AC resonance Lab Name: James Piekarz Lab Partners: Pete Sehmitt, Noah Gorajski Date: 04/19/2012

Purpose: The purpose of the lab is to see how changing resistance, capacitance, or inductance, can affect the RLC circuits behavior. Then view these behaviors through an alternating wave form.

Theory: Resonant frequencies are vibrations that are much larger vibrations than the normal. When a frequency hits resonant frequency this can cause vibrations that can break glass and upset the balance of material. In RLC circuits we can purposely induce an AC waveform, thus creating a maximum amount of current, and a higher than normal current that would have been impossible otherwise. RLC circuits are made with an inductor, capacitor, resistor, and a power supply in series. To analyze an RLC circuit we assume that a power supply is feeding in AC. We can ( ) in this equation is the peak measure the current of our circuit then using current amplitude, and the w is the angular frequency. The RLC circuit is complicated in that as the current runs through the circuit, the capacitor is charging and discharging. While the capacitor is charging and discharging the inductor is creating and receiving magnetic fields. As this is going on the resistor heats us and produces a higher energy. Impedance of an RLC circuit can be defined as the opposition to current in a circuit when a voltage is present. Impedance is a fancy ratio we use to find this opposition when dealing with AC waveforms. The formula for impedance is ( ) . In this ratio we find the resistance in the circuit (R). And the reactance values for capacitance and inductivity. The point of the RLC circuit is to be able to obtain what is called the Resonant Frequency. To reach our resonant frequency the current through the circuit must be maximized. Using a simple equation we can see that when the voltage is high our current and impedance is as well.

Equipment: 20 MHZ Protek Oscilloscope Model P350 2C GW in stek Function Generator Model 802-04 Connecting wire 2.2 and 10mH inductors 10,22, and 50 nF capacitors 150, 220, and 270 Ohm resistors Breadboard scope probes

Procedure:

The lab began with the construction of our RLC circuit. To construct an RLC circuit we used our bread board and put a resistor, capacitor, and inductor all in series. This series was then powered by our function generator. We then attached our oscilloscope to the resistor to get our reading in a waveform data pattern. After the circuit was constructed and the oscilloscope was attached we turned on our function generator. The generator was set to sin wave output, and the amplitude was set to two-thirds of the maximum setting. We then needed to take six separate current readings. Our first current reading needed to be set at the highest current output or our resonant frequency. To do this we change the frequency on the generator. When the highest current output was found, we recorded our data and moved on to the next step. In this step and the following step we are asked to increase our frequency and then record our current and amplitudes for two frequency settings. And finally we then go back to our resonant frequency and then decrease our frequency on the generator and record our data including current. We do this twice decreasing our frequency and recording our data. This concludes one table of six different frequency points. We then do the same procedure for the next five tables, but we change a component of the series circuit in each. For the second table we change the resistor to a 220 ohm resistor. Then the third table we change the resistor again, but this time it is changed to a 270 ohm resistor. In the forth and fifth table we change our capacitor to the one specified, and the last table our inductor is changed.

Table 1: R = 150, C = 10nF, L = 2.2mH

Generator Frequency (kHZ) 28.48 33.07 40.00 21.14 24.16 18.94

Trace Period (s) 34 30 24 46 40 25

Trace Amplitude (V) 4 3.8 2.8 2.8 3.4 2.6

Trace Frequency (kHZ) 29.4 33.33 41.67 21.73 25.00 19.33

RMS Current (mA) 18.86 16.97 13.20 13.20 14.14 12.26

Table2: R = 220, C = 10nF, L = 2.2mH Generator Frequency (kHZ) 28.55 33.19 40.02 24.07 21.13 18.96 Trace Period (s) 34 30 24 40 46 52 Trace Amplitude (V) 4.5 4.2 2.6 4.0 3.7 3.6 Trace Frequency (kHZ) 29.41 33.33 41.67 25.00 21.7 19.23 RMS Current (mA) 14.46 13.50 11.57 12.86 11.89 11.57

Table3: R = 270, C = 10nF, L = 2.2mH Generator Frequency (kHZ) 28.47 30.00 40.10 24.16 20.99 18.99 Trace Period (s) 34 30 24 40 46 52 Trace Amplitude (V) 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.5 4.1 3.8 Trace Frequency (kHZ) 29.41 33.33 41.67 25.00 21.74 19.23 RMS Current (mA) 12.05 11.52 10.21 11.79 10.74 9.95

Table4: R = 150, C = 22nF, L = 2.2mH Generator Frequency (kHZ) 13.19 17.17 21.91 10.19 7.56 4.90 Trace Period (s) 76 56 44 96 130 200 Trace Amplitude (V) 4.8 4.6 2.6 3 2.8 2.6 Trace Frequency (kHZ) 13.15 17.86 22.73 10.42 7.69 5.00 RMS Current (mA) 22.6 21.6 12.26 14.14 13.20 12.26

Table5: R = 150, C = 50nF, L = 2.2mH Generator Frequency (kHZ) 14.58 20.99 30.09 12.04 8.87 5.5 Trace Period (s) 68 42 32 80 108 175 Trace Amplitude (V) 4.3 3.2 2.5 4.1 2.8 3.3 Trace Frequency (kHZ) 14.71 23.81 31.25 12.50 9.62 5.71 RMS Current (mA) 20.77 15.08 11.79 19.33 17.91 15.56

Table6: R = 150, C = 10nF, L = 10mH Generator Frequency (kHZ) 23.81 32.00 43.1 18.55 14.50 10.62 Trace Period (s) 42 30 22.5 52 70 90 Trace Amplitude (V) 3.9 2.9 2 3.5 5.0 2.88 Trace Frequency (kHZ) 23.81 33.33 44.44 19.23 14.29 11.11 RMS Current (mA) 18.38 13.67 9.43 16.50 14.14 13.20

Discussion: