cng c th thc hin song song cc mch cng FS tng bit nhng cc bit ca s b tr cn c o, s nh ca tng cui cn em v bit nh ban u ca tng u. Hnh minh ho cho mch tr nh phn 4 bit

Hnh .3.10a Mch tr 4 bit song song 3.3 Mch cng tr kt hp By gi nu thm vo mt s cng logic cn thit ta c 1 mch c th cng hay tr tu theo ng vo iu khin CT Khi CT = 0, cc cng EXOR c 1 ng thp nn cho s B qua khng b o, tc l mch thc hin php cng Khi CT = 1, cc cng EXOR c 1 ng cao nn hot ng nh 1 cng NOT, s B b o, khi ny mch thc hin php cng A + (-B) tc l php tr. Co3 l bit LSB ca tng c vng tr li (qua cng AND) v Ci0; s cho php cng nhiu bit.

Hnh .3.10b Tr 4 bit ni tip

Hnh .3.11 Mch cng tr dng b 1

Nhm 05

- 13 -

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

Ngoi cch dng b 1, ta cng c th dng b 2 (ly b 1 ri cng thm 1) thc hin php ton tr nh phn k c s c du. Cch ny c s dng ph bin VXL v my tnh. Hnh 2.3.22 l mch cng tr 2 s 4 bit dng b 2. l mch kh ging nh n cch dng b 1 nhng bit nh ra cui cng khng cn em v tng u. Tng hay hiu ra dng b 2, mun ly ng kt qu th phi chuyn tr li. Khi mch cng tr nh phn 4 bit dng b 2 s nh sau : Hnh .3.12 Mch cng tr dng b 2 3.4 Cng tr hai s BCD 3.4.1 Cng 2 s BCD S BCD thc ra cng l s nh phn n bit nhng ch c 10 t hp trng thi t 0000 n 1001 (biu th s thp phn tng ng l t 0 n 9) nn cch cng cng tng t nh cng s nh phn nhiu bit. Tuy nhin khi tng vt qu 1001 th tc l tng khng cn l s BCD na, do ta phi cng tng vi 0110 (s 610) cho tng mi l s BCD ng thi s nh chnh l hng cao hn ca tng.

V d nh cng 2 s BCD sau:

Hnh .3.13 Mch cng 2 s BCD 1 bit

Nhm 05 - 14 Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

2 s cn cng l A3A2A1A0 v B3B2B1B0 cho tng l C3S4S3S2S1 (C3 l hng chc nu c). Nu tng u vt qu 9 ( t 10 n 18) th cc cng logic s cho php xc nh hng chc ng thi tng ny phi c cng thm 6 tng 74LS83 th 2 cho tng cui cng dng BCD. Nu tng khng vt qu 9 (vn l s BCD) th tng hng chc khng c nn 74LS83 th 2 s cng tng ny vi 0, tng ra khng c g thay i. Ta c th ghp nhiu mch cng trn c mch cng 2 s BCD nhiu bit, khi ch vic ni ng ra hng chc ca tng u ti ng vo s nh Ci ca tng sau l c. 3.4.2 Tr 2 s BCD Vi php tr BCD, ta phi ly b 9 ca s tr ri mi lm php cng li vi s b tr. Ly b 9 ca 1 s tc l ly 9 tr i s . chng 1 c ni r hn v php tr BCD V d v php tr BCD : 9 5 v 26

Hnh.3.14 Mch tr 2 s BCD 1 bit 3.5 Mch nhn 3.5.1 Nguyn tc thit k Nguyn tc ca php nhn s nh phn l thc hin php so snh mt phn ca s b nhn (bit u tin ca s b nhn vi s nhn)vi s nhn,nu s b nhn bng 1 th ta thc hin php cng vi s nhn,nu s b nhn bng 0 th thc hin php cng i
Nhm 05 - 15 Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

vi s 0.Vi kt qu ca php so snh th 2 s dch tri mt bit so vi kt qu ca php so snh u tin.Sau tip tc dch tri phn cn li ca s b nhn mt bit(hoc dch phi s nhn mt bit)ri tip tc thc hin php so snh nh trn.Cng vic c lp li cho n khi chm dt. Php nhn c 2 tha s c lu trong 8 bt v kt qu c lu trong 16 bit nn khng bao gi b trn b nh . Vi php nhn c du ta c th s dng gii thut Booth hoc l s dng thut ton nhn khng du v s dng b hiu chnh du hiu chnh.

H3.15: S hut ton nhn

H3.16: S php nhn

Nhm 05

- 16 -

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

H3.17: Gii thut Booth 3.5.2 Mch nhn c bn Vic thc hin bi ton nhn c th xem nh gm hai bc: -Tnh cc tch tng phn: thc hin bi cc cng AND - Tnh tng ca cc tch tng phn: p dng bi ton tng chui s(Hnh )

Nhm 05

- 17 -

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

Y8 Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 X8 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1

.
P27

.
P18 FA

.
FA

.
FA

.
FA

.
FA

.
FA FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

P77 FA FA FA FA FA FA FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

FA

S1 S1

S12

S11

S10

S9

S8

S7

S6

S5

...

S4

S3

S2

S1

Hnh 3.18 S mch nhn 3.5.3 Mch nhn ni tip-song song n gin

Hnh 3.19Mch nhn ni tip-song song n gin Trong mch ny, mt trong hai s c a ni tip vo mch (trong trng hp ny l s b nhn) v s cn li a song song vo mch. - S nhn (b4b3b2b1) a song song vo mch qua cc cng AND ng thi kim sot cc cng ny: ng vi bit 1 s b nhn qua mch ti mch cng (cng 2 v 4); ng vi bit 0 ng ra cng AND bng khng (cng 1 v 3)

Nhm 05

- 18 -

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

S b nhn a ni tip vo mch theo th t t bit LSB. Cc FF D c tc dng dch kt qu ca php nhn (l cc tch tng phn) trc khi a vo mch cng cng cc tch tng phn ny.

Th d 15 : Xem bi ton nhn 10x14. S nhn l 1010 (1010) v s b nhn l 1110 (1410). Qu trnh nhn gii thch nh sau: P8 A B C D Output 0 0 0 0 1 P7 0 0 0 1 0 P6 0 0 0 1 0 P5 0 1 0 1 0 P4 0 1 0 0 1 P3 0 1 0 0 1 P2 0 0 0 0 0 P1 0 0 0 0 0

100011002=14010 C th thy rng ng ra A lun lun bng 0 v bit LSB ca s nhn = 0. Ng ra B c gi tr ca s b nhn c lm tr 1 bit (1 xung ng h). Ng ra C c lm tr 2 bit v lun bng 0 (Ging nh A). Ng ra D ging nh B nhng tr 3 bit. iu ny c th so snh vi bi ton trn giy S b nhn 1110 S nhn 1010 A 0000 B + 11100 C + 000000 D + 1110000 Tch 10001100 Mun khng s dng mch cng s nhiu bit, ngi ta dng mch (H 3.20)

H 3.20 cng s ng ra 3 v ng ra 4 b tr 1 bit

Nhm 05

- 19 -

Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

Mch (H 3.20) cn (n-1) mch cng v mch tr (FF D) cho s nhn n bit. Cc cng AND cho php cc bit ca s b nhn i qua khi s nhn l 1, s b nhn (vi s bit bt k) c cho vo mch ni tip vi bit LSB vo u tin. Ng ra cng 4 sau 4 xung Clock l 1110. Ng ra cng 3 lun lun bng 0. Mch cng A cng s ng ra 3 v ng ra 4 b tr 1 bit: 0000 + 11100 11100 Tng t mch cng B cng s b nhn vi kt qu A c lm tr 1 bit: 1110 +111000 1000110 V mch cng C 0000 + 10001100 10001100 Lu l mch (H 3.20) kt qu cho ng ra mch cng C vi bit LSB ra u tin, tuy nhin mch ny cha quan tm ti s nh. Mch (H 3.21) cho kt qu vi s nh .

H3.21) cho kt qu vi s nh V (H 3.22) l mt mch thc t dng ghi dch 4 bit c ng vo/ra song song, mt mch cng 4 bit v mt chip 4 cng AND 2 ng vo thc hin bi ton nhn.

Nhm 05

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Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

H3.22 mch thc t dng ghi dch 4 bit c ng vo/ra song song T cc mch nhn hai s 4bit trn ta xy dng c mch nhn 8bit bng cch ghp 2 mch nhn 4bit li vi nhau. 3.6 Mch chia Nguyn tc ca php chia s nh phn l thc hin php so snh mt phn ca s b chia (s bit u tin bng vi s bit ca s chia) vi s chia, nu s b chia ln hn s chia th thng s =1, thc hin php tr, ngc li th thng s =0, sau dch tri phn cn li ca s b chia mt bit (hoc dch phi s chia 1 bit) ri tip tc thc hin bi ton so snh ging nh trn. Cng vic c lp li cho n khi chm dt. S (H 3.23) tm tt gii thut thc hin bi ton chia

H 3.23 gii thut thc hin bi ton chia 3.6.1 Php chia c phc hi s b chia Thay v phi thc hin vic so snh, ngi ta lm php tnh tr mt phn s b chia cho s chia, nu kt qu dng, thng s l 1, nu kt qu m, thng s l 0,
Nhm 05 - 21 Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

trong trng hp ny phi phc hi li s b chia bng cch cng s b chia cho s chia trc khi dch s b chia sang tri 1 bit (hoc s chia sang phi) tip tc lp li bi ton cho n khi kt thc. (H 3.24) l s gii thut thc hin php chia c phc hi s b chia.

H3.24 gii thut thc hin php chia c phc hi s b chia thc hin php chia theo s trn, ngoi cc thanh ghi cha cc s b chia, s chia , s thng ngi ta phi dng thanh ghi cha s b chia c phc hi. 3.6.2 Php chia khng phc hi s b chia H thng s n gin hn nu chng ta dng php chia khng cn phc hi s b chia theo nguyn tc nh di y. Quan st gin (H 3.24) ta thy c 2 trng hp: + S chia ln hn s b chia (nhnh bn phi) Lu l dch s chia v bn phi 1 bit tng ng vi chia s cho 2 Nhnh bn phi ca s trn gm 2 bi ton: - Cng s b chia vi s chia. - Tr s b chia cho 1/2 s chia (tr b chia cho s chia dch phi) Hai bc ny c th gp li thnh mt bc duy nht nh sau: Cng s b chia vi s chia dch phi. + S chia nh hn s b chia (nhnh bn tri) Sau khi ly kt qu =1, lnh k tip thc hin l tr s chia dch phi. T cc kt qu nhn xt trn c th thay s (H 3.24) bi s gii thut thc hin php chia khng cn phc hi s b chia (H 3.25)
Nhm 05 - 22 Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

H3.25 gii thut thc hin php chia khng cn phc hi s b chia Da vo s (H 6.25), cc bc thc hin bi ton chia nh sau: - S chia (SC) ln hn s b chia (SBC) (SBC - SC < 0), thng s l 0, dch phi s chia 1 bit (thc t ta mang thm 1 bit ca s b chia xung), thc hin bi ton cng s chia v s b chia - S chia nh hn s b chia (SBC - SC > 0), thng s l 1, dch phi s chia 1 bit, thc hin bi ton tr (cng s b 2) s b chia cho s chia n gin, gi s s chia v b chia u dng (MSB = 0), s b chia gm 6 bit v s chia gm 4 bit. Th d 1: Thc hin bi ton chia 2110 = 0101012 cho 710 = 01112. S b 2 ca 0111 l (0111)2 = 1001

Ghi ch:

Nhm 05

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Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

(1) S 1 trn mi tn ch rng kt qu php ton tr l s m, bc k tip l di v cng s chia (2) S 0 trn mi tn ch rng kt qu php ton tr l s dng, bc k tip l di v tr s chia (cng s b 2) Thng s c c t cc s trn m trn php tnh ta ghi trong vng trn. Kt qu: thng l 011(=3) v s d l 0000(=0) Bi ton trn cho kt qu vi 3 bc cng/tr. Tuy nhin nu ta chia 21 cho 1 th cn ti 6 bc cng tr c thng s 6 bit. Mt cch tng qut s bc ca bi ton bng vi s bt ca s b chia. Ta c th lm li bi ton vi 6 bc cng/tr ((thm 3 bit 0 cho s b chia)

Th d 2 v 3 di y l bi ton 6 bc Th d 2 : Chia 21 cho 6 c kt qu 3 v s d l 3

Nhm 05

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Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

Th d 3 : Chia 21 cho 5, c kt qu 4 v s d l 1. Tuy nhin trn php ton ta thy php cng vi s chia cui cng cho kt qu m (s 1100) nn iu chnh s d ta phi cng s chia vo v b qua s trn.

(1) Cng s chia vo iu chnh s d Mch thc hin cc bi ton ny cho (H 6.26). Trong (H 6.26) bc u tin c thc hin bi cc cng EX-OR trn cng c ng iu khin = 1 thc hin bi ton tr. Sau bc th nht, bit th t ca mch cng (S4) s quyt nh php ton sau l cng (S4=1) hay tr (S4=0) s b chia vi s chia. S nh ca bi ton cui cng (bc 6) l bit LSB ca thng s. V mch cng cui cng c thit k kt hp vi cc cng AND x l kt qu ca s d nh trong hai th d 2 v 3. Nu kt qu ca bi ton bc 6 c S4 = 1 th cng AND m thc hin bi ton cng vi s chia iu chnh s d.

Nhm 05

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Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

SO BI CHIA
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1

SO CHIA
D1D2D3 D5 D7 D4 D6 D8

1
XOR

C8 FA S8 S7

FA S6

FA S5

FA S4

FA S3

FA S2

FA S1

FA

C0

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

O8

O7

O6

05

O4

O3

O2

O1

R8

R7

R6

R5

R4

R3

R2

R1

h3.26 S mch chia

Nhm 05

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Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

CHNG 4. CHNG TRNH V TH NGHIM 4.1. Gii thiu chng trnh - Giao din chng trnh c thit k bng QuartusII 4.2 Php cng FA

Hnh 4.2.1 S m phng php cng FA

Hnh 4.2.2: M phng php cng FA 4.3 Php nhn a)Php nhn 1bit

Hnh 4.3.1 Php nhn hai s 1bit

Nhm 05 - 27 Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

b)Php nhn 8bit

Hnh 4.3.2 Php nhn hai s 8bit 4.4 Php chia a)Php chia 1bit

Hnh 4.4.1 Php chia 1bit b)M phng php chia 8bit

Nhm 05

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Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

Hnh 4.4.2 Php chia hai s 8 bit

Nhm 05

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Lp K44KMT

Bi tp ln mn hc Kin trc my tnh

KT LUN

Vi s pht trin rt nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin cng vic tnh ton ngy cng tr nn d dng hn vi nhng phn mm tin ch d s dng,cc php ton cng ngy cng ph bin hn vi con ngi bi v n l ngn ng chnh c th giao tip gia con ngi v my tnh.V vy cc php ton s hc nh cng,tr,nhn,chia s ngy cng gip ch nhiu hn cho con ngi. Qua bi tp ln ny gip em hiu su hn v cc php ton s hc,hiu hn v cng vic tnh ton ca chic my tnh mi khi nhn lnh bn ngoi t con ngi.Qua bi cng gip em hiu bit hn v phn mm m phng ton hc QuartusII v mt s hiu ng Flash rt c ch trong cng vic tnh ton.Nhng do mi tm hiu v nghin cu,cha hiu r,su sc nn bi cn nhiu thiu st.Mong cc thy c b qua nhng sai st cho chng em.

Nhm 05

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Lp K44KMT