CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

At:-Ramachandrapur P.O. Jatani ,Khurda BBSR- 751050

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SIGNAL AND NETWORK LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL

CENTURION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS TO BE PERFORMED IN THE NETWORK DEVICES LABORATORY
1. Verification of Network Theorems (Superposition, Thevenin, Norton, Maximum Power Transfer). 2. Study of D.C. and A.C. transients RL, RC, and RLC circuits. 3. Determination of parameters of a 2 port network Z, Y, h and ABCD parameters. (Determination of circuit parameters: Open Circuit and Short Circuit parameters Determination of circuit parameters: Hybrid and Transmission parameters. ) 4. Determination of frequency response, attenuation and phase characterstics of the following networks : Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass and Band Elimination filters.(Frequency response of Low pass and High Pass Filters, Frequency response of Band pass and Band Elimination Filters. ) 5. Study of a transformer as a coupled circuit and determination of its self and mutual inductance. (Determination of self inductance, mutual inductance and coupling coefficient of a single phase two winding transformer representing a coupled circuit. ) 6. Study of resonance in R-L-C series circuit. 7. Study of resonance in R-L-C parallel circuit. 8. Spectral analysis of a non-sinusoidal waveform.

EXPERIMENT NO- 01(A) AIM OF THE EXPT.: Verification of Thevenins theorem . EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. Experimental Trainer kit. 2. Variable DC Power Supply 3. Multimeter (Voltmeter 0-20 V DC) 4. Multimeter ( Ammeter 0-200mA DC) 5. Resistance (R1=1.8k, R2=1.8k, R3=2.2k & RL=10k). THEORY: Thevenins Theorem: Any linear active network consisting of independent or dependent voltage and current sources(s) and the bilateral network elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in a series with a resistance, the voltage source being the open circuited voltage across the open circuit load terminals and the resistance being the internal resistance of the source network looking through the open circuited load terminals.. In other words, it simply means that E and I are mutually transferable. The ratio E/I is known as transfer resistance in DC network or impedance (Z) in AC networks. An other way of stating the above theorem is that the receiving point and sending point in a network are interchangeable. Thevenins Theorem states that any two terminals say XY of a network comprising of a linear Thevenins Passive and active element may be replaced by a single equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent voltage source Voc in series with an equivalent resistance of Rth. The voltage source Voc is equal to potential difference between the two terminals with external resistance Rth is the equivalent resistance at terminal XY with all the sources within the network made in active (voltage source short circuit and current sources open circuit). REVIEW: Thevenin's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of a single voltage source, series resistance, and series load. Steps to follow for Thevenin's Theorem: (1) Find the Thevenin source voltage (Vth) by removing the load resistor from the original circuit and calculating voltage (Voc) across the open connection points where the load resistor used to be. (2) Find the Thevenin resistance (Rth) by removing all power sources in the original circuit (voltage sources shorted and current sources open) and calculating total resistance between the open connection points.

(3) Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit, with the Thevenin voltage source (Vth) in series with the Thevenin resistance (Rth). The load resistor re-attaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit. (4) Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following the rules for series circuits. THEORITICAL CALCULATION: (A) To find out Thevenins Resistance (RTH) : fig(1) RTH=R1 R3

(B) To find out Thevenins Voltage (VTH ) : fig(2) VTH = Vcc*R3/ (R1+R3) =>VTH = 10 * 2.2 / 4 => VTH = 5.5V

(C) To find out the Thevenins current (ITH ) of the given network : fig (3) ITH = VTH /(Rth+RL)

PROCEDURE: STEP-1(To find the Thevenins resistance RTH) 1. Switch OFF the experimental trainer. 2. Wired the circuit as shown in fig 3. Take R1(1.8k) and R2(1.8k).RTH=0.9k 4. With the help of multimeter find out the RTH and compare with the theoretical value STEP-2(To find the Thevenins Voltage VTH) 1. Switch on the experimental trainer kit. 2. Wired the circuit accordingly. 3. Take R1 (1.8k) and R2 (1.8k). VTH =VCC * R2/ (R2+R3) 4. With the help of power supply POT (V1) adjust the VCC to 10V 5. With the help of Multimeter, find out the VTH and compare with theoretical value. STEP-3 (To find the Thevenins Current ITH ) 1. Switch ON the experimental trainer kit. 2. Wired the circuit accordingly. 3. Take R2(1.8k),RL=10k and R3(2.2k).ITH = VTH /( RTH + RL ). 4. With the help of variable power supply POT (V1) adjust the VTH to 5.5 V. 5. With the help of variable resistance POT (RT) adjust the RTH to 900. 6. With the help of multimeter find out the ITH and compare with the theoretical value.

CALCULATION: Calculated value of IL=VOC / (RTH +RL) = Observed Value of IL= CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT NO- 01(B) AIM OF THE EXPT.: Verification of Nortons Theorem. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. Variable DC Power Supply 2. Multimeter (Voltmeter 0-20 V DC) 3. Multimeter ( Ammeter 0-200mA DC) 4. Resistance (R1=1.8k,R2=1.8k,R3=2.2k & RL=10k). THEORY: NORTONTHEOREM Any two terminal linear network, consisting of generators(or EMFs) and impedances, can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source Isc in parallel with an admittance YAB .The Isc is short circuit current between the network and YAB is the admittance measured between the terminals, with all energy sources eliminated except their internal impedances. It may be stated as any two terminal XY of a network comprising of linear Passive and active elements, may be replaced by single equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent current source ISC in parallel with an equivalent resistance of RTH. The current ISC equal to the short circuit current flowing through XY by short circuit the load RL resistance between terminals X and Y is same as RTH. REVIEW: Norton's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and parallel load. Steps to follow for Norton's Theorem: (1) Find the Norton source current by removing the load resistor from the original circuit and calculating current through a short (wire) jumping across the open connection points where the load resistor used to be. (2) Find the Norton resistance by removing all power sources in the original circuit (voltage sources shorted and current sources open) and calculating total resistance between the open connection points. (3) Draw the Norton equivalent circuit, with the Norton current source in parallel with the Norton resistance. The load resistor re-attaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit. (4) Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following the rules for parallel circuits.

THEORITICAL CALCULATION: (A) To find out the Nortons Equivalent network resistance of the given network.

RN=(R1R3) + R2 RN= (1.8 1.8) + 2.2k = 0.9k+2.2 k = 3.1k (B) To find Nortons Source Current ISC of the given network

I=V/RN ISC =I*R3/ (R2+R3)

(C) To find Nortons Equivalent Circuit IL of the given network.

IL= ISC * RN / (RN + RL)

PROCEDURE: STEP-1 (To find the Nortons equivalent resistance network RN) 1. Switch OFF the experimental trainer. 2. Wired the circuit as shown in fig 3. Take R1 (1.8k) and R2 (2.2k) and R3=1.8k. RN= (R1R3) + R2 4. with the help of multimeter find out the RN and compare with the theoretical value. STEP-2 (To find the Nortons Source Current ISC) 1. Switch on the experimental trainer kit. 2. Wired the circuit accordingly. 3. Take R1(1.8k),R2(2.2 k) and R3(1.8 k) 4. With the help of power supply adjust the VCC to 10V. 5. With the help of multimeter, find out the ISC and compare with the theoretical value. STEP-3 (To find the Nortons Equivalent Circuit IL) 1. Switch ON the experimental trainer kit. 2. Wired the circuit accordingly. 3. Take R1 (1.8k), R2 (2.2 k) and R3 (1.8 k) 4. With the help of variable current source POT (ISC ) adjust the ISC to 1.96 mA. 5. With the help of variable resistance port (RL) adjust the RL to 3k 6. With the help of multimeter, find out the IL and compare with the theoretical value. CALCULATION: Calculated Value of IL= ISC* RN / (RN+RL)

= Observed value: RN = IN = RL= IL =

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT NO-1(C) AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. Resistor 1.8k / 2.2k, 10k 2. Variable resistor (0-10k) 3. DC Power Supply (0-15 V) 4. Ammeter ( 200mA) 5. Multimeter.

THEORY: Maximum power transfer theorem states that in a D.C network, the power transferred from the source to a resistive load is maximum if the load resistance is equal to the Thevenins equivalent resistance of the network as seen from the load terminals. In any ac network the power transferred from the source to the load is maximum if the load impedance is complex conjugate of the Thevenin equivalent impedance of the network as seen from the load terminals.

P becomes maximum when differentiating P with respect to RL reduces to zero.

=
Or,
REVIEW: 1. The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance if it is equal to the Thevenin or Norton resistance of the network supplying power. 2. Remove the load resistance and find the Thevenins resistance (Rth) of the source network looking through the open circuited load terminals. 3. As per the maximum power transfer theorem, RL = RTh which allows maximum power.

4. Maximum Power is given by: 5.

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem does not satisfy the goal of maximum efficiency.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CALCULATION: According to the fig: Req= (1.5+2.2) 2.7 + 1.8 = 3.36k I= 10 / 3.36k = 2.94mA IL= 2.9 * 2.7 / 6.4 = 1.3 mA VL = 1.3 * 1.5 = 1.8 V P= IL2RL = (1.3)2 * 1.5 = 2.53W

PROCEDURE: 1) First of all assemble all the components as per the circuit diagram. 2) Switch ON the Power Supply then check the P.S. 3) Adjust the 10V power supply from the variable P.S. i.e. (0-15). 4) Adjust the variable resistor for different reading. 5) Connect the 20V voltmeter across the load resistor RL.

6) Then calculate the power from current and voltage across to the theory. 7) Then match the experimental power with the theoretical power. OBSERVATION: NO.OF OBSERVATION Vs (in volts) VL (in volts) I L(in ampere) Rs=Vs/ I L RL=VL/ I L P=VL I L I(in Watt)

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT NO-1(D) AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-Verification of Superposition Theorem. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. DC Power Supply ( 0-15V DC) 2. DC Power Supply (0-15V DC) 3. Ammeter / Multimeter: 200 mA, 2 nos 4. Resistor : 1.8k, 2 nos 5. Resistor : 2.2 k , 1 no 6. Patch Cord THEORY: When more than one source (voltage or current) is present in a linear circuit, the resultant current in any branch of the circuit, is the sum of individual current that would be present in it. When one source is considered the other source is replaced by their internal resistance that indicates if it is an ideal voltage source it will replace by the short circuit. If it is an ideal current source it will replace by the open circuit. REVIEW: 1. The Superposition Theorem states that a circuit can be analyzed with only one source of power at a time, the corresponding component voltages and currents algebraically added to find out what they'll do with all power sources in effect. 2. 3. 4. 5. To negate all but one power source for analysis, replace any source of voltage (batteries) Take only one independent source of voltage and current and deactivate the other Repeat above steps for each of the independent sources. To determine the net branch current utilizing superposition theorem, just add the currents with a wire; replace any current source with an open (break). independent voltage/current source. Obtain branch current.

obtained in step 2 & 3 for each branch. If current obtained in step 2 & 3 are in same direction just add them. How To Make A Source Inoperative: When a Voltage source is made inoperative or turned OFF, no voltage drop exists across its terminal but a current can still flow through it. Hence, it acts like as short-circuit.

Similarly, when a current source is made inoperative or turned off, no current flows through it but a voltage can appear across its terminals. Hence, it acts like an open-circuit. By making a source inoperative or turned OFF means that the voltage source is replaced by a shortcircuit and the current source by an open-circuit. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (A) MAIN DIAGRAM:

(B) CONSIDERING 5V VOLTAGE SOURCE (B1)

(C) CONSIDERING 10V VOLTAGE SOURCE (B2)

CALCULATION: Superposition can be proved: I1=I1+I2 I2=I1+ I2 I = I1 + I2 Equivalent Resistance required: Req = R1+ (R2R3) = 1.8K + (1.8K 2.2K) = 2.7K I1 =V1/Req = 10 /2.7K = 3.7 mA I2 = I1 * R2 / R2 + R3 = 3.7 mA 1.8K /4 = 1.66mA I = I1 * R3 / R2 + R3 = 3.6 mA * 2.2 K /4 1.98mA 2mA

PROCEDURE: (i) First of all assemble the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. (ii) Switch on the power supply of the experimental trainer kit. (iii) Adjust (0-15) V, DC supply to 10V DC (V1) and (0-15) V, DC supply to 5v dc (iv) First measure the reading according to fig:2 (v) Measure I1,I2,I . (vi) Measure the reading according to fig:3 supply.

(vii) Measure I2 , I2 ,I OBSERVATION: 10V I1 I2 I1

5V

I1

I2

PRACTICAL VALUES: (a) Considering only 5V source Current through R2 = (b) Considering only 10V source Current through R2 = Total current through R2 =

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT- 2 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:- Determination of circuit parameters: Open Circuit and Short Circuit parameters. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:1. Two Port Trainer Kit 2. Multimeter: 2 nos 3. Patch Cord THEORY:A two-port network is a special case of multi port network. Each case consists of 2 terminals, one for entry and other for exit. For the definition of 2 port, the current at entry is equal to that at the exit terminal of the port. In the 2 port network there are 4 variables. Those are the voltage and current at the input and output ports. Hence only two of the 4 variables V1, I1, V2, I2 are independent. Z11=V1/I1 | I2=0 Z12=V1/I2 | I1=0 V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22I2 When, Z11= Input driving power impedance. Z12= Reverse transfer impedance. Z21= Forward transfer impedance. Z22= Output driving point impedance. Y11= I1/V1| V2=0 Y12= I1/V2|V1=0 I1 I2 = Y11V1 +Y12V2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 Y21=I2/V1|V2=0 Y22=I2/V2|V1=0 Z21=V2/I1| I2=0 Z22=V2/I2| I1=0

When, Y11 = Input driving point admittance. Y12 = Reverse transfer admittance. Y2 1 = Forward transfer admittance. Y22 = Output driving point admittance.

PROCEDURE:For Z Parameters: 1) Connect as per the circuit diagram. 2) In order to determine open circuit parameter open the output port and excite input port with a known voltage source Vs= V1. 3) Measure V2 and I1. 4) Calculate Z11= V1/I1 and Z21=V2/I1. 5) Now again take the readings at different values of V1 6) Similarly open circuit the input port and excite the output port with the same voltage source Vs= V2. 7) Record the values V1 and I2 . 8) Calculate Z22= V2/I2 and Z12=V1/I2. 9) Now again take the readings at different values of V2 . Circuit Diagram: 1. FOR DETERMINATION OF Z11 & Z21

2. FOR DETERMINATION OF Z22 & Z12

For Y-Parameters: 1) Connect as per as circuit diagram. 2) In order to obtain the short circuit parameters, short the output and excite input with a known voltage source Vs so that V1 = Vs and V2 = 0. 3) Record I1, I2 4) Calculate Y11 = I1/ V1 and Y21 = I2/ V1. 5) Now again take the readings at different values of V1

6) Similarly short circuit the input port and excite the output port with the same voltage source Vs = V2 and V1 =0. 7) Record I2 and I1 . 8) Calculate Y22 = I2/ V2 and Y12 = I1/ V2. 9) Now again take the readings at different values of V2 . CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 1. FOR DETERMINATION OF Y11 & Y21

2. FOR DETERMINATION OF Y22 & Y12

OBSERVATION TABLE:(A) FOR Z-Parameter: Case-1 I2=0 V1 2 5 10 12 V2 I1 Z11 Z21

AVERAGE VALUES

(B) FOR Z-PARAMETER Case-2 I1=0

V2 2 5 10 12

V1

I2

Z22

Z12

AVERAGE VALUES (C) FOR Y-Parameter: V2=0 V1 2 5 10 12 I1 I2 Y11= I1/V1 Y21=I2/V1

AVERAGE VALUES V1=0 V2 2 5 10 12 I1 I2 Y22= I2/V2 Y12=I1/V2

AVERAGE VALUES CALCULATED: Z11= Z12 = Y11 = Y12 = PRECAUTION: 1) Current should not exceed the range of the rheostat i.e. 5 amperes CONCLUSION: EXPERIMENT NO- 3 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Determination of ABCD parameter and h- parameter of a two port resistive network. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:4. Two Port Trainer Kit 5. Multimeter: 2 nos Z21= Z22= Y21 = Y22 =

6. Patch Cord THEORY:The 2- port network is a special case of multipath network. Each part consists of a two terminal, one for entry and the other for exit. From the definition of two port network the current at entry is equal to that at the exit terminal of the port. In the two port network there are 4 variables. These are the voltage and current at the input and the output port. Hence only two of the four variables. These are the voltage and current at the input and output port. Hence any two of the four variables V1, I1, V2, and I2 are independent.

A= V1/V2|I2=0 B= I1/V2|I2=0 C= V1/I2|V2=0 D= I1/I2|V2=0 V1 = A I1 =C B D V2 -I2

Where, A = Reverse voltage action with the receiving port open circuited. C = Reverse transfer admittance with the receiving port open circuited. B= Reverse transfer impedance with the receiving port short circuited. D= Reverse current port action with the receiving port short circuited.

H-Parameter: h11= [V1/I1]| V2=0 h22=[I2/V2]| I1=0 h21= [I2/I1]| V2=0 h12= [V1/V2]| I1=0 V1= h11 I2 = h21 h12 h22 I1 V2

Where, H11= Input driving point impedance with output port short circuited. H12= Reverse Voltage ratio with input port open circuit. H21= Forward current ratio with output short circuit. H22= Output driving point admittance with input port open circuited. PROCEDURE:For ABCD Parameters: 1) Connect as per the circuit diagram. 2) To determine the parameter A and C open circuit port 2. Apply voltage Vs at port 1 i.e. V1= Vs record the values of V2 and I1. 3) Now again take the readings at different values of V1. 4) To determine the B and D parameter short circuit the port 2. Applying voltage at port 1 i.e. Vs. = VI. Record the reading of I1 and I2. 5) Now again take the readings at different values of V1. For h- Parameters: 1) Connect as per the circuit diagram. 2) To determine h11 and h21 short circuit the port 2.Apply voltage at port-1 i.e.Vs=V1.Record the reading of I1 and I2. 3) Now again take the readings at different values of V1. 4) Similarly, to determine the h12 and h22 parameter open circuit the port-1, apply voltage at port-2 i.e. Vs = V2. Record the reading of V1 and I2.

OBSERVATION TABLE: A) For A and C Parameters: V1 (volts) 2 4 I1 (amp.) V2(volts) A=V1/V2 I2=0 C=I1/V2 I2=0

8 10 12 Average Values

B) For B and D parameters: V1(volts) 2 4 8 10 12 I1(amp.) I2(amp.) B=V1/-I2 V2=0 D=I1/-I2 V2=0

Average Values C) For h parameter (h11 and h21). V1(volts) 2 4 8 10 12 I1(amp.) I2(amp.) h11=V1/I1 V2=0 h21=I2/I1 V2=0

Average Values

D) For h parameter (h12 and h22): V2(volts) 2 4 8 10 12 Average Values PRECAUTION: Current should not exceed the range of rheostat i.e. 5amp. V1(volts) I2(amp.) h12=V1/V2 I1=0 h22=I2/V2 I1=0.

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT NO: 4 (A) AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT- To study the frequency response of low pass filter (LPF) & high pass filter. APPARATUS REQUIRED:(i) Function generator (ii) Dual traces CRO (iii) Active filter trainer kit (iv) THEORY:Operational amplifiers together with resistance, capacitance networks are used extensively in the implementation of various types of filter network. Filters of this type are called active filters; they are particularly useful at low frequencies because they avoid the expense and bulk of high Q inductors. The recently introduced inexpensive general purpose FET input operational amplifier Bi-FET s, Patch cords

National semiconductors type LP356 are particularly useful in active filters they allow the use of large resistance values without introducing any appreciable bias current offset error. Large resistors mean correspondingly smaller capacitors for particular time constant. PROCEDURE:( A ) Low Pass Filter 1. Apply 10Vp-p sine wave of frequency between 0-2kHz from function generator. 2. Observe the output of LPF on the CRO. 3. Increase the input frequency from 100Hz to 10 KHz in step of 1 KHz and note down the output peak to peak amplitude and tabulate their value. 4. From the above tabulated value draw graph between frequency and gain. DESIGN PROCEDURE : Pick C1:- = 0.1F Calculate C2=C1*2:(0.2F) Calculate R1 and R2 = 1/22**C1* frequency = 225 Calculate cut-off-frequency FC =1/22(CR) = 11.26 KHz

LOW PASS FILTER TABULATION:SLNO. I/P Frequency 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Gain (Vo/p/Vin) Magnitude in Db20log(Vo/p/Vin)

EXPECTED GRAPH:

CONCLUSION EXPERIMENT NO: 4(B) AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT - To study the frequency response of High Pass Filter (HPF).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:(i) Function generator (ii) Dual traces CRO (iii) Active filter trainer kit (iv) Patch Cord

PROCEDURE: 1. Apply 10VP-P sine wave of frequency between 0-2KHz (say 1 KHz) from function generator. 2. Observe the O/P of HPF on the CRO.

3. Increase the frequency from 100 KHz to 5KHz in step of 100Hz and note down the O/P peak to peak amplitude and tabulate there values. 4. From the above tabulated values, draw graph between frequency (f) and gain.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: Pick C1 =C2 (0.1F) Calculate R1 = 1/22**C1*frequency = (2251 Calculate R2 = 1/22**C1*frequency = (1125) Calculate cut-off-frequency FC = 1/22{ cr} = 1126HZ = 1.12KHZ )

TABULATION: SLNO. I/P Frequency 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 100HZ 1KHZ 2 KHZ 3 KHZ 4 KHZ 5 KHZ 6 KHZ 7 KHZ 8 KHZ 9 KHZ 10 KHZ Vinput Voutput Gain (Vo/p/Vin) Magnitude in Db20log(Vo/p/Vin)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

GRAPH

CONCLUSION: -

EXPERIMENT NO: 5 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:To study resonance in series R-L-C Circuit. 1. Under Damping

2. Over Damping 3. Critical Damping condition of a R-L-C circuit. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. Experimental trainer board. 2. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO). 3. Set of patch chords THEORY: STEP RESPONSE OF R-L-C CIRCUIT: Eu(t)=Ri(t) + L di()t/dt + 1/C i(t). dt E/S = RI(s) + LSI(s) + 1/C [ I(s) / S] I(s) = E / [S{R+LS+1/CS] I(s) = E / L[S2+RS/L+1/LC] I(s) = E / L(S+a)(S+b) a , b = -R / 2L + {(R/2L)2- 1/LC} Case-1: Over damped condition: (R/2L)2 > 1/LC The equation is : i(t) = E / L(a-b) [e-bt-e-at] Case-2: Under damped condition: (R/2L)2 < 1/LC The equation is : i(t) = E / L e-tsint , a = -+j , b = --j Case-3: Critical damped condition: (R/2L)2 =1/LC The equation is : i(t) = (E/L) t e-at E/s = RI(s) + L[sI(s) i(0-)] + 1/C [ I(s) / s + i(0-)/s] Initially there is no energy & charge in the inductor and capacitors,hence

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: AC ANALYSIS:1. Switch ON the board and check the frequency of the square wave generator.

2. The frequency can be changed by varying the potentiometer of a square wave of a generator. 3. Keep the square wave generator in AC mode with the help of a switch SW1. 4. Connect square wave output to the input of RLC circuit as shown below figure-01. 5. The output is taken across the capacitor and observes on CRO. 6. We can observe the over, critical and under damping conditions by varying the potentiometer R. 7. Fig-3 shows the waveforms of over, Critical and under damping conditions. 8. Also observe the output for different values of capacitor, provided on the board. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT NO. - 6 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-Determination of self inductance, mutual inductance and coupling coefficient of a single phase two winding transformer represents a coupled circuit. APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Multi meter

2. Coupled Circuit Trainer kit 3. Patch Cord THEORY:A transformer has 2 windings, primary and secondary. Both the windings are wound can a common core. So the flux developed by each winding current links both the primary secondary windings. The two windings of the transformer are inductive and both self and mutual inductance. If the primary winding has a self inductance L1 and that of secondary winding is L2, with mutual inductance M. By connecting the two windings in series, the total inductance is La=L1+L2+2M.When the mutual inductance is supporting. And M= kL1L2 where k is coefficient of coupling. FORMULA: Self Inductance of a coil L = VL/ IL Henry Where, VL = Voltage across the coil (in Volts) IL = Current flowing through the same coil (in Amp) = 2f , f = supply frequency. Mutual Inductance M = E2 / I1 Henry Where, E2 = e.m.f induced in the second coil which is in open circuit (in volt) I1 = Current in the first coil (in Amp)

PROCEDURE:1) Give the power supply of 12V from(P1, P2) to (P3, P10) of the trainer kit. 2) Choose some value of resistance and connect it at (P4, P5). 3) Now connect an ammeter across (P6, P7). 4) Patch up (P8, P 11) with (A,B) and (P9, P12) with (C,D) 5) Connect (P9A, P12A) to a voltmeter to look at the output voltage. 6) Switch ON the power supply and note the output readings.

7) Take readings for different values and note the output. OBSERVATION: (A) To find L1: SL. NO. R E1 VL IL E2 L1 M

Average

(B) To find L2: SL. NO. R E1 VL IL E2 L2 M

Average

PRECAUTION: While connecting the two windings in operating condition, it should be observed that the current rating of the ammeter and variac excluded. CALCULATION:-

CONCLUSION:-

EXPERIMENT NO: 7 (A) AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT- To study the frequency response of Band Pass filters. APPARATUS REQUIRED:(i) Function generator (ii) Dual traces CRO (iii) Active filter trainer kit (iv) Multimeter (v) Patch cords

THEORY:Operational amplifiers together with resistance, capacitance networks are used extensively in the implementation of various types of filter network. Filters of this type are called active filters; they are particularly useful at low frequencies because they avoid the expense and bulk of high Q inductors. The recently introduced inexpensive general purpose FET input operational amplifier Bi-FET s, National semiconductors type LP356 are particularly useful in active filters they allow the use of large resistance values without introducing any appreciable bias current offset error. Large resistors mean correspondingly smaller capacitors for particular time constant. A band pass filter characteristics can be obtained by cascading a high and low pass filter, but when a highly selective (high Q) band pass characteristics is required a different approach is necessary. Many examples of active band pass filters will be found in the literature and in manufactures notes, but high Q band pass filters based upon a single operational amplifier, have a Q value which is very sensitive to component variation. To eliminate this problem, we are using two individual low pass and high pass filters and by arranging them in series, we are getting band pass filter characteristics. PROCEDURE: (A) Band Pass Filter 1. Apply 10Vp-p sine wave of frequency between 0-2kHz from function generator. 2. Observe the output of Band Pass Filter on the CRO. 3. Increase the input frequency from 100Hz to 10 KHz in step of 1 KHz and note down the output peak to peak amplitude and tabulate their value. 4. From the above tabulated value draw graph between frequency and output voltage VP-P.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: Calculate Lower cut-off-frequency F1 =1/22 (CR) = 1126 Hz = 1.12 KHz Calculate Higher cut-off-frequency F2 =1/22 (CR) = 11.26 KHz

BAND PASS FILTER TABULATION:SLNO. I/P Frequency 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Gain (Vo/p/Vin) Magnitude in Db20log(Vo/p/Vin)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED GRAPH:

CONCLUSION

EXPERIMENT NO: 7 (B) AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT- To study the frequency response of Band Elimination filter. APPARATUS REQUIRED:(i) Function generator (ii) Dual traces CRO (iii) Active filter trainer kit (iv) Multimeter (v) Patch cords THEORY:-

Operational amplifiers together with resistance, capacitance networks are used extensively in the implementation of various types of filter network. Filters of this type are called active filters; they are particularly useful at low frequencies because they avoid the expense and bulk of high Q inductors. The recently introduced inexpensive general purpose FET input operational amplifier Bi-FET s, National semiconductors type LP356 are particularly useful in active filters they allow the use of large resistance values without introducing any appreciable bias current offset error. Large resistors mean correspondingly smaller capacitors for particular time constant. A band pass filter characteristics can be obtained by cascading a high and low pass filter, but when a highly selective (high Q) band pass characteristics is required a different approach is necessary. Many examples of active band pass filters will be found in the literature and in manufactures notes, but high Q band pass filters based upon a single operational amplifier, have a Q value which is very sensitive to component variation. To eliminate this problem, we are using two individual low pass and high pass filters and by arranging them in series, we are getting band pass filter characteristics. PROCEDURE: Band Elimination Filter 1. Apply 5Vp-p sine wave of frequency (100Hz) from function generator. 2. Observe the output of Band Reject Filter on the CRO. 3. Increase the input frequency from 100Hz to 10 KHz in step of 1 KHz and note down the output peak to peak amplitude and tabulate their value. 4. From the above tabulated value draw graph between frequency and output amplitude.

BAND ELIMINATION FILTER TABULATION:SLNO. I/P Frequency 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Gain (Vo/p/Vin) Magnitude in Db20log(Vo/p/Vin)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED GRAPH:

CONCLUSION