Objectives:

To use Mohr circle to calculate principal stresses and to calculate the maximum shear
stresses. To see how pressure force effects on a specimen of material that have inner and
outer diameters and how a fracture possible to be in different directions. In addition, to
know the stresses that will be occurring on a cylinder has a thickness (t), and watch the
direction of strain. In addition, to learn how to select special design for each purpose of
use of materials that resists pressure supply. Finally, to obtain Youngs modulus (E) and
principal strains (
a
,
b
,
c
,
xy
,
xy
)

Introduction and theory:

The More circle diagram is a graphical method for expressing the relations between principal
stresses and their corresponding directions. When we applied torque to thin walled vessel and
reached to the maximum point the failure happens. The reason of that axial failure is the
internal pressure of the material that the pressure makes a normal stresses on the surface.
(The value of stress on longitudinal section is twice as on the width section).
Our test will be on a cylinder has a circular & longitudinal cross-sections.
In (fig.1.a) stress will be normal to the shaded area, stress called Hoop stress Area = 2t
* L.
In (fig.1.b) stress will be also normal to the shaded, and is called normal stress. Area =
2 * R * t.




















t
L
Figure.1 a
R
t
Figure.1 b

xy

x

x

b
= 45




Stress element

a
=
XX
=
0

b
=
XY
=
45
(
0
+
90
)/2

c
=
YY
=
90

XX
= E (
XX
+
YY
) / (1
2
)

YY
= E (
YY
+
XX
) / (1
2
)

XY
= E
XY
/ 1+

Generalized Hookes law:

XX
= (
XX
-
YY
)/E

YY
= (
YY
-
XX
)/E

XY
=2( 1+ )
XY
/E

XX
= Pr/ 2t (Axial stress)

YY
= Pr/ t (Hoop stress)

XY
= Tr/

J
o
(Torsional shear stress)
t :is the thickness of the vessel.
P: is the internal pressure.
r :is the radius at which the stress is computed .
= 4L
XY
/ d
o
= /r (radian) r: radius of Troptometer (mm), : deflection (mm).
T (N.m) = T (kg.cm)*9.81/100 T: Torque.
J = (/32)*R
4
. J: polar moment of inertia
T= GJ
o
/L
G=E/2(1+)

xy
= 2*
xy.

xy
=
b
(
a
+
b
)/2 =
xy
/2

u
= (
xx
+
yy
)/2 + (
xx

yy
)/2* cos(2) +
xy
* sin(2).


Instruments and specimens:

Tenius Olsens torque torsion machine; thin-wall closed-end aluminum cylindrical vessel
with two bonded strain gage rectangular roselles and troptometer Vishays SB-1 (or SB-2)
Switch and Balance Unit and P-360A Digital Strain Indicator.




2mm









L=150 mm



Procedure:

1. We took the dimensions of the specimen correctly and put it in the machine.
2. We measured the radius of the Troptometer.
3. We fixed the strain gages in the specimen in a correct way and correct place.
4. We applied the torque to produce torsion and shear stress.
5. We took the reading of the deflection and strain gages at different torques and made
calculations.
6. We applied an internal pressure at last reading.

Data and results:


1 4 3 6 2 5
State
P
(bar)
T
(kg.cm)

(mm) x1 x2 h1 h2 1 45 2 45
Pressure only 7 0 0 1036 1036 1180 1178 1110 1110
Torque only 0 90 0.01 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010 1006

0 330 0.02
1000 1000 1000 1000
1028 1022

0 670 0.03
1000 1000 1000 1000
1050 1050

0 750 0.04
1000 1000 1000 1000
1052 1054
Pressure & Torque 7 750 0.04 1030 1046 1182 1176 1164 1160
d0=100 mm Pressure vessel


L=150 mm R
**
=150 mm
t= 2 mm E=77.6 GPa
D
o
=100 mm u= 0.31

J = t(do
4
di
4
)/32=t*((0.1)
4
-(0.096)
4
)/32= 1.479*10
-6
m
4
.


We find that G = 29982
G=slope*L/J= 29982*0.15/ 1.479*10-06 = 30.407 GPa
And using relation E=2G(1+) to find E experimentally (=0.31)
E=2* 30.407 (1.31) =80.444 GPa.
The theoretical is E= (77 GPa).



B. using strain gage readings:
Another way to find the angle of twist (), by using relation
And, xy= 45 (0+90),
where xx = 0, coming from the reading of strain gages G1,G2. yy=
90, coming from G3,G4, 45 from G5,G6.



y = 29982x - 4.2919
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003
Series1
Linear (Series1)
T N/M Angle (rad)
0 0
8.829 0.006667
32.373 0.013333
65.727 0.020000
73.575 0.026667
73.575 0.026667
xy
d
L
c
|
.
|

\
|
= u

4
()
*10
-3
(
xy
)
*10
-6
(
45
)
*10
-6
(
90
)
*10
-6
(
0
)
*10
-6
Torque
N.m
0.3225 53.75 56 1 3.5 8.829
0.636 106 112 2 10 32.373
0.939 156.5 163.5 2 12
65.727
1.122 187 195.5 3.5 13.5
73.575