3rd edition August 1, 2010

Laboratory and workshop

3rd edition, August 1, 2010

NTNU, HSE Department SINTEF, HSE Section July 2010

Designed and printed by: Tapir Uttrykk, Trondheim Paper: Edixion

MILJMERKET

344 044

As the executive leaders of NTNU and SINTEF, it is our responsibility to ensure that all personnel who work with us and on our premises enjoy a healthy and safe working environment. HSE matters involve leadership and personal responsibility. A duty towards our personal safety, health and environment, and towards those of our colleagues. We have now entered into HSE coordination agreements for all our joint laboratories and workshops. A joint laboratory and workshop handbook represents a new milestone in our efforts to raise the profile of HSE-related activities at SINTEF and NTNU. We encourage you to make yourself familiar with the contents of the handbook, and to make an active contribution towards creating safe workplaces in our respective organisations. Good luck and thank you for your help! Trondheim, 1 July 2010

Torbjrn Digernes Rektor NTNU

Unni Steinsmo Konsernsjef SINTEF

HSE-related activities in laboratories and workshops

HSE-related work is governed by the currently applicable legislative Acts and regulations, in combination with local guidelines and provisions. The laboratory and workshop handbook applies to all divisions, and is incorporated as part of the core HSE systems. The handbook is jointly applicable to both SINTEF and NTNU. It contains general HSE provisions that apply in all laboratories and workshops. For NTNU The HSE handbook with guidelines and forms for downloading can be found at NTNUs central HSE website at www.ntnu.no/hms
Local divisional procedures. In addition, the divisions may supplement the handbook with locally prepared procedures, instructions or HSE documents. These are published locally on the divisions HSE website.

For SINTEF Local procedures and routines are governed by the HSE Management System and the Laboratory Handbook Skala A revision shall be carried out once every two years. The HSE Department at NTNU and the HSE Section at SINTEF carry out revisions in collaboration with the divisions. 5

Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 HSE responsibilities and tasks Line managers HSE responsibilities and tasks Employees and students HSE responsibilities and tasks Responsibility for safeguarding safety and health during the planning and implementation of work tasks Page 11 13 14

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2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4

General remarks regarding safety in laboratories and workshops General safety provisions Training requirements Operational instructions and training for complex/ hazardous apparatus Ancillary personnel in laboratories or workshops Fieldwork, cruises, inspections, excursions Protective equipment and hazard signage General provisions related to protective equipment and hazard signage Personal protective equipment Room safety information card Apparatus safety card Safety information card Experiment in progress First aid and dealing with accidents

17 19 20 21 21 24 25 27 28 31 31 32 32 33

5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8

Fire General provisions in the event of fire Evacuation in response to fire alarms Extinguishing fires Equipment and technical aids General safety provisions related to equipment and machines Fume cupboards LAF benches/Safety benches Hot work High-pressure apparatus Glass apparatus subjected to high pressures or a vacuum Laboratory experiments involving electricity Chemicals and hazardous substances General safety provisions related to chemicals and hazardous substances Storage requirements Handling of corrosive, inflammable, explosive substances and gases Safety Data Sheets chemical substances index Preparatory work and purchasing General remarks regarding the handling of hazardous waste Waste fractions chemicals and hazardous substances Disposal and declaration of liquid chemicals and substances belonging to standard categories Disposal and declaration of solid and liquid waste

39 41 42 42 45 47 48 50 53 54 55 56 59 61 62 63 68 70 71 71 74

7.10 8 8.1 8.2 9 9.1 9.2

that falls outside the standard categories Hazard symbols Special HSE guidelines Work arrangements for pregnant and breast-feeding women Organisation of the ergonomic environment Risk assessment General remarks regarding risk assessment Construction and operation of research and teaching equipment Biological agents Definition of biological agents Risk groups Prior to working with biological agents Personal protective equipment Handling and storage Disinfection Destruction/disposal Work in animal testing departments Contained use of genetically modified microorganisms Radiation protection Radioactive sources Prior to the commencement of work Sources of ionising radiation Non-ionising radiation UVC sources

75 76 81 83 85 87 89 94 95 97 98 99 99 100 101 103 103 104 105 107 108 109 110 111 9

10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5

12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5

Special considerations related to gloves Work during which the hands must be protected Labelling of gloves Selection of gloves Use and maintenance of gloves Side-effects of using of gloves

113 115 115 120 124 126

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1 HSE RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS

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1.1 Line managers HSE responsibilities and tasks

HSE is the responsibility of management, and individual managers shall ensure that: all HSE provisions are made known to, and are adhered to by employees, contracted personnel, visitors and students. essential local guidelines and procedures are prepared. training is documented locally within the divisions. notifications are reported in compliance with contingency plans, and that incidents of non-conformance are reported and followed up with preventive measures. a person is appointed with responsibility for each laboratory/ workshop and that local safety provisions are prepared in connection with the work to be carried out in the laboratory/ workshop in question. protective equipment is readily available and is used, that dangerous machines/equipment are fitted with the necessary protective devices, and that training is given to employees and students. risk assessments are carried out; prior to the use of new chemicals, apparatus or experimental assemblies, and prior to the commencement of fieldwork, new experiments and tests. Safety Data Sheets are readily available and updated. working alone outside normal working hours is only permitted after a prior risk assessment has been carried out. targeted health checks are carried out as appropriate in collaboration with the HSE department/section in question. all personnel are made aware of first aid and fire regulations

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1.2 Employees and students HSE responsibilities and tasks

Employees and students must: make themselves familiar with, and adhere to, all HSE requirements incorporated in the HSE system. plan and carry out their own work in such a manner as to avoid needless danger to human health and the environment. use prescribed and essential protective equipment appropriate to the work to be carried out. Refer to the chapter Personal protective equipment and hazard signage keep the workplace tidy participate in essential training notify management of all incidents of non-conformance, together with circumstances they consider to be hazardous. In addition, complete a non-conformance form. The health and safety representatives are responsible for safeguarding the employees interests. The students faculty representatives are responsible for safeguarding the students interests. The health and safety and student representatives have no formal responsibility in respect of HSE, but have a supervisory role ensuring that HSE issues related to the employees and students are safeguarded. The HSE department/section can assist the divisions with HSErelated activities.

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1.3 Responsibility for safeguarding safety and health during the planning and implementation of work tasks
Employees whose task it is to lead or supervise other employees are responsible for ensuring that due care and attention is paid to safety and health issues during the planning and implementation of work tasks that come within the field of their responsibility. Such employees include; tutors, laboratory managers, workshop managers, fieldwork leaders and such like.

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2 GENERAL REMARKS REGARDING SAFETY IN LABORATORIES AND WORKSHOPS

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2.1 General safety provisions

All personnel who either work in, or visit, the premises must make themselves familiar with local safety provisions, room safety information and safety information cards, the location and use of alarms, fire extinguishers, first aid equipment and evacuation routes Protective equipment and protective devices must be used in compliance with regulations, and appropriately as required by the work being carried out in the laboratory/workshop in question. If in doubt, contact the person responsible for the laboratory/workshop in question. Information regarding the type of prescribed protective equipment will be given by means of notices and signs. Updated Safety Data Sheets must be made readily available. Training must be provided prior to the commencement of work. Always respond to alarms An evaluation shall be made of potential hazards and protective measures related to the substances and apparatus/equipment which will be used (risk assessment). Personnel must make themselves familiar with the procedures for dealing with spillages. A risk assessment of laboratories, workshops and equipment must be carried out in compliance with local procedures and circumstances. Do not eat or drink in the laboratories. All personnel have a duty to report incidents of non-conformance, including incidents of damage to equipment and tools 19

2.2 Training requirements

Prior to the commencement of work, employees and students must be given essential training in the following areas: currently applicable statutory regulations and safety provisions the use of equipment (apparatus, machines or tools) which requires special qualifications. the use of protective equipment, protective devices, alarms and emergency switches. fire extinguishing first aid use of the chemical substances index and Safety Data Sheets. non-conformance reporting NB! Special attention must be focused on the training of overseas employees/students. first aid courses and fire drills must be carried out on a regular basis If you have any questions about training, refer to the central HSE websites: NTNU: www.ntnu.no/hms/opplaring SINTEF: Skala

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2.3 Operational instructions and training for complex/ hazardous apparatus

In situations involving complex/hazardous apparatus, a set of operational instructions must be prepared based on a risk assessment and evaluation of essential preventive measures. The HSE Manager or person responsible for the laboratory/ workshop in question will decide as to whether this is necessary. At the same time, the mandatory training required prior to use of the apparatus must be specified in writing. Examples of such requirements are as follows: Make yourself familiar with the operating instructions Operate the apparatus for a given number of times under supervision. Attend courses in first aid and fire extinguishing. Put on and adjust your gas mask quickly. Where written operating instructions exist, the operator must acknowledge by receipt that training has been provided and that the instructions are understood. The equipment folder must contain a list of the operators who have received training and are thus qualified.

2.4 Ancillary personnel in laboratories or workshops

Ancillary personnel must be briefed on the hazards present, and safety measures taken, within their own areas of responsibility. Briefings must be given to new employees and

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cleaning staff as soon as possible by the person responsible for the laboratory/workshop in question. Ancillary electrical personnel must attend a first aid course and an annual refresher course in the legislative Regulations governing safety in connection with work involving, and the operation of, electrical appliances, if they have access to laboratories where electrical experiments governed by said regulations are carried out. The Technical Division must notify the institutes of any changes in cleaning staff on the premises/in the departments of the institute in question. Ancillary staff must be made familiar with: The location of first aid cabinets, fire extinguishers, emergency exits, eye-rinse bottles, emergency showers, and the name of the person responsible for the laboratory/workshop in question. General instructions: Gloves must be worn when cleaning laboratories and workshops. The gloves must be made of materials appropriate to the activities being carried out in the laboratory or workshop in question Clean only cleared benches and other workplaces. Apparatus and equipment must not be moved Fume cupboards must be regarded as laboratory equipment and must not be cleaned by cleaning staff These instructions must be posted on all broom cupboards.

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In the event of spillage: Ancillary personnel must not clean away chemical spillages or broken glass, even if they are themselves responsible for the spillage/breakage Any mess or spillage must be reported to the person responsible at the institute in question (ref. the room safety information card) First aid in the event of spillage of chemicals and hazardous substances: An employee of the institute/division (preferably the person responsible for the laboratory/workshop in question) must be contacted in the event of a spillage onto clothes or skin In the event of spillage onto the skin: First rinse with cold water. Wash thoroughly with lukewarm water and soap. In the event of splashing into the eyes: Rinse thoroughly with bottled eye-rinsing solution or with tap water.. Use eye showers fitted to the tap, as appropriate. Contact a doctor and continue to rinse the eyes from bottles during transport to the doctor. Take the Safety Data Sheet with you. In the event of spillage onto clothes: Remove the soiled clothes without delay. Wash the clothes before re-use.

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2.5 Fieldwork, cruises, inspections, excursions

Separate guidelines have been prepared to safeguard employees and students in connection with fieldwork. Prior to the commencement of fieldwork, the line manager must: Determine to what extent specific, local safety instructions are required to govern the fieldwork in question. Make sure that a risk assessment is carried out. Make sure that the employees and students are given the necessary training. Make sure that the equipment to be used meets the legislative and regulatory requirements. The Project Manager and participants must Complete their respective field cards

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3 PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND HAZARD SIGNAGE

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3.1 General provisions related to protective equipment and hazard signage

Employees, students, contracted personnel and visitors must use prescribed protective equipment at all times, in compliance with the Norwegian Working Environment Act and local provisions Personnel must ensure that the correct protective equipment is used prior to the commencement of a new activity. Information regarding prescribed protective equipment will be found on the relevant Safety Data Sheets and apparatus safety cards If you are in doubt as to the correct protective equipment, contact the person responsible for the laboratory/workshop in question, or a certified supplier of the protective equipment. Prescribed protective equipment shall be readily accessible and its location and usage explained by means of signs. Rooms and equipment shall be signed in such a way that makes it easy for others to raise the alarm in the event of danger/incidents of non-conformance, or the need to extinguish fires or shut down an experiment. Protective equipment must be inspected and maintained on a regular basis. Deficiencies or defects must be reported immediately as incidents of non-conformance and subsequently repaired.

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3.2 Personal protective equipment

Symbol Description Must be worn in situations where there is a danger of splashing, during work with liquid nitrogen, high-pressure work, work involving the production of chips or shavings, a danger of explosion, or work involving cutting machines and saws, etc. In the event of the need to fit protective eyewear for a user, contact your immediate supervisor. Example: Protective glasses Visor Must be easy to remove. Should be made of cotton in order to prevent them catching fire as a result of sparks generated by static electricity. Example: Laboratory coat Boiler suit Protective work clothes Protective suit Gloves should be worn when working with hazardous and corrosive substances, when working with laboratory animals, and with sharp and piercing instruments For further information, we refer to the chapter on gloves. Wear gloves that are made of the proper materials and labelled correctly (refer to the Safety Data

Protective eyewear

Hand protection gloves 28

Symbol

Description Ensure that breathing apparatus: Is readily accessible at locations where there is/may be need for such protective equipment (refer to the Safety Data Sheet and apparatus safety card). Is fitted with the correct filter for the chemicals, hazardous substances or dust exposure in question. Is well maintained. 3 categories: 1. Full and half masks with interchangeable filters 2. Filtering half masks 3. Fresh air masks For gas masks: Must be stored in such a way that they do not become contaminated preferably in a sealed plastic bag and stored inside a cabinet.

Breathing apparatus There are several types. Must be fitted with steel toecaps to provide protection from pressure, impacts and heavy weights. Spiked soles are appropriate in certain situations.

Protective footwear 29

Symbol

Description There are several types. Special ear defenders with a built-in radio, communications functions, and active noise reduction are also available. Examples: Ear plugs Ear defenders It is important to check the helmets quality and condition.

Hearing protection

Safety helmet Procured and made available as required. Examples: Hairnet Surgical mask Protective shoe covers Safety harness and fall protection equipment Radiation dosimeter

Other forms of protective equipment

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3.3 Room safety information card

A room safety information card shall be posted in all laboratories/workshops in compliance with the guidelines. A room safety information card shall provide information regarding hazards for personnel working in the laboratory/ workshop in question, and the identity of the person responsible for the room in question. It also indicates locations where no hazards are present, so that personnel can safely enter in order to carry out their allotted tasks. A room safety information card must be posted on all entrance doors to the laboratory/workshop in question. Local provisions for NTNU: Can be obtained on request from the faculty/departmental office. A copy of the room safety information card must be archived either with the caretaker or the person responsible for administration of the building

3.4 Apparatus safety card

Shall provide information regarding hazards, prescribed protective equipment and protective measures, a method for effecting an emergency shutdown, together with the name and telephone number of the person responsible for the apparatus. Shall be prepared in compliance with guidelines for all forms of apparatus which may constitute a major hazard. Also applies to larger analytical apparatus used by several persons. 31

 The need for an apparatus safety card must be evaluated before new equipment is put to use. Must be completed and signed by the person responsible for the apparatus. The card shall be posted so that it is easily visible. Equipment may have a restricted lifetime. The apparatus safety card must be updated/renewed in the event of modification.

3.5 Safety information card

A safety information card should provide information for all personnel as to the identity of the manager, health and safety representative, deputy health and safety representative, together with the HSE Coordinator and faculty student representative for the safety area in question, as appropriate. All personnel in the safety area in question shall be made aware of the existence of coordination agreements, if these exist.

3.6 Experiment in progress

When an experiment which may constitute a hazard is in progress, information shall be provided in the form of a warning sign.

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4 FIRST AID AND DEALING WITH ACCIDENTS.

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Important considerations in all first aid situations:

Think of your own safety at all times! Make sure that the scene of the accident is secured. Make sure that the alarm is raised. Incident Unconsciousness Fall Injury / what must be done FIRST AID: Check if the person is conscious. Check if the person is breathing. Ensure that airways are unobstructed. If breathing stops administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths. Stop any bleeding and/or cool burns with water. If there is a suspicion of neck injuries, the patient should ideally not be moved. Call 113 - Emergency Medical Services (AMK). FIRST AID: Stop the bleeding. Remove any unattached body parts from the scene and take these to the doctor. Call 113 - Emergency Medical Services (AMK). FIRST AID: Cut off the power supply. Check if the person is conscious. Check if the person is breathing. Ensure that the airways are unobstructed. If the person stops breathing commence cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Cool burns with water. Call 113 - Emergency Medical Services (AMK). Following a powerful electric shock, contact a doctor for a general examination. 35

Cuts

Electric shock

Chemical spillage, splashing and such like

FIRST AID: Liquids on the skin. Rinse the affected area with copious amounts of water. If a spillage of hydrofluoric acid (HF) has occurred, an HF antidote gel or Calcium Zandos solution must be applied. Remove soiled clothes and shoes, and continue to rinse the affected area. If a doctor is called, show him/her the Safety Data Sheet. Injury / what must be done FIRST AID: Swallowing: In all cases of poisoning, the Toxins Information Centre (Giftinformasjonen), Health Directorate must be contacted for instructions at tel. 22 59 13 00. A general rule of thumb is to rinse out the mouth and drink water. NB! In the event of swallowing caustic alkaline solutions or acids, vomiting must NOT be induced. Get to a hospital and take the Safety Data Sheet with you. Inhalation: Find a source of fresh air without delay. Clear the nose thoroughly. Rinse the eyes and mouth with water. Avoid unnecessary physical exertion. Get to a hospital and take the Safety Data Sheet with you. Eye injuries: Rinse thoroughly with lukewarm water or an eye-rinsing solution. Continue rinsing while on the way to the doctor, and take the Safety Data Sheet with you

Incident Chemical spillages splashing and such like

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In the event of spillage onto clothes: Clothes must be removed and rinsed. Make an assessment as to whether clothes should be disposed of or if they can be worn again after washing. NB! Clothes left to dry after a spillage of oxidative compounds are very easily ignitable. On benches, floors and such like: Small volumes: Use an absorbitive material or paper towel (provided that the substance in question is non-reactive). Large volumes: Hazardous water soluble substances must be collected and treated as hazardous waste. Fluids may also be absorbed using sand or absorption pads made of inert material, cf. warning sign.

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Incident Fire Explosion. Gas leakage.

Injury / what must be done Think of your own safety! Wear a gas mask, as appropriate. (do not expose yourself to danger!) Raise the alarm Call 113 Emergency Medical Services (AMK) 110 Fire Secure the scene of the accident. Check the laboratory/ workshop for collateral injuries. Extinguish any fire on clothes (use emergency shower or smother using clothes/a blanket) and other fires, if possible. Shut off the source of the leakage. Drag any injured personnel to safety (do not lift them) FIRST AID: Check if the person is conscious. Check if the person is breathing. Ensure that the airways are unobstructed. If the person stops breathing commence cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Stop any bleeding and/or cool burns with water.

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5 FIRE

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5.1 General provisions in the event of fire

Fire extinguishers designed to deal with fire hazards related to the activity in question must be located on all premises. All alarms, fire extinguishing equipment and evacuation routes must be clearly indicated and signposted. Fire regulations must be posted in laboratories, workshops, corridors and other communal areas in such a way that they are easily visible. Fire regulations can be found in electronic form and can also be obtained on request from the Fire Prevention Officer.
engelsk_versjon.qxd:Layout 1 21-10-08 20:11 Side 1

October 2008

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5.2 Evacuation in response to fire alarms

If possible, shut down apparatus prior to evacuation. Small fires must be extinguished, if possible. The Fire Department will take responsibility for extinguishing major fire outbreaks. Each building must appoint an officer responsible for the building who acts as liaison with the Fire Department during emergency situations. Each floor has appointed at least 2 Area Officers. These are responsible for evacuating personnel from within their area of responsibility to a pre-determined place of safety outside the building. The building officer and Area Officers are identified by means of vests. Physically disabled: Appropriate evacuation procedures shall be drawn up based on a risk assessment. Suitable portable chairs must be made available to those employees and students with a disability.

5.3 Extinguishing fires

The divisions must carry out a risk assessment in order to determine needs in respect of essential fire extinguishing equipment. These must be placed in easily accessible locations on the premises.

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Extinguishing fires involving different materials: General Think of your own safety at all times! Small fires must be extinguished, if possible. The Fire Department is responsible for extinguishing larger fires. Water (if this can be used without risk). Water in order to cool steel gas cylinders, which should be removed from the scene of the fire before the flames have had the opportunity to spread. Use the emergency shower, a wet blanket or fire blanket. In the event of your clothes catching fire, roll around on the floor. Avoid spraying water directly onto your face, due to the dangers caused by high pressures and the effects of cold. Place something tightly over the opening (such as a saucepan lid, book or blanket). Preferably CO2, alternative powder extinguisher or fire blanket Preferably CO2 Use a powder extinguisher only if the fire cannot be put out using CO2 Use of fire blanket Wet sand Dry sand, NaCl (as part of a mixture, as appropriate), powder extinguisher with special powder.

Hair/clothes

Open receptacle Electrical equipment Organic materials on the laboratory bench or floor

Phosphorus fire Alkaline or rare earth metals

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6 EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL AIDS

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6.1 General safety provisions related to equipment and machines

All personnel must make themselves familiar with local safety regulations as they apply to the machine/equipment to be used. A risk assessment must be carried out prior to the use of equipment and apparatus or of new configurations/settings Approved training is prerequisite prior to the use of machines and equipment. Machines which may constitute a health hazard shall be used only under the supervision of qualified personnel. A minimum of 2 persons must be in attendance under such circumstances. Appropriate work clothes, prescribed protective equipment, and protective devices must be made available and must be utilised. - Eye protection shall be worn during work involving the production of chips or shavings, and during work involving cutting machines, saws and such like. - Hearing protection must be worn during work involving noise. This applies also to personnel working within range of the noise in question. - Breathing apparatus must be worn during work involving the formation of toxic gases and dust. - Protective footwear must be worn in situations appropriate to the work in question. Equipment and tools must be registered in the equipment database by the laboratory/workshop manager, who keeps a complete set of documentation pertaining to the equipment. A person shall be assigned responsibility for individual 47

machines and items of equipment. All mechanical equipment must be inspected and maintained on a regular basis. Damage incurred to machines or tools must be reported without delay as incidents of non-conformance, and any defects repaired. Work areas must be kept tidy, and all equipment and machinery stored in its correct location after use.

6.2 Fume cupboards

Correct ventilation and fume extraction devices must be used to ensure that employees and students do not become exposed to hazardous substances. Fume cupboards must be used in compliance both with local procedures and those which apply to each individual cupboard. Proper use results in better capacity for those who require fume extraction facilities, and reduces energy consumption. The person responsible for the laboratory has a duty to ensure that fume cupboards are used correctly. Cupboards must be inspected on a regular basis. The air flow rate in the fume cupboards must be 0.5 m/s.

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Control measurement of fume cupboards Sash Does the sash slide up and down as it should? When inspecting old fume cupboards, check the wiring which raises the cupboards sash, and make sure that it can be secured with a lock and stop mechanism in order to prevent it falling and shutting completely should the wire fail. Does the light work? Are the surfaces within the cupboard, the screen above the light, fissures and gaps etc., clean? Can you regulate fume extraction at the top or the base? Is there a switch/button enabling adjustment of the maximum fume extraction setting, and an indicator light? Are adhesive notices affixed to indicate the max. opening height of the sash, and a notice to Keep the sash closed when the cupboard is not in use? Is the cupboard empty during the measurement? (Equipment in the cupboard will obstruct the air flow and lead to inaccurate readings) Set the opening height of no more than 80% of the cupboards in the laboratory to 30 cm. The control measurement is of an average air flow velocity through the cross-section of the opening. The measurements are carried out using a vaneometer. The number of measurement points sampled within the horizontal plane depends of the width of the cupboard (5-7 readings). Make sure that your body does not obstruct air flow through the sash opening and across the vaneometer.

OK

Light Cleanliness

Regulation Switch/button

Adhesive notices

Empty cupboard Opening height

Free air flow

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Opening height

Check that with an opening height of 30 cm the average flow velocity exhibits a value of at least 0.5 m/s (air flow velocity)

Underpressure in the laboratory

Check that there is a weak underpressure in the laboratory at a 30 cm sash opening height for no more than 80% of the cupboards and with the sashes in the closed position. This can be achieved by leaving the door to the corridor ajar by 1-2 cm. Use a smoke ampoule, velocity gauge, and your nose to check if there is underpressure in the laboratory. It should not be difficult to open the door to the corridor.

6.3 LAF benches/Safety benches

LAF/Safety benches General remarks Most personnel use Class II safety benches with two filters and fume extraction. The users must be provided with adequate training in their use. The benches are used as a barrier between the user and the material with which he/she is working. In order to safeguard safety, procedures must be adhered to. It is important to establish a good collaborative relationship with the suppliers, both in respect of information and service contracts. Prior to purchase it is important to have a good plan in place and to organise the work so that health and safety are safeguarded. Factors that should be assessed: the work surface, lighting fixtures, the presence of vertical or leaning walls, the height of the fume cupboard (working position) and noise levels. Be meticulous when locating the fume cupboard. The unobstructed air flow velocity must exhibit a minimum value of 0.5 m/s.

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LAF/Safety benches Preparatory work Preparatory work The cupboard must not be occupied by superfluous equipment, since this will obstruct the airflow. It is not appropriate to work with chemicals, etc. on a safety bench. Such work must be carried out in a fume cupboard. Take with you all materials, equipment, etc. which you require in order to carry out the task in question (glass flasks, reagents, pipettes, tippers, waste containers, etc.) It is important to ensure that you have adequate space on the bench/a medicine trolley, and that your chair is properly adjusted. Container for hazardous biological waste and a waste bucket. Protective equipment must be worn. Wear cotton laboratory coats with long sleeves and a surgical mask when working with human pathogenic microorganisms. Disposable gloves must be worn, and be changed or disposed of when you leave the cupboard. Gloves must be pulled over the sleeves of your coat in order to avoid exposure to the skin. In special situations a plastic apron is worn, together with plastic arm protectors. Good sterile techniques are prerequisite. When work has been completed, remove all waste, equipment and materials. Wash thoroughly with soap and water. Disinfect with ethanol. Switch on the ultra-violet light, if this is fitted.

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LAF/Safety benches Maintenance Maintenance The user must ensure that the cupboard is located and used correctly. Cleaning: Wash the base, hobs and walls. (NB! Remove the baseplate in the workroom/chamber) A service contract should be entered into that guarantees annual verification by the supplier that both the air flow and filters, among other things, are functioning correctly. For service operations that entail the changing of filters, the cupboard must be disinfected beforehand. The following procedure applies to benches which are connected to a fume extraction device: Make sure that the cabinet is clean and that all equipment has been removed. Prepare formalin (using 40 ml formalin, 37% + 40 ml water in a glass beaker), and Ammonia (using 27 ml 25% ammonia + 40 ml water in another glass beaker). This must be carried out using fume extraction. Put the hob and the beakers containing formalin and ammonia inside the cabinet. Close the bench and put tape along all the gaps around the sash and air vents. Switch on the fan and commence boiling of the formalin (10 min). When all the formalin has evaporated, keep the fan running for a further 20 min. Turn the fan off and leave the cupboard undisturbed for at least 5 hours. Switch the fan on and commence boiling of the ammonia (10 min). Keep the fan running for 20 min after the ammonia has evaporated. Remove all sealing tape. Different procedures apply to benches which are not connected to a fume extraction device.

Disinfection of benches. NB! Applies only to benches connected to a fume extraction device.

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6.4 Hot work

Hot work is defined as all construction, installation, assembly, disassembly, repair, maintenance and similar work involving the use of an open flame, and work involving equipment for heating, welding, cutting, soldering and/or grinding. Prior to the commencement of hot work: Make sure that hot work is carried out in a proper manner such that hazards to human health, fire risk, and the risk of explosions are reduced to a minimum. Carry out a risk assessment, plan the work, and ensure that the necessary safety measures are implemented. Make sure that arrangements are made for work to be carried out at a fixed location (e.g. a welding workshop). If you are planning to carry out hot work in a workshop subject to a risk of explosions, contact the Fire Prevention Officer. Make sure that external contractors are certified before they carry out hot work. Ensure that follow-up work is carried out.

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6.5 High-pressure apparatus

Self-assembled apparatus subject to high pressures must be assessed for strength by qualified personnel. Prior to use, the apparatus must be pressure-tested at values in excess of working pressures. Testing must be carried out with water (if possible), or an inert gas (entails a risk of explosion during testing). Test results must be documented on the apparatus itself or otherwise in writing. If such documentation is lacking, the apparatus must be re-tested before it can be used to carry out a new experiment. The apparatus must, in so far as possible, be assembled using approved components (tubing, connectors, valves and such like). A certified workshop must be employed for welding onto high-pressure apparatus. Metal containers can be guaranteed to tolerate specified pressures. Pressure containers made of glass, sapphire, etc., are designed according to the same formulas, but may fail unpredictably in the short or long term. This must be taken into account during the assembly and placement of the apparatus in question. High-pressure apparatus must be procured, assembled, pressure-tested and used in compliance with the directive governing equipment subjected to high-pressure, as described in the standard NS-EN13445. Further information can be obtained from the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning (DSB)

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6.6 Glass apparatus subject to high pressures or a vacuum

Face and eye protection must be worn in connection with all work involving glass apparatus used at high pressures or involving a vacuum, or when using rotating/cutting tools. Glass apparatus used for high-pressure or vacuum experiments, or which are to contain liquid air, liquid oxygen or liquid nitrogen, must be of the appropriate strength Do not use thin-walled or flat-bottomed flasks for such purposes. Use special safety screens to protect apparatus such as suction flasks, vacuum excitation, and vacuum distillation apparatus. The danger of splinters can be reduced somewhat by winding self-adhesive cloth tape around parts of the apparatus. Prior to the opening or disconnection of such apparatus, it must be cooled to room temperature, and air permitted gradually to permeate inside.

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6.7 Laboratory experiments involving electricity

Safety linked to electrical devices is governed by a separate set of regulations which apply to all electrical devices with voltages of 0 V or greater. Exceptions: Electrical apparatus designed for use by non-experts. Devices with outputs so low that they do not constitute a hazard. The regulations also apply to laboratory activities carried out for the purposes of research and teaching. Under normal circumstances, an experiment in which the voltages used do not exceed 50 V will constitute a device with an output so low that it does not constitute a hazard, and is thus not governed by the regulations. The regulations specify roles and responsibilities in connection with work involving, and the operation of, electrical devices. These include the following functions: A person responsible for operation, a person responsible for the work being carried out, an expert operational manager, and a safety manager. When using Variac as a voltage source, personnel must be aware of the following: In so far as the nature of the experiment allows, DC-decoupling must be employed. If this is not possible, it is important to be aware that even if the voltage in its secondary coils is set at 0 V, there will be a voltage to earth of 110 V (IT-system) or 230 V (TN-system). The

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experiment is governed by the provisions of the legislative regulations If DC-decoupling is not employed, the circuit must be protected, and personnel must use caution even when the Variac voltage is reduced to 0. During experiments in which apparatus carrying voltage is left unattended, a risk assessment must be carried out in order to evaluate the risk of overheating and fire. It is recommended that smoke alarms be connected to detectors which automatically disconnect the device if said alarms are activated. Experiments involving voltages between 50 and 1,000 V The following requirements must be met: The device must be protected when it is carrying voltage. Fuses of appropriate size and type must be used to provide protection from overload current. A research/teaching group carrying out an experiment involving voltages in excess of 50 V must appoint a person responsible for the operation in compliance with the regulations. The role and duties of the person responsible for the operation are described in the regulations. For each individual experiment, a person responsible for the work being carried out must be appointed. He or she is responsible for safety in connection with the experiment. The person responsible for operation must judge who is qualified to take responsibility for the work being carried out. Access to laboratories where experiments are being carried out must be restricted.

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Experiments involving voltages in excess of 1,000 V The following requirements must be met: A qualified expert operational manager must be appointed from the Technical Division (Electronics Group), or from the relevant division at Trondheim Energi. The expert operational manager shall prepare instructions for experiments involving voltages in excess of 1,000 volts carried out in the laboratories in question. Devices carrying voltage must be screened/enclosed so that it is impossible unintentionally to come into contact with live components (these must be connected via an interlocking circuit so that the voltage is disconnected if a door/port in the protective screen is opened) Fuses of appropriate size and type to provide protection from overload current. A Safety Manager must be appointed for each individual experiment. The Safety Manager is responsible for safety in connection with the experiment. Only personnel who have been granted specific permission will be allowed access to laboratories where experiments involving high voltages are being carried out. Access permission may include permission to accompany visitors. A list must be drawn up of personnel who are granted such access, and of who is granted permission to accompany visitors.

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7 CHEMICALS AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

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7.1 General safety provisions related to chemicals and hazardous substances

All chemicals and hazardous substances must be stored, labelled, handled, and disposed of in compliance with current legislation. Prior to the commencement of work, employees and students must make themselves familiar with the Safety Data Sheet pertaining to the chemical/substance in question. Prescribed protective equipment must be readily accessible and must be worn. Work with chemicals and substances which constitute a health hazard must be carried out in fume cupboards or under spot extraction. The standard clothing appropriate for work in laboratories or workshops comprises a laboratory coat and long trousers, or boiler suit/work clothes.

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7.2 Storage requirements

Storage requirements (cupboards, shelving, rooms/storerooms) Cupboards and shelving Must be labelled clearly and in compliance with hazard signage standards. Shelving must be stable and adequately spaced. Floors must not be used for the storage of chemicals. Gas cylinders must be stored on the lowermost shelves. A risk assessment must be carried out. Essential protective equipment and safety equipment must be easily accessible. The room must be secured against unauthorised entry, with a notice/sign on the entrance door. Local inspection procedures must be prepared. The amounts of chemicals stored in a room must be kept to a minimum. Old stock and chemicals that have passed their expiry date must be disposed of.

Rooms and storerooms

Requirements for safe storage outside a storeroom General remarks Prescribed protective equipment must be worn. Post a warning sign. Must be stored and handled in compliance with legislation. Narcotic and highly toxic substances must be stored in a locked cabinet. Chemicals/hazardous substances which can react with each other must be stored separately. Obtain information from the Safety Data Sheet. The room safety information card must state the type and volumes of gases and inflammable liquids in storage. Heavy containers, large glass flasks or very hazardous chemicals/ substances must not be stored above head height.

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Requirements for safe storage outside a storeroom General remarks When moved, chemical bottles must be carried in robust plastic containers or transported on a trolley. Use the utmost caution when emptying large containers. Open bottles with caution. All packaging lacking its original labelling must be affixed with a label stating its contents, the users identity, and relevant R- and S- prefix sentences and labels bearing hazard symbols, as appropriate. If the chemical/substance has passed its expiry date it must be disposed of.

7.3 Handling of corrosive, inflammable, explosive substances and gases

Handling of strong acids and bases Strong acids and bases. Corrosive. Caustic. Never add water to dilute an acid - always add the acid to the water. Pour the acid into the water slowly! Keep acid bottles away from both heat and sunlight. When opening bottles containing acids, take care to avoid splashing. Do not lift bottles by the neck. Use graduated cylinders or burettes for measuring out acids and other hazardous liquids. Keep these in chemical cabinets with extractor devices. The bottles should be placed in plastic trays. Bottles containing substances which may react vigorously with each other should not be placed side by side. Bottles that contain substances which have high vapour pressures at room temperature, such as diethyl ether, acetone, alcohol, petroleum ether, benzene, bromine, nitric and hydrochloric acids, must never be filled to the brim.

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Handling of inflammable and explosive chemicals Use the utmost These are subdivided into the following hazard classes: caution! Inflammable liquids Flashpoint A B C Use the utmost caution! < 23C 23C 55C > 55C Never work with inflammable liquids close to an open flame. Use a fume cupboard when working with low-flashpoint liquids. Never distil inflammable liquids over an open flame. Use a steam bath, water bath, electric hob or special electric heating jacket. Carry out a trial experiment with small amounts of the substance beforehand. Many organic chemicals, of which diethyl ether is the best known, form peroxides. The presence of peroxides in diethyl ether can be demonstrated using a potassium iodide solution: A yellow colouration formed by precipitated iodine confirms the presence of any peroxides. Peroxides can be removed with iron (II) sulphate. Protective measures can arrest the formation of peroxides, but do not remove those which have already been formed. Strong sunlight can refract within bottle glass and start a fire screen it out! Distillation bottles should not be filled to more than 1/3 full and must be re-filled at room temperature. Anti-bumping granules should be added to the liquid prior to heating. Alternatively, mix the liquid using a magnetic stirrer. Do not heat too rapidly, and avoid local overheating.

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Handling of inflammable gases Inflammable gases Hydrogen, propane and butane form explosive mixtures with air. Require special vigilance. Use permitted only in laboratories with adequate ventilation. If a gas alarm has been activated, the person responsible for the room in question must be contacted at once. Follow local procedures which are posted in the vicinity. Laboratory gas detectors must be calibrated in compliance with regulations. Information can be obtained from the Fire Prevention Officer.

Handling of liquids and gases in pressurised bottles Liquids and gases in pressurised bottles Must be stored and handled in compliance with legislation and accompanying regulations. Warning signs must be posted on doors leading to laboratories where compressed gas is in use. The room safety information card must state the volume and type of gas. Gas containers must be properly secured to a bench or wall. The containers must not be exposed to temperatures in excess of 45C. Bottles containing different gases must be stored separately. When in storage, oxygen cylinders must be separated from bottles containing inflammable gases by a distance of at least 5 m. Use the correct reduction valves with screw threads that are compatible with the container in question. The gases and the valves have specific colour codes. Oils or grease must not come into contact with valves or connections regulating oxygen. Handle gas bottles with care. A cylinder trolley with safety chains must be used to transport gas bottles. The top valve must be kept closed and the reduction valve disconnected. All gas-related equipment such as connectors, valves and gas appliances must be inspected on a regular basis by competent personnel. The Facultys HSE Coordinator must ensure that an inspection is carried out approximately every 5 years. 65

 Containers which are to be filled with liquid air, nitrogen or oxygen, must be dry and free of organic substances. Containers which are not in use must be closed using a loose cover or cap which prevents the development of overpressure. On replacing gas cylinders, connectors and valves must be inspected for leakages using a leak search spray. Handling dust explosions Dust explosions The ignition within a container of an inflammable powder, existing as a dust mixed with air, has the potential to produce an explosion as powerful as that caused by an inflammable gas (inflammable vapour) and air mixture. Hazardous dust explosions can occur involving the following: finely powdered organic chemicals and certain powdered metals, such as magnesium and aluminium. The ignition within a container of an inflammable powder, existing as a dust mixed with air, has the potential to produce an explosion as powerful as that caused by an inflammable gas (inflammable vapour) and air mixture. Hazardous dust explosions can occur involving the following: finely powdered organic chemicals and certain powdered metals, such as magnesium and aluminium.

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Hazards arising from chemicals and hazardous substances Hazards Material which has absorbed a liquid takes on the same hazardous properties as the liquid itself. In the event of the absorption of volatile, non-reactive liquids, used absorption agents must be packed in plastic without delay so that the liquid does not evaporate. Must be disposed of in compliance with current regulations. Absorbed, reactive liquids must be handled in the same way as the liquids in their pure form, and disposed of in compliance with the relevant procedures. Sweeping up after spillage of a Class A liquid may constitute a risk of ignition due to static electricity. This can be avoided by moistening the absorption agent, and by sweeping with water, preferably salt water. Work involving larger volumes of a Class A liquid must be carried out in a laboratory free of sources of ignition, and where personnel are able to cope with any incidents of spillage.

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7.4 Safety Data Sheets chemical substances index

A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) - provides information regarding the proper handling of chemicals and substances. Updated Safety Data Sheets will be found in a folder located in the laboratory/ workshop where the substances in question are used. The manufacturer/supplier is obliged to send out updated Safety Data Sheets. Safety Data Sheets, or fact sheets as appropriate, will also be available for chemicals and substances produced, and for samples received, by NTNU/SINTEF. Risk assessment In order to guarantee safe operations, the division in question must carry out a risk assessment of a substances use and handling regimes in accordance with guidelines. Substitution Entails an obligation to make an assessment as to whether a chemical or hazardous substance can be replaced/ substituted by another, less hazardous, chemical or substance. Chemical Substances Index Safety Data Sheets for all chemicals and hazardous substances used by the division in question. A paper copy of the Safety Data Sheet must be made available onsite where the chemical/substance is used. Labels can be printed directly from the Chemical Substances Index. Updated Safety Data Sheets are available in the chemical substances index on the intranet, and must be readily available onsite where the chemical/substance is being used.

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Safety Data Sheets Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Name of the chemical and its supplier. Hazard identification Composition/Information regarding constituents First aid measures Fire extinguishing measures Measures in the event of unintended discharge/emission to the environment Handling and storage Exposure control and personal protective equipment Physical and chemical properties Stability and reactivity Toxicological information Ecological information Instructions for disposal Information regarding transportation Regulatory information Other information

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7.5 Preparatory work and purchasing

The responsibility for the purchase, receipt and registration of substances in the chemical substances index shall be delegated to one or a restricted number of persons within the division. Preparation and purchasing Chemicals and hazardous substances Perform a needs assessment and an evaluation of possible substitution. Make sure that a risk assessment is carried out prior to use. Obtain information from the Safety Data Sheet as to how the substance should be used, stored, and disposed of. Make an assessment as to how spillages will be removed. Procure the mandatory protective equipment. For very hazardous chemicals or substances, safety equipment used for the handling of spillages must be procured, cf. the Safety Data Sheet. All chemicals must be registered in the electronic chemical substances index, and a paper copy of the Safety Data sheet made available onsite where the chemical in question is to be used. Ordering will be carried out in compliance with relevant procurement and purchasing guidelines. In the event of purchase, the supplier must supply a Safety Data Sheet. The fewer the suppliers, the easier it is to keep track of transactions, and thus ensure a safer environment.

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7.6 General remarks regarding the handling of hazardous waste

All waste which is regarded as hazardous to human health and the environment must be handled and disposed of in compliance with current regulations and guidelines governing the handling of hazardous waste. Employees and students must identify hazardous waste at their respective workplaces. Waste must be packed in a manner appropriate for its storage and transport. If there is any doubt as to its content, the waste shall be disposed of in its original packaging. An agreement has been entered into with a certified waste management contractor for the disposal and transport of hazardous waste generated by the NTNU divisions in question.

7.7 Waste fractions chemicals and hazardous substances

HAZARDOUS WASTE
Contaminated glass waste Must be cleaned and dried. Is disposed of in cartons labelled glass waste. The boxes must be closed and labelled with the name of the division in question. If contaminated by chemicals, must be disposed of in the same way as the chemicals themselves. If the waste has been in contact with biological agents, it must be disposed of as hazardous biological waste. Operations personnel must not come into contact with the waste. They shall handle the boxes only.

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Chemicals, paint, solvents and waste oil Radioactive waste

A distinction is made between liquid and solid waste. Must be sorted and declared prior to disposal (see figure). It is not necessary to declare fluid waste belonging to the standard categories. Must be disposed of in compliance with the prevailing regulations and guidelines. During disposal, contact the coordinator responsible locally for radiation protection. Must be disposed of at the Institute for Energy Technology at Kjeller. Must not be disposed of in the same way as ordinary waste. Malodorous waste may be chemical waste which must be dealt with as hazardous waste, or biological waste which must be treated as hazardous biological waste. Biological material must be disposed of in boxes designed for hazardous biological waste.

Malodorous waste

HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL WASTE

Biological material. Cytostatics, pathology waste, infectious waste materials/ inoculation needles/ cutting instruments Must be packaged in yellow boxes and declared as hazardous biological waste. Waste inoculation needles and other sharp cutting or piercing instruments are packaged in approved containers and placed in boxes for hazardous biological waste. For those who work with biological material, it is appropriate to declare for both infectious waste materials and waste piercing/cutting instruments.

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When disposing of hazardous biological waste, the selfadhesive label Hazardous biological waste (Risikoavfall) must be used. Essential fields: Place a cross in the correct field. Enter the cost centre, the name of the supplier of the waste/ Faculty, institute/department and date. Sign with your full name (write clearly).

Infectious waste Sharp needles/cutting Cytostatic waste Pathology waste

Cost centre Waste delivered by

Date

Inst./dep./ward

Signature

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7.8 Disposal and declaration of liquid chemicals and substances belonging to standard categories
A distinction is made between liquid and solid waste. In collaboration with our frame agreement contractor, 4 standard categories of liquid hazardous waste have been defined in order to facilitate their disposal and declaration. It is important to use the correct form of packaging (or original packaging, as appropriate). It is important to ensure that containers are not in excess of 90% full, since this reduces spillage and allows space for expansion during transport.

Standard categories liquid waste No safety data sheet or declaration is necessary. Use the pre-printed labels. The declaration will be completed on delivery by the waste disposal contractor. The labels illustrate examples of the different chemical categories. The containers must be stored in a ventilated cupboard. They must be transported to a storeroom, as appropriate, but must not be emptied. New containers and self-adhesive labels must be supplied by an approved waste disposal contractor.

The following pre-printed labels have been prepared: Organic solvents, halogen-free fuels. Organic solvents containing halogens. Acidic organic waste. Alkaline organic waste.

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ORGANIC SOLVENTS, HALOGENFREE FUELS

ORGANIC SOLVENTS CONTAINING HALOGENS

ACIDIC ORGANIC WASTE

ALKALINE ORGANIC WASTE

7.9 Disposal and declaration of solid and liquid waste that falls outside the standard categories
Chemicals and hazardous substances which fall outside the standard categories must always be declared. When disposing of explosive materials, contact the HSE Department/Section. A declaration must be completed by the user. Essential fields: Org.no., name of division, cost centre. Name and telephone number of contact representative. EAL code number. Waste substance number. Total weight (kg) and number of consignments. Type of packaging. Colour of the waste. ADR classification. Detailed description. In the field Detailed description, state the name of the substance and its chemical formula, if possible. If the substances are not standard chemicals, their Safety Data Sheets must be appended to the declaration. 75

7.10 Hazard symbols

The chemicals are classified into hazard categories with associated hazard symbols. The new EU directive for the classification, labelling and packaging (CLP) of substances and substance mixtures introduces features such as new hazard pictograms and hazard and safety sentences. The regulations will come into force in Norway on 1 December 2010 at the latest and will apply in parallel with the Regulations governing the classification, labelling etc., of hazardous chemicals that applies up until 1 June 2015. CURRENT HAZARD SYMBOL NEW HAZARD SYMBOLS FROM 1 DECEMBER 2010

VERY FLAMMABLE

EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE

OXIDISING

EXPLOSIVE

VERY TOXIC

TOXIC

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CURRENT HAZARD SYMBOL

NEW HAZARD SYMBOLS FROM 1 DECEMBER 2010

HARMFUL

IRRITANT

CORROSIVE

Gas under pressure

HARMFUL TO THE ENVIRONMENT

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Other symbols employed to classify chemicals

SYMBOL H K M R A TEKST Absorbed through the skin May be carcinogenic (K1-K3, with K1 being the most harmful) May be harmful to genetic material (M1-M3, with M1 being the most harmful). May induce reproductive damage (R1-R3, with R1 being the most harmful) May induce allergies or other forms of oversensitive reaction.

YL-labelling - YL indicates a requirement for fresh air during the use of organic solvents. - Groups 00-5 the higher the value, the more critical the need for fresh air supply. - Applies only in Scandinavia. Hazard and safety sentences (standard sentences assigned a number) - R sentence (risk sentence) description of hazards. - S sentence (safety sentence) information regarding essential precautions.

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R and S sentences will be replaced by H (Hazard) and P (Precautionary) sentences when the CLP comes into force. H and P sentences are assigned a three-digit code. The table below provides an overview of the classification of hazard and precautionary sentences in the CLP: CODE H200-H299 H300-H399 H400-H499 HAZARD SENTENCES Physical hazard Health hazard Environmental hazard CODE P100 P200 P300 P400 P500 PRECAUTIONARY SENTENCES General Preventive First aid Storage Waste

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8 SPECIAL HSE GUIDELINES

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8.1 Work arrangements for pregnant and breast-feeding women

The workplace must be organised in such a way that no personnel are exposed to substances which may cause reproductive damage or result in foetal injury. In some laboratories and workshops, conditions in the working environment may constitute a hazard to the foetus and pregnant employees. Certain aspects of the working environment may have a negative influence on both male and female reproductive capacity.

During the breast-feeding period

Workplaces which are inappropriate during pregnancy due to possible contact with chemical substances, will often also be unsuitable during the breast-feeding period. Chemical substances absorbed into the mothers bloodstream may be transmitted to breast milk.

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Factors within the working environment which may be harmful either to the foetus or reproductive capacity:
Chemical agents Lead Organic mercury Specific solvents Synthetic oestrogens Pesticides Refer to the relevant Safety Data Sheets

Biological agents

Rubella Toxoplasmosis Hepatitis B, HIV Physical stress (work in a standing position, strenuous work, static stress) Ionising radiation Heat Noise Psychosocial working environment Night work, shift work and rotas

Physical factors

Organisation of work

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8.2 Organisation of the ergonomic environment

NTNU and SINTEF are so-called inclusive working life (IA) organisations, and are committed to safeguarding employees/ students various needs in respect of organisation at work. Work in laboratories and workshops which may entail strenuous and stressful activity must be organised in compliance with regulations. In order to prevent the development of muscular and skeletal complaints, it is important to: Organise work using functional equipment (machines, tools, instruments) and locate these appropriately. Encourage awareness on the part of the employee in respect of his/her physical movements while performing work/tasks: - avoid static muscular work - avoid work involving long levers - reduce stress by means of appropriate task planning A keyword is variation: - vary the type of work - vary the bodys working position (alternate sitting and standing) - take regular, short breaks (microbreaks); shake your limbs or stretch your body as required. It may be necessary to make adjustments to protective glasses.

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9 RISK ASSESSMENT

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9.1 General remarks regarding risk assessment

Risk assessment is one of several tools that we use for the systematic identification of issues linked to HSE that may arise in connection with work operations. A risk assessment must be carried out prior to the commencement of a specific task or process, and again when the task in question is modified. This is done so that measures designed to remove or control risk factors can be implemented prior to commencement of the work. A risk assessment must be documented in writing. During a risk assessment, the following must be taken into consideration: What can go wrong? How high is the probability that something can go wrong? What are the consequences if something goes wrong? What measures must we take in order to reduce the probability of occurrence and/or mitigate the consequences and thus minimise risk? The line manager and the employee health and safety representative involved in the area/activity that is the subject of the risk assessment should take an active part in the assessment process. As appropriate, the following personnel may also take part: HSE Coordinator Student representative The person with technical responsibility (Project Manager) The workshop overseer, Principal Research/Departmental Engineers

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 Coordinator with local responsibility for radiation protection Personnel from the HSE Department/Section in order to provide professional assistance Personnel from the Technical Division with responsibility for facilities within the building in question (WHS, buildings, etc.) Representatives from other parties occupying the same premises, e.g., NTNU/SINTEF/St. Olavs Hospital. Other personnel whom the division considers appropriate. As an aid to the completion of a risk assessment, examples of hazards, unwanted incidents, consequences and preventive measures are given in the table below: 1. Hazards All personnel must make an assessment of the hazards involved in their own work, including factors which may not be included below. The following list may be of assistance in the assessment of potential hazards.

Chemicals

Explosive, inflammable, caustic, corrosive, or difficult to dispose of. Especially hazardous to health: carcinogenic, allergenic, those which cause reproductive damage or mutagenic. Harmful to the environment. React unfavourably with each other, or react explosively with air or water. Have special storage requirements, and in situations where data may be lacking regarding a chemicals health risk and reactivity.

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Radiation

Electricity High voltages, high-potential electric fields, high current intensity, current leakage or earthing faults, short circuits, sparks (which cause ignition, ozone formation) and static electricity (synthetic materials in clothes and equipment). Ionising radiation, X-rays, lasers, strong visible light, ultra-violet and infra-red radiation and sound/ultrasound.

Pathogenic organisms

Clarification of type of microorganism and risk classification. Virulence, infectiousness.

Others

Powerful magnetic fields, open flames, temperature, pressure, vacuum, centrifuges, hoisting cranes, vibrations, physical stresses on personnel, apparatus, objects which may fall or overturn, fragile/exposed/ rotating apparatus components, dust (causing soiling, respiratory problems, explosions), noise, splashing, spillage, overheating, immersion boilers, heavy weights, hazardous transport, obstruction of gangways and evacuation routes, difficulties for maintenance and cleaning personnel, non-Norwegian speakers, work after normal working hours, apparatus which continues to operate without supervision, and hazards caused by experiments in the near vicinity. Water (cooling).

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2. Unwanted incidents Examples Failure of water coolant system. Rupture in water hose/pipe. Heating elements boil dry. Failure in electricity supply. Pipe blockage, or fracture in pipes/rupture in hoses. Valves opened too quickly/too far, or failure to open. All kinds of leakages. Wear and tear or accidents at other locations on the premises.

3. Consequences Examples In addition, an assessment must be made of what can happen if an accident occurs, irrespective of the cause. What is the maximum force of a potential explosion (kJ or MJ)? What is the maximum amount of substance which can be ignited? Can a fire spread? If so, how? Are there other objects in the vicinity which may catch fire? Will a fire generate large volumes of smoke or toxic gases? Will an explosion generate a secondary hazard in the form of splinters? (Glass from doors and windows is particularly dangerous). Will an explosion result in leakages of hazardous substances? Will falling objects cause fire, corrosion or such like? Will harmful splashing of liquids result from an accident or from the loosening of a spring washer or safety valve? Will any form of accident result in the obstruction of evacuation routes? How extensive can a spillage become? What are the consequences? Will a given accident lead to accidents involving other apparatus?

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4. Action Examples Preventive measures must be evaluated based on the risk and impact analyses: Use of instrumentation during inspections and to activate alarms. Choice of materials. Use and location of alarms. Use and location of spring washers, safety and reduction valves. Labelling of switches and valves. Partition walls and such like to provide protection from fire/ explosions. Manual monitoring requirements. Requirements regarding the amounts of chemicals, and their safekeeping. Flushing with inert gases or liquids prior to commencement, during, and after completion of operations. Protection from spillage and splashing. Maintenance requirements Conduct experiments under fume extraction/separate fume suction facility. Containers in which to collect leaked substances. Make sure that absorbent materials are available to clear spillages. Requirement for a drain in the floor. Working hours restrictions. Use of protective equipment. Appropriate gas masks must be accessible outside the laboratory/ workshop. Plan for analysis of the laboratory/workshop atmosphere after a gas emission in order to establish a basis on which to grant re-entry to the room and building. Regular blood and/or urine analyses. Plan for alarm system in the event of the need for evacuation.

Examples

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9.2 Construction and operation of research and teaching equipment

Apparatus can be of different types and is constantly changing. For each set of apparatus, a person will be appointed with responsibility for the apparatus in question. He or she must ensure that: construction and operations are carried out in compliance with current legislation and regulations hazards are assessed and preventive measures put in place. If necessary, technical assistance must be called upon. assessments of complex apparatus or experiments which constitute a significant hazard must be documented in writing. If in doubt, consult the person responsible for the laboratory/workshop or the HSE Coordinator. The written assessment must be readily accessible in close proximity to the apparatus, and the person responsible for the laboratory/ workshop must retain a copy outside the room in question. all documentation concerning the apparatus/equipment must be held collectively in safekeeping in a separate folder which must be made readily accessible to all users of the equipment in question. For further information about apparatus safety cards, we refer to the chapter dealing with protective equipment and hazard signage.

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10 BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

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10.1 Definition of biological agents

Biological agents include living and dead microorganisms, cell cultures, endoparasites and prions which can cause infections, allergies and toxic reactions in humans. Biological agents may be naturally-occurring or genetically modified. Components of biological agents such as enzymes/proteins and fatty acids are also regarded as non-living biological agents. These can cause allergic and/or toxic reactions. Infections caused by biological agents may also be carcinogenic, (e.g. the Human Papilloma Virus), or may cause foetal damage (e.g. Toxoplasma gondii). Living biological agents are classified into four infection risk groups according to the level of infection risk they represent.

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10.2 Risk groups

Gr. 1 2 Level of risk of infection Does not normally cause infectious diseases in humans. Can cause infectious diseases in humans and constitutes a hazard to employees. It is unlikely that it will be transmitted into the wider community, and under normal circumstances there exist preventive measures or treatments. Can cause serious infectious diseases in humans and constitutes a serious hazard to employees. There may be a risk of transmission into the wider community, but under normal circumstances there exist preventive measures or treatments. Causes serious infectious diseases in humans and constitutes a serious hazard to employees. There may be a major risk of transmission into the wider community, and under normal circumstances no effective preventive measures or treatments exist.

Lists of the biological agents which are classified in risk groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 are provided in the Regulations governing protection from exposure to biological agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.) in the workplace. Not all biological agents are listed in these Regulations. The division in question has a duty to classify those which are not included in the lists published in the Regulations. All use of biological agents must be subject to a risk assessment. This must be archived in written form.

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10.3 Prior to working with biological agents

A briefing must be given as to the biological materials being used, the health risk involved, and of the availability of vaccination. A warning sign must be posted in those laboratories where work with biological agents is carried out. A substances index containing information sheets for all products involving biological agents must be kept at the division in question. Moreover, guidelines must be available for the handling of biological agents classified in infection risk groups 3 and 4. All personnel who work with living animals or human material will be offered vaccination against tetanus and Hepatitis B (HBV). Contact the HSE Department. Definition of containment: Barriers constructed in order to prevent biological agents from coming unintentionally into contact with humans or the environment. The legislative Regulations governing protection against biological agents in the workplace, and the Regulations governing the contained use of genetically modified microorganisms, both define the measures that must be implemented in order to achieve containment levels 1 (for infection risk group 1), 2, 3 or 4. This also includes a review of the mandatory protective equipment.

10.4 Personal protective equipment

All personnel must use personal protective equipment, both for their own protection against infection, and to reduce the risk of contaminating the culture/cell line. For groups 3 and 4, full protective dress is mandatory. 99

 Mandatory protective equipment includes work clothes, gloves and a surgical mask, as appropriate (in the event of a risk of splashing), or mask with P2 (P3) filter, a cap, and protective shoe covers. Before leaving the laboratory, protective clothing must be removed and the hands washed thoroughly. For a more detailed description we refer you to the legislative Regulations.

10.5 Handling and storage

Microorganisms must be handled with care because they may cause disease in humans (human pathogens). Sterile techniques are essential for the aseptic transfer of microorganisms from, for example, a culture to another medium. The same applies to cell cultivation. Only sterilised disposable equipment or flame-sterilised reusable equipment should be used for sampling. The sterile technique used will vary depending on whether personnel are working with bacteria cultures or with cell cultures in a safety bench. In the latter case, flame-sterilisation must not be employed. Cleanliness and meticulousness are essential and are mandatory in order to prevent contamination of the samples by their surroundings. The workplace must be cleaned thoroughly prior to the commencement of work, and cleaned and disinfected after use. After any period of experimentation, all biological material must be destroyed and disposed of. Biological material such as bacteria and cell lines must be stored clearly labelled and properly sealed in separate, purpose-built incubator cabinets. 100

10.6 Disinfection
Disinfection is a process which kills most disease-causing bacteria and viruses. In order to prevent infection to personnel or the transmission of potentially pathogenic material to the environment, disinfection must be carried out prior to manual cleaning. Disinfecting agent Chloramine Treatment Disinfection of glass, plastic and rubber articles. It has no significant effect on fungi and spores. Metals and textiles can be attacked. Instructions for use: Can be purchased as a 5% solution ready for use. Can also be obtained as a powder. Prior to use the powder must be dissolved in water to form a 5% solution: Take one measuring beaker containing 500ml water. The water temperature must not exceed 30-35oC 1. The objects to be disinfected must be kept separate to the extent that this is possible and completely submerged in the disinfection solution for at least one hour. Surfaces and such like must be covered with absorbent paper and well-wetted with the disinfection solution for a period of one hour. 2. Carry out a thorough mechanical cleaning. 3. Rinse thoroughly with water. Unused 5% stock solution can be kept for 2 years well-sealed at room temperature in a dark place. As a rule, used solutions cannot be re-used because chlorinecontaining disinfecting agents easily become inactivated by organic material. Remember: Use gloves and a fume cupboard! Used chloramines must be collected in plastic containers and disposed of as hazardous waste. 101

Disinfecting agent Heat disinfection

Treatment Heat disinfection is always preferable to chemical disinfection, provided that the equipment in question can tolerate heating. Autoclaving at 121C for 20 minutes kills all microorganisms. Kills most kinds of microorganism. Restrict the use of UVC radiation to a minimum. Irradiate for approx. 1 hour. UV light reacts with air to form ozone, and it disintegrates plastics resulting in the formation of small volumes of harmful gases. If a UV light source has been operating overnight, it must be switched off for approximately half an hour before the laboratory can be used. Ethanol or isopropanol both work rapidly, and are effective against most bacteria and some viruses. Alcohols may be used: 1. when there is no suspicion of infection by HIV/HBV. 2. when disinfection must be achieved rapidly. 3. when the equipment or instruments will not tolerate any other form of disinfection. Instructions for use of ethanol: Make a 70% stock solution (diluted in water). 1. Visible spillage must be cleared away, and soiled articles cleaned prior to disinfection using ethanol. (NB! Ethanol may coagulate proteins and partially infiltrate organic materials). The procedure involves a certain risk of accidental infection and gloves must be used. Use the utmost caution. 2. Allow the ethanol to take effect for at least 2 minutes. Rapid evaporation permits a very short reaction time. When disinfecting surfaces, the ethanol must be applied once in sufficient volumes, or repeatedly, to ensure that a reaction time of at least 2 minutes is achieved.

UV light

Alkohol (sprit)

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10.7 Destruction/disposal
All equipment that has been in contact with microorganisms must either be autoclaved prior to washing (reusable equipment), or disposed of in boxes for hazardous biological waste and labelled as infectious waste (disposable equipment). Used bacterial cultures in solution and supernatants remaining after bacterial centrifugation must be autoclaved and disposed of as harmless refuse (wash in a fume cupboard). This does not apply to solutions containing organic solvents. In such cases, the bacteria must be destroyed using a caustic alkaline solution. Agar dishes containing bacterial cultures must be autoclaved in autoclave bags, after which they can be disposed of as ordinary refuse or as hazardous biological waste, labelled as infectious waste.

10.8 Work in animal testing departments

The line manager is responsible for ensuring that employees and students are offered necessary health checks and vaccines, and that the premises are approved by the Animal Testing Committee and are fit for purpose. Animal health is safeguarded by means of separate regulations stipulated by the Animal Health and Welfare Inspectorate. Separate guidelines have been prepared to safeguard employees, students and visitors against disease which can be transmitted by animals and animal products, and to minimise the risks of the spread of allergens. The guidelines will also ensure adequate safety provisions for personnel visiting the animal testing department.

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10.9 Contained use of genetically modified microorganisms

Genetic technology involves methods for the isolation of genetic material, its characterisation, modification and insertion into living cells or viruses. Genetic technology is regulated by the Norwegian Genetic Technology Act, and the use of genetically modified microorganisms is regulated by the Regulations governing the contained use of genetically modified organisms. Laboratories and other facilities which are intended to be utilised for contained use, must be approved in advance by the Norwegian Directorate for Health and Care Services, and the use of genetically modified microorganisms must be reported to the same body. Definition of containment: Barriers constructed in order to prevent biological agents from coming unintentionally into contact with humans or the environment. Laboratories and facilities are classified into containment levels 1, 2, 3 or 4, where level 1 represents the lowest level. The minimum requirements for any given containment level are specified by a table provided in the legislative Regulations.

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11 RADIATION PROTECTION

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11.1 Radioactive sources

For the purposes of this handbook, there are two principal categories of radioactive source: Sources of ionising radiation; radioactive substances, X-ray apparatus, and electron microscopes. Powerful sources of non-ionising radiation such as Class 3B and 4 lasers, magnetic resonance (MR) devices, shortwave ultra-violet radiation (UVC), and other sources which generate potentially harmful electromagnetic radiation, and ultrasound. Radioactive sources must be handled in compliance with guidelines in such a way as to minimise the risks to your own health and safety and that of others, the working environment, and the external environment. The research/teaching group manager and/or the technical supervisor involved in the doctorate or student project in question is responsible for evaluating the risks and for carrying out a risk assessment, as required, and for providing appropriate training, safety equipment and carrying out contingency planning. The use and handling of radioactive sources is governed by its own set of legislative Regulations, national and international standards, and by the relevant guidelines.

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11.2 Prior to the commencement of work

The local radiation protection coordinator must be kept informed and be consulted regarding radioactive sources and their use, location, movements, procurement and disposal etc. All users must be informed of the work procedures which apply at the laboratory/workshop/facility in question. The employee health and safety representative and external personnel must be notified of the activity in question, and any precautions which must be taken. A risk assessment of work involving the radioactive source(s) in question must be carried out. Essential shielding, technical safety systems, personal protective equipment and appropriate measuring devices for carrying out radiation protection inspections must be readily accessible. Prior to procurement or use, personnel must be made aware of the proper storage and disposal procedures for the radioactive source(s) in question. Emergency procedures/a contingency plan must be prepared. Accidents involving radioactive sources must be reported without delay to both the local and central radiation protection coordinators, together with standard notifications to relevant management personnel.

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11.3 Sources of ionising radiation

Users must have training in locally prepared guidelines, handbooks and contingency plans, in the use of measuring devices and protective equipment and the disposal of waste. Make an assessment as to whether it is possible to employ techniques which do not involve the use of sources of ionising radiation. Access to laboratories containing sources of ionising radiation must be restricted. Use the minimum levels of radiation possible. A contamination inspection must be carried out where this is required by the legislative Regulations. All purchases, usage and disposal must be recorded. Signs and notices must be posted in compliance with legislative Regulations on all sources and equipment and at the workplace (parts of, or the entire laboratory). Radioactive sources and waste must be stored correctly. Personnel who become pregnant must inform their technical supervisor and the local radiation protection coordinator without delay. In the event that a pregnant employee/student intends to continue working with ionising radiation, an assessment must be made of the dose to which the foetus will be exposed. This dose must be less than 1 mSv for the remainder of the pregnancy. The central radiation protection coordinator must be notified of all users who may be at risk of levels of exposure in excess of 1 mSv/year.

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Open radioactive sources All work above the contingency thresholds described in the attachment to the Regulations governing radiation protection and the use of radiation must be carried out only in approved laboratories (Classes B or C). Sealed radioactive sources Return or disposal arrangements for the source must be agreed prior to procurement. Make sure that the casing prevents leakage during both normal use and in the event of accidents. X-ray apparatus The person responsible for the instrument must evaluate and approve in writing the qualifications of all users as they relate to the proper use of the X-ray apparatus. Electron microscopes Service and maintenance must be carried out by qualified personnel.

11.4 Non-ionising radiation

The use of sources of non-ionising radiation must be registered in a log book that accompanies the source. In compliance with guidelines, an information folder must accompany the source. Lasers classes 3B and 4 The person responsible for the equipment must make an assessment as to whether likely users are adequately qualified 110

to use the lasers without supervision. In the case of class 4 lasers, this must be documented in writing. The most relevant protective equipment comprises laser goggles designed specifically for the laser radiation in use and its application. In addition, for Class 4 lasers, there may be a specially-designed visor, fire-proof clothes, gloves, etc., in order to protect the skin from exposure, fire risk, etc. Every effort must be made to provide maximum enclosure of the laser beams. Procurement, movement or disposal of Class 4 lasers must be reported to both the local and central radiation protection coordinators.

11.5 UVC sources

The division in question must ensure that UVC tubes are used correctly. Protective equipment may include eye- and face protection (goggles/visor), appropriate protective gloves and longsleeved work clothes. The division must have its own equipment for, or know where to find assistance in relation to, the measurement of UVC. All exposure must be kept to the minimum levels possible. Systems should be in place which ensure that open UVC sources are turned off automatically when a person enters an area where harmful UVC radiation is in operation. All apparatus and laboratories where harmful UVC radiation is in use must be indicated with signs and notices.

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12 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO GLOVES

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12.1 Work during which the hands must be protected

Gloves are used either to protect personnel or to protect the materials with which personnel are working. A risk assessment must be carried out prior to each task in order to identify any need for protective measures. Examples of types of work for which protection of the hands may be particularly important are: Work with chemicals and hazardous substances Work with biological agents Work with laboratory animals Work involving thermal risk factors (heat/cold) Work involving a risk of intense contact heat Work with cutting tools/instruments Work involving the handling of sharp-edged objects Work involving sources of radiation

12.2 Labelling of gloves

Medical gloves are categorised as medical equipment, whereas protective gloves are categorised as personal protective equipment and are thus each governed by their own set of regulations. Both types must be CE-labelled. The labelling must be affixed to the glove itself and/or to its packaging.

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merkes. Merkingen skal st p selve hansken og/eller p emballasjen.

-labelling -merking

CE- merking (where Communaut Europenne = Europenne CE-labelling (CE = CE stands for Communaut fransk for EU) skal sikre a tilfredsstiller EU) is intended to ensure that the product = French for bestemte krav til helse, milj og sikkerhet. En rekke produk merkes for kunne omsettes i EU og ES, dette gjelder ogs personlig vern meets specific requirements in respect of health, safety and vernehansker.
environmental considerations. Several products require CE-labelling in order to be traded within the EU and EEA. This applies also to personal protective equipment such as Medisinske hansker protective gloves.

Medical gloves Standard EN 455 for disposable gloves used for medical applications consists of a set of standards that stipulate requirements related to verification of the gloves physical properties. No standard exists that stipulates requirements in relation to the penetrability of medical gloves, but some medical gloves have been tested against standard EN 374 which applies to the properties of protective gloves in relation to chemicals and microorganisms. Protective gloves Protective gloves are sorted into three categories depending on the type of risk or hazard against which they provide protection: Category 1, Low risk: Basic gloves which only provide protection against very low risk factors. This category of gloves may only be used in situations where the hazard develops gradually and where the user has adequate time to identify the risk. These

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gloves can be tested and approved by the manufacturer. CElabelled. Category 2, Moderate risk: These gloves provide good protection against the risk of cuts, puncturing and general wear and tear. These must be tested and certified individually by a testing institute. This institute in question must be identified clearly with its name and address printed in the instructions for use that come with the gloves. CE-labelled with a pictogram. Category 3, High risk: These gloves are designed to provide protection against serious risk factors or permanent injury. They must be certified by an approved institute. Moreover, the manufacturers production processes must be subject to quality assurance. CE-labelled with the ID number of the test institute and a pictogram. A pictogram is a simple pictorial symbol that illustrates the standard for which the protective gloves in question are classified, e.g., protection against radioactive contamination (see the pictogram tables). An i-label appended to the pictogram indicates that further information is available as to how the gloves should be used.

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Pictograms for protective gloves PICTOGRAM DESCRIPTION Microorganisms LEVEL OF PROTECTION 1-3 STANDARD EN374

abc

Chemicals Penetrability rate of three chemicals (abc) from a list of 12 pre-defined standard chemicals Physical and mechanical a) Resistance to wear and tear b) Resistance to cutting effects c) Resistance to tearing d) Puncture resistance Cutting

1-6*)

EN374

abcd

1-4 1-5 1-4 1-4 Approved

EN388

EN1082

Static electricity

Approved

EN60903

abcdef

Heat and fire a) Combustibility b) Contact heat c) Convectional heat d) Radiative heat e) Floating particles of molten metal f) Minor droplets of molten metal

1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 X=not tested

EN407

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PICTOGRAM

DESCRIPTION Cold a) Convectional cold temperatures b) Contact cold temperatures c) Water resistance n) Ionising radiation Lead equivalency is stated on the label(s).

LEVEL OF PROTECTION 1-4 1-4 0-1

STANDARD EN511

EN421

*) Level of protection given in terms of penetration time (minutes) (EN374: the time it takes before 1g /cm2 penetrates the glove material)

1 10-30

2 30-60

3 60-120

4 120-240

5 240-480

6 >480

Even if the gloves display the symbol for gloves protected against chemicals and belong to a high category, it is important that you check that the gloves are made of a material that is appropriate for the chemical that you intend to work with (refer to the Safety Data Sheet).

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12.3 Selection of gloves

In order to select the correct gloves best suited to the work to be carried out, personnel must evaluate the risk to which they are subjected during the work in question. The user must define the requirements that the gloves must meet in order to provide the necessary protection; What kind of work will the gloves be used to carry out? What must they provide protection against? For how long must they provide protection? What type of exposure is considered to be hazardous? Will the hands be in contact with harmful substances throughout the work, or is there simply a risk of contact? Special considerations regarding chemicals The Safety Data Sheet (see item 8) is intended to provide information about the correct glove material required for the chemical in question. Note that different brands of gloves made of the same materials may have different properties. Accurate information as to how effective a glove is in terms of providing protection against a specific chemical can be obtained from the glove supplier. The various brands of glove are listed in a table in which their resistance to different chemicals is given. The suppliers often publish such information on their websites. The resistance to chemicals should also be stated together with a pictogram, either on the gloves themselves or on their packaging (see labelling of gloves). Remember that no glove is entirely impenetrable! It is simply a matter of time!

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Materials The gloves barrier properties depend on the material they are made of. Material Latex Suitable for Natural raw material from rubber trees Elastic excellent resistance to cutting/wear and tear Good protection against bases, alcohols and dilute aqueous solutions of many chemicals. May cause allergies, and personnel must therefore select gloves made of other materials if they do not have a particular need for this protection. Provides better protection from infection than vinyl or polyethene gloves Skin-friendly. Not as strong and elastic as latex. Suitable for both wet and dry grip Good protection against most aqueous solutions, cleaning agents, cutting fluids, oils, dilute acids and bases. Good protection against most organic solvents. Unsuitable for Latex hydration will affect the gloves properties. When the gloves become wet, water is drawn into the pores between the rubber particles. This increases penetrability in relation to chemical substances and viruses, and affects other properties such as finger sensitivity and strength under stretching.

Polyvinylchloride (vinyl)

Poorer barrier properties in relation to infection and chemical substances. Provides no protection against organic solvents.

Polyvinylalcohol

Intolerant of contact with water or aqueous products. 121

Nitril

A synthetic butadieneacrylnitril composite. Very resistant to wear and tear. High resistance to cutting and puncturing. Provides good protection against bases, oils, many solvents, esters, fats and animal fats. Synthetic rubber. Maintains elasticity under extremely low temperatures. Provides protection against many acids, alcohols, fats, oils, animal fats and ketones. Has similar mechanical protective properties to latex. Gas and liquid proof. Good protection against ketones, ethers, and highly corrosive acids. Provides particularly good protection against halogens and aromatic compounds. Can also be used in aqueous solutions. Protects against soiling of the hands by relatively harmless chemical substances. Only minor allergen effect, and can be used as inner gloves. Protection is dependant on the strength of the seams.

Does not fully protect against aromatic solvents (for example, latex is better suited for handling acetone).

Neoprene

Not recommended for use with organic solvents.

Butyl rubber

Not recommended for use with aromatic, aliphatic and chlorinated compounds.

Fluor rubber (Viton)

Polyethene

Affords no protection against infection and harmful chemicals.

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Five-layer PE and EVOH laminate

(SilverShield/4H). Good protection against most organic compounds. Specially manufactured for handling highly toxic chemicals and epoxy resin. Limited resistance to mechanical wear and tear. Both comfortable and breathable. Goatskin is frequently used for assembly gloves and provides optimal protection against humidity. Cowhide and pigskin are thicker and more robust. These are best suited to dry work. Leather gloves made from the inner layer of the animals skin (split leather) affords good protection against heat and cuts. The most frequently used are cotton and polyester. Can afford certain protection against heat and cuts. Can be used as an inner glove in order to prevent hand sweating.

Hide/leather

Textiles

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12.4 Use and maintenance of gloves

General remarks Gloves can never afford complete protection. Consider using other protective measures as well! The use of gloves entails reduced sensitivity to the extent that you are not always certain as to whether you have infectious materials/chemicals on the gloves. For this reason, after completing a work operation, change your gloves and wash your hands so that you do not transfer spilled matter (blood or other biological material, radioactive material, toxic substances), and thus make yourself and others vulnerable to unnecessary risk, or contaminate other materials. Remove your gloves when you answer the telephone or leave the laboratory. Always wash your hands before you leave the laboratory. Disposable gloves must not be re-used! A poor quality glove is worse than no glove at all! Prior to use Wash your hands before putting your gloves on (nondisposable gloves). It is important that the gloves are dry inside when you put them on. Damp skin absorbs substances faster than dry skin. Always have an extra pair of gloves ready in case you discover a puncture, or if the gloves are insufficiently clean. Make sure that the gloves you purchase are fit for purpose. Make sure that the chemicals are not about to penetrate the glove material.

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 If you intend to use latex-free gloves in a situation where there is a risk of infection, the barrier properties should be at least as good as those for latex gloves. Alternatively, use latex as an outer glove covering latex-free inner gloves. Cotton gloves worn inside vinyl gloves will afford excellent grip. Similarly, vinyl gloves worn outside polythene ethene gloves afford good gripping properties and better protection than vinyl gloves alone. Make sure that the gloves cover the cuff and lower part of the sleeve when working with highly toxic substances and other agents (such as radiation, scratching by laboratory animals and cryogenic gases) that can injure the hands or damage the sleeves. If necessary, use gloves with long cuffs or disposable sleeve protectors. When in use During prolonged use, and especially when working with substances that are known to penetrate the gloves after a certain time, you must change your gloves on a regular basis. Remember to remove your gloves when you answer the telephone or leave the laboratory! After use Clean the outside of non-disposable gloves before you take them off! In this way you will avoid the usual mistake of putting on a dirty glove with your bare hands. Disposable gloves must be pulled inside out so that the inside faces outwards when you throw them away. It is important to make sure that non-disposable gloves are clean and inspected. With time, chemicals will penetrate 125

the gloves. At the end of the working day, wash the gloves thoroughly inside and out and hang them up to dry. You must replace the gloves in situations where they are coming apart or where you can see that chemicals are about to penetrate the material. All gloves that have become contaminated with chemicals on the inside must be disposed of immediately. Gloves used for handling solvents must be replaced at frequent intervals, normally several times a week, even if they have not become contaminated on the inside. Solvents and chemicals in solution with solvents will easily penetrate the material. The substances may continue to penetrate the material even though the substance itself is not being worked with, e.g. during the night. Hands should be washed after the gloves have been used in order to remove microorganisms or any latex allergens, powder or substances that may have penetrated the gloves. Use a mild form of soap. Rinse and dry the hands thoroughly and carefully. Wash with alcohol, as appropriate. Use a fatty skin cream with a low water content.

12.5 Side-effects of using gloves

Typical examples of the side-effects of using gloves include itching, eczema, rashes and hand sweating. The causes of such complaints may include: Chemical penetration through the glove material. Allergenic substances in the glove material. Rubber chemicals and substances in the latex material. 126

 Anti-bacterial agents in the glove lining. Chromium in chrome-tanned gloves. Irritation due to glove powder. Irritation due to the lining material. Increased hand sweating as a result of tight glove fit. The use of tight plastic gloves for more than two hours per day is defined as wet work. The worsening of a pre-existing hand eczema condition. Rash Contact urticaria (CU) consists of an itching skin rash that expresses itself as pale, irregular wheals surrounded by reddened skin. The rash develops rapidly and then fades gradually. It often appears as a separate diagnostic entity, but may also constitute part of a series of general reactions (anaphylactic shock). It is caused by direct contact with the allergen. The treatment of CU consists first and foremost of avoiding contact. Contact eczema Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) is a delayed allergic skin reaction that appears initially 24 hours after contact of the allergen with the skin, and which expresses itself as an itching eczema. It is not caused by the rubber material (latex) itself, but by chemical additives incorporated during manufacture of the gloves. Irritative contact eczema A non-allergic eczema of this type may be the result of hands sweating inside the gloves that in turn make the hands more sensitive to agents causing irritation. Glove powder normally consists of starch and may contain minor amounts of anti-coagulant additives. These in turn may produce 127

a weakly alkaline environment on the inside of a damp glove and thus promote irritation of the skin. The glove powder itself is seldom the cause of allergic reactions, but may be the carrier of allergic substances. Latex allergy is caused by allergens (substances that cause allergies) such as the proteins within the latex (natural rubber). Proteins may also be used as additives during the manufacturing process. Common reactions to latex are Contact urticaria and/or hay fever resulting from the powder in the gloves. The powder (which is commonly maize starch) is itself a relatively weak allergen, but bonds itself to other allergens from the latex. The powder is wafted into the air making the allergens air-borne. This can result in symptoms varying from eye and respiratory complaints in those who already are allergic, and may also give rise to an allergic reaction among those who are not in the first instance allergic. The powder also acts to dehydrate and irritate the skin, which in turn increases the risk of developing eczema and allergies. How to avoid allergies? If you are already allergic, the symptoms can be treated but the allergy cannot be cured. The best approach is therefore to prevent an allergic reaction occurring in the first place. If wearing gloves is in itself irritating to your skin, you must only wear them as and when necessary, and then only for as short a time as possible. In order to reinforce prevention of the development and provocation of allergic symptoms, the following measures can be considered:

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 Wear inner cotton gloves between the skin and the protective outer gloves in order to reduce irritation to the skin. Replace latex gloves with alternative materials, but remember to make sure that the replacement material provides sufficient protection against the substances you are working with. Wear powder-free gloves. The gloves must be regarded as personal property, and not be worn by others. Disposable gloves must not be re-used! Gloves designed for repeated use must be cleaned thoroughly after use. Vary your work patterns so that the skin has glove-free periods.

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Contact information:
NTNU, HSE Department Hyskoleringen 6, NO-7491 Trondheim Telephone: 73 59 80 24 E-mail: hms@ntnu.no Internet: http://www.ntnu.no/hms SINTEF, HSE Section Strindveien 4, NO-7465 trondheim Telephone: 73 59 30 60 Telefax: 73 59 33 50 E-mail: hms@sintef.no Intranett: http://skala.sintef.no/no/ Management system/Heath, Safety and the Environment

See the film about safety in the laboratory Visit the NTNU HSE Department website and see the film about safety in the laboratory: Location: HSE Department HSE Handbook Laboratory and workshop handbook Internet: http://www.ntnu.no/hms

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