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Analog Signal Conditioning 1 Analog Signal Conditioning 1

Chapter 2 Chapter 2
Process Control Instrumentation Technology Process Control Instrumentation Technology
Transducer
Operational Amplifier
&
0
0
0
Digital S/C
Actuators/Actors
Analog signal
conditioning
Principles of analog
signal conditioning
Op amp circuits
in instrumentation
Passive circuits
Design guide
lines
Current to voltage
converter
integrator
differentiator
Linearization
Signal level and
Bias change
Linearization
conversions
Divider circuits
Bridge circuits
Introduction
Operational
amplifiers
Op amp
characteristic
Op amp
specification
Filtering and Impe-
dance matching
Concept of loading
RC Filters
Inverting amp
Non inverting
amplifier
Differential
Instrument. amp
Voltage to current
converter
Voltage follower
Signal Conditioning (S/C) Signal Conditioning (S/C)
Convert signal to a form suitable for interface with other Convert signal to a form suitable for interface with other
elements elements
Signal conditioning
filtering and impedance matching
signal level and bias changes
liniearization
conversions
concept of loading
2
adjusting the level (magnitude) and bias (zero value) adjusting the level (magnitude) and bias (zero value)
of some voltage representing a process variable of some voltage representing a process variable
amplification amplification vs vs attenuation attenuation uses uses amplifier amplifier
Signal level and bias changes Signal level and bias changes
Linearization Linearization
Conversion Conversion
Convert one type of electrical variation into another Convert one type of electrical variation into another
Filtering and impedance matching Filtering and impedance matching
passive filter passive filter uses resistors, capacitors and inductors uses resistors, capacitors and inductors
active filter active filter uses gain and feedback uses gain and feedback
Impedance Impedance measures how easily a circuit conducts current measures how easily a circuit conducts current
when a voltage runs through it. when a voltage runs through it.
Impedance matching is usually employed to maximize power Impedance matching is usually employed to maximize power
transfer transfer
Concepts of loading Concepts of loading
Thevenin equivalent circuit of sensor
R
L
>> R
x
to reduce effect of loading
Passive Circuits Passive Circuits
Divider Circuits Divider Circuits
provide conversion of resistance provide conversion of resistance
variation into voltage variation variation into voltage variation
R R
1 1
or R or R
2 2
can be the sensor can be the sensor
R2
) (
2 1
2
R R
R
V V
s D
+
=
R1
Vs
VD
Passive circuits
RC filters
bridge circuits
divider circuits
Band pass RC filters
High pass RC filters
Low pass RC filters
Band reject RC filters
3
) (
3 1
3
R R
R
V V
a
+
=
R1
R4
R2
R3
b a D ) (
4 2
4
R R
R
V V
b
+
=
) ).( (
4 2 3 1
4 1 2 3
R R R R
R R R R
V V
+ +

=
Null absolute if R3.R2=R1.R4
Bridge Circuits Bridge Circuits
- - converts impedance into voltage variations converts impedance into voltage variations
- - precise static measurement of impedance precise static measurement of impedance
Wheatstone bridge the simplest and most common
bridge circuit
Lead compensation for remote sensors application
Wire 3 is the power lead and has no influence on the bridge
balance
If wire 2 changes in resistance change R4. Wire 1 changes by the
same amount (& exposed to the same environment) change R3
Problem 2.9 Problem 2.9
A bridge circuit is used with sensor located 100 m away. A bridge circuit is used with sensor located 100 m away.
The bridge is not lead compensated and the cable to the The bridge is not lead compensated and the cable to the
sensor has a resistance of 0.45 ohm/ft. The bridge nulls sensor has a resistance of 0.45 ohm/ft. The bridge nulls
with R1=3400 ohm, R2=3445 ohm and R3=1560 ohm. with R1=3400 ohm, R2=3445 ohm and R3=1560 ohm.
What is the sensor resistance ? What is the sensor resistance ?
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Bridge applications Bridge applications
To convert variations of To convert variations of
resistance into variations resistance into variations
of voltage of voltage
Filters Filters
What does a filter do ? What does a filter do ?
In circuit theory, a filter is an electrical network that alters In circuit theory, a filter is an electrical network that alters
the amplitude and/or phase of a signal with respect to the amplitude and/or phase of a signal with respect to
frequency. frequency.
Ideal filter : Ideal filter :
will not add new frequencies of the signals will not add new frequencies of the signals
will not change the component frequencies of the signal will not change the component frequencies of the signal
will change the relative amplitude of the various will change the relative amplitude of the various
frequency components frequency components
used in electronic system to emphasize signals in
certain freq ranges and reject signals in other freq ranges
Using filter to reduce the effect of an undesired signal at
frequency f2, while retaining desired signal at frequency f1
A filter has a gain which is dependent on signal frequency.
Example :
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Basic filter types Basic filter types
Low pass filter Low pass filter passes low frequency signals and passes low frequency signals and
reject signals at frequencies above the filter reject signals at frequencies above the filter s cutoff freq s cutoff freq
R
C Vin
Vout
RC
f
c
2
1
=
2
1
2
1
1
(

\
|
+
=
c
f
f
Vin
Vout
High pass filter High pass filter reject signals below its cutoff freq; reject signals below its cutoff freq;
the opposite of low pass filter the opposite of low pass filter
R
C
Vin
Vout
2
1
2
1
(

\
|
+
=
c
c
f
f
f
f
Vin
Vout
Band-pass filter passes signals falling within a relatively
narrow band of freq and attenuates signal outside of that
band.
The range of freq pass by a filter filters passband
( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2 2 2
1 f f r f f f f
f f
V
V
H L L H
H
in
out
+ + +
=
L
H
R
R
r =
H H
L
L L
H
C R
f
C R
f
2
1
;
2
1
= =
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Notch or band reject effectively the opposite of the
band-pass.
All pass or phase shift filter has no effect on the
amplitude of the signal at different frequencies.
Its function is to change the phase of the signal without
affecting its amplitude.
The curves are identical but the dashed curve has undergone
a time delay
Two sinusoidal waveforms with phase difference
Design study Design study
Problem # 2.15
Develop a low pass RC filter to attenuate 0.5 MHz
noise by 97 %. Specify the critical frequency,
values of R, C and the attenuation of a 400 Hz
input signal.