Alex Ndekeng Study guide

species Carolus Linnaeus Speciation a group of individuals that mate with one another and produce fertile species developed a system of classification in the 1800's based on appearances the process by which one species spits into two species which thereafter evolve as distinct lineages kingdom phylum class order family genus species a population is separated geographically either by a natural barrier or when some individuals leave a population and found a new population finches of the galapagos islands

Levels of classification

allopatric speciation

allopatric speciation example sympatric speciation polyploidy autopolyploid allopolyploid prezygotic barriers

a gene pool is divded with out seperation an increase in the # of chromosomes (common in plants) an individual that has greater than two chromosome sets, all from a single species an individual with greater than two chromosome sets, derived from different species operate before mating -habitat isolation -behavorial isolation -temporal isolation -mechanical isolation -gametic isolation operate after mating -hybrid zygote abnormailty -hybrid infertility -low hybrid viability -absenceor sterility of one sex -hybrid breakdown gives rise to a large number of daughter species species descended from a common ancestor gradually diverge more and more in morphology as they acquire unique adaptations a new species changes most as it buds from a parent species and then changes little

postzygotic barriers

adaptive radiation gradualism model

punctuated equilibrium

Alex Ndekeng Study guide

for the rest of its exisitances phylogeny systematics the fossil record paleontologists fossil sedimentary rock the evolutionary history of a species the study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context. the ordered array of fossils within the layers or strata of sedimentary rock. profession-collect and interpret fossils remains or evidence of a living thing rock formed from sand and mud that once settled on the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes used to establish the geologic time scale; sequence of species radiometric dating, determine exact age using half-lives of radioactive isotopes fossil used to help determine the relative age of the fossils around it. atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element the amount of time it takes for 1/2 of a radioactive sample to decay. A=Ao x (1/2)^n or A=Ao x (1/2)^(t/T) A=amount remaining Ao= initial amount n= #of half-lvies t=time T=half-life biogeography taxonomy systematics phylogenetics phylogenetic tree the study of the past and present distribution of species naming and classifying organisms naming and classifying organisms according to evolutionary relationships reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among organisms hypothesized genealogy traced back to last common ancestor through hierarchical, dichotomous branching the principles that guide the production of phylogenetic trees (aka. cladograms)

relative dating absolute dating index fossil isotope

half life Halflife equation

cladistics

Alex Ndekeng Study guide

node lineage clade homology analogy convergent evolution branch point, speciation point an entire branch monophyletic group, and ancesteral species and all of its descendents likenesses attributed to common ancestry likenesses attributed to similar ecological roles and natural selection species from different evolutionary branches that resemble on another due to similar ecological roles similar characters that suggest relatedness can produce superficially similar traits that lack homology with one another share common ancestry

homologies convergent evolution homologous characters analogous characters

do not share common ancestry