Lecture #1

Topics to be covered: (i) Magnetostatic Field Intensity and Field Sources (ii) Biot-Savarts Law Reference: Hayt and Buck, page 210-218 Motivation: To understand the concept of magnetic field intensity and its method of calculation using Biot-Savarts Law

Magnetic (Magnetostatic) Field Intensity

Magneto + static
Magnetic field intensity source

Symbol of H . Unit of Ampere/meter (A/m). Field sources: Steady current. Type of field sources: (i) Filament current (ii) Surface current (iii) Volume current

Filament Current
dl
Filamentary current element: I dl (A.m)

Surface Current
dS
Js
Surface current element:

J S dS (A.m)

Surface current density : unit (A/m)

Volume Current
volume current density : unit (A/m2) Volume current element:

J
dv

J dv
(A.m)

Those elements (filament, surface and volume) will create magnetic field. But, how ???

Recall
Previously; in electric field calculation

Charge density;

Q, l , S , v

Coulombs Law

Electric field

Similarly, in magnetic field calculation Current density;

I, J S,J

Biot-Savarts Law

Magnetic field

Biot-Savarts Law
The law was co-originated by Felix Savart, a professor at College de France and Jean Baptiste Biot, a French physicist in 1820. Observations:

H I z
R

radius r
H I 1 H R2

Biot-Savarts Law
Hence, Biot-Savarts Law can be stated as:

H =

length , l

I dl a R (A / m) 2 4 R

(filament current)

H = H =

surface , S

J S a R dS (A / m) 2 4 R J a R dV 4 R 2 (A / m)

(surface current)

volume , V

(volume current)

Biot-Savarts Law
Consider a filamentary current;

dl

aR
R

I
H =

At any point, let B:

length , l

I dl a R (A / m) 2 4 R

Biot-Savarts Law-Filamentary Current

Consider a finite length of filamentary current: z b R r Step 1: Select current element

(0,0,z)
dl

dH

Step 2:

I
a

(r , , z ' )
z y

Identify dH Step 3: Integrate over filament current length to get total H

Biot-Savarts Law-Filamentary Current

Step 1: Current element Step 2: Identify dH

I dl

I dl a R dH = 4 R 2
Hence,

dl = dzz R = ( z z ' )( z ) + r r
3 2 2

dH =

Irdz 4 r 2 + (z z ')
3 2 2

Using:

dx

(c

+x

=
2

x c c +x
2

1 2 2

Biot-Savarts Law-Filamentary Current

Step 3:

I b z' H= 4r 2 2 r + (b z ')

) (r
1 2

a z'
2

+ (a z ')

1 2

Alternatively:

I (sin1 + sin2 ) ( A / m) H= 4r
For infinite length;

1 2

H =

I 2 r

( A / m )

Example 1
Consider AB in figure below as part of an electric circuit. Find H at the origin due to AB. y A 1 6A B 0 1 x

Example 2
A square conducting loop of side 2a lies in the z=0 plane and carries a current I in the counterclockwise direction. Find a magnetic field intensity at center of the loop.

Example 3
An infinitely long conductor is bent into an L shape as shown in figure below. If a direct current of 5 A flows in the conductor, find the magnetic field intensity at (a) (2,2,0), (b) (0,0,2) y 5A 5A 0 x

Example 4
The y and z axes, respectively, carry filamentary currents 10 A along y and 20 A along z. Find H at (-3,4,5).

Example 5
Find the expression for the H field along the axis of the circular current loop (radius of a), carrying a current I.

Next Lecture
Please have a preliminary observation on the following topics: (i) Amperes Circuital Law Please refer to Hayt and Buck, page 218-225