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REACTION KINETICS WS 2

1 11 Which (i.e. a reaction in whichthe ratethe products catalyses the reaction)? for an autocatalytic reaction curve is obtained if one of of reaction is plotted against time
(i.e. a reaction in which one of the products catalyses the reaction)?
A B C D 11 Which curve is obtained if the rate of reaction is plotted against time for an autocatalytic reaction

rate

rate

rate

rate

rate

rate
0 time

rate
0 time

rate
0 time 0 0 time

6
0

2 12 The diagram shows the Boltzmann the following formulae0has thetime radius? 0 0 12 Which species represented by distribution for air at room temperature. largest time time
12 Which species represented by the following formulae has the largest radius?
A P3 B Cl C Ar D K+

time

Which of the following oxidesC unlikely to dissolve in aqueous sodium hydroxide? is Ar A 13 P3 B Cl D K+ fraction of A Al 2O3 B MgO D SiO2 moleculesC SO2 13 Which of the following oxides is unlikely to dissolve in aqueous sodium hydroxide?

14 An element of the third period (Na to S) is heated in chlorine. The product is purified and then Aladded to water. MgO B The resulting solution is found to be neutral. C SO2 D SiO2 2O3 What is the element?

0 energy 14 An element of the third period (Na to S) is heated in chlorine. The product is purified and then Air inside a sodium added A water.engine can reach a temperature of about 500 C, enabling nitrogen to react with to car The resulting solution is found to be neutral. oxygen B form nitrogen oxides. to aluminium What is the element? C What wouldsilicon Boltzmann distribution for the air inside this car engine? be the A sodium D phosphorus A B B aluminium
C
15 Which equation represents the reaction that occurs when calcium nitrate is heated strongly?

silicon

A Ca(NO D phosphorus 3)2 Ca(NO2)2 + O2 fraction of fraction of Ca(NO ) CaO + N O + 2O B 3 2 2 2 molecules molecules C Ca(NO3)2 CaO2 + 2NO2 15 Which equation represents the reaction that occurs when calcium nitrate is heated strongly?

A B C D

Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 + O2 0 Ca(NO3)2 CaO + N2O + 2O2 energy 0

2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

energy D

Ca(NO3)2 CaO2 + 2NO2 2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO C 4NO2 + O2 +

fraction of molecules

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fraction of molecules

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energy
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energy
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3 12 The diagram shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves for molecules of a sample
of a gas at two different temperatures. Which letter on the axes represents the most probable energy of the molecules at the lower temperature?

A B

4 10 The Boltzmann distribution shows the number of molecules having a particular kinetic energy at
13 Steam is passed over heated magnesium to give compound X and hydrogen. constant temperature. What is not a property of compound X? A B C D It has a high melting point. It is a basic oxide.

number It is a white solid.of gas molecules having It is veryasolubleenergy given in water.

M N

14 A 5.00 g sample of an anhydrous Group II metal nitrate loses 3.29 g in mass on strong heating. Which metal is present? 0

kinetic energy

Ea

A magnesium If the temperature is decreased by 10 C, what happens to the size of the areas labelled L, M and B calcium N? C strontium L M N D barium A decreases decreases decreases UCLES 2006 9701/01/O/N/06 [Turn over B decreases increases decreases

C D

increases increases

decreases decreases

decreases increases

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to suppress ionisation of the ethanoic acid formed

5 11 The distribution of molecular kinetic energies within a gas at temperature T1 and T2 are shown in
the diagram.

fraction of total molecules T1

T2 > T1 Ea = activation energy

T2 Ea 0 0 kinetic energy

Which statement correctly explains why a small increase in temperature leads to a significant increase in the rate of a gaseous reaction? A B C The frequency of collisions between molecules is greater at a higher temperature. The activation energy of the reaction is less when the gases are at a higher temperature. The frequency of collisions between molecules with kinetic energy greater than the activation energy is greater at higher temperature. The proportion of molecules with more kinetic energy than the activation energy is lower at a higher temperature. 3

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Different Boltzmann distributions are shown in the diagrams.


diagram 1 P number of molecules Q number of molecules
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diagram 2 X Y

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0 0

molecular speed

0 0

molecular speed

In diagram 1, one curve P or Q corresponds to a temperature higher than that of the other curve. In diagram 2, one line X or Y corresponds to the activation energy for a catalysed reaction and the other line corresponds to the activation energy of the same reaction when uncatalysed. Which combination gives the correct curve and line? higher temperature A B C D P P Q Q presence of catalyst X Y X Y

bilal 5 Which factor helps to explain why the first ionisation energies of the Group I elements decrease hameed 3 from lithium to sodium to potassium to rubidium?

fluorine and iodine

7 2

Which diagram correctly represents the Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies at two temperatures T1 and T2, where T1 = 300 K and T2 = 310 K?
A T1 proportion of molecules T2 T1 B

proportion of molecules

T2

5 0 molecular molecular When copper is extracted from its ores, the metal is not pure enough for electrical uses. The energy energy impure copper, which contains small amounts of silver and gold, is purified by electrolysis. During this process a sludge forms beneath the anode which is found to contain silver and traces of C D gold.
0

Why is silver found in this sludge?T2 T1 A Silver isproportion less electropositive than copper. proportion of molecules of molecules B Silver is more dense than copper and falls off the cathode. C D

T2

T1

Silver reacts with the electrolyte to form an insoluble chloride salt. 0 0 molecular molecular Silver reacts with the electrolyte to form an insoluble sulfate salt. energy energy

8 10 The diagram shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve for molecules of a mixture
of two gases at a given temperature. For a reaction to occur the molecules must collide together with sufficient energy.

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0 0

energy

Ea2

Ea1

Ea is the activation energy for the reaction between the gases. Of the two values shown, one is for a catalysed reaction, the other for an uncatalysed one. Which pair of statements is correct when a catalyst is used? A Ea1 Ea1 catalysed reaction fewer effective collisions uncatalysed reaction fewer effective collisions catalysed reaction more effective collisions uncatalysed reaction more effective collisions Ea2 Ea2 uncatalysed reaction more effective collisions catalysed reaction more effective collisions uncatalysed reaction fewer effective collisions catalysed reaction fewer effective collisions
4

Ea1

Ea2

Ea1

Ea2

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6 6

9 12 The molecular energy distribution curve represents thethe variation in energy of the molecules of a 12 The molecular energy distribution curve represents variation in energy of the molecules of a
gas at room temperature. gas at room temperature.

10 At 600 C oxides of nitrogen react with unburnt hydrocarbons in a catalytic converter in a car exhaust. The equation using methane as representative of a hydrocarbon molecule would be as follows.
proportion 4NO + CHproportion + CO2 + 2H2O 4 2N2 of of molecules molecules Which statement is likely to be true about the energy change of this reaction?

It is endothermic as heat energy is converted into chemical energy. 0 0 0 0 B It is exothermic as a high temperature is required. energy energy __ __ C It is exothermic as the triple bond N a lower temperature? O is broken. Which curve applies for the same at lower temperature? Which curve applies for the same gasgasaat D It is exothermic as the products have large negative enthalpy changes of formation. A B A B 11 In an experiment, b mol of hydrogen iodide were put into a sealed vessel under pressure p. At equilibrium, x mol of the hydrogen iodide had dissociated, the reaction being represented by the proportion proportion proportion proportion following equation. of of of molecules of molecules molecules molecules 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g) Which expression for Kp is correct? 0 0 0 energy 0 2 x ______ energy A (b x)2 C C x 2 p2 ______ B (b x)2
proportion 2 2 of _______ proportion x p C 4b(b of molecules x) molecules x2 ______ D 4(b x)2 0 0 0 0

energy energy

D
proportion of proportion of molecules molecules 0

10 A piece of zinc foil dissolved completely in 20 cm 3 of a dilute sulphuric acid solution and the 12 3
13 In of experiment, 0.1 g was noted at O, MgO, P4 time intervals. Another piece of zinc foil of volume an hydrogen evolvedsamples of Na2equal, shortO10 and SO2 are added to separate 100 cm 13 theanvolumes of water. g and mass was 2added to P4O10 and SO2 same solution separate 100 cm3 In same surface 0.1 samples of Na O, MgO, 40 cm 3 of the are added to of dilute sulphuric experiment, area acid. volumes of water. For which oxide is the resulting mixture most alkaline?

energy energy

energy energy

For which the is the resulting mixture mostC total volume of D SO alkaline? How A Na2Oinitial rateBof MgO will oxide reaction and the P4O10 hydrogen evolved in this second 2 experiment compare to the first experiment? B MgO C P4O10 D SO2 A Na2O

initial rate of reaction A B C D no change no change increase increase

total volume of hydrogen evolved decrease no change no change increase


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bubble air through the water

1112 Which solid-line curve most accurately represents the distribution of molecular speeds in a gas at
500 K if the dotted-line curve represents the corresponding distribution for the same gas at 300 K?

A fraction of molecules fraction of molecules

speed

speed

C fraction of molecules fraction of molecules

speed

speed

12 Crotonaldehyde, CH3CH=CHCHO, can be obtained by oxidising butadiene, CH2=CHCH=CH2, 12


13 using air pair is the radius method is to pass a mixture of that of the first atom? through a hot In which or oxygen. One of the second atom greater than butadiene and oxygen aqueous solution of palladium(II) ions, Pd2+(aq), which catalyse the reaction. A Na, Mg B Sr, Ca C P, N D Cl, Br Which statement is not correct about the action of the Pd2+(aq) ions?
A B C D Changing the concentration of the Pd2+(aq) will have an effect on the rate of the reaction. Pd2+(aq) increases the energy of the reacting molecules. Pd2+(aq) lowers the activation energy for the reaction. When Pd2+(aq) is used, the reaction proceeds by a different route. 6

13 In the diagram, curve X was obtained by observing the decomposition of 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 11
13 Which oxide, when mixed with water, will produce the most acidic solution? hydrogen peroxide, catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide.
UCLES 2006 A CO

CO2

9701/01/M/J/06 C SiO2

P 2O5

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X 14 Which salt is produced by adding aqueous ammonia to aqueous sulphur dioxide until just alkaline?

B C (NH4)2SO3 D (NH4)2SO4 NH4SO3 volume of NH4SO4 oxygen formed 15 Aluminium chloride catalyses certain reactions by forming carbocations (carbonium ions) with chloroalkanes as shown. A RCl + Al Cl3 R+ + AlCl 4
time

0 0 Which property makes this reaction possible?

Which alteration to the original 2Cl6 in the vapour. A AlCl3 exists as the dimer Alexperimental conditions would produce curve Y?

B AlCl3 is water A adding a covalent molecule. C The aluminium atom in Al Cl3 has an peroxide octet of electrons. B adding some 0.1 mol dm3 hydrogen incomplete D The chlorine atom in RCl has a vacant p orbital. C using less manganese(IV) oxide
D lowering the temperature 16 Due to their similar ionic radii, the reactions of lithium and magnesium and their corresponding bilal hameed 6 compounds are very similar. 12 Which chlorine compound has bonding that can be described as ionic with some covalent character? Which statement concerning the reactions of lithium and its compounds is correct?

1412 Four reactions of the type shown are studied at the same temperature.
X (g) + Y (g) Z (g) 12 for The Which is the correct reactionselected on the basis of reaction that would proceed most rapidly responses A to D should be pathway diagram11 the and with good yield?

AA

Section B C

1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 one or 8 2 and 3 only are 1 only is correct For each of the questions in this section, only aremore of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may correct correct correct be correct. 32 Strontium metal can be obtained by the electrolysis of molten strontium bromide, SrBr2, using the 15 apparatus shown in the statements Decide whether each of the diagram. usedor is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against No other combination of statements is is as a correct response. energy energy the statements that you consider to be correct). steel cathode The responses A to D should K for the reaction 12 34 The equilibrium constant be selected on the basis of
p

Section B reactant product C atmosphere of D argon graphite anode For each ofwith temperature thisshown in one diagram below.three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be the questions in as section, the or more of the varies 2 and 3 D C 1, 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only correct. 5 are only are only are is correct correctis or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against correct molten strontium correct Decide is ethanoic acid a stronger acid 11 Whywhether each of the statements in liquid ammonia than in aqueous solution? the statements that you consider to be correct). A molten No other Ammonia is a of statements is used as a energy response. combination stronger base than water. correct energy The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of strontium B Ammonium ethanoate is completely ionised in aqueous solution. Kp bromide C Ammonium ethanoate is stronglyB acidic in aqueous C solution. A D 31 The isotope cobalt-60 ( 60 Co ) is used to destroy cancer cells in the human body.

X(g) + Z(g) reactant Y(g) product A B

Liquid ammonia is are 1, 2 and 3 a more polar 2 only are 2water. only are 1 only is correct 1 and solvent than and 3 reactant product reactant product correct correct correct Which statements about an atom of cobalt-60 are correct? heat T 1513 1 is often thesethat neutrons. a typical reaction is roughly doubled bywith an excess of aqueous 12 It It contains 33 the raterepresents the reaction of sulphur dioxide raising the temperature by of Which of said equations argon used around the cathode? Why No other is an atmosphere of 10 C.combination of statements is used as a correct response. sodium hydroxide? 2Which nucleus hascan be drawn from of 27+. Its conclusions a relative charge this information? A The argon keeps the strontium molten. What explains this NaHSO3 A SO2 + NaOH observation? has a different number of neutrons from 12 atoms the 31 31 ItTheargon stopsexothermic in the forward direction. in of other isotopes of cobalt. Which compounds the the empirical formula CH2O? B The reaction ishave molten strontium rising too high the tube. B SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3by H2O doubles the average energy of each molecule. + 10 C A Raising the temperature contains a greater proportion of Z at higher pressures. Section B 2 C A thin film of a compound of strontium and argon forms on the surface protecting the freshly 1 The equilibrium mixture methanal + 10 C C SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO4by H2O doubles the average velocity of the molecules. B conversion temperature containsa greater proportion Z at higher temperatures. formed the of 32 The each of the questions in has section,smallor more of theofof DH. 3 Raising metal. graphite For The equilibrium mixturethis only a one positive valuethree numbered statements 1 to 3 may 2 ethanoic acid D SO2 + the temperature + 10 be Raising the argon strontium oxide would the in the air. C correct. 2NaOH Na2SO4by H2 C doublesform number of molecular collisions in a given time. D Without C (graphite) C (diamond) DH = +2.1 kJ mol 1 3 methyl methanoate D Raising theeach of the statements isdoublesisthe number may find it helpful to put a tickthan a temperature by 10 C refuse correct (you of molecules having more against 35 Decide whether When decomposing in water, organic or is not oxidised to form carboxylic acids. The water certain the statements that you consider is destroyed. becomes isminimum energy. 14 However, the production of syntheticcorrect). Which ion acidic andpreparedlife to be diamonds using this reaction is very difficult. 16 A weedkiller mostbe aquatic by heating a bleach solution. can polarising? 32 Which3+ the following are features of the structure of metallic copper? of For the following to D should be selected on A to D should be selected on the basis of A Al additives are suitable the responsesacid pollution? The responses A questions, to remove Which Which statements help to explain this?this the basis of heat 13 A mixture of the oxides of two elements of the2NaClperiod isO third dissolved in water. The solution is 1 ionic bonds 3NaCl O + NaCl 3 B Ba2+ approximatelycarbonate neutral. 11 The activation energy ofbleach the B reaction is large. C D calcium A weedkiller 2 delocalised electrons C Mg2+ What calcium hydroxide could beand 3 of the mixture? 22 An equilibrium exists between diamond and graphite. 1, 2 the constituents 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only Whatlattice ofoxidation states of chlorine in these three compounds? are the ions 3 are only are only are is D Na+ potassium nitrate 33 Only exothermic reactionscorrect made to occur readily. can be correct +5 correct correct A Al2O3 and MgO A 1 1
2 B +1 1 +5 a correct response. 33 No other combination of statements is used as catalyst are correct? Which 1636 Which statementswould be expected for of aGroup II element, strontium, or its compounds? 33 C Na propertiesOabout the properties the 2 10 C +1O and P4 reaction is Al 3+ + 3e Al. 1 1 The cathode +7

27

33 B Na statements about the commercial extraction of aluminium are correct? Which O and MgO

When heated 11 ATheand Pincreases the structureacts as the copper? the reacting particles. catalyst O +7 of the strontium metallic burn. D Whichlining4of 10in oxygen, averageofdoes not cathode. 31 +2 D SO3 are featureselectrolytic cell kinetic energy of +1 2 the 9701/01/M/J/04 [Turn over On being heated, strontium of decomposes to 22 AThe electrolyte is purified Alcarbonate AlF . reaction. give strontium oxide. in Na3 3 1 catalyst increases the rate O3 the reverse a lattice of ions 2 6 14 33 A catalyst has no effect on the enthalpy theby formingof the reaction. Aluminium chloride catalyses added toreactions solution o alkaline. When strontium oxide is certain water, change DH is carbocations (carbonium ions) with 2 delocalised electrons chloroalkanes as shown. 34 34 Which of the bonds 3 ionic following magnesium compounds lose mass when heated by a bunsen flame? 9701/1/M/J/02 RCl + AlCl3 R+ + AlCl 4 bilal hameed 7 1 magnesium carbonate Which propertyData Bookletreaction possible?question. 32 Use of the makes this is relevant to this 2 magnesium nitrate
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are correct

only are correct

only are correct

is correct

33 The 17No otherdiagram represents the Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies at a given temperature. combination of statements is used as a correct response.

31 For complete combustion, 1 mol of an organic compound X was found to require 2.5 mol of molecular oxygen. proportion of molecules Which compounds could be X? 1 2 C2H5OH C 2H 2

energy 12

The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of 3 CH3CHO As temperature increases, which statements are correct? 11 A C D 1 The maximum of the curveB displaced to the right. is 32 Catalysts are used in many reversible reactions in the chemical industry. Vanadium(V) oxide is Section B usedThe2proportionthe molecules with energies formation3ofgiven value increases. in and 3 2 1, this way in of Contact process for the above any SO3. 1 and 2 2 and 1 only are only areone or more of theare numbered statements 1 to 3 may only three is For each The proportion of molecules with any given energy increases. of the questions in this section, 3 15 2SO 2SO2(g) + O2(g) correct 3(g) correct correct be correct. correct

18 Why does a does vanadium(V) oxide have on this equilibrium?together faster at a temperature of 34 What effect mixture of hydrogen gas and bromine gas react Decide whether each of it argon) and their compounds 34 otherK than it does ofthetemperatureusedis not correct response.findto helpful to put a tick against Which statements a statements is or as a correct (you may of 400 500 combination at statements is third period No statements that you concerning thecorrect).K? elements (sodium the consider to be 1 It speeds are correct? up the forward reaction.
1 A higher proportion of effective collisions occurs at 500 K. The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of 2 The elements become more 1 It increases the value of Kp. electronegative from sodium to chlorine. 33 2 Hydrogen molecules and bromine molecules collide more frequently at 500 K. movable, tightlyPhosphorus pentachloride is introduced into an empty gas syringe which has a fitting increasesThe valueis onlyfor the which is reaction. in water. is reached at a temperature at 3 Aluminium the is the Ea oxide expand until equilibrium 2 It plunger. oxidegas ofallowed toreverse insoluble B D 3 The activation energy of the reaction is lower atC K. 500 which theA phosphorus pentachloride partially dissociates. 3 The maximum oxidation state is shown by silicon. 1, 2 and 3 1 and PCl (g) 2 2 and 1 only PCl3(g) +3 correct? 1933 Which statements about the properties of a catalyst areCl2(g) 5 only are is 35 A farmerare added lime to damp soil, followed byonly are the nitrogenous fertiliser ammonium sulfate. A correct increases the average kinetic energy of the reacting particles. correct correct correct 1 A catalyst 35 chemical spreads lime on land which has already been treated with a nitrogenous fertiliser. A farmer reaction occurred in the soil.

2 A the rate this Which catalyst increasesformed a of the reverse reaction. self-sealing Which substances were over inusedreaction? reactions of occur No other combinationwillstatements is period ofatime? response. as correct 3 A catalystcap for effect on the enthalpy change of the reaction. has no 1 sulfuric acid introducing 1 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O gas plunger sample 31 Ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethene gas and steam in the presence of phosphoric(V) 20 2 calcium sulfate+ 2+(aq) + 2H O 2 2 acid.Ca(OH)2 + 2H (aq) Ca 3 ammonia + (aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2NH + 2H O 3 Ca(OH)2 + 2NH 4 3 C2H5OH(g) H = 45 kJ mol1 C2H4(g) + H2O(g) syringe oven 2
36 Which statements about the 570 K and 60 atm. are The reaction is carried out at reaction of solid sodium bromide with concentrated sulfuric acidover UCLES 2008 9701/01/M/J/08 [Turn correct? Which statements are correct? What would be the consequences of carrying out the reaction at the same temperature but at a 1 Hydrogen bromide is a product of the reaction. be greater than atmospheric pressure. The of 200 atm? pressure equilibrium pressure inside the syringe will 9701/1/O/N/03 Sulfuric acid is oxidised to sulfurthe equilibrium adjusts to produce more PCl5(g). When the plunger costs would dioxide. The manufacturing is pushed in increase. Bromide ions of gasat equilibrium would be higher. will be greater than if no dissociation had The volume yield in the bromine. The maximumare reduced tosyringe at equilibrium occurred. 3 The reaction would proceed at a faster rate. 37 Which statements are true for an SN2 reaction? 21 Which statements are correct about the activation energy of a reaction? 34 1 One bond is broken as another bond is formed. 1 It is different for the forward and back reactions in an exothermic process. 2 The formation of a transition state involves the collision of two molecules or ions. 2 1 3 2

2 is low for a reaction transition place bonded, 3 ItA carbon atom in the that takesstate isslowly. either fully or partially, to five other atoms. 3 It is unaffected by the presence of a catalyst.
38 The chlorine free radical takes part in the destruction of the ozone layer. Which statements about this free radical are correct? 1 It is formed by the heterolytic fission of the covalent bond in a chlorine-containing molecule.
8

2 bilal hameed It has a single unpaired electron. 3

It has the same electron arrangement as a chlorine atom.

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.

22 The diagram represents the Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies at a given temperature. 32

proportion of molecules

13

energy 33 Which of the enthalpy changes of the following reactions can only be obtained by application of Hess of the WhichLaw? factors that affect the rate of a reaction can be explained using such a Boltzmann distribution? 1 The hydration of anhydrous copper sulphate to form crystals of CuSO4.5H2O. 1 increasing the concentration of reactants 2 The formation of methane from its elements. 2 increasing the temperature 3 The combustion of glucose, C6H12O6. 3 the addition of a catalyst

23 The stoichiometry of a catalysed reaction is shown by the equation below. 34


33 Which types of intermolecular forces can exist between adjacent urea molecules? R (g) + S (g) P (g) + Q (g) O Two experiments were carried out in which the production of R was measured against time. The C results are shown in the diagram below. H 2N NH2
urea
experiment 1 hydrogen bonding 15 amount of R experiment 2 2 permanent dipole-dipole forces 32 Ammonia is produced commercially by the Haber process in which nitrogen and hydrogen react as temporary induced dipole-dipole forces 3 shown. 0 2NH3(g) ; H = 92 kJ mol1 N2(g) + 3H2(g) time 0

Which statements are true of the commercial process? Which changes in the conditions from experiment 1 to experiment 2 might explain the results shown? 1 A temperature of 1000 oC is used. 1 Less of P was used. 2 A pressure of 100 - 200 atm is used. UCLES 2010 9701/11/O/N/10 2 A different catalyst was used. 3 The yield of ammonia is less than 20 %. 3 Product S was continuously removed from the reaction vessel.

2433 What factors can affect the value of the activation energy of a reaction?
35 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. 1 the presence of a catalyst Which properties would be expected from radium, 88Ra, or its compounds? 2 changes in temperature 1 Radium carbonate decomposes only at a very high temperature. 3 changes in concentration of the reactants 2 Radium hydroxide is very insoluble.

34 3 Radium does not react with cold water. elements in the Periodic Table are represented in the The first ionisation energies of successive graph.

2500
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2000

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.

25 A student puts 10 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm3 sulfuric acid into one test-tube and 10 cm3 of 34
0.100 mol dm3 ethanoic acid into another test-tube. He then adds 1.0 g (an excess) of magnesium ribbon to each test-tube and takes suitable measurements. Both acids have the same starting temperature. Neither reaction is complete after 2 minutes, but both are complete after 20 minutes. Which statements are correct? 1 2 3 After 2 minutes, the sulfuric acid is at a higher temperature than the ethanoic acid. After 2 minutes, the sulfuric acid has produced more gas than the ethanoic acid. After 20 minutes, the sulfuric acid has produced more gas than the ethanoic acid.

35 In which ways are the main reactions in the Haber and Contact processes similar? 1 2 3 A higher yield is favoured by higher pressures. The reaction is a redox process. The forward reaction is exothermic.

36 A car burning lead-free fuel has a catalytic converter fitted to its exhaust. On analysis its exhaust gases are shown to contain small quantities of nitrogen oxides. Which modifications would result in lower exhaust concentrations of nitrogen oxides? 1 2 3 an increase in the surface area of the catalyst in the converter an increase in the rate of flow of the exhaust gases through the converter a much higher temperature of combustion in the engine

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