CC QU TRNH SINH HC TRONG X L NC ti: X L SINH HC CC HP CHT CHA NITO Trng: H KHTN Lp: 09CMT GVHD: Trng Thanh

hanh Cnh Nhm thc hin: Nhm 1,5 Danh sch thnh vin nhm: STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 H V TN Lu Th Thanh Phng inh Th Kim Ngn Phm Th Lin c Th Mai Phm Th Vn Thn Th Minh Sng L Hiu Thy Anh Nguyn Th Hng Anh Chu Th Thanh Thy Phm Dip Linh Hng Trn Thin Thin Thanh ng Th Minh Tm Phan Tn Dng Danh Phm Hong Anh Trnh Xun i Nguyn Th Kim Anh V Trng Thnh MSSV 0922199 0922161 0922122 0922143 0922297 0922217 0922003 0922004 0922255 0922112 0922228 0922220 0922046 0922001 0922050 0822009 0822253

Ti liu tham kho: + Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications (Bruce E,Rittmann Perry L.McCarty) +Sinh ha mi trng; PGS.TS Trng Thanh Cnh; Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut DANH MC VIT TT VSS MLVSS MLSS SRT SBR RBC TKN SMP : Volatile suspended solids ( cht rn l lng d bay hi) : mixed liquor volatile suspended solids ( cht rn l lng hn dch d bay hi) : mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (cht rn l lng hn dch) : Sludge retention time ( Thi gian lu bn) : Sequencing batch reactor ( B hiu kh gin on) : Rotating biological contactor (a quay sinh hc) : Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen ( tng Nit dng ammoniac/amoni) :Soluble microbial products (sn phm vi khun ha tan)

MC LC Tng Quan 1. Trng thi tn ti Nit trong nc thi 2. Tc hi ca Nit trong nc thi 2.1 Tc hi ca Nit i vi sc khe cng ng 2.2 Tc hi him Nit n mi trng 2.3 Tc hi ca Nit i vi qu trnh x l nc I. C s cc qu trnh x l nit bng phng php sinh hc 1. Qu trnh Nitrate ha 1.1 Cc vi khun tham gia qu trnh Nitrate ha 1.2 Qu trnh Nitrate ha bn hot tnh 1.2.1 Qu trnh Nitrate ha bn bc 1 1.2.2 Qu trnh Nitrate ha bn bc 2 1.3 Mng sinh hc qu trnh Nitrate ha 1.4 Vai tr ca t s BODL/TKN 2. Qu trnh phn Nitrate ha 2.1 Cc vi khun tham gia qu trnh phn Nitrate ha 2.2 Qu trnh phn Nitrate ha bc 3 2.2.1 Qu trnh phn Nitrate ha bc 3 vi bn hot tnh 2.2.2 Qu trnh mng sinh hc 2.3 Qu trnh phn Nitrate ha bn bc 1 2.3.1 Cc qu trnh c bn bn bc 1 2.3.1.1 Lu gi v tng hp sinh khi 2.3.1.2 Tin kh Nitrate 2.3.1.3 Kt hp qu trnh nitrate ha v phn Nitrate ha 2.3.2 Qu trnh bin i c bn bn bc 1 2.3.2.1 Qu trnh Barnard 2.3.2.2 B phn ng hng lot 2.3.2.3 H thng mng sinh hc Qu trnh ANAMMOX II. Kt Lun

I. Tng quan 1. Trng thi tn ti Nit trong nc thi Trong nc thi, cc hp cht ca nit tn ti di 3 dng: cc hp cht hu c, amoni v cc hp cht dng xy ho (nitrit v nitrat).

+ Hp cht hu c cha Nit l 1 phn cu thnh phn t protein hoc l thnh phn phn hu protein nh l cc peptid, axit amin, ur. + Hm lng amoniac (NH3) chnh l lng nit amn (NH+4) trong nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip thc phm....... Trong nc thi sinh hot nit tn ti di dng v c (65%) v hu c (35%). Ngun nit ch yu l t nc tiu. Mi ngi trong mt ngy x vo h thng thot nc 1,2 lt nc tiu, tng ng vi 12 g nit tng s. Trong s nit trong ur (N-CO(NH2)2) l 0,7g, cn li l cc loi nit khc. Ur thng c amoni ho theo phng trnh nh sau.

Trong mng li thot nc ur b thu phn: CO(NH2)2 + 2H2O = (NH4)2CO3 (1.2)

Sau b thi ra: (NH4)2CO3 = 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O (1.3)

Nh vy NH3 chnh l lng nit amn trong nc thi. Trong iu kin ym kh amoniac cng c th hnh thnh t nitrat do cc qu trnh kh nitrat ca vi khun Denitrificans. Lng cht bn Nit amn (N-NH4) mt ngi trong mt ngy x vo h thng thot nc: 7 g/ng.ngy + Nitrit (NO2-) Sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh xy ho amoniac hoc nit amoni trong iu kin hiu kh nh cc loi vi khun Nitrosomonas. Sau nitrit hnh thnh tip tc c vi khun Nitrobacter xy ho thnh nitrat. Cc qu trnh nitrit v nitrat ho din ra theo phn ng bc I: NH4+
kn

NO2-

km

NO3-

Trong : kn v km l cc hng s tc nitrit v nitrat ho. Cc phng trnh phn ng ca qu trnh nitrit v nitrat ho c biu din nh sau: NH4+ + 1,5O2
Nitrosomonas

NO2- + H2O + 2H+ NO3-

NO2- + 0,5O2 NH4+ + 2O2

Nitrobacter

NO3- + H2O + 2H+

Qu trnh nitrat ho cn 4,57g xy cho 1g nit amn. Cc loi vi khun Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter l cc loi vi khun hiu kh thch hp vi iu kin nhit t 2030oC. Nitrit l hp cht khng bn, n cng c th l sn phm ca qu trnh kh nitrat trong iu kin ym kh. Ngoi ra, nitrit cn c ngun gc t nc thi qu trnh cng nghip in ho. Trong trng thi cn bng mi trng nc, nng nitrit, nitrat thng rt thp, n thng nh hn 0,02 mg/l. Nu nng amoni, gi tr pH v nhit ca nc cao, qu trnh nitrit ho din ra thun li, v nng ca n c th t n gi tr ln. Trong qu trnh x l nc, nitrit trong nc s tng ln t ngt. + Nitrat (NO3-) l dng hp cht v c ca nit c ho tr cao nht v c ngun gc chnh t nc thi sinh hot hoc nc thi mt s ngnh cng nghip thc phm, ho cht,... cha mt lng ln cc hp cht nit. Khi vo sng h, chng tip tc b nitrat ho, to thnh nitrat. Nitrat ho l giai on cui cng ca qu trnh khong ho cc cht hu c cha nit. Nitrat trong nc thi chng t s hon thin ca cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc.

Mt khc, qu trnh nitrat ho cn to nn s tch lu xy trong hp cht nit cho cc qu trnh xy ho sinh ho cc cht hu c tip theo, khi lng xy ho tan trong nc rt t hoc b ht. Khi thiu xy v tn ti nitrat ho s xy ra qu trnh ngc li: tch xy khi nitrat v nitrit s dng li trong cc qu trnh xy ho cc cht hu c khc. Qu trnh ny c thc hin nh cc vi khun phn nitrat ho (vi khun ym kh tu tin). Trong iu kin khng c xy t do m mi trng vn cn cht hu c ccbon, mt s loi vi khun kh nitrat hoc nitrit ly oxy cho qu trnh xy ho cc cht hu c. Qu trnh kh nitrat c biu din theo phng trnh phn ng sau y: 4NO3- + 4H+ + 5Chu c 5CO2 + 2N2 + 2H2O

Trong qu trnh phn nitrat ho, 1g nit s gii phng 1,71g O2 (kh nitrit) v 2,85g O2 (kh nitrat). 2. Tc hi ca Nit trong nc thi 2.1 Tc hi ca Nit i vi sc khe cng ng Trn bnh din sc kho Nit tn ti trong nc thi c th gy nn hiu ng v mi trng. S c mt ca Nit trong nc thi c th gy ra nhiu nh hng xu n h sinh thi v sc kho cng ng. Khi trong nc thi c nhiu Amnic c th gy c cho c v h ng vt thu sinh, lm gim lng xy ho tan trong nc. Khi hm lng nit trong nc cao cng thm hm lng phtpho c th gy ph dng ngun tip nhn lm nc c mu v mi kh chu c bit l lng xy ho tan trong nc gim mnh gy ngt cho c v h sinh vt trong h. Khi x l nit trong nc thi khng tt, hp cht nit i vo trong chui thc n hay trong nc cp c th gy nn mt s bnh nguy him. Nitrat to chng thiu Vitamin v c th kt hp vi cc amin to thnh cc nitrosamin l nguyn nhn gy ung th ngi cao tui. Tr s sinh c bit nhy cm vi nitrat lt vo sa m, hoc qua nc dng pha sa. Khi lt vo c th, nitrat chuyn ha thnh nitrit nh vi khun ng rut. Ion nitrit cn nguy him hn nitrat i vi sc khe con ngi. Khi tc dng vi cc amin hay alkyl cacbonat trong c th ngi chng c th to thnh cc hp cht cha nit gy ung th. Trong c th Nitrit c th xy ho st II ngn cn qu trnh hnh thnh Hb lm gim lng xy trong mu c th gy ngt, nn, khi nng cao c th dn n t vong. 2.2 Tc hi ca nhim Nit i vi mi trng Nit trong nc thi cao, chy vo sng, h lm tng hm lng cht dinh dng. Do vy n gy ra s pht trin mnh m ca cc loi thc vt ph du nh ru, to gy tnh trng thiu oxy trong nc, ph v chui thc n, gim cht lng nc, ph hoi mi trng trong sch ca thy vc, sn sinh nhiu cht c trong nc nh NH4+, H2S, CO2, CH4... tiu dit nhiu loi sinh vt c ch trong nc. Hin tng gi l ph dng ngun nc

2.3 Tc hi ca Nit i vi qu trnh x l nc thi S c mt ca Nit c th gy cn tr cho cc qu trnh x l lm gim hiu qu lm vic ca cc cng trnh. Mt khc n c th kt hp vi cc loi ho cht trong x l to cc phc hu c gy c cho con ngi. II. C s cc qu trnh x l Nit bng phng php sinh hc 1. QU TRNH NITRATE HA - Khi nim: Qu trnh nitrate ha l qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha nit ca cc mui amon u tin (NH4+-N ) thnh nitrit (NO2-N) v sau thnh nitrat (NO3-N) nh hot ng ca vi sinh vt (VSV) trong iu kin thch ng (c oxy v nhit trn 4oC) : NH4+-N NO2-N NO3-N - Tm quan trng ca qu trnh nitrate ha: o V nhu cu oxy ( ln n 4,57g O2/g NH4+-N) v c t sinh ra t cc sinh vt trong nc, nn s chuyn ha NH4+-N l bc cn thit vi mt s loi nc thi. o Ngoi ra, x l nc thi cng lin quan n qu trnh kh nitrate bin i NH4-N thnh NO3-N o Qu trnh nitrate ha loi b NH4-N t ngun nc cp cng c thc hin lm cho nc bn vng v mt sinh hc. 1.1 Cc vi khun tham gia qu trnh Nitrate ha Vi khun nitrate ha gm: sinh vt t dng, ha t dng, vi sinh vt hiu kh bt buc. o Vi sinh vt t dng: chng c nh v kh carbon v c. y l mt qu trnh tiu tn nhiu nng lng, qu trnh ny gip Vi sinh vt nitrate ha tch ly mt gi tr fs0 v Y (nh hn Vi sinh vt d dng hiu kh)-lun gy nhim h thng bn hot tnh v mng sinh hc. o Vi sinh vt ha t dng: lm v Y nh hn bi v ngun cho in t ca chng gii phng t nng lng trn mt e tng ng so vi ngun cho in t hu c. o Vi sinh vt hiu kh bt buc: dng O2 h hp nh mt cht phn ng trc tip cho s oxy ha NH4+ thnh NH2OH (hydroxylamin). Cht sau cng s dng oxy c th l l do ti sao Vi sinh vt nitrate ha li lin quan n s khng dung

np ca nng thp oxy ha tan; qu trnh d ha thp do s gii hn nng oxy khng tng tc vi Vi sinh vt d dng. Nitrate ha t dng (autotrophic nitrification) Qu trnh nitrat ha gm 2 giai on: + Giai on 1: NH4+ c oxy ha thnh NO21/6NH4+ + 1/4O2=1/6NO2- + 1/3H+ + 1/6H2O [9.1] G0= -45,79kJ/e-eq Chng vi khun thng dng trong bc 1 l Nitrosomonas; tuy nhin, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosopira, Nitrosovibrio v Nitrosolobus cng c th oxy ha NH4+ thnh NO2-. Nitrifiers oxy ha chng amoni- c tin t l Nitroso. Chng Nitrosomonas v nhng loi thuc chng ny khng nht thit l loi u th.

+ Giai on 2: S oxy ha NO2- thnh NO3 NO2- + O2 = NO3G0= -37,07kJ/e-eq Mc d Nitrospira, Nitrospina, Nitrococcus v Nitrocystis vn hin din trong phn ng giai on 2, nhng Nitrobacter l chng vi sinh oxy ha NO2- ph bin nht. Trong chng Nitrobacter, nhiu loi ph d nhn thy, ngoi tr nhng loi c mi lin h di truyn trong cng chi alpha ca proteobacteria (Teske et al.,1994). Nhng nghin cu gn y dng my d oligonucleotide ch ra on 16S rARN ca Nitrobacter, vic ny cho thy rng Nitrobacter khng phi l chng oxy ha nitrite quan trng nht trong qu trnh x l nc thi. Nitrospira c bit nh mt nitrifier tri hn. [9.2]

Nitrobacteria

Nitrospira

Khi nitrifiers tn ti trong mi trng c mt nhng hp cht hu c nh nhng nh my x l nc thi, k l l chng khng pht trin bng cch s dng nhng phn t hu c nh l ngun carbon ca chng. Trong khi l do sinh ha m ngun carbon hu c c loi tr vn cha c bit n th s duy tr tnh l thuc t dng ca chng c l nh vo s lin kt tin ha vi Vi sinh vt quang ha. Cc phn ng oxy ha ammonia thnh nitrite hay oxy ha nitrite thnh nitrate l cc qu trnh sinh nng lng. Nng lng gii phng t qu trnh nitrate ha c vi khun s dng cho qu trnh tng trng ca chng. Nitrate ha d dng Qu trnh nitrate ha cc hp cht hu c cha Nit c th c thc hin bi 1 s vi khun d dng nh Arthrobacter, Flavobacterium, Thiosphaera. Phng trnh phn ng Nitrate ha d dng R-NH2R-NHOHRNONO3Khc vi vi khun nitrate ha t dng oxy ha trc tip NH3, cc vi sinh vt nitrate ha d dng oxy ha cc hp cht Nit dng kh nh hydroxylamine, aliphatic v hp cht cha nhn thm. Mt im khc nhau na l, qu trnh nitrate ha d dng khng sinh nng lng. Do vy cung cp nng lng cho qu trnh trao i cht, vi sinh vt phi phn gii c cht hu c khai thc nng lng. Bng 9.1 v 9.2 tm tt nhng thng s gc v c bn, m t ha hc lng php v ng nng ca tc nhn oxy ha amoni v nitrit mt cch trnh t. Bng 9.1: Gi tr thng s tc nhn oxy ha amoni t 5 n 25oC Gi tr ti T= o o Thng s 5C 10 C 15oC 20oC 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 + Y, mg VSSa/mg NH4 -N 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 + Qn, mgNH4 -N/mg VSSa-d 0.96 1.3 1.7 2.3 q02, mg O2/mg VSSa-d 2.9 3.8 5.1 6.8 ,d-1 0.32 0.42 0. 58 0.76 + KN, mgNH4 -N/1 0.18 0.32 0.57 1.0

25oC 0.14 0.33 3.1 9.2 1.02 1.50

KO,mgO2/1 -1

B,d [ ]lim, d SminN, mg NH4+-N/1 SminO, mgO2/1

0.50 0.045 3.6 0.029 0.081

0.50 0.060 2.8 0.053 0.083

0.50 0.082 2.1 0.094 0.084

0.50 0.11 1.5 0.17 0.085

0.50 0.15 1.2 0.26 0.085

Bng 9.2: Gi tr thng s tc nhn oxy ha nitrit t 5 n 25oC Gi tr ti T= o o Thng s 5C 10 C 15oC 20oC 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 YN, mg VSSa/mg NO2 -N 0.83 0.8 3 0.83 0.83 Qn, mgNO2- -N/mg VSSa-d 4.1 5.5 7.3 9.8 q02, mg O2/mg VSSa-d 4.2 5.6 7.5 10.1 -1 ,d 0.34 0.45 0. 61 0.81 KN, mgNO2 -N/1 0.15 0.30 0.62 1.3 K Omg O2/1 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 -1 B,d 0.045 0.060 0.082 0.11 [ ]lim, d 3.5 2.6 1.9 1.4 SminN, mg NO2 -N/1 0.024 0.047 0.10 0.20 SminO, mgO2/1 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11

25oC 0.10 0.83 13.0 13.5 1.1 2.7 0.68 0.15 1.1 0.42 0.11

Quan st thy mi bng rt thp. So snh vi gi tr in hnh 0.6 0.7 ca Vi sinh vt hiu kh, ta thy Nitrifiers d tr rt t trong sinh khi. Gi tr thp lin quan trc tip ti gi tr Y thp. Trong khi tr s Y ca tc nhn oxy ha amoni khng thp hn nhiu so vi Vi sinh vt hiu kh, ta thy gn bng nhau l do o gic bi vic dng n v khc nhau trong mu thc. Trong n v g VSSa /g OD Y- tc nhn oxy ha amoni xp x 0.1 so vi khong 0.45 Vi sinh vtd dng. Tc tng trng cc i ca c hai nhm u thp, vi c hai t hn1/ d 20oC. Vi cc gi tr ca nh nh vy , gi tr gii hn ca phi ln: Tt c cc gi tr ln hn 1d. Mtkhc, nitrifiers c th tc ng nng hoc n mc rt thp, v gi tr Smin di 1mg/ l. Nh vy, qu trnh nitrat ha c th c hiu qu cao, min l SRT c duy tr trn v oxy ha tan. Cc gi tr nh lng K0 tng i cao m nitrifiers khng hp nng DO thp. Tip tc hot ng vi mt D.O.di K0 s tng cho nitrifiers v c th dn n ra tri, cng nh -N trong dng thi. Cc tc dng nhit c hin th trong bng 9.1 v 9.2 l kh quan trng, bi v qu trnh nitrat ha i khi khng th xy ra khi nhit nc thp. Trong thc t, qu trnh nitrat ha n nh c th c duy tr mc 50C hoc thp hn, min l SRT vn cn cao. i vi 50C, mt yu t an ton ch c 5 yu cu rng x c 3.6x5 = 18d. Mt vn ca qu trnh nitrat ha nhit thp l tr nn rt nh, lm cho s phc hi qu trnh nitrat ha sau khi ra tri din ra chm.V vy, trnh nitrifier ra tri do bn d tha hoc DO thp, hoc c ch phi l mt u tin tuyt i, c bit l i vi nhit thp. So snh trc tip cc thng s, chng hn nh f0s , , [xmin] lim, v Smin , tng t cho cc loi nitrifiers.Trng hp ny l hon ton hp l, v c hai u l ha t dng hiu kh oxy ha N. Hn na, chng hu nh lun lun cng tn ti trong cng mt mi trng sng, tri qua

cng SRT v nng oxy. Cc thng s gii hn tng ng phn nh s tng ng ca sinh ha v sinh thi. Phng trnh sau y l mt phn ng cn bng tng th cho qu trnh oxy ha hon ton : + 1.815 O2 + 0.1304 CO2 = 0.0261 C5H7O2N + 0.973 + 0.921 H2O + 1.973H+ [9.3] Bn cnh vic hnh thnh mng li nitrifier thp (Ynet = 0.21g VSSa/g N), phng trnh ny minh ha hai tnh nng quan trng khc ca qu trnh nitrat ha. u tin, qu trnh nitrat ha to ra mt nhu cu oxy ln. Trong v d ny, lng oxy cn thit l 1.815 x 32/14 = 4.14 g O2 / g NH4 +-N . Th hai, qu trnh nitrat ha gn nh sinh ra 2 acid mnh sau khi loi b NH4+. Trong cc n v khi lng thng thng, kim tiu th l 1.973 x 50/14 = 7.05 g CaCO3 / g NH4 + - N. Bc u tin, qu trnh oxy ha amoni, chu trch nhim cho vic sn xut acid. Nitrifiers sn xut cc sn phm vi khun ha tan, c th c tiu th bi cc vi khun d dng (Rittmann, Regan, Stahl, nm 1994; deSilva v Rittmann, 2000a, b). iu th hin rng hu ht SMP m nitrifier sn xut l BAP. SMP ni chung rt quan trng: y l mt phn ca qu trnh phn hy ca cc nitrifiers v gim lng tng hp ca nitrifiers. Ngoi ra nitrifiers to e cho sinh vt d dng v tng sinh khi d dng. Nitrifiers c cho l rt nhy cm vi s c ch ha hc. Tc tng trng rt chm ca nitrifiers lm tng tc ng tiu cc ca s c ch, theo mt hng no c v nh l nitrifiers th nhy cm hn so vi nhng sinh vt sinh trng nhanh. Hn na, mt s cht c ch r rng l ngun cung cp e c qu trnh oxy ha lm cn kit DO v c th l nguyn nhn lm gim oxy. Tuy nhin, nitrifiers nhy cm vi s c ch t nhiu hp cht hu c c v v c. Trong s nhng vn c lin quan nht l: mng li NH3 ( pH cao hn), khng phn ly HNO2 (thng l pH thp), b mt anion, kim loi nng, ha cht kh trng bng clo hu c, v pH thp. Mt vn gy tranh ci l mixotrophy (Ngun gc ca trao i nng lng t s kt hp ca qu trnh quang ha v mt ngun nng lng bn ngoi), trong nitrifiers s dng mt ngun carbon hu c v mt ngun e v c. Mixotrophy s lm gim ng k nng lng- chi ph tng hp t bo, do lm tng Y v . Cc trng hp tng trng mixotrophic cho thy gi tr gia tng ca Ynet v , nhng khng phi tt c cc kt qu l chc chn. Hn na, s trao i nitrifiers khng c nhim t sinh vt d dng l cc k kh khn. Mc d mixotrophy khng th gim, khi nghin cu k, qu trnh nitrat ha s phn ng theo mt kiu ph hp vi s t dng ng ha hon ton. 1.2 Qu trnh Nitrate ha bn hot tnh 1.2.1Qu trnh nitrat ha bn bc mt - L qu trnh trong vi khun d dng v vi khun nitrat cng tn ti trong mt hn hp ng nht, ti oxy ha ng thi amoni v BOD hu c. Bn bc mt cha cc VI KHUN nitrat ha v sinh vt d dng, thc hin ng thi s chuyn ha.

BODo TKNo

Low BOD LowNH4+ High NO3Aerobic BOD Oxidation Nitrification > 15 days

Areation

Sludge waste C mt b phn ng v mt b lng cho cc loi sinh khi .Nitrat ha one-sludge cn gi l nitrat ha bn mt giai on, bi v n ch c mt giai on phn ng. Chng ta s dng thut ng one sludge nhn mnh mi quan h sinh thi gia VI KHUN nitrat ha v sinh vt d dng: chng hin cng nhau trong one sludge, hay mt nhm VI KHUN) Thit k bn bc 1 Chng ta thit k s b h thng nitrate ha bn bc 1 cho nc thi c nhng c im sau y: Q=500m3/d BODLo=500mg/l TKNo=60mg/l InertVSSo=25mg/l T=150C Ch rng nng np vo c biu din bng TKN, thay v NH4+N. Nc thi thng gm 1 phn ng k lng nit dng kh nh nit hu c. Trong hu ht cc giai on ca qu trnh nitrt ha, nit hu c thy phn thnh NH4+N, hp cht cn cho qu trnh nitrt ha. Do vy, i lng o chnh xc lng nit dng kh ca dng vo phi l TKN, khng phi NH4+N. u tin ta phi chn gi tr . V [ min]lim qu ln cho qu trnh nitrt ha, chng ta ch s dng mt gi tr xp x cho qu trnh. Bng 9.1 v 9.2 cho bit rng [ min]lim xp x 2 d T = 15C. p dng mt h s an ton l 10 ta c: = 10 x 2 d = 20 d. Th 2, ta tnh ton nng trng thi cn bng ca BODL, NH4+N, NO2- N t cc thng s ng lc hc c bn. BODL = 10 = 0.34 mg BODL/l NH4+ = 0.57 = 0.18 mg NH4+ -N/l NO2--N = 0.62 = 0.17 mg NO2N/l

Sludge recycle

Th 3, tnh ton sn phm VSS c lng ca tt c cc dng sinh khi . Ta bt u vi cc qu trnh d dng hiu kh.

. 10-3

= 52.5 kg VSS/d i vi qu trnh oxi ha NH3 ta cn iu chnh lng S0 tnh ton lng NH4+-N ng ha trong nhng sinh vt d dng hiu kh. l gi tr NH4+- mc nit s dng trong qu trnh nitrt ha (mg N/l). do vy, mt phn ln lng TKN u vo b ng ha thnh sinh khi d dng, ch khong 80% trong s b nitrt ha (tt nhin lng nh ny ph thuc vo SRT v t l ca BODL dng vo). Sn phm VSS c lng dng cho oxi ha ammoni l: = . 10-3 = 3.9 kg VSS/d Da vo ha cht to thnh v gi tr TKN ca dng thi, ta thy lng sn phm ca qu trnh oxi ha ammonium l rt t so vi cc qu trnh d dng. l mt trng hp c trng, c bn. Trong oxi ha nitrt, ta lp li cc qu trnh ging nh vi oxi ha ammonium, No2 l gi tr NO2- N s dng cho bc 2 ca qu trnh nitrt ha 103/500 0.18 = 45.8 mg NO2N/l = . 10-3 = 0.95 kg VSS/d VSS tr i qua VSSi/d Tng s VSS ra khi h thng cui cng l: ( )tng = 52.5 + 3.9 + 0.95 + 12.5 = 69.8 kg VSS/d Th 4, ta tnh nhu cu oxi tng ng cho sinh khi trng thi cn bng. Ta b qua SMP trong v d ny n gin ha phng trnh v trong tnh ton. SMP gm c nhu cu oxi v nhu cu oxi gim. ng lng oxy u vo: = 500 m3/d . *
3

+ . 10-

= 404.9 kg OD/d Gii c ng lng O2 u ra: = 500 m3/d . *

3

+ . 10-

= 0.68 kg OD/d

ng lng O2 u ra: = 1.42 . 12.5

+ 1.98

( 52.5 + 3.9 + 0.95

= 131 kg OD/d Trong vic tnh ton khi lng oxy u ra tng ng, gi tr 1.98 mg OD/mg VSS c dng xc nh 20 e-/mol ca C5H7O2N trong C v 8 e- trong N. (c th hin trong phng trnh C-2 trn bng 2.4). m lng N trong trng hp ny cn thit, v lng oxy u vo tng ng lng N gim. Lng VSS u vo v u ra l bng nhau. Ta s dng 1.98 mg OD /mg VSS, nh khi c s dng trong u vo v u ra. V vy, tng lng oxy cn thit l: = 404.9 0.68 131 = 273 kg O2/d Nm, ta phi tm tng th tch ca h thng. Nh thng l, ta chn nng VSS hay thi gian lu nc. Trong trng hp ny, ta chn Xv = 3.000 mg/L. Ta c: V= total = = 465 m3 = = 0.93 d hay 22 h Vi trng hp c th nh qu trnh x l trong nc thi sinh hot( gn 1 d), iu ny lun to iu kin trong nitrat ha h thng bn bc mt. Cui cng ta thit k b lng cp 1 da trn vn tc dng v dng vt rn trong h thng hiu kh, vn tc dng c c trng bi mt gi tr n nh, 8 n 16 m/d (nhc li phn cc tham s ti chng 6). Ta dung gi tr trung bnh 12m/d. Da vo tiu chun ny, nc mt trong b lng cn thit xp x (ta b qua phn vn tc ng k ca dng bn trong nc thi). As = = 41.7 m2 Dng rn trong b hiu kh m rng c duy tr n nh, khong 70kg/m2-d (xem bng chng 6). tnh ton dng vt cht rn, ta cn mt s xc nh ca vn tc dng ti s dng, vn tc ny quyt nh nng ca cht rn di y. Xrv. Ta gi s Xrv=8.000 mg VSS/l. Lc ny, s dng phng trnh 6.14a: Qr = Q = 500 m3/d = 286 m3/d (hay R = 0.57) C Qr, ta c th xc nh c khu vc nc mt da trn dng vt cht rn. As =
( )

( )

= = 33.7 m2 Vn tc dng chy trn kim sot trong iu kin ny As = 42m2. 1.2.2 Qu trnh Nitrate ha bn bc 2 - L qu trnh nitrat ha trit nhm gim s cnh tranh gia sinh vt d dng v VI KHUN nitrat ha bng cch oxy ha hu ht BOD hu c trong giai on u tin, trong khi ammoni b oxy ha trong giai on hai.

BODo TKNo
Aerobic BOD oxidation = ca. kh Thng5 days

Low BOD HighNH4-

Low BOD Low NH4+ High NO3-

Bn tun hon

Nitrification > 15 days

Hiu kh Aeration Aeration Sludge recycle Sludge recycle Sludge waste Bao gm hai h thng bn hot tnh han chnh. V sinh khi trong mi giai on c gi li v hon li, mi giai on pht trin sinh khi ring ca n. Thit k bn bc 2 Thit k s b h thng nitrate ha bn bc 2 Bc u tin, ta chn qu trnh nitrate ha bng cch s dng x. ta chn 4d, mc bnh thng khng cho php nitrate ha. K n, ta tnh ton lng bn, nhu cu oxy v kch thc theo m hnh v d trn (V ln na, ta li b qua SMP n gin ha) BODL = 10 = 0.84 mg BODL/1 = 500(500 0.84)0.45 x 10-3 = 86.6 kg VSS/d = 500 . 25 .10-3 = 12.5 kg VSSi/d
tng

Sludge waste

= 86.6 + 12.5 = 99.1 kg VSS/d * +. 10-3

Np vo O2 ng lng = 500

= 267.8 kg OD/d Sn xut ra O2 ng lng = 500 . 0.84 . 10-3 + 99.1 . 1.42 = 141.1 kg OD/d

Gi nh Xv = 3,000 mg VSS/l c lng V v : ( ) 103

V=

= 132.1 m3 = 132.1/500 = 26 d (6.3 h)

i vi mt nng ti lng, = 12.5 m2 - t Xrv = 10,000 mg/l v GT = 140 kg/m2-d. Qr = 500 = 200 m3/d R = 0.4 As = = 15 m2 Trong trng hp ny, As = 15m2 i vi giai on th hai, gi nh rng s oxi ha BOD v s tng trng d dng l khng ng k. y l mt s n gin ha ng k, bi v (1) giai on th hai c sinh vt d dng hot ng v SMP t giai on u tin thi ra, v (2) nhng sinh vt nitrate ha trong giai on th hai sn xut SMP to thun li cho s pht trin cho i sng d dng.Tuy nhin, nhng bin i ny yu cu mt s gi nh quan trng v cc yu t khng chc chn, c bit l thc hin ca cc cht rn d bay hi v s hnh thnh SMP bi nhng sinh vt nitrate ha. B qua nhng yu t ny c th to s nh gi thp ca Xv, iu ny nh hng n khi lng ca h thng v khu vc nh c. t = 20d cho giai on 2 SRT. NH4+ -N v NO2- - N cn li tng ng 0.18 v 0.17 mg/l. Nh trc y, chng ta phi iu chnh cc TKN u vo a vo N ng ha thnh sinh khi d dng trong giai on u v gii thot t s suy gim sinh khi d dng t giai on u tin l 0,52 kg NH4 + - N / d (tnh ton sau v c s dng y). S oxy ha ammonia : N01 = 60 86.6 . 0.124.103/500 + 0.52 . 103/500 = 60 21.5 + 1.1 = 39.6 mg NH4+ -N/1 =500 . (39.6 0.18). 0.33 . . 10-3 S oxy ha nitrite: N02 = 60 20.4 0.124 . 3.3 . 103/500 0.17 = 38.6 mgNO2 N/1 =500 . (38.6 0.17). 0.083 . . 10-3 =0.80kg VSS/d Gi nh rng 20mg VSS/l khng b loi b trong giai on u tin v bc vo giai on th hai, n cha 80% sinh khi hot ng, v sinh khi hot ng ny phn r vi mt t l l 0,1 / d.T l u vo l: = 0.2 x 20 x 500/1,000 = 2 kg VSSi/d = 0.8 x 20 x 500/1,000 = 8 kg VSSa/d Vi 20-d SRT, phn r u vo sinh khi hot ng cn li Xa, sn xut Xi nhiu hn, v sinh ra NH4 + - N d = V vy, = 2.7 kg VSSa/d d= 2+ 2.7 +.1 + 5.8 kg VSS/d = 5.8 + 3.3 + 0.80 = 9.9 kg VSS/d

( ( -

( ( -

tng=0.2(8 2.7) = 1.1kg VSSi/d Lng VSS tng cng phi c giai on 2 l:

( -

S gia tng NH4 +-N do phn hy ca sinh khi d dng l: tng=0.124(8 2.7 1) = 0.52kg NH4+ - N/d Lu y rng Vi sinh vtnitrate ha hot ng khong mt phn ba VSS tng, mc d b qua cc u vo ca BOD t cht nn hoc SMP. iu ny cho thy rng giai on th hai thng c hon ton thc hin bi Vi sinh vtnitrate ha. Lng oxy cn thit c tnh nh sau: u vo O2 tng ng = 500[4.57 . 39.6 + 1.42 . 4 + 1.98 .16] . 10-3 =109 kg OD/d Sn lng O2 ha tan tng ng =500[4.57 . 0.18 + 1.14 . 0.17] . 10-3 Sn lng O2 rn tng ng=1.42 . 2 + 1.98 . (2.7 + 1.1 + 3.3 + 0.8) =18.5 kg OD/d Do , Tng lng O2 cn cho giai on 2 l: =109 0.5 18.5 = 90 kg O2/d tnh ton khi lng tng th cho giai on th hai, gi nh MLVSS tp trung. Vic sn xut thp VSS ni chung ngn chn c cc gi tr tiu biu khi cc vi khun d dng chim u th.V vy, chng ti gi nh rng Xv = 1.000 mg / LL. Sau , V= (9.9).103 = 198 m3

V = =0.40d(hay 9.5h) i vi b lng, s dng cc gi tr sc kh m rng t l trn v thng lng cht rn.Vi t l trn 12 m / d As = V Qr = 500 =41.7 m2 = 123 m3/d Thng lng cht rn c th c s dng sau khi gi nh mt gi tr Xrv 5.000 mg / L: R = 0.25 As = = 8.9 m2 Mt ln na, kim sot t l trn, As = 42 m2 Bng 9,3 so snh one-sludge v two-sludge t v d 9.1 v 9.2. N th hin s cn bng tng hp gia hai phng php . H thng one-sludge bn thi t hn, SRT cho BOD oxi-dation ln, nhng nhu cu oxy ca n ln

So snh thit k bn bc 1 v thit k bn bc 2 H thng bn bc 1 c t bn thi hn, v thi gian lu bn cho oxi ha BOD ca n ln, nhng nhu cu oxy ca n ln hn Table 9.3 So snh one-sludge v two-sludge t v d 9.1 two-sludge Tham s one-sludge Giai on 1 Giai on 2

Tng

20 4 20 x, d Lng cht 69.8 99.1 9.9 99* thi rn, kg VSS/d Lng oxy 273 127 90 217 cn thit, kg O2/d Th tch, m3 465 132 198 330 2 Din tch, m 42 15 42 57 *Lng cht thi rn tng cng trong h thng bn bc 2 t hn so vi tng ca giai on 2, v 10kg/d t giai on 1 l chuyn giao cho giai on 2, ni n phn r hu ht.Nh vy, 10 kg / d c tr vo tng s loi b s tng gp i - Tng th tch h thng bn 1 ln hn, mt ln na do SRT di cho nhng sinh vt d dng 1.3 Mng sinh hc qu trnh Nitrate ha Tt c cc qu trnh mng sinh hc hu ch cho qu trnh oxy ha hiu kh BOD cng c th c s dng thc hin qu trnh nitrat ha, min l thit k ca quy trnh thch hp tc tng trng chm nht nh vn c ca vi khun nitrate ha v s cnh tranh gia vi khun nitrate ha v Vi sinh vt d dng v oxy v khng gian sng.Cc thng s ca qu trnh nitrat ha tiu biu c lit k trong bng 9,4. Bng 9.4 Cc thng s c bn v c ngun gc t qu trnh oxy ha NH4 + - N Tham s Gi tr Cht nn hn ch NH4+ -N2 + Y,mg VSSa/mg NH4 -N 0.33 + q,mg NH4 -N/mg VSSa/d 1.7 K,mg NH4+ -N/l 0.57 b, 1d 0.08 bdet, 1d 0.053 b, 1d 0.13 x, d 20 2 D, cm /d 1.3 2 Df, cm /d 1.04 3 Xf,mg VSSa/cm 10 L, cm 0.004 + Smin, mg NH4 -N/l 0.17 S*min 0.30 K* 1.85 JR, mg NH4+ -N/cm2-d 0.072 Ghi ch: 1. Gi tr chung cho T=15oC 2. Cht nn hn ch l NH4+ -N, trong gi nh rng bc u tin ca qu trnh nitrat ha l hn ch.

3. Gi nh rng vi sinh vt nitrate ha tn ti ch yu l su bn trong mt mng lc sinh hc trnh b tch ri. - Hnh 9.2 trnh by ng cong sc ti in hnh cho cc vi khun nitrate ha v ch ra rng qu trnh nitrat ha mng sinh hc thnh cng nht hot ng trong khu vc chuyn tip gia ti trng thp v ti cao, c ngha l, J / JR t: 0.2 n 1.1 ( xem li phn tiu chun ha sc cha b mt trong chng 4). Bi v Smin rt nh (0.17mg NH4+-N trong bng 9.4). Khong phm vi sc cha tiu chun chung lm cho t l S/Smin c gi tr t 1.6 6 gi cho S phi nh hn 1mg NH4+-N/l.

Hnh 9.2 Kt qu th nghim v kinh nghim cho thy Vi sinh vt nitrate ha c xu hng tp trung nhiu hn b mt dnh bm, trong khi Vi sinh vt d dng chim u th pha pha ngoi b mt ca mng sinh hc. S phn chia ny l h qu tt yu ca mc tng trng nhanh hn ca vi sinh vt d dng, cho php chng tn ti n nh ti nhng vng xy ra s tch ri ln ca mng sinh hc. Mt khc, Vi sinh vt nitrate ha tp trung su bn trong mng sinh hc, ni ch 1 phn nh c bo v khi s tch ri. Vic cc Vi sinh vt nitrate ha su pha trong mng sinh hc, gip chng n nh s pht trin chm, chng li s ra tri, n cn lm tng s nhy cm ca chng i vi lng oxy, v oxy ha tan phi khuch tn qua lp vi sinh vt d dng trc khi n vi Vi sinh vt nitrate ha. Khi iu ny kt hp vi nhy vi lng oxy tng i cao ca Vi sinh vt nitrate ha (vd: Ko=0.1mg/ l cho nhiu sinh vt d dng trong khi n khong 0.5 mg/l cho vi sinh vt Nitrt ha), s c th v hiu nhng li ch ca s bo v, tr khi nng D.O trong cht lng c duy tr cao. V d nh, Furumai v Rittmann (1994) m t s gim st trong s lng vi sinh vt Nitrt ha v gia tng trong nng NH4+ -N v NO2- cho ra khi tng nng D.O. gim xung khong 3 mg/l, ngay c khi nhng vi sinh vt Nitrt ha c bo v su bn trong mng sinh hc. Gi lng ti b mt thp s c th loi b nhng tc ng xu ca s cn kit D.O. Trong thc t, p t mt lng ti b mt ti a BOD hoc COD, trong khong t 2 n 6 kg BODL/1000 m2-d, s kim sot s cnh tranh bi sinh vt d dng. Gi lng ti hu c di 2 n 6 kg BODL/1000 m2-d s cho php ta gi mt nng D.O. lng va v ngn chn tc

nghn va, chp mch, trc b v/hoc nhu cu cho vic bm ngc qu mc bi qu nhiu tng trng d dng. 2 nguyn nhn trn c th dn n tc tch nhanh n mc cc vi sinh Nitrt ha khng bao gi thit lp c nhng lp bo v v b cun tri. Bng 9.5 tm tt thnh cng lng ti b mt ca N v BODL c s dng cho nhiu quy trnh khc nhau trn mng sinh hc, c cp trong chng 8. Phm vi ca lng ti N v BODL l tng i hp. Lng ti ca BODL cho qu trnh nitrate ha gi ln lng ti BODL s dng cho qu trnh oxy ha hiu kh nghim ngt. iu gii thch ti sao cc qu trnh trn mng sinh hc, s dng ch yu cho oxi ha BOD thng l qu trnh nitrate ha, min l mt ti BOD nm trong phn di ca phm vi thng. Bi v N hu c thng c thy phn cho ra NH4+-N, lng ti N nn c biu hin bng TKN ch khng ch NH4+-N. Khi m lng BODL trong nc thi: TKN c t l qu ln cho php 2 lng ti b mt tiu chun t n cng mt lc, liu php bc c th c s dng lm gim lng ti BOD cho qu trnh nitrate ha. My lc tia 2 giai on l 1 v d tt. Giai on thng trong RBCs l mt v d khc, bnh thng, s nitrate ha din ra trong giai on sau ca RBCs, sau khi lng BOD gim trong nhng giai on trc. S gim sinh trng ca Vi sinh vtd dng trong giai on nitrate ha ca RBCs cho php mt cht trung gian c s dng ti a ha din tch b mt loi. Bng 9.5: Lng ti nito v BOD c s dng thnh cng trong cc qu trnh nitrat ha khc nhau trn mng sinh hc. Loi qu trnh Sc ti nito b mt Sc ti BOD b mt 2 kgN/1000m -d kgBODL/1000m2-d 0.5-0.8 <4.4 Mng lc nh git (trickling filters) 0.2-0.6 <6 Mng tip xc sinh hc xoay (rotating biological contactors) <6 Mng lc biolite dng ht <0.7 (biolite granular filters) 0.5 Khng cp Nn cht lng (fluidized beds) <1 Khng cp Nn tun hon (circulating beds) Thit k mng sinh hc nitrate ha c bn Mt lng nc thi c lu lng l 1000 m3/d v nng chy vo l 300 mg/l BODL v 50 mg/l TKN. Ta phi thit k h thng 1 bc v ri h thng 2 bc t c Nitrt ha hon tan . u tin, tng tc ti khi lng ca mi thnh phn cho electron l 300 kg BODL/d v 50 kg TKN/d. T l ny l t l thng thy nc thi gia nh. Th nh, ta tm din tch tip xc cn thit cho h thng 1 bc bng cch tnh cc din tch oxi ha BODL v Nitrt ha TKN. Sau ta dng gi tr ln hn. Cho BODL, ta s dng mt ti ti a l 4 kg BODL/1000 m2-d (bng 9.5). T ta c mt din tch b mt cho mng sinh hc l: A = (300 kg BODL/d)/(4 kg BODL/1000 m2-d) = 7,5 * 104 m2 Php tnh tng t cho TKN v vi mt lng TKN thn trng l 0,5 kg N/1000 m2 d (bng 9.5) cho ta: A = (50 kg N/d)/(0,5 kg N/1000 m2-d) = 10 * 104 m2 Chng ta s dng gi tr ln hn: 10* 104 m2

Th nh, chng ta thc hin thit k 2 bc. Chng ta bt u vi Oxi ha BODL. T Chng 8 chng ta chn mt mt ti tng i ln l 7 kg BODL/1000 m2-d. iu ny cho ta din tch bc mt l: A1 = (300 kg BODL/d)/(7 kg BODL/1000 m2-d) = 4,3 * 104 m2 Sau ta tnh din tch cho bc Nitrt ha th 2. Trc khi ta tnh din tch, ta phi iu chnh lng ti TKN gii thch cho N c s dng trong tng hp d dng trong bc u. Lm theo phng php trong V D 9.1 v 9.2, ta s c mt php tch chnh xc , min l tc tch c c lng. Cho v d ny, ta gi nh rng mt mt ti t thn trng hn: 0,8 kg N/ 1000 m2-d (bng 9.5) v tnh din tch bc 2: A2 = (40 kg N/d)/(0,8 kg N/1000 m2-d) = 5 * 104 m2 Tng din tch b mt cho c 2 bc l 9.3*104 m2, iu gip ta tit kim thm mt din tch so vi bc 1. V mt khc, ta phi thit k, xy dng, v thc hin 2 h thng khc nhau. 1.4 Vai tr ca t s BODL/TKN: Qu trnh nitrate ha chu nh hng ca t s BODL/TKN theo ba cch. Th nht, nh c minh ha Vd 9.1 v 9.2, y l mt qu trnh ng ha to ra sinh khi d dng c thu nhn nito, v gim lng nito trong ammonium to ra nitrite v nitrate. Nu BODL/TKN ln, tc l ln hn 25 g BODL/gTKN th lng nito to ra t ammonium s khng c cung cp cho qu trnh nitrate ha Th hai, BODL/TKN xc nh hm lng sinh khi hot tnh gm cc Vi sinh vtnitrate ha. V gi tr fS0 thp ca cc Vi sinh vtnitrate ha, nn khi lng sinh khi to thnh ca chng cng thp. T s BODL/TKN c trng ca nc thi th khong t 5 n 10g BOD L/gTKNkh thp, nn lng Vi sinh vtnitrate ha cng t hn 20% sinh khi hot tnh v mt phn nh hn ca VSS Cui cng, BODL/TKN tc ng kim sot s cnh tranh cc ngun oxy ha tan, ch trn floc hay mng biofilm ca sinh vt t dng v Vi sinh vtnitrate ha vi nhau. Trong thi gian di, t s BODL/TKN cao buc cc Vi sinh vtnitrate ha phi xung su hn trong floc hay mng biofilm. iu ny lm cho cc cht nn ca cc Vi sinh vtnitrat ha phi chu mt s khng c vn chuyn sinh khi ln hn, c th l NH4+ v O2 (Rittmann and Manem, 1992) . Trong thi gian ngn, tc sinh trng mnh ca cc sinh vt d dng c th to ra nh hng xu n cc Vi sinh vtnitrate ha nh cnh tranh nito, tiu th oxy hay s ginh ch trn floc v mng biofilm. 2. QA TRNH PHN NITRATE HA Kh nitrate l qu trnh kh nitrate (NO3-) hay nitrite (NO2-) thnh kh N2. Hay ni cch khc NO3- hay NO2- ng vai tr nh cht nhn e trong qu trnh h hp m bo v khai thc nng lng. Qu trnh kh nitrate c th c thc hin bi c vi khun t dng v d dng. Nhiu vi khun hiu kh c kh nng chuyn t t, qu trnh trao i cht theo kiu oxy ha (c s tham gia ca oxy) sang dng s h hp nitrate. Trong cng ngh sinh hc mi trng, qu trnh kh nitrate c ng dng khi c yu cu loi b hon ton N. V d quan trng l x l nc thi ra lu vc sng lm gim nguy c ph dng; x l cht thi N, nh nc t nng nghip v nc thi t ni nui gia sc; v x l nc ung c nng NO3- + NO2- cao, bng cch c th gim s nguy him n tr em. Trong tng ng dng ny, N c th ha tan v bin i thnh kh N2, v tr li kh quyn. c qu trnh kh nitrate, N phi l cc dng oxy ha ca n, NO3- v NO2-. V nhiu nc thi cha N dng kh, qu trnh kh nitrate ha xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh nitrate ha, cn to N dng oxi ha. 2.1 Cc vi khun tham gia qu trnh phn Nitrate ha

Pseudomonas

Alcaligenes

Paracoccus Thio-bacillus Qu trnh phn nitrate ha ph bin trong t nhin. Vi khun phn nitrate ph bin l vi khun gram m Proteobacteria, nh Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Paracoccus, v Thio-bacillus. 1 s vi khun gram dng, c th kh nitrate, bao gm Bacillus. Thm ch 1 vi thc vt a mn Archaea, nh Halobacterium, cng c th kh nitrate. Tt c cc vi khun kh nitrate l vi sinh vt hiu kh ty nghi, c ngha l chng thay i s h hp nitrate hoc nitrite khi gii hn nng O2. Vi khun phn nitrate c s dng trong cng ngh sinh hc mi trng c tnh hng ha cht, c th s dng ngun e t cht v c hoc hu c. Nhng vi sinh vt s dng ngun e v c l sinh vt d dng v ph bin l Proteobacteria. Mt nhm t sinh vt t dng c th tn dng H2 v S dng kh. Bi v chng to nn tnh trao i cht a dng. Vi sinh vt phn nitrate thng c tm thy trong t, trm tch, nc b mt, nc ngm, nh my x l nc thi. Qu trnh kh nitrate ha thc hin theo tng bc, trong gim tun t t NO3- NO2-NON2ON2. Mi bn phn ng v enzyme xc tc c th hin bn di: NO3- +2e+2H+NO2-+H2O Enzyme: nitrate reductase NO2-+e+2H+NO+H2O Enzyme: nitrite reductase + 2NO+2e+2H N2O+H2O Enzyme: Nitric Oxide reductase N2O+2e+2H+N2+H2O Enzyme: Nitrous oxide reductase Nng Oxy kim sot h hp hiu kh ty nghi N. Oxy kim sot qu trnh phn nitrate theo 2 cch: + u tin l ngn chn mt vi enzyme nitrogen-reductase. Nghin cu vi Pseudomonas stutzeri cho bit nhng enzyme ny b kim hm bi nng DO ngoi 2.5 n 5mg O2/l. + Th 2, c ch kim sot l hn ch s hot ng ca enzyme kh nitrate bi nng DO ln hn 1/10 mgO2/l. Thc t l nng DO kim hm loi enzyme reductase cao hn nhiu l kim ch hat ng ca chng, ngha l qu trnh nitrate ha c th xy ra khi nng DO trn O. Tnh hnh ny c nng cao khi vi khun phn nitrate c t bn trong flocs hoc mng sinh hc, ni m nng oxy thp hn trong cht lng (Rittmann and Langeland, 1985) Nng ngun e rt thp hoc nng DO qu cao c th dn n s tch ly trung gian gia NO2-, NO2, N2O. 2 cht sau l kh nh knh, cn ngn nga s gii phng 2 cht . Nng

 thp ca ngun cho e hn ch cung cp e n bn phn ng kh. Nng O2 cao c khuynh hng kim hm enzym nitrite v nitrous oxide reductase trc khi enz nitrate reductase b kim hm. Mc d vi khun phn nitrate khng nhy cm vi pH, gi tr pH ngoi phm vi ti u(7 n 8) dn n s tch ly cht trung gian.Trong nc kim thp, cn thit phi kim sot pH (tng pH), v sn phm qu trnh phn nitrate ha bn bazo. S sn sinh bazo c minh ha bi phn ng cn bng khi acetate v H2 l cht cho e cho vi khun t dng hoc d dng CH3COOH+8/5NO3-+4/5H2O4/5 N2+2H2CO3+8/5 OH4H2+8/5NO3-4/5 N2+8/5 OH-+16/5 H2O Trong c 2 trng hp, kim ca nc tng bi to ra 8/5bazo mnh trong khi mt 8/5 mol NO3- tng ng. Bng 10.1 Biu din ha hc lng php v cc thng s ng hc ca vi khun kh Nitrate Cht cho e Methanol BOD H2 So Ngun C Methanol BOD CO2 CO2 0 fs 0.36 0.52 0.21 0.13 Y, g VSSa/g donor 0.27 0.26 0.85 0.10 gVSSa/g OD 0.18 0.26 0.11 0.07 q^, g donor/g VSSa-d 6.9 12 1.6 8.1 g OD/g VSSa-d 10.4 12 11.8 11.2 K, mg donor 9.1 1 1 ? Mg OD/l 13.7 1 0.13 ? -1 b, d 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 [ ]lim 0.55 0.33 0.76 1.3 Smin, mg donor/1 0.25 0.017 0.04 ? Smin, mg OD/1 0.38 0017 0.005 ? 2 D, cm /d 1.3 1.0 0.9 _ 2 JR, kg OD/l,000 m -d 1.5 0.5 1.2 ? S*min (no detachment) 0.027 0.017 0.040 0.066 (bdet=0.2/d) 0.15 0.087 0.23 0.45 * K 1.8 0.4 2.2 ? o Bng 10.1 m t nh lng v thng s ng lc ( 20 C) cho sinh vt d dng s dng kh methanol, cc vt liu hu c khc, H2, S c bn nh 1 cht cho e cho qu trnh kh nitrat . Bng 10.1 s dng nhiu khi nim hu ch ca OD. OD tng ng vi khi lng ca cht cho e th hin tng ng vi oxy. N tng t nh khi lng ca O2 cn thit oxy ha hon ton cht cho e. 8 gr OD bng 1e-. Cht cho e hu c, OD bng vi BODL. Gi tr bng 1a n quan st v vi khun kh nitrat v nn lm th no cc qu trnh lin quan n qu trnh kh nitrat thc hin 1. Khi gi tr fo sinh vt d dng s dng BOD chung ch hi nh hn f0 sinh vt d dng hiu kh ( khong 0.6 e tng hp/ e cht cho), gi tr f0 sinh vt t dng th nh hn nhiu, tng t nh vi khun nitrat ha. Gi tr f0 sinh vt oxy ha C bc 1 tiu th methanol th thp hn nhiu vi sinh vt d dng khc. 2. Khi gi tr v b tng t nhau (cf 12g OD/g VSSa d v 0.05/d), lim c kim sot ch yu bi Y 3. Gi tr Smin thp hn 1 mg DO/L, c ngha BOD cn li cao trong dng thi khng phi l 1 vn c bit.

4. Qu trnh mng sinh hc, tt c cc vi sinh vt cho thy tim nng tng trng cao (Smin thp) khi tch ri l khng ng k. Mt khc, qu trnh t dng c th hn ch tc tng trng nh bdet tng. 5. Gi tr K* cho qu trnh mng sinh hc l khng ln. C ngha bn ngoi khi lng vn chuyn kim sot thng lng cht nn khi ti mng sinh hc trong khu vc trung bnh hoc cao. Tm li, sinh vt d dng c nhng c im tng t nh sinh vt d dng hiu kh. Bi v chng l hiu kh ty , chuyn t h hp O2 sang h hp NO3- hoc NO2- gy ra ch gim nh fo v Y, ch tng va phi lim V th, qu trnh kh nitrate nn thc hin tng t nh qu trnh hiu kh s dng loi b BOD. Mt khc, c im ng hc ca vi khun phn nitrate d dng v vi khun nitrate t dng l rt khc nhau. Vi khun nitrate ha c gi tr fo thp, tng chm hn v v cn bn yu cu thi gian lu cht rn lu hn. Hn na, t l qu trnh nitrate ha ti a yu cu nng DO cao, trong khi nng DO cao lm chm hoc dng qu trnh kh nitrate ha. V qu trnh nitrate ha cn thit cung cp NO3- hoc NO2- cho qu trnh kh nitrate ha, qu trnh hot ng v thit k phi iu ha nhng c tnh sinh l xung t. l vic iu ha nhu cu ca vi khun nitrate ha v phn nitrate ha d dng phn bit cc phng php tip cn khc nhau kh N trong cng ngh sinh hc mi trng. 1 c im quan trng ca vi khun phn nitrate ha l s dng NO3- hoc NO2- nh ngun N cho tng hp t bo. Tng s mt in t gim ngun N n trng thi oxi ha -3 lm gim f v nng sut tht. V d, s dng NO3- nh ngun N yu cu thm 8 e tng ng mi mol ca sinh khi, i din nh C5H7O2N. nh trong bng 2.4, C5H7O2N yu cu 20 e oxihoa1 C n trng thi 0 trong tt c cc t bo (phn ng C1), nhng yu cu 28 e oxy ha C v N khi ngun N l NO3- (phn ng C-2). V th, khi NO3- l ngun N, oxy yu cu cho sinh khi l (28e eq/mol cells) (1 mol cells/113 g cells) (8 g O2/e- eq)=1.98 g OD/g cells, khng phi 1.42 g OD/g cells.. 2.2 Qu trnh kh Nitrate bc 3 Qa trnh kh nitrat c th chia thnh 2 loi chnh: x l bc 3 vi bn bc 1. iu khc bit gia 2 loi da vo vic c cho thm cht cho in t ngoi sinh hay khng. Kh nitrat bc 3 i hi s thm vo ca cht cho in t ngoi sinh, trong khi bn bc 1 s dng cht cho in t c sn trong nc thi. Kh nitrat bc 3 th thch hp cho bt c loi nc cn x l c cha NO3- hoc NO2- . Kh nitrat xy ra trong t nhin nhng vng nng nghip b nhim phn m, ngun cung cp nc ung nhng vng nng nghip ny cha nng NO3- cao nhng rt t cht hu c. Kh nitrat bc 3 xy ra sau qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh ca nc thi. Trong x l bc 2 th tt c cc gc cho in t c mt c oxi ha hon ton, cc hp cht cha nito c oxi ha n NO3- , trong khi cc hp cht cacbon b khong ha. Kt qu ca x l bc 2 l N b chuyn thnh NO3- nhng khng c cht cho in t. Trong thc t kh nitrate bc 3 theo sau x l bc 2. Cc cht hu c thng thng c cho vo qu trnh nh nhng cht cho in t, Chng lm tng s tch ly ca sinh vt d dng (lm tng sinh khi). Trong gii hn sinh hc v ng lc hc sinh vt kh nitrat d dng rt ging vi sinh vt d dng hiu kh s dng oxi ha BOD. Tuy nhin c mt s khc nhau ln l qu trnh kh nitrat khng i hi ngun cung cp oxi. S khc nhau lm gim nhng nguyn tc kht khe trong qu trnh hiu kh Hu ht cc hp cht hu c u c th c s dng nh nhng cht cho in t ngoi sinh. Trc y methanol c chn v n c li v kinh t ch khng phi n tt hn nhng cht

cho in t c chn khc. Khi c s tp trung sn nhng cht hu c trong nc thi th chng c s dng nh mt cht cho in t r tin. dng nc thi t qu trnh ch bin thc phm v sn xut ung th thng c s dng nht bi v chng cha nng BOD cao (hn 10000mgBODl/L) v t l C/N cao. Vi t l C/N cao ,th c tnh ca ngun carbohydrat l cung cp mt lng ln in t, nhng li gii phng ra 1 t N dng kh. Trong khi mc ch ca qu trnh kh nitrate l loi b ht N trong nc, v th vic thm vo N dng kh s i sai mc ch. Cc hp cht v c cng c s dng nh mt cht cho in t v ngy cng ph bin. Kh H2 l cht cho in t rt tt cho qu trnh kh nitrat t dng. Chng c nhng u im nh: sn xut sinh khi thp hn so vi d dng v hon ton khng thm vo N dng kh. Nhc im chnh ca kh H2 l thiu an ton cho h thng chuyn ha Hydro. Trong nhng nm gn y vic pht trin ra thit b mng phn hy th khc phc c mi nguy him thng gp trong chuyn ha kh v lm cho H2 tr thnh s la chn hng u. Sulfua dng kh cng iu khin qu trnh kh nitrat t dng. thng thng nht th ngun S dng kh l S v chng b oxi ha n SO42-. Thng thng th S c gn vo cht nn rn chng bao gm cht rn di y nh CaCO3, bi v oxi ha S xy ra trong acid mnh S(s)+6/5NO3-+2/5H20SO42-+3/5N2+4/5H+ Ha hc lng php ca phn ng kh nitrat Phi hp 3 qu trnh Nitrate ha khc nhau c kim tra: d dng s dng methanol nh cht cho in t , d dng vi cht cho in t l acetat v t dng vi H2 nh cht cho in t. T bng 10.1 chng ta s dng gi tr fos ln lt l 0.36;0.52 v 0.21. Mi phn ng th c hot ng vi mt SRT ca 15d. Chng ta c th tnh ton cho tt c nhng phng trnh ha hc lng php cho mi h thng di nhng iu kin khc nhau - Th nht mi h thng c gi tr fs v fe ring nhn c t cng thc : khi b=0.05/d v fd=0.8 cho tt c cc h thng, th ta tnh c Phn ng fs fe D dng vi methanol 0.267 0.733 D dng vi acetate 0.342 0.658 T dng vi H2 0.137 0.862 - Th hai cc bn phn ng c lin quan th: T bo s dng NO3- nh ngun N 1/28NO3- +5/28CO2+29/28H+ =1/28C5H7O2N +11/28H2O + cht nhn in t 1/5NO3- +6/5H+ +e- =1/10N2 +3/5H2O + cht cho e: Methanol 1/6CO2 +H+ +e- =1/6CH3OH +1/6H2O Acetat 1/8COO2 +1/8HCO3- + H+ +e- = 1/8CH3COO- +3/8H2O Kh H2 H+ +e- =1/2H2 Th ba:cc bn phn ng c kt hp theo: R= -R(cht cho) +feR(cht nhn) + fsR(t bo) D dng vi methanol

0.1667CH3OH + 0.1561NO3- +0.1561H+ =0.00954C5H7O2N + 0.0733N2 + 0.3781H2O + 0.119CO2 D dng vi acetat 0.125CH3COO- + 0.1448NO3- + 0.1438H+ = 0.0122C5H7O2N + 0.658N2 + 0.125HCO3- + 0.0639CO2 + 0.1542H2O D dng vi kh H2 0.5H2 + 0.1773NO3- + 0.0246CO2 + 0.1773H+ = 0.00493C5H7O2N + 0.0862N2 + 0.5714H2O Bng tm tt 10.2 th a ra nhng ha hc lng php c bit ca phn ng, qua bng th ta cng bit c khi lng sinh khi sinh ra ca qu trnh kh nitrat c biu din qua gi tr fs, t l gia VSS(sinh ra)/NO3-(tiu th), hoc t l gia khi lng VSS(sinh ra)/OD(tiu th) v n suy gim ng k t acetat n methanol n kh H2. Mt xu hng khc l t 4.3 n 13% in t ca NO3-_N tiu th c s dng nh ngun N cho qu trnh tng hp, t l ln nht c lin quan n gi tr fs ln nht.Bng 10.2 th cng ch ra 28.6% DO ca sinh khi c u t vo vic kh ngun N 3 trng thi oxi ha Nhng s liu trong bng 10.2 cng hng dn vic thit k h thng x l ph hp. V d qu trnh kh nitrat d dng vi acetat i hi phi cung cp khong 4g BOD cho mi gam NO3--N . Ti thi gian th n sn xut ra khong 0.69g VSS ca sinh khi v 3.6g CaCO3 ca tnh kim. Trc kia n c s dng xc nh t l bn thi ra, trong khi gn y n c s dng gii quyt nc c cha m thch hp. 2.2.1 Qu trnh kh Nitrate bc 3 vi bn hot tnh Qu trnh kh nitrat bc 3 vi bn hot tnh thng thng c s dng x l cho nhng nc thi c cha nitrat. Cc m hnh x l c bn ging nh qu trnh x l hiu kh s dng bn hot tnh: b khuy trn, b lng bt hot, bn tun hon v bn thi kim sot thi gian lu bn. Nhn chung SRT l khong 5 ngy tnh t thi im thm cht hu c cho in t. Thi gian ny th lu hn so vi qu trnh kh nitrat t dng.(Bng 10.2) Bng 10.2 Reaction Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Type with Methanol with Acetate with H2 fs Electron equivalents in donor Electron equivalents in biomass Total (=fs) In C (= s) In N (= s) NO3 consumed Mol e eq as acceptor (=fs) e-eq as N source e- eq total Net H+ consumed H+ equivalent Key rations g OD/g NO3N g alk as CaCO3/g NO3N g VSS/g NO3N 0.267 1 0.267 0.191 0.076 0.1561 0.733 0.076 0.809 0.1561 3.66 3.57 0.490 0.342 1 0.342 0.244 0.098 0.1438 0.658 0.098 0.756 0.1438 3.97 3.57 0.685 0.138 1 0.138 0.099 0.039 0.1773 0.862 0.039 0.901 0.1773 3.22 3.57 0.224

g VSS/g OD (=Yn)

0.135

0.172

0.0696

Mc d qu trnh kh nitrat bng bn hot tnh ging vi qu trnh x l hiu kh nhiu im, nhng m hnh h thng c nhiu im khc nhau: - Th nht l b x l c thit k gim n mc ti thiu s thng kh. Mc d cht lng cha trong b rt cn s khuy trn nhng cn hn ch n mc ti thiu s tip xc vi khng kh. gii quyt vn ny th ngi ta thng khuy trn c cht bng tuabin chm. Trong 1 s trng hp th b phn ng c che kn, mc d cch ny khng c thng dng. - Th hai i hi s b xung cc cht cho in t. Mc d lng chnh xc cht cho in t c th c tnh chnh xc bi ha hc lng php, nhng mt quy tc nht nh l 4gBODL/g NO3- -N trong sut qu trnh kh. Cht cho in t cn phi c thm vo nu O2 i vo h thng . Cht cho in t hu c c th c tng cng cung cp cho dng nc thi. H2 c thm vo tt nht cng vi mng bt ha tan. Cht S kh thm vo trong h thng l lng,bi v n c cung cp di dng cht rn ha tan, ni chung sulfide (HS-), sulfite (SO3), hoc thiosulfate (S2O32-) c th c thm vo di dng cht lng, nhng vic ny c kh nng s lm tng nhanh vi khun dng si v lng ln bn. Thit k b lng th da vo nguyn tc nh trong qu trnh x l hiu kh. N c th xem s tng bn l mt vn , tuy nhin s thnh cng ca qu trnh kh l lm gim nng ca NO3- trong b phn ng Thit k c bn qu trnh kh Nitrate bc 3 s dng bn hot tnh Mt dng nc thi 1000 m3/d cha 50mg/L NO3- -N, 2 mg/L O2, khng c lp cho in t. Chng ta hon thnh 1 thit k s b m phn b sung acid acetic v 1 SRT 5d. Hn hp dung dch d bay hi v cht rn l lng c nng 2500 mg/L. Mc d s thng kh l nh nht, O2 c thm vo c nng 6 mg O2/L trong dng chy. (ch rng nu c s thng kh y , s thm hng trm mg/L O2 vo dng nc.) + Th nht, chng ta phi tnh t l acid acetic, ci c thm vo kh nitrate v O2. Khi f so = 0.52 cho qu trnh kh nito vi acid acetic, x = 5d, b = 0.05/d, fd= 0.8, fs = 0.4368, lm nn phng trnh ca phn ng kh nito: 0.125 CH3COOH + 0.1282 NO3- + 0.1282 H+ = 0.05632 N2 + 0.0156 C5H7O2N + 0.1720 H2CO3 + 0.0875 H2O T phng trnh ny, ta thy t l acid acetic v NO3- cn cho phn ng: = Bin i thnh n v khi lng: . .
-

V vy, ly i 50mg/L NO3 -N cn 4.46 x 50 = 223 mg BODL/L acid acetic. O2 cng b kh. Phng trnh cho phn ng hiu kh bao gm fso = 0.6,b = 0.1/d, fd = 0.8, v x = 5d. 0.125 CH3COOH + 0.14 O2 + 0.0157 NO3- + 0.0157 H+ = 0.0157 C5H7O2N + 0.1714H2CO3 + 0.0315H2O T phng trnh ny cho thy: . = T phng trnh ny c ngha l acid acetic thm vo tiu th ht O2 l: . (2 + 6 mg O2 / L) = 14 mg BODL/ L Tm li, acid acetic phi c thm vo sinh ra 223 + 14 = 237 mgBODL/L trong dng chy.

+ Th hai, t l bn sinh ra vn cn t phng trnh trn v gi s 100% acid acetic phn ng hon ton, sn lng quan st c: . = cho s kh nito v . = 0.22 g VSS/ g BODL cho s oxi ha hiu kh. Tng sn phm VSS l: . 1,000 m3/d . V=

= 52 kg VSS/d = 104 m3

+ Th ba, th tch ca h thng phi c tnh t x , t l sn phm VSS, v MLVSS cn: = Ti trng th tch (QSo / V) l 2,3 kg BODL/ 1,000 m3 d, 1 gi tr cao hn bnh thng c dng trong bn hot tnh hiu kh. Mt ti trng th tch cao hn c thc hin, bi v hn ch oxy vn chuyn khng phi l vn . Tuy nhin, thit k b lng vn phi c xem xt v c th thc y th tch ca h thng tng ln, ci cn cho MLVSS thp hn x. Ch cui cng, acid acetic thm vo ca h thng. Tuy nhin, s kh nito tiu th t l H+ gn nh cn bng vi acid acetic. Do , s thm vo ca acid acetic s lm gim pH trong l phn ng. S nh hng ca pH c th c tnh ton dng nguyn tc acid/base v xem nh lin quan n h thng aacid/base yu. 2.2.2 Qu trnh mng sinh hc Qu trnh kh nito l 1 trong nhng ng dng d dng nht trong phm vi rng ca x l mng sinh hc. Mc d nitrate l cht nhim chnh, in t cho lun 1 t l gii hn. Do , thit k ca h thng sinh hc cho s kh nito nn ph thuc vo dng ca lp cho. Bng 10.1 ch ra rng JR ca lp cho in t gn nh 1 kg OD/1,000 m2-d. Tt nhin gi tr chnh xc ph thuc vo lp cho dng v iu kin ca phn ng, nh t l tch ra v nhit . S hot ng khc ca h thng sinh hc l gi tr J ca lp cho hu c t 15 n 22 kg BODL/1,000 m2-d thng dng l vic cn thit loi b nit v nng BOD c th chp nhn c trong nc thi. Dng H2 nh 1 in t t dng tch NO3- cho dng chy l 25 kg OD/1,000 m2-d, tng ng 3.1 kg H2/ 1,000 m2-d. Bng t l ny, dng NO3-(kg N/1,000m2-d) bng 1/3 n gi tr ca dng cho. Hu nh cc h thng sinh hc hot ng tt cho s kh nito, min l oxy vn chuyn c gi mc ti thiu v s bt kn khng xy ra. H thng thnh cng bao gm: Hn ch thng kh trong RBCs Lp chm c nh ca , ct, vi hay cht do. Lp ha lng ca ct, cacbon hoat ha, ht nha trao i ion Lp lng ca nhng ht nh Mng ngn ca l phn ng sinh hc, loi mng cung cp H2 v l mng bm dnh sinh hc. Thi gian gi nc thp khi b mt vn chuyn thng thong. V d, x l cht lng c thi gian gi nc t hn 10 pht( Jeris, Beer, and Mueller, 1974). Ti trng th tch trong trng hp ny c th vt qu 20,000 kg BODL/1,000m3-d. 2.3 Qu trnh kh Nitrate bn bc 1 Qu trnh kh nitrate bn bc 1 c gi l bn n hay qu trnh kh N kt hp, lin quan n ch s BOD trong nc thi thc hin qu trnh kh Nitrate. V vy bn kh nitrate bc 1

khng th hot ng nh mt qu trnh b sung sau qu trnh x l th cp, bi v x l th cp (x l bc 2) loi b nhng cht hu c ng vai tr l cht cho in t. Hn na s kh nitrate din ra phi c s tch hp y cc qu trnh hiu kh, oxi ha BOD v nitrat ha. Qu trnh tch hp phi d tr cht cho in t hu c cho qua trnh phn nitrat thiu kh, trong khi ti cng mt thi gian, nu cung cp iu kin hiu kh th cho php din ra qu trnh nitrate ha, to nitrat cho qu trnh phn Nitrat. 2 qu trnh ny hu nh tri ngc nhau. Trong thc t, chng c th c iu ha. t c 2 mc ch ca qu trnh kh nitrate bn bc 1 cung cp nhiu li ch cho x l nc thi: - V khng phi thm tc nhn cho in t t bn ngoi vo h thng nn gim c chi ph hn so vi qu trnh kh nitrate bc 3 - V mt s loi nc thi c BOD b oxi ha vi nitrate nh cht nhn in t, khng phi O2, nn chi ph sc kh gim so vi h thng khc nitrate ha N dng kh trong nc thi. - Thnh cng loi b hon ton hoc hu nh hon ton N, do cc ngun nc c bo v khi nguy c ph dng ha. Nhng nm gn y, khoc hc k thut pht trin tip cn mt cch r rang nhng i lp ca qu trnh bn kh Nitrat bc 1. Mt lot cu hnh k thut, nhng tt c qu trnh bn bc 1 da trn 3 tin trnh c bn, c m t trong phn tip theo. Bng cch no c th kt hp cc tin trnh ny li vi nhau to ra hiu qu cho qu trnh x l s c nu trong phn sau. 2.3.1 Cc tin trnh c bn bn bc 1 Nc thi thng thng cha BOD hu c v N dng kh c gi la tng Nit Kjeldahl (TKN). TKN s c oxi ha thnh NO3- _N m khng oxi ha ht tt c BOD trc qu trnh phn Nitrat. 3 tin trnh c bn d tr cht hu c cho in t trong khi qu trnh nitrate ha din ra: + D tr v phn hy sinh khi + Tin kh Nitrat c in + Nitrat ha ng thi vi kh Nitrat 2.3.1.1 D tr v tng hp sinh khi Hnh a:
Low BOD Low High Aerobic BOD Oxidation Nitrification Biomass systhesis Anoxic Denitrification with biomass as donor

BOD0 TNK0

aeration n Sludge recycle

Sludge waste

Qu trnh d tr v phn hy sinh khi lu gi cc electron t cht cho in t ban u trong sinh khi. Tng hp sinh khi d tr ng lng electron c ngun gc ban u t BOD v c gii phng thng qua h hp ni sinh thc hin qu trnh kh Nitrat. Vic tip cn

sinh khi ny gn lin vi cc k s Thy s ni ting (Wuhrmanm, 1964) v c gi l qu trnh phn hy sinh khi Wuhrmanm. Hnh a) cho thy, d tr v phn hy sinh khi, bao gm b hiu kh bn hot tnh, trong TKN b Nitrat ha chuyn v dng NO3- _N; trong khi BOD b oxi ha 1 phn v mt phn c lu tr qua qu trnh tng hp sinh khi. Hn hp bn-nc thi sau chy vo b thiu kh, ni m NO3- _N c chuyn thnh N2 t do qua qu trnh h hp ni sinh. B x l, bn tun hon v bn thi c s dng cho ln lt cc chc nng: ng thnh dng rn, cht rn ti ch v kim sot SRT. Mc d qu trnh lu gi v phn hy sinh khi n gin v hiu qu cho vic gi electron cho qu trnh kh Nitrat, khng thng s dng n nh 1 qu trnh ring l. 2 thiu st gii thch ti sao vic ng dng qu trnh lu gi v phn hy sinh khi b hn ch : - Qu trnh h hp ni sinh c ng hc chm. ng hc chm ca h hp ni sinh c ngha l nng cao cht rn l lng hn dch v thi gian lu nc di trong b thiu kh l cn thit. C 2 dn n chi ph u t cao, trong khi trc y c th to nn vn vn hnh vi b x l v vic tun hon. - Th 2, phn hy sinh khi lun to ra NH4+ _N. V vy b thiu kh tun hon N v m BOD vo nc, mc d nng thp hn ban u. 2.3.1.2 Tin kh Nitrate c in Hnh b:
BOD0 TNK0 Some BOD Anoxic BOD Oxidation by nitrate respiration Aerobic BOD Oxidation and nitrification Sludge waste Low BOD some low

High and mixed liquor recycle

aeration a

Tin kh Nitrat c in Hnh b, trc tip s dng BOD trong dng nc thi cho qu trnh kh nitrat. lm c iu ny, b cha u tin l b thiu kh. BOD trong nc thi l cht cho in t cho qu trnh kh Nitrat xy ra b cha th nht. b 2, hiu kh hon ton, ni m TKN trong nc thi b nitrat ha thnh NO3- _N v lng BOD khng c dng trong b thiu kh s c tiu th trong qu trnh hiu kh. Nitrat c hnh thnh trong b hiu kh c cung cp cho b thiu kh bi lng ln dng chy tun hon . H thng ny c gi l tin kh Nitrat, bi v qu trnh kh Nitrat c din ra b u tin, v theo sau l nhng phn ng hiu kh. Trc khi xy ra qu trnh kh Nitrat, lm sao lng electron cha trong lng BOD c duy tr cho qu trnh ny. Cha kha cho vic s dng BOD trong nc thi l dng tun hon nitrate t b hiu kh. NO3- khng tun hon trong nc thi v loi b phn on N bi qu trnh kh Nitrat tng ng vi ti ch (100% . vi Q l lu lng dng chy vo b v l lu lng dng tun hon ( mi quan h ny c lm r phn cui ca phn Bn kh Nitrat bc 1). V vy, h s ) ca 400% tr ln c s dng mang lng NO3- tr li b thiu kh, v vy tng N c loi b l rt ln.

Sludge recycle

Phng php tin kh Nitrat c in i vo s dng rng ri trn ton th gii. li th ca n bao gm vic s dng trc tip lng BOD trong nc thi cho qu trnh kh Nitrat, iu ny lm gim chi ph sc kh so vi hiu kh nghim ngt loi b BOD hon ton; Cc qu trnh ng hc cng din ra nhanh hn so vi phng php lu gi v phn hy sinh khi. Khuyt im chnh ca phng php ny l tiu tn nhiu kinh ph cho h thng ng dn v bm. 2.3.1.3 Hnh c:
BOD0 TNK0 Controlled Low D.O Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and aerobic BOD oxidation x> 15 days Sludge waste Sludge recycle

Kt hp 2 qu trnh Nitrate ha v phn Nitrate ha

Low BOD, and

Cch tip cn th 3 ca phng php Bn kh Nitrat bc 1 l Nitrat ha ng thi vi kh Nitrat. c minh ha hnh c Khi nng DO xung thp hn 1 mg/l (ppm) th qu trnh phn Nitrat thiu kh s din ra song song vi cc phn ng hiu kh ca qu trnh Nitrat ha v qu trnh oxi ha BOD. 3 yu t cho php tt c cc phn ng din ra ng thi: 1. Cc loi enzyme nitrogen reductase c ngn chn ch khi DO > 1 mg/l. 2. Qu trnh c ch enzyme nitrogen reductase l khng ng k khi DO < 1 mg/l. 3. DO trong h thng xung thp hn bnh thng, v vy qu trnh kh Nitrat c th din ra thm ch cn mnh m hn khi bn trong mng sinh hc, ngay khi cc cht cho in t lt (thm nhp) vo bn trong t bo. C bn 100% qu trnh loi b N bng s kt hp qu trnh Nitrat ha vi kh Nitrat c ghi nhn, v mt phn qu trnh kh Nitrat c th din ra trong hu ht cc h thng bn hot tnh nitrate ha v c nng DO di mc bo ha. Khi bn hot tnh c khai thc trit , s kt hp qu trnh Nitrat ha vi kh Nitrat pht huy tt c nhng u im ca qu trnh tin kh Nitra , ng thi loi b c nhng im bt li chnh, hiu qu tun hon tng ln. V mt nh hng, duy tr mt nng DO thp trong sut qu trnh x l to ra 1 t l tun hon v cng cao v cho php loi b 100% N. Ngy nay, hn ch chnh ca vic lp t h thng kt hp Nitrat ha vi kh Nitrat l chng ta cha bit c s lin quan ca SRT (thi gian lu bn), thi gian lu nc v DO c thc s m bo. c im chung ca tt c cc qu trnh kh nitrate bn bc 1 l mt cng ng vi sinh vt thc hin tt c cc phn ng. Cng ng ny chnh l Bn bc 1. Vi khun Nitrat oxi ha ammoni bt c khi no c s hin din cu DO, sinh vt d dng c s chuyn i qua li gia h hp thiu kh v hiu kh hoc chng thc hin ng thi 2 phng thc h hp ny. V nhng sinh vt Nitrat ha l c th t dng, t l tng trng ca chng s kim sot SRT mc cn thit, nhng tt c cc chng vi sinh vt c cng SRT. Nhng SRT ln hn 15 d (days) c s dng trong hu ht cc h thng v i khi cn di hn na. SRT cn cung cp nhng nhn t an ton

cho cc vi khun nitrat ha khi nng DO xung thp hoc =0. SRT di c ngha l s tch t ca MSLL l ng k. Mt kt qu thc t cho SRT di l thi gian lu nc () cn phi tng ln gi cho hm lng MSLL trong gii hn hp l, iu ny c quyt nh bng hiu sut ca b cha. Nhng thng s ca b cha cho qu trnh kh nitrate bn bc 1 c dng tng t nh nhng b hiu kh m rng cho bn hot tnh. Thi gian lu nc trong cc phn ng cho qu trnh tin kh Nitrat v kt hp Nitrat ha vi kh Nitrat thng thng mt t nht 10 gi i vi cht thi in hnh v ln hn 24 gi cho mt s trng hp. Thm ch yu cu thi gian lu nc cn di hn khi nc thi b nhim nng. 2.3.2 Qu trnh bin i c bn bn bc 1 Nhng bt li ca cc tin trnh c bn cho qu trnh kh nitrate bn bc 1thc y pht trin k hoch kt hp cc tin trnh c bn khc phc cc hn ch. Ba bin th l qu trnh Barnard, b phn ng hng lot v h thng mng sinh hc. 2.3.2.1 Qu trnh Barnard 1.Anoxic influent
2. aerobic nitrification 11h

predenitrificati on = 3h (based on Q) Mixed liquor recycle

4. aerobic nitrification 1h

3. anoxic denitrificatio n 3h
effluentt t

settle r

Sludge recycle

Sludge wasting

Hnh 10.2 Qu trnh kt hp ni ting nht mang tn ngi pht minh ra n, Dr. J. Barnard Nam Phi(Barnard,1975). Qu trnh Barnard, th hin di dng s nh hnh 10.2, bt u vi tin phn nitrate trong khung 1 v 2. Thi gian lu thy lc in hnh, da trn dng chy lu lng Q, khong 14h cho giai on tin phn nitrat vi phm vi t 7 n 24h. Vi mt t l tun hon cho QR2 ca 400%, kh

ong chng 80% ca u vo TKN b phn nitrat thnh N2, trong khi khong 20% ri khi b 2 thnh NO3--N. Nu u vo TKN l 50mg/l, NO3--N khan ri khi b 2 vo khong 10mg/l. Nc thi t b 2 chy vo b 3, ni m h hp ni sinh kh nhin liu 10mg/l NO3_-N thnh kh N2. Thi gian in hnh lu gi thy lc l 3h. Phn hy t bo gii phng NH4+-N vo nc vi t l khong 0.3mg NH4+-N/mg NO3_-N. V vy, dng vo t s phn hy sinh khi( b 3) bao gm khong 3mg NH4+-N/l. B 4 quy nh khong 1h qut gi vo oxi ha NH4+-N thnh NO3_-N. V th, u ra t qu trnh Barnard bao gm NO3_-N vo khong 6% u vo TKN. B lng hot ng nhng chc nng thng thng ca n v c thit k vi tiu chun kh m rng. Qu trnh Barnard ph bin rng ri trn th gii, s dng qu trnh kh nitrate bn bc mt loi b thnh cng 90% N. Tr ngi ca n l nhiu b, tng ng thi gian lu thy lc di, v dng tun hon ng k gia b 2 v 1. 2.3.2.2 B Hiu kh gin on (SBR)

Hnh 10.3

Fill Anoxic

React 1 Aerobic

React 2 Anoxic

React 3 Aerobic

Settle

3h Mix

3h Aerated

2h Mixed

0.33h Aerated

0.67h Quiescent

B phn ng hng lot (SBR) l phng php thay th t c mc ch ging nh tin kh nitrate v qu trnh Barnard. Hnh 10.3 m t mt chu trnh 9h in hnh loi b c 90% N, nh qu trnh Barnard. Trong sut giai on thiu oxy, BOD nc thi b nitrate ha vi NO3- mang theo bn lng t chu trnh trc. Giai on hiu kh u tin, oxy ha TKN thnh NO3-, trong khi BOD d c tn dng cho hiu kh. Giai on b thiu kh phn nitrat ch yu qua h hp ni sinh. Giai on b hiu kh th hai( b 3) bin i NH4+-N, gii phng trong b thiu kh, thnh NO3_ u ra(sau lng) v mang theo cho b thiu kh ca chu trnh tip theo. SBR nm bc gn nh cng chc nng trong thi gian 5 giai on ca qu trnh Barnard trong khng gian. S khc bit ng k duy nht l SBR ch s dng NO3- mang theo t b lng v chuyn n tin phn nitrat, trong khi qu trnh Barnard ch yu s dng hn hp cht lng tun hon t giai on hiu kh u tin. Mc d chu trnh SBR thng thng ko di 8 n 12h, SRT v thi gian lu thy lc ging qu trnh Barnard. SRT l 15h hoc nhiu hn trong khi thi gian lu thy lc l 8 n 24h. Hot ng SBR c th c rt ngn ch cn tin phn nitrat. V th, b thiu kh, mt b hiu kh, v giai on lng c gi li. 2.3.2.3 H thng mng sinh hc

Hnh 10.4
influent

Anoxic biofilm reactor denitrification

Aerobic biofilm reactor Nitrification and aerobic BOD oxidation

effluent

High effluent recycle to turn

ng thi qu trnh nitrat v kh nitrat c th hon thnh vi qu trnh mng sinh hc, ging nh s pht trin huyn ph. Dn n s kt hp t nhin ca mng sinh hc , oxy ha BOD hiu kh, nitrat ha v kh nitrat c th tin hnh song song vi cc lp khc nhau ca mng sinh hc. V th, ng thi qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat bng mng sinh hc c th thc hin trong mt b vi nhiu cch tng t nh cch xut hin bn hot tnh. Nng DO, t l tch ri cc mng sinh hc v ti b mt ca BOD l thng s thit k quan trng. Nghin cu v pht trin trong tng lai l cn thit xac1 nh phm vi ng tin cy cho cc tham s thit k. Tin kh nitrate mng sinh hc c th thc hin c. Hnh 10.4 m t b mng sinh hc thiu kh trc mt b mng sinh hc hiu kh, v dng thi hiu kh c tun hon cung cp NO3_ cho b mng sinh hc k kh. Tin kh nitrate mng sinh hc, hai cng ng vi khun khc bit pht trin. V th n khng phi l bn bc mt, mc d n t c tt c mc ch ca qu tnh bn bc mt. Bi v sinh khi khng di chuyn vi nc, h thng mng sinh hc th hin hnh 10.4 khng khai thc sinh lu gi v phn hy sinh khi. Nu s kh nitrat l cn thit , qu trnh bc ba nn a vo trong hnh 10.4. Ln lt, giai on th ba c th c hot ng lu gi v phn hy sinh khi nu n hot ng trong trnh t vi giai on 2. Nn tng sinh khi v d tr OD trong sut giai on hiu kh, trong khi n hot ng kh nitrat ni sinh khi k kh. Mi b mng sinh hc c th thit k nguyn l s dng qu trnh b mng sinh hc. B hiu kh l mt v d m trong qu trnh nitrat ha v oxy ha BOD hiu kh phi cng tn ti. B thiu kh thng thng c BOD d ng k, trong khi nng NO3_N c th rt nh. V th, t l gii hn c cht c th c NO3-, ch khng phi BOD. Nghin cu chuyn su l cn thit trc khi chng ta bit Tm quan trng ca gii hn NO3- trong b sinh hc thiu kh. QU TRNH ANAMMOX

Gn y, mt vi khun l trong nhm sinh vt bm y c pht hin vi kh nng oxy ha k kh NH4+-N thnh N2 (Strous, Kuenen, v Jetten, 1999; Strous et al.,1999). Chng ny c gi l vi khun ANAMMOX, vit tt ca Anaerobic AMMonium Oxidation. Vi khun ANAMMOX dng ammonium nh cht cho in t v nitrate nh cht nhn in t. Phng trnh nng lng nh sau: NH4+ + NO2- = N2 + 2 H2O Cc t bo t dng, cacbon v c c chuyn thnh cacbon cu to t bo thng qua qu trnh oxy ha nitrite thnh nitrate. Nitrite cng c xem nh ngun cung cp nito: 5 CO2 + 14 NO2- + 3 H2O + H+ = C5H7O2N + 13 NO3Sn phm sinh ra v tc tng trng c trng ca qu trnh ANAMMOX l khng cao, ch khong 0,14g VSSa/gNH4+-N v tng ng 0,065/d (Strous, Heifnen, Kuenen, Jetten, 1998). iu ny cho chng ta h s cn bng l: NH4+ + 1,26 NO2- + 0,085 CO2 + 0,02 H+ = N2 + 0,01 C5H7O2N + 0,24 NO3+ + 1,95 H2O S pht hin ra ANAMMOX l mt pht hin mang tnh t ph trong k thut sinh hc mi trng. Tuy nhin, s quan trng ca ANAMMOX trong k thut sinh hc mi trng vn cha c bit n. iu kin tch ly ti u ca qu trnh gm thi gian lu c bit (SRT rt di), hot ng bn vng, s c mt ca nitrite, thiu oxy, thiu ngun cp c th l nguyn nhn ca s gim nitrite thng qua phn nitrate. III. Kt Lun

Trong cc phng php x l nit, th x l nit bng phng php sinh hc cho hiu sut kh nit cao t 70-95% lng nit trong nc thi. Qu trnh x l n nh, ng tin cy. Cc cng trnh s dng cng d vn hnh v qun l, din tch t yu cu nh, chi ph u t hp l

Bn cnh qu trnh kh nit bng phng php thng thng l nitrat ha v phn nitrat th qu trnh Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation) cho hiu sut x l cao hn vi nhiu u im ni tri nht l gim c lng bn x l v lng oxi cung cp cho qu trnh x l. Vi nhng tc hi do nit trong nc thi em n cho sc khe con ngi v cho mi trng, vic tm ra cc bin php x l cho hiu qu cao, t tn km ng thi m bo s pht trin bn vng, dng chnh nhng yu t sinh thi trong t nhin x l l v cng cn thit. Chng ta cn nghin cu pht trin v hon thin hn na cc qu trnh x l ny, m bo s n inh ca mi trng sng.