APPLICATION OF

INTEGRATED DESIGN IN
ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENTS
grotteportella
FASHION
DISTRICT
Fadi Castronovo
Prof Toke Rammer Nielsen
Prof Christian Anker Hviid
Arch Luciano Andreotti
ARCH ALICE CENTIONI
Table of COntents
abstract
introduction
design method
traditional
andreotti architects
integrated design method
integrated design method
dtu PROCESS
integrated design vs traditional design
application of IDP
dtu process in andreotti architects
Grotteportella case
study: overview
DESIGN method PROPOSAL
design strategies
proposed transition process
conclusion
BIbliography
Acknowledgements
APPENDIX
Case study additional documents
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
I.
II.
II.i
II.iI
III.
IIi.I
IIi.ii
III III
iV.
Iv.i
V.
VI.
vi.I
vi.ii
VII.
IX.
X.
Xi.
7
9
13
14
18
21
22
26
29
33
34
39
51
52
55
59
213
217
218
219
253
theory and methodology
analysis
Discussion
Case study: grotteportella
requirements
municipal requirements
national
andreotti architects
international
site
description
urban context
urban proposal
summary of the proposal
functions
Public
commercial
residential
tertiary
sustainable strategies
weather and orientation
building elements
NATURAL VENTILATION
building services
environmental impacts
Materials
PARAMETERS LIST
preliminary SPATIAL LAYOUT
PRELIMINARY simulations
VASARI
IDBUILD
Design of Systems
Passive systems analysis
Mechanical cooling category I analysis
Mechanical cooling category II analysis
IESVE BUILDING simulations
IESVE modeling
REsults
building design
architectural form
architectural strategies
systems DESIGN
Ventilation
VIII.
viii.i
viii.i.i
viii.i.ii
viii.i.iIi
viii.i.iV
viii.ii
viii.ii.i
viii.ii.ii
viii.ii.iii
viii.ii.IV
Viii.iii
viii.iii.i
viii.iii.ii
viii.iii.iii
viii.iii.iV
Viii.iV
viii.iV.i
viii.iV.ii
viii.iV.iii
viii.iV.iV
viii.iV.V
viii.iV.vi
viii.iV.vii
Viii.V
Viii.Vi
viii.Vi.i
viii.Vi.ii
VIII Vi III
VIII Vi IV
VIII Vi V
VIII Vi VI
Viii.VII
viii.VII.i
viii.VII.iI
Viii.VIII
viii.VIIi.i
viii.ViII.ii
Viii.iX
viii.IX.i
64
64
65
66
68
84
84
84
86
86
72
72
72
76
77
92
92
94
96
98
100
102
103
106
116
118
126
128
130
134
138
176
176
182
186
186
200
208
208
7
Abstract
Several methods of designing are currently utilized in the building business. The
most common is the traditional method of designing, which revolves around the role
of the architect as the main designer. The other mainstream method is the integrat-
ed design method, which is based on the interaction of the dierent professions. Ac-
cording to several professionals, the integrated design method is the most e cient
way of developing a sustainable building. The Civil Engineering department at the
Technical University of Denmark, has developed a process in order to maximize the
integrated design process the potential for sustainability. What the design engineer
attempted with the following thesis, was to modify the method proposed by the
DTU, in order to develop a method which would ease the transition from a traditional
to an integrated design method. In proposing a new method, the design engineer
applied the DTUs method at the Andreotti Architects studio in Italy over a period
of 5 months. From this experience the Grotteportella Fashion District building was
developed, and the design engineer also developed a method for the transition from
a traditional design method. This method is largely based on DTUs method, and it
focuses on the preparation that an architecture studio must have in order to tackle a
project in an integrated design approach.
8
9
I introduction
10
preface
The need for shelter has evolved over the ages, starting with use of natural shelter to
the construction of intricate buildings; man has been able to go from caves to reaching
the skies. The need for shelter has dened not only the construction methods and ma-
terials but also society, cities, and economies. With the passage of time, the builder has
evolved into an architect, whom, with the help of engineers, has been able to fabricate
the world. With the growth of humanity, architects have been challenged with tackling
new needs. Starting from the need for space and individuality, to the new challenges of
energy preservation and environmental impacts, architects had to master new sciences
in order to build structures that respect nature and humans. [I]
The world of building construction has been recently taking a turn towards sustainabil-
ity and energy conservation. This change of methodology and mentality is not new to
the world of construction. Back in the 1970s and 1980s, when the world saw the rst
oil crisis, civil engineerings, architects, and businesses started looking into the develop-
ment of low energy buildings and set standards in order to achieve this. [I]
Currently, residential and commercial buildings are responsible for the generation of
40% of the worlds total green house gases emission. Buildings are also responsible
for 30% of the worlds energy consumption. Because of the growing eect of global
warming and the pending energy crises, the two disciplines have started striving for
sustainability. [III]
Several major actions have to be taken in order to reach a sustainable level. First, new
buildings have to be built with new energetic standards. Second, existing buildings have
to be renewed in order to lessen the present load on the energy infrastructure. Lastly,
the traditional characteristics of an architect have to change, he must now develop a
new set of engineering skills, which allow him to achieve a new sustainable lifestyle. [II]
With these new requirements new buildings have to be built with high engineering and
architectural standards, this can only be achieved if the two disciplines work in synergy.
This synergy requires new methods of design.
11
introduction
Several methods of designing are currently utilized in the building business. The most
common is the traditional method of designing, which revolves around the role of the
architect as the main designer. Lately, an Integrated Design Method has been devel-
oped. The focus of this design method is to use the synergetic knowledge and skills of
dierent disciplines, in order to cut down time and environmental and economic reper-
cussions. The BYG department of DTU has further developed this method and has given
rise to alternatives and additions to the method, which have proven themselves to be
quite successful in the academic and professional environment. [IV]
The purpose of this research was to apply the DTU method in a professional environ-
ment that has a traditional design method, and analyze the methods perfomance and
propose modications to the method, in order to improve the transition from a tradi-
tional to an integrated design method. The chosen environment, was the Adreotti Archi-
tects studio (located in Rome Italy). The DTU method was applied to one of the studios
project. The chosen project was on the development of a high rise building for the
reurbanization project of Grotteportella. The site is located in the suburbs of Rome, and
the requirements, from both the Municipality and the studio, for the high-rise building
was that it had to be a sustainable, energy-e cient building. Also, the designing of the
building had conducted with sophisticated Building Information Modeling tools.
After, the project phase concluded, the analysis of the traditional methods and the one
applied by the studio was conducted in order to evaluate the methods. Later, the analy-
sis was expanded to the study of mainstream Integrated Design Method and the one
proposed by DTU. With the experience at the studio and the knowledge of the dier-
ent design methods several suggestions and improvements on the DTU methods were
made. This Master thesis will illustrate and describe both the research and the experi-
ence. Two main sections are presented, one on the study and analysis of the methods,
and the other one is dedicated solely on the Grotteportella project. An Appendix is
included, in order to present the architectural drawings and further details.
12
13
Ii. design
methods
14
II i traditional
As mentioned in the introduction, the design of habitable spaces has been one of
the oldest professions, and with the development of new technologies and design
methods, the design process has become more e cient. Generally speaking, a de-
sign method is the formulation and development of a standardized procedure in de-
signing any object and solving any problem. [V] The purpose of design methods, is
to describe the organization and coordination of the interaction between certain
design participants. [V] The design method can be expressed through the use of
design processes.
The design process illustrates the approach that must be taken by the design method.
What now has become the most common and standard design procedure to design
is an iterative based process, where the proposed idea goes through an indenite
number of changes until it reaches its optimal stage. This process is represented by
the paradigm shown in Figure II.I, where an initial idea A goes through an iterative
Performance Requirements
Design Proposal
Performance Prediction
Performance
Desirable?
Desirable Design
Yes
No
FIGURE II II: performance based design
A
FIGURE II I: traditional design process
D
C B E
John Cris Jones, Design Method
Kalay Y.E., Automation in Construction
15
process until reaches an optimum point, E. [V] These methods have been thoroughly
applied and analyzed in the construction business. Rittel has found that two major
generations of design methods have been developed through time. [IV] The rst
generation of design method was developed in the 1960s, by designers like Archer
and Asimov. [IV] They developed methods focusing on the optimization of a system-
atic and scientic way of solving a problem. Therefore, the rst generation can be
characterized for its scientic approach, which is representative of an engineering
based approach. Meanwhile, the second generation of design methods, developed
during the late 1960s and early 1970s, distanced themselves from the rst genera-
tion, because of its narrow freedom and lack of intuition. [IV] The second generation
bases itself on the intuition and imagination of the designer to solve a specic de-
sign problem, which is representative of an architectural approach. [IV] This method
has presently become the mainstream design mentality. The major role in building
design has been assumed by the architect. Meanwhile, the engineering and scien-
tic aspect has been reduced to a supporting role. Such phenomenon has been thor-
oughly described by Chuck Eastman, who said that the most common design proce-
dure in most building projects is the Design-Bid-Build (DBB) approach. [VI] Almost
90% of public buildings and about 40% of private buildings have been built using
Owner selects
architect
Architect develops
program and schematic
design
Architect select
engineers on low bid
GC selects subs based
on low bids
Architect or owner
select general
contractor (GC)
based on low bid
GC and subcontractors
construct building
FIGURE II III: traditional design bid build method
Chuck Eastment, BIM Handbook
16
the DBB approach. In the DBB model, the client hires and architect, who then devel-
ops a list of building requirements (a program), and establishes the projects design
objectives. [VI] The architect then, either hires employees or contracts consultants
to assist in the designing of structural, HVAC, and piping plans. The following step is
the selection of the general contractor (GC) and subcontractors based on low bids.
The last step is the construction of the building. This method is summarized in Figure
II.III, meanwhile on Figure II.V the involvement time line of the participants is shown.
[VI,VII] These methods can be generalized in what Kalay denes as a performance
based design process, where the process is the description of a method. Accord-
ing Kalay building design is an iterative process of exploration, in which alternative
shapes for fullling certain functional traits are suggested and evaluated in a given
context. [VIII] He expresses the process in the performance-based design paradigm
in Figure II.II. [VIII] This paradigm shows the iterative process that the building de-
sign goes through, in this case in DBB method. [IV]
The major benet from this approach is to eect of the lowest possible price, based
on competitive bidding, and less political pressure upon selecting a given contractor.
[VI] Several disadvantages are present with this method. The rst is being the pres-
ence of possible disputes, errors, and omissions between the dierent participants,
which leads to extra costs and time loss. Additionally, due to inconsistency and inac-
curacy, it is di cult to fabricate materials osite. [VI] Therefore, the DBB method is
quite expensive and cost-ineective, even though it is based on the lowest bids. [VI]
This method, through its iterative process of check and balances between the dier-
ent participants, can lead to major expense losses.
Another disadvantage of this design process is the documentation tools that are
used throughout this process. Each participant in the DBB method produces their
own set of drawings. Therefore, the DBB method is based on a continuous exchange
of Printed Sheets as it can be seen in Figure II.IV. [IX] Currently, these printed sheets
are most commonly generated with the use of CAD tools. According to Eddy Krygiel,
this chain of information sharing has many opportunities for miscommunication, and
much information is redundantly reproduced as a way of error checking. [IX]
Architect Contractor
Consultants Subcontractors
Printed Sheets
(Shop Drawings)
FIGURE II IV: Printed sheets progression
Eddy Krygiel, Green Bim
17
Lastly, the most important disadvantages that hasnt been mentioned is the mini-
mization of the sustainable potential of the building. This is based on the fact that
the role of the energy and sustainability engineer is only secondary to the role of
the architect. The architect, by professional formation, might not possess the same
amount of design knowledge and the tool capacity to perform energy design choices
and simulations, which inuence the overall performance of the building. Werner
Sutter states that the conventional design process usually does not involve com-
puter simulations of predicted energy performance, so the resulting poor perfor-
mance and high operating costs generally comes as a surprise to owners, users, and
operators. [X] Meanwhile, the use of sustainable tools and design choices can help
improve the overall sustainable performance of the building, at an early stage. From
the Involvement versus Time graph in Figure II.V, taken from Busby Perkins + Will
Stantec Consultings Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process, one can see how
sustainability suers due to the fact that the involvement of the design participants
is fairly low where the opportunities to inuence sustainability are quite high. [VII]
Therefore, sustainability potential, time, and money are lost, due to this procedure of
check and balances between the participants.
During the design experience in the Andreotti Architecture studio, several of these
limiting factors have been noted.
Intensive High
Involvement
Periodic High
Involvement
Moderate
Involvement
Period Low
Involvement
Sporiadic or
No Involvement
Duration (months)
03 6 91 84 2
Pre-
Design
Conventional Architect, Engineer, Contractor
Image Credit: Busby Perkins+Will and Stantec
Schematic
Design
Design
Development
Construction
Documents
Bidding,
Construction,

Commissioning
Building
Operation
FIGURE II V: Involvement chart
18
II III andreotti Architects
During the internship experience at the Andreotti Architects it was possible to wit-
ness the use of the traditional design method in action. The studio is located in
Grottaferrata, in the Municipality of Rome. Currently, architect Luciano Andreotti is
the chief architect, who runs the o ce together with chief building surveyor Giorgio
Spalletta. Lastly, interior architect Alice Centioni, was the assistant architect. The in-
ternship lasted from February 7th to July 7th 2011, for a total of 5 months. Besides
several model renderings, the role of the design engineer intern was to develop the
new fashion district at Grotteportella, Frascati. During this period, the intern had
several chances of seeing the dynamics of a typical Italian architecture studio, and
understand the design methodology on several projects that were being developed
by hosting architects.
Upon witnessing the development of several projects, such as the Cocciano and Fu-
selli housing project, and the BMW auto salon, a general design methodology was
drawn. The building design process starts with expression of the design require-
ments and wishes by the client to the architect. The architect develops a program
and draws up several documents and proposals. After the rst design proposal is
drawn, the municipality has to approve the proposal. This step usually takes lots of
time and eort, since the architect cannot posses all of the regulatory knowledge.
The following step is to pass the design onto the pertaining engineers. Once the
project has been bounced around through each participant, the project is passed
onto the contractor. This last participant will then bounce the project back and forth
with architect, until the construction of the project is complete.
Therefore, from this description one can see that the methodology centers the proj-
ects entire development around the central gure of the architect. Hence, the pro-
cess can be dened as a satellite design method. This method has been coined with
this name due to the fact that the various participants satellite around the major
player, the architect. The diagram shown in Figure II.VI shows a schematic of the
method.
Several parallels can be drawn between this methodology and the traditional meth-
od that was described earlier. Starting with the possible creation of disputes among
the participants to frequent miscommunications, this methodology falls right into
the process that was described by the DBB method. Lots of time is lost not only
because of this back and forth process, but also because the documentation, com-
munication tools, and drawing methods, such as the use of AutoCAD, that are used
to transfer information between the participants lead to the creation of redundant
information and confusion.
19
Architect
Client
Structural
Engineer
Building
Services
Engineer
Municipality
Fire
Engineer
Contractor
START
END
FIGURE II VI: satellite design
Most importantly, with this design procedure, the sustainability potential is focused
only in the hands of the architect, since he has the job to develop the initial build-
ing design. The energy engineer is not called into consideration in the initial design
phase but only after the rst proposal is approved by the municipality. The architect
might possess some rules of thumb that are intended to be sustainable, such as the
choice of materials and solar orientation, but during the design phase he does not
check the performance of his design choices. Another trend that was noticed was
the focus on the use of technical systems, such as photovoltaic systems and solar
heaters, without the optimization of certain sustainable strategies, i.e. the use of
proper insulation, and natural ventilation. Therefore, the role of the energy engineer
must be emphasized during the earlier design phase in order to help the architect
make informed design choices, which will prevent the loss of time, money, and im-
prove the sustainable performance of the design.
20
21
III integrated
design method
22
iii i integrated design method
Seeing all of the issues that are present in the traditional design method, the need
for the development of a new design method has become a priority in the build-
ing business. Besides the obvious need to resolve the organizational and monetary
issues, the most pressing issue is the need for a method that would fully take ad-
vantage of the sustainable potential of a design. According to Andreas Dalkowski,
years of experience in the design and construction of environmentally conscious
non-residential building projects, have shown that an integrated design process is a
necessary prerequisite for successfully achieving sustainable buildings. [X] The re-
sponse to this pressing need of sustainable architecture, as Andreas Dalkowski said,
is the development of integrated design processes (IDP). [X] In the building environ-
ment IDP is an approach to building design that seeks to achieve high performance
on a wide variety of well-dene environmental and social goals. [VII] This approach
relies upon the interaction of a multi-disciplinary group of designers (architects, en-
gineers, and builders), which share a vision and have a holistic understanding of the
project. [VII] According to the Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process, IDP is an
iterative process where: (1) linearity is not present, (2) is dierent every time and (3)
it is not pre-determined. [VII]
IDP involves a dierent approach from the traditional design method, right at the
very early stages of designing. The architect is not the only decision-making par-
Soils
Engineer
Facility
Manager
Landscape
Designer
Cost
Consultant
Fire
Specialist
Simulation
Specialist
Tenant
Urban
Planner
Interior
Designer
Changing Team Specialists
Civil
Engineer
Core Team
Architect
Structural Engineer
Energy Engineer
Mechanical Engineer
Lighting
Specialist
Committed
Client
Design
Facilitator
(Option)
focusing on
respective
core team
members
manages
core team
and changing
specialists
transfer of responsibility
mechanical/technical support
FIGURE III I: integrated design method
Andreas Dalkowski, IDP
23
ticipant but maintains his guiding function as team leader and moderator. [X] The
architect becomes part of a core design team, where he gains knowledge of techni-
cal solutions, and allows the engineers to gain insight into the complex architectural
design process. From Figure III.I one can see that the method starts with the clients
choice of a core project team, and the assignment of requirements. [X] After choos-
ing the team, the client can either remain as an active participant during the entire
design process, or he can choose a representative in his place. The core team is
composed by the major players that are relevant in the designing of a building, such
as the architect, structural, energy, and mechanical engineer, green designer, cost
consultant, and general contractor. The core team doesnt have to be limited to the
aforementioned players but can be expanded by calling certain changing specialists
that are requested when needed. For example, the lighting specialist is put at the
border of the core team because he could be included right away, or be included
in the changing team specialists. The team has to be managed by a design facilita-
tor, or champion, which leads the team and ensures the motivation and focus of
the design on sustainability. Besides managing the core team, the design facilitator
manages the changing team specialists, which are dened as the general civil engi-
neering team. Once the building design is completed the project is passed onto the
general contractor, who is an active participant from the beginning of the design, in
order to conclude the project. [X]
Pront Lnd 8ack Lnd
Duration (mos)
SD DD CD 8C 8O PO
S
c
o
p
e
PD
0 3 6
All Team workshop
Pocused Team workshops (water, energy, materials, etc)
|terative Process
Additional |terations as necessary
Pro|ect Constraints PD Pre-design
SD Schematic Design
DD Design Development
CD Construction Documents
8C 8idding, Construction, Commissioning
8O 8uilding Operation (start up)
PO Post-Occupancy (long term)
Lxploratory Design Process
9 l2 l5 l8
|mage Credit: 8ill Peed of |ntegrative Design Collaborative,
Doug Pierce of Perkins+will and 8usby Perkins+will
FIGURE III II: integrated design process
24
According to the Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process, the IDP process can be
divided seven steps, as it can be seen in Figure III.II. [VII] The rst is the Pre-Design
phase, where the goals, core objectives, and the direction of the project are set, in
order to explore of the relationship between the project and its environment, and
reveal the optimum choices for the users and the owner. [VII] The second phase is
the Schematic Design, where the team can explore innovative technologies and new
ideas, which can help towards the broad goals and objectives. [VII] The following
phase, and most crucial, is the Design Development, where one of the schematic
designs is chosen by the team and the client. The fourth phase is the Construction
Documentation of the project, where construction documents are prepared based
on the approved design, together with the nal calculations and specications. The
fth phase is the Bidding, Construction, and Commissioning of the building, where
the main design plans are realized. The sixth phase is the Building Operation, where
the design team must ensure that the building is properly transferred to the build-
ings owner and occupants. The last phase is the Post-Occupancy, because with the
use of the integrated design, the designing of the building does not end with the
construction but conducts proper maintenance and operations on the building to
ensure its performance. [VII]
With this design method, the building project is tackled by many dierent partici-
pants, and it cannot take a linear iterative path, which was seen in the traditional
design method. Instead, as shown in Figure III.II and Figure III.III, the IDP takes an
iterative path with feedback loops, which help evaluate all decisions. [VII,X] This
kind of iterative process ensures that decisions reect the broader teams collective
knowledge, that the interaction between dierent elements is considered and that
FIGURE III III: feedback loops
Andreas Dalkowski, IDP
25
Intensive High
Involvement
Periodic High
Involvement
Moderate
Involvement
Period Low
Involvement
Sporiadic or
No Involvement
Duration (months)
03 6 91 84 2
Pre-
Design
IDP Architect, Engineer
Image Credit: Busby Perkins+Will and Stantec
Schematic
Design
Design
Development
Construction
Documents
Bidding,
Construction,

Commissioning
Building
Operation
IDP Contractor
FIGURE III IV: involvement chart
solutions go through the steps needed for optimization. [X]
One of the benets of IDP is the utilization of building information modeling (BIM).
With BIM the design team can utilize advanced software to directly share informa-
tion onto a single building model. [IX] These tools reduce the loss of time caused by
the sharing of paper documents. [IX] Furthermore, with the use of BIM tools, the dif-
ferent participants have the ability to use the building geometry from the model in
other applications, such as energy and daylighting analysis software. [IX] This is just
on the benets that IDP has on the sustainable potential of a design.
Using this design method the potential for sustainability can reach its maximum,
since from the beginning of the design phase there is a collaboration with the en-
ergy engineer. [VII] As it can be seen in Figure III.IV, the involvement of the IDP archi-
tect and the engineer is quite close to the sustainability potential. The focus of the
design is moved from the architect and new inputs are presented, which can help
analyze and improve the e ciency of the design. This is achieved through several
steps. As mentioned earlier, the rst improvement is the inclusion of the energy
engineer, which can focus on the analysis or the simulations of the proposal. An
energy analysis expert can help with the passive solar design and the use of renew-
able energy technologies. [VII] Meanwhile, a simulation expert can help with use of
energy modeling, thermal comfort analysis software, and CFD simulations. [IX] By
testing the possible design proposals, with the use of such computer software, he
can directly inform the other team members on the performance of such proposals.
The presence of other specialists, such as a green designer, an ecologist, and a day-
light specialist can help obtain higher levels of sustainability.
26
iii ii DTU process
One of the issues that might arise in the application of the Integrated Design Pro-
cess, is the management of large amount of information of the design proposals, and
the simulation of such. As mentioned in the previous section the use of computer
software is ideal for making informed design choices. But there is a risk that inex-
perienced designers, when tackled with a non-performing parameter, might make
adjustments that lead to further complications, and slow down the process. Radfort
and Gero argue that the current tools are ine cient for the investigation of alterna-
tives in the early design stage. [VIII] This is because the current softwares focus is
on the evaluation of only one proposed design, rather than giving advice that help
the designer. Therefore, new software has to be developed in order to give design-
ers the chance to make informed decisions. [VIII]
According to Steen Petersen, by giving designers the possibility to have knowledge
of the consequences of their design decisions, prior to making adjustments to the
their proposals, could help reduce time loss. [VIII] As it can be seen in Figure III.V, by
adding a step for parameter variations, while using the rejected proposal as a refer-
ence, will give the designer the chance to make a more informed design proposal.
The civil engineer department at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), has de-
veloped a MATLAB based software that gives the designer the chance to conduct such
investigation on parameter variation. The software is a collection of three modules:
Building Calc, LightCalc, and iDbuild, which is the unication of the previous two.
Performance Requirements
Design Proposal
Performance Prediction
Performance
Desirable?
Desirable Design
Yes
No
FIGURE III V: performance based design
Parameter Variations
Informed Design Proposal
27
This simplied simulation tool provides fast needed performance predictions. [VIII]
The current limitation of this software is that it can only make performance predic-
tions of rectangular single sided rooms with one window. With iDbuild, if a particular
performance is undesirable, the designer can then generate design advice through
parameter variations using the initial design proposal as reference. [VIII] As it can
be seen in Figure III.VI, the softwares output gives the designer the results from the
variation of selected parameters, therefore helping him in making decisions. The
software has the possibility to vary several design parameters, such as geometry of
the room, window, the systems, the rooms construction, etc. Therefore, by basing
himself on these overviews, the designer can make informed design decisions and
reduce the need for time consuming design iterations to achieve a particular perfor-
mance. [VIII]
With this design tool, the civil engineering department at DTU proposed their own
version of an integrated design method. This method relies on the identication of
possible room designs which fulll predened performance demands in the terms of
energy performance and indoor environment, prior to the actual building form giv-
ing. [IV] Therefore, by designing rooms that satisfy the energy performance criteria
and the indoor environment, the nal building design, composed by these rooms,
will also satisfy the design goals. This design method can be summarized in four
steps, as shown in Figure III.VII. [IV]

FIGURE III VI: idbuild parameter output

28
FIGURE III VII: dtu integrated design process
The major players of the process are the client, design facilitator, architect, and the
over all building design team. The design facilitator, who must be a specialist in
architectural and/or technical energy solutions, must possess outstanding skills in
team management and mediation. [VII] The rst step in the design process is to set
up the design goals for the specic building. The client has to express his require-
ments based on his ideas and wishes. The second step is to create a space of solu-
tions for each room typology according to the design goals. The space of solutions
is found through parameter analysis of performance-decisive parameters, and the
energy performance and indoor environment. The procedure of establishing a space
solution starts with the development of a reference room to be analyzed. The refer-
ence is then implemented in iDbuild, which allows the designer to conduct param-
eter variation on such room, in order to choose performance-decisive parameters.
When a number of possible room designs are established, it is recommended to pro-
duce a number of possible building sections. [IV] In the third step the combination
of rooms and section views is conducted to produce proposals for total building de-
signs. The key person in this part of the process is the architect. The total building
design is automatically fullling the design goals, especially regarding energy per-
formance and indoor environment. [IV] The last and fourth step of the design pro-
cess is based on the selection and optimization of the nal building design. [IV] The
use of integrated total performance indexes, based on economical considerations
regarding the main performance issues related to the total building design, help the
choice of the design based on: initial costs, cost of energy consumption over the
cycle of the building. With this design process the sustainability of the building is
ensured, together with the energy performance and the indoor environment quality.
Steen Petersen, [IV]
29
IV I MAINSTREAM IDP VS DESIGN PROCESS
Even though an integrated design process can be applied with slight dierences,
from the researched literature, there are several general dierences from the tra-
ditional design process that has been described in the previous chapter. What dif-
ferentiates the IDP from a traditional design process lies in the IDPs dynamic and
iterative nature. In the traditional process, the transition of the design is linear. [VII]
This is expressed in how the design is rst developed by the architect based on the
client requirements, then passed onto the structural engineer, then the mechani-
cal engineer, the electrical engineer, and lastly to the builder. When an issue rises,
the design has to go through this chain of command from the beginning to the
end,therefore time and money are lost. [VII]
Unlike the IDP, which requires an interaction right from the beginning of the process,
the traditional design process the interaction between design members is present
only when essential. This lack of interaction from the beginning doesnt allow the
designer to make well-educated design choices. Instead a broad team, who possess-
es a greater pool of knowledge, is able to make educated choices that are inuenced
from all the relevant professions. The main dierences between the integrated de-
sign process and conventional design process are shown in Figure III.VIII. [VII]
In the eld of sustainability the most important dierences arise. The following
quote gives an interesting insight on these design processes and sustainability.
The problem with conventional practice is that this design process is to quick and
simple, often resulting in high operating costs, poor comfort performance and very
few sustainable gestures that fall within the clients restrained budget. [IX] The
involvement graphs from the previous sections have been combined in Figure III.IX,
in order to have an idea of the dierence between an integrated design process and
Integrated Design Process
Inclusive from the outset
Front-loaded time and energy invested
early
Decisions infuenced by broad team
Iterative process
Whole-systems thinking
Allows for full optimization
Seeks synergies
Life-cycle costing
Process continues through post-occupancy
Conventional Design Process
Involves team members only when
essential
Less time, energy, and collaboration
exhibited in early stages
More decisions made by fewer people
Linear process
Systems often considered in isolation
Limited to constrained optimization
Diminished opportunity for synergies
Emphasis on up-front costs
Typically fnished when construction is
complete
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
FIGURE III VIII: integrated design vs traditional design
Busby Perkins + Will Stantec
Consulting. Roadmap for the
Integrated Design Process
30
the traditional design process in relation to the sustainable potential of a project.
[VII] This graph shows how the involvement of the IDP team is able to reach a higher
level of inuence on sustainability, compared to the traditional design participants.
As mentioned earlier this due to the fact that in the IDP the focus placed on the
synergy between the design team members. Therefore, the energy engineer can
directly inuence the design decisions of the other design members, hence minimiz-
ing the energy impact of the design. Meanwhile, in the traditional design method,
the energy engineer comes into play only when the architect has nished his design.
These are just some of the sustainable dierences between the two methods. In the
following chapters they will be discussed in further detail. These dierences were
noted in the internship experience conducted at the Andreotti Architecture studio.
Lastly, another dierence between the two methods is the tools that are used for
the modeling and transfer of information between the dierent design participants.
As mentioned earlier, the traditional method is based on a continuous exchange of
Printed Sheets, which are most commonly generated with the use of CAD tools. This
process opens the designers to great chances of miscommunication, confusion, and
errors. Meanwhile, one of the benets of IDP is the utilization of BIM tools. With BIM
the design team can utilize advanced software to directly share information onto a
single building model and have instant feedback from a design decision from other
team members. The ability to share information through BIM tools is essential for
the sustainable potential of the design. [IX]
SD PD DD CD BC BO/PO
Duration (mos)
Intensive high
involvement
Periodic high
involvement
Periodic low
involvement
Sporadic or
no involvement
Moderate
involvement
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 42
Image Credit: Busby Perkins+Will
and Stantec
Opportunities to influence sustainability
Conventional Architect, Engineer, Contractor
IDP Architect, Engineer
IDP Contractor
FIGURE III IX: DEsign methods comparison
31
32
33
IV application
of IDP
34
iV i dtu process in andreotti architects
The purpose of this thesis was to apply DTUs integrated design method in an envi-
ronment with the traditional method of design. The environment chosen was the
Andreotti architecture studio. From the previous chapter, the overall design process
of the studio was described, together with the DTUs process, in order to give a full
understanding of the two processes as they stand. The following is a description of
their interaction over a period of 5 months.
The experience started with the proposal of the architect, Luciano Andreotti, to the
design engineer, Fadi Castronovo, on a project collaboration. The premise of the
project was that the building to be designed had to be developed with the use of
DTUs integrated design process. The nal agreement between the architect and the
engineer was to work on the development of the Grotteportella sites new fashion
district. The application of the integrated design process was lacking some of the es-
sential participants in order to provide the necessary IDP experience. For example,
there were only two architects and a design engineer, who had knowledge on energy
design and simulation tools. The design engineer was also going to act as a design
facilitator. In gure IV.I, the composition of the team is shown. The projects out-
come is shown in the overview of the Grotteportella fashion district in the following
chapter, and it is described in detail in chapter VIII.
Even though the architect was willing to apply the proposed method, his initial im-
pression on the DTU integrated design process was of skepticism. He was especially
skeptical towards the idea of developing a space of solutions prior to developing a
proposal for the entire building design. The architects principle of designing, was
Simulation
Specialist
(Fadi Castronovo)
Interior
Designer
(Alice Centioni)
Changing Team Specialists
Core Team
Architect
(Andreotti)
Energy Engineer
(Castronovo)
Committed
Client
(Luciano Andreotti)
Design
Facilitator
(Fadi Castronovo)
FIGURE IV I: andreotti design team
35
the result of an intuition and inspiration and not a functional and systematic devel-
opment of solutions, as described in the previous section.
First Step. The design process started with the development of a program; the under-
standing of the requirements; and the writing of a design program. This procedure
was conducted during the rst month and a half, and the communication between
the architect and the engineer was uid. The engineer committed himself to under-
standing the sites urban context and requirements, together with an understanding
of the studio design process. At the same time the engineer researched on the sites
weather patterns and solar distribution. Having understood the requirements, the
engineer focused on the functions that the building had to serve. A deep under-
standing of the fashion culture, together with the Italian tradition, had to be acquired
by the engineer in order to understand the direction that the design had to take.
What followed was the formulation of a list of spaces that the building had to pos-
sess in order to satisfy the functions expressed by the architect. This brainstorming
process allowed the engineer to have deeper knowledge of the inuence that the
functions have on the expression of the architecture.
What followed was an analysis on sustainable strategies that the building could pos-
sess. Here the engineers knowledge on sustainable solutions, together with the
architect experience, showed the potential of inuencing the sustainability of the
building. The synergetic dialogue between the two participants gave spark to many
interesting ideas and design choices, thus showing how the inuence of the dier-
ent disciplines give birth to great design choices.
Second Step. As the architect approved the general list of reference rooms and
their possible space specications, also know as the space of solutions, the engineer
started conducting parameter variations, with iDbuild, on the proposed spaces. This
was done in order to have design suggestions in later phases. The task took quite
some time, due to the engineers lack of design experience in Mediterranean envi-
ronments. In the meantime, the engineer showed the progress of such simulations to
the architect in order to keep the communication constant. The process took about
one month. Once the building blocks had reached e ciency, the following phase
of the process could start, the designing of the building.
Third Step. This phase of the design, as explained in the DTU process, is supposed to
be the architects moment of highest involvement. Unfortunately, when confronted
with this phase, the architect had to attend to other professional duties. Therefore,
he could not participate in this design phase. Thus, the engineer, due to time sched-
uling and deadlines, had to design of the building, himself. The procedure involved
taking the footprint of the building and together with interior designer, Alice Centio-
ni, the building blocks were distributed in the most functional way. The engineer,
36
due to his little experience in architectural design sought the input of the architect,
as the development of the oor plans was proceeding. He tried to keep the commu-
nication open but had to rely on himself to develop the entire shape of the building,
which meant that it was not going to possess the architects desired expression.
Fourth Step. Finally, the engineer eventually concluded the overall shape of the
building without the architect and decided to distinguish the buildings architectural
expression with the development of a modern facade. When the architect resumed
his role as an active team member, he expressed his concern with the architectural
entity of the building. The architect would have liked to apply several cuts to the
building. A possible cut was analyzed, but proved to be ine cient. Due to time limi-
tations other building designs were not developed. Instead, the engineer optimized
the design by applying cuts through the facade on the ground oor and developed a
facade that would suggest a modern design. The overall outcome of the engineers
architectural design pleased the architect, but unfortunately, the design was not the
fruit of a full synergetic integrated design experience. On gure IV.III shows the
outline of the design experience at the studio. Meanwhile, gure IV.II illustrates the
involvement of the dierent participants.
It is the belief of the design engineer that there was a major issue in this design
experience. Besides the uninvolvement of the architect, the lack of complete under-
. e u s s i t s e g g i b e h t s a w t c e t i h c r a e h t m o r f s s e c o r p n g i s e d d e t a r g e t n i e h t f o g n i d n a t s
The skepticism presented by the architect towards the steps of the DTU process was
the major sign of lack of understanding. Therefore, the design engineer has come
to the conclusion that certain modications have to be conducted on the method in
order to improve the transition from the traditional to an integrated design process.
37
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39
V grotteportella
case study:
overview
40
V i grotteportella case study: overview
The purpose of this thesis was to analyze both the traditional method of designing
and the integrated design process, and to apply the DTUs IDP in an environment
were the traditional method was already present. The environment that was cho-
sen was an architectural studio, Andreotti Architects, in Rome, Italy. Currently, archi-
tect Luciano Andreotti is the chief architect, who runs the o ce together with chief
building surveyor Giorgio Spalletta. Interior architect Alice Centioni was the assis-
tant architect. As mentioned earlier, the internship lasted from February 7th to July
7th 2011, for a total of 5 months. Besides several model renderings, the role of the
interning design engineer was to develop the new fashion district at Grotteportella,
Frascati, shown in Figure V.I, through the use of the integrated design process drawn
by the civil engineering department at DTU. The role of the design engineer was to
be the design facilitator through-out the entire design process. Meanwhile, architect
Andreottis role was to be part of the design team and act as client. The competition,
organized by the Municipality of Frascati, for the urban renewal of the Grotteportella
site was won by architect Andreotti. For this competition the architect had devel-
oped only an urban program and master plan, shown in Figure V.III. Together with
the architect, the chosen building to design was a 60 meters fashion district, which
would serve as a commercial, tertiary, and residential building.
As the IDP species, the rst step in the design is the collection of information and
wishes by the client, in this case architect Andreotti. The intern collected several
requirements. Starting with the municipal requirements, the building had to have a
residential area ranging from 35% to 45% of the total area. The commercial space
had to be from 10% to 20% of the total area. The tertiary space had to be at least
40% to a 55% of the total area. The national requirements were also studied, mainly
the Legislative Decrees 192/05 and 311/06, which specify the U-value for the con-
structions and the maximum cooling and heating load limits. Several requirements
set by the architect and the design engineer were also expressed, for example the fo-
FIGURE V i: LaTium geographical map
41
FIGURE V iII: volumetric master plan
N
FIGURE V iI: master plan
TABLE V I functional spaces
Public Residential
Internet Cafe/Bars Single Hotel Suite
Auditorium Double Hotel Suite
Atrium Couples Apartment
Restaurants Relax Area
Park
Commercial Tertiary
Flagship Stores Single O ce
Electronics Store Double O ce
Sports Caetteria
Clothes Gym
Restaurants Wellness Center
Bathrooms Open O ces
Wine Lounge Meeting Room
Book Stores Copy Room
Music Store Kitchens
Sushi Bar Relax Area
Design Store Bars
Salad Bar Ping Pong House
N
42
cus on cradle to cradle design philosophy, together with the focus on maximizing the
use of passive systems. A focus was also placed on water saving strategies, and the
social renewal of the surrounding community. Lastly, the team decided to use BIM
tools, such as Autodesk Revit and IESVE. The last requirements that were set were
the energy and indoor environment standards, taken from the EN 15217, EN 15251,
and EN 15377. In order to understand the approach that had to be taken during the
design phase, an extensive analysis of the site and the urban context was conducted.
What followed was an analysis of the functions and sustainable strategies that the
building had to serve and have, in order to develop a functional space of solutions.
For example, the outer area of the building had to serve a general public function.
The commercial functions aim was to present the costumer with a higher end level
of products, which can be from surrounding areas, all of Italy, and international. The
residential solution will provide a space for hotel residents and traveling families;
this will be expressed in the development of two types of apartments, and two types
of oors. The purpose of the tertiary section of the building is to provide rentable
o ce space. The development of the building will be focused on providing a sus-
tainable indoor environment, therefore working heavily on the building services to
choose the optimal daylight distribution and ventilation. With this analysis of the
functions a list of the spaces was generated. Meanwhile, a general understanding
between the architect and the engineer of the sustainable strategies to be applied
was developed. This understanding was expressed through the formulation of a list
of strategies to be applied, as shown in chapter VIII.IV.
Once the strategies had be explored and understood, the designer, together with the
architect, developed preliminary space solutions for the dierent functions, which
can be seen in chapter VIII.V. In this spatial list, the most common rooms were drawn
in Google Sketch UP, and general occupational and equipment proles were gener-
ated. This list also included all of the general energy and spatial requirements that
the spaces had to respect. Once all of the spaces were described, the preliminary
analysis started.
The rst analysis that was conducted was a general solar and wind study through the
use Autodesk Project Vasari software. At this moment the designer was left alone
in the analysis. Therefore, in order to conduct a general analysis on the mass model
of the building, the design took the footprint generated by the architect and devel-
oped a mock up, shown in gure V.IV. The development of the rst analysis was to
see the solar distribution over the faces, as shown in gure V.IV, and the solar gain
at such heights, in order to evaluate the possible orientation of the majority of the
functions. The second simulation was conducted to see inuence of the neighbor-
ing buildings, from a shading point of view, with the use of programs Ecotect Planar
Solar Radiation analyzer. Lastly a wind analysis was conducted. The results of this
43
FIGURE V iV: Solar distribution SOUTH EAST
FIGURE V V: Solar shading at 2 meters
FIGURE V Vi: wind distribution: summer
Knots
10+
9-10
7-9
6-7
4-6
3-4
1-3
0-1
44
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
SYSTEMS RESPONSE
Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures Reference
Operative Temperatures VAR 1 Operative Temperatures VAR 2
Mechanical Cooling Category II
(VAR I)
Mechanical Cooling Category I
(Var II)
Passive System (Reference)
GRAPH V I: SYSTEMS RESPONSE COMPARISON
FIGURE V VII: final single office
FIGURE V VIII: Orientation variation
45
analysis showed that over an entire year the majority of the wind is coming from
east, but the strongest winds are coming from the west. From the results of this
mock up analysis, the choice of orienting the building to the south-east was made, in
order to take advantage of the solar distribution and prevailing winds.
With the list of spaces and the general design strategies developed, the following
step was to conduct preliminary simulations and parameter variations with the use
of iDbuild, in order to have educated suggestions in the later parts of the design.
The entire process is document in chapter VIII.V. Having already drawn the rooms
in Google Sketch Up, importing the geometry into iDbuild was quite easy. For each
simulation the coordinates set are 41
0
5029.04 N, 12
o
3906.84E, and a time me-
ridian of 15, these were taken from Google Earth. The program loads MATLAB les
for the weather data that are extracted from the internet weather database of the US
Government energy simulation software EnergyPlus. In this case the weather data
is taken from a station near the site, more precisely the airport at Ciampino, which is
at a distance of approximately 8 kilometers, from the site. The weather data was ex-
tracted from the EnergyPlus le, and it was analyzed with the use of Microsoft Excel.
Several parameters were varied, and general rules of thumb were generated, for ex-
ample the U-values of the constructions. The main di culty during this design phase
was encountered during the designing of the systems of the rooms. After the correct
timing of the systems was understood, a study was conducted in order to understand
what type of ventilation system would satisfy the Thermal Indoor Requirements, and
at the same time satisfy the energy frame. In chapter VIII.IX, the general calcula-
tions of the systems ventilation rates are shown. Since the necessary data for the
calculation of the loads, based on the thermal gains was not present, the minimum
required loads were calculated to satisfy the sensory and chemical pollution loads
for the single o ce. The EN 15251 standard was used, together with CEN 1752, and
EN 7730. Three systems were compared, one based of solely on air changing venti-
lation, and the other two based on mechanical cooling, one to satisfy Category I and
the other Category II, as it can be seen in graph V.I. The system comparison analysis
was conducted only on a single o ce space, since it will be the most common room
in the building. The outcome of the comparison of the systems, was quite decisive
in the design of the systems. Based on this analysis the choice to use passive sys-
tems for the ventilation was made. This system was chosen as the main principle of
ventilation also for the other spaces, such as the double o ce, meeting room, store,
and apartment. After a general understanding of the systems was developed, three
dierent room proposals for each room was generated, which all satisfy the energy,
indoor, and daylighting requirements. Each of these rooms satisfy the requirements
with dierent orientations, rooms depth, and window height. With these design
suggestions the architectural development of the building started.
46
FIGURE V Ix: closed offices floor plan
FIGURE V X: fashion district
N
47
The development of the architectural form was based on the notion of constructing
a landmark and a symbol of a high level of class and design. With this design crite-
rion, the architectural eort was focused on providing a building that would give the
highest quality of interior design and have an inviting modern facade, based on the
perforated stainless steel double facade developed by Mophosis architects.
The chosen approach was to apply the analyzed spaces and functions, from the pre-
vious chapters, to the footprint of the building, given by the architect. As mentioned
earlier, a oor distribution was already decided. The rst four oors would be dedi-
cated to serve the commercial/public functions. While, the next ve oors would be
dedicated to o ces. A gym/wellness center oor was strategically placed between
the o ces and the apartments, to create a buer between the two functions. Lastly,
the last 7 oors were dedicated to the apartments and the hotel.
The distribution of the spaces took quite a long time and eort. While the o ce
oors did not provide major issues in their distribution, the apartments were the big-
gest challenge, due to the obtuse angle facing south. This issue was resolved with
a meticulous measurement of all of the spaces and help from the interior design
architect Alice Centioni. The last spaces that were distributed were the commercial
spaces, which did not provide signicant issues. After concluding the design of the
building certain issues were encountered.
The whole process was supposed to be a synergetic eort between the design engi-
neer and the architect. Unfortunately, this part of the design was not a fruit of syn-
ergetic eort, due to other professional duties of the architect, who was able to give
his input only after the architectural design was concluded by the design engineer.
After the design engineer concluded the building, the architect expressed his inter-
est in applying cuts through the building structure to allow further sun light to enter
the building. From the results of further conducted analyses, with Autodesk Project
Vasari, on several proposed cuts and dispositions, it was clear that the cuts did not
FIGURE V XI: luxury apartments floor plan
N
48
improve the sunlight distribution into the building, as it can be seen in Figure VIII.
VI.III. Further commentary on the interaction between the architect and the design
can be found in the Analysis of Methods Section.
The last phase of the design was the detailed analysis of an o ce oor with the use
of the IESVE energy simulation software. With the use of the IESVE plug-in in Revit,
the design engineer could easily export the geometry from the program into the
other, thus saving a lot of time. After assigning the dierent building construction
properties to windows, exterior walls, and internal partitions, the same occupation,
equipment, and shading proles from iDbuild were applied. Also, the same temper-
ature proles for the ventilation systems in iDbuild were applied in IESVE. Several
issues were encountered during the designing of the HVAC system, in ApacheHVAC.
These issues were present mainly because the cooling loads were quite signicant,
and the solar gain had to be meticulously minimized, while not reducing the right to
daylight. With the use of the programs auxiliary ventilation system, it was possible
to have an accurate evaluation of the performance of the design. The eect of the
proposed double facade was expressed through the eect of an overhang.
From the results of the program it was possible to see that the predicted energy
consumption from iDbuild was quite close the one evaluated by IESVE. The energy
performance of the o ce oor was of 47 kWh/m
2
, including hot water consumption.
This value is below the set requirements of class A3, 50 kWh/m
2
(EN15217:2007).
From the IESVE analysis it was possible to conrm that the indoor environment was
in accordance to the set requirements: the predicted percentage of dissatised
people (PPD) never goes above 15% (EN15251:2007). If one was to apply further
renewable technologies, such as photovoltaic panels and solar heaters, the energy
consumption could be dropped even further.
FIGURE V XII: iesve model from revit
49
Building systems energy
Month Heating
(boilers etc.)
Cooling
(chillers etc.)
Fans, pumps and
controls
Lights Equip.
A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo
Jan 3.0 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.4
Feb 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.3
Mar 1.1 2.0 0.8 0.4 0.3
Apr 0.6 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.3
May 0.2 3.2 1.3 0.6 0.3
Jun 0.1 4.0 1.7 0.4 0.3
Jul 0.1 5.8 2.4 0.8 0.4
Aug 0.1 5.3 2.2 0.7 0.3
Sep 0.1 4.5 1.9 0.5 0.3
Oct 0.3 3.5 1.5 0.5 0.4
Nov 0.7 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.3
Dec 2.1 1.8 0.7 0.8 0.4
Total 10.0 37.6 15.7 7.0 4.0
Copyright 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved
MWh
The maximum value in each column
is highlighted in red. The minimum
value in each column is highlighted
in blue.
More than one value
may be highlighted
Total Yearly Energy Consumption =
74.1MWh
Total Yearly Energy Consumption
per Floor Area = 42.8kW/m
2
Comfort - Occupied
Temp Relative Humidity PPD
Room Name Max
C
Min
C
Max
%
Min
%
Max
%
Min
%
A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo
Apply 15
sp-113-
Double_Office
23.4 19.0 38.7 0.3 12.5 5.0
sp-114-
Double_Office
23.5 19.0 39.4 0.3 12.8 5.0
sp-115-
Double_Office
23.5 19.0 39.6 0.3 13.0 5.0
sp-116-
Double_Office
23.6 19.0 39.9 0.3 13.5 5.0
sp-117-
Double_Office
23.6 19.0 40.0 0.3 13.7 5.0
sp-118-
Single_Office
23.0 19.0 40.2 0.3 13.1 5.0
sp-119-
Single_Office
23.0 19.0 40.3 0.3 13.1 5.0
sp-120-
Single_Office
23.1 18.9 40.3 0.3 13.2 5.0
sp-121-
Single_Office
23.1 19.0 40.1 0.3 13.3 5.0
sp-122-
Single_Office
23.1 19.0 40.1 0.3 13.0 5.0
sp-123-
Single_Office
23.2 19.0 40.3 0.3 13.0 5.0
sp-124-
Single_Office
23.2 19.0 40.4 0.3 13.1 5.0
sp-125-
Single_Office
23.2 19.0 40.7 0.3 13.3 5.0
sp-126-
Single_Office
22.2 18.6 43.5 0.4 15.3 5.0
sp-127-
Single_Office
23.0 18.9 52.4 0.4 14.0 5.0
sp-128-
Single_Office
22.9 19.0 52.5 0.4 13.3 5.0
sp-129-
Single_Office
22.9 19.0 52.5 0.4 13.3 5.0
sp-130-
Single_Office
23.2 18.8 53.7 0.4 14.0 5.0
sp-132-
Meeting_Roo
m
21.5 20.0 0.4 0.3 7.6 5.0
sp-133-
Meeting_Roo
m
21.5 20.0 0.4 0.3 7.7 5.0
sp-456-
Corridor
- - - - - -
Copyright 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved
PPD is the percentage of
people that will
find the room thermally
uncomfortable
Please alter the PPD
max limit value to
highlight rooms that are
more
thermally uncomfortable
(US Only)ASHRAE 55
states comfort
lies between 5 and 10%
PPD
FIGURE V XIII: iesve energy analysis
FIGURE V XIV: iesve PPD REPORT
FIGURE V XV: iesve daylight analysis
50
51
Vi. design Method
proposal
52
REcap
Based on the analysis that has been conducted on the dierent design methods and
the experience at the Andreotti architecture studio, it is the authors opinion that the
application of the DTUs method had several issues, which have to be tackled. The
rst issue was the lacking of understanding of the method by the studio. Also, the
development of a space of solutions, with the rooms as building blocks, faced strong
skepticism from the architects. Lastly, the traditional method is too radicated in the
building system to apply an IDP and expect direct success. Therefore, there has to be
a modied integrated design method that helps the transition from the traditional to
the integrated design process. Figure VI.I shows the overview of the mental process
for the proposal.
The engineer believes that from his experience at the Andreotti architecture studio,
there are several strategies that must be applied to the DTUs method in order to im-
prove the design process and improve the performance of the method. The engineer
suggests four strategies that can be applied. The rst strategy is to introduce and
teach the method to the new participants. Second, the design team does not have to
include all of the disciplines, as mentioned earlier. Third, the architect must main-
tain his role as the main design manager. Lastly, the design process cannot place the
drawing of the total building design after the development of the space of solutions,
since in the traditional method the process revolves around the architects expres-
sion of a design solution.
Vi I design STRATEGIES
Strategy 1. As mentioned earlier one of the biggest issues was the understanding
of the integrated design method by the new participants. Therefore, before a new
design can be tackled, the architecture studio has to take an active part in learning
the design process before hand. This can be achieved through the participation of
J
Architect
Client
Structural
Engineer
Building
Services
Engineer
Municipality
Fire
Engineer
Contractor
START
END
Step 2 Step 1
S
t
e
p

3
Step 4
Client, Architects,
Design Facilitator,
Engineers
Architects,
Design Facilitator
Engineers
Architects, Design Facilitator
Engineers, Design Facilitator
Client, Architects,
Design Facilitator,
Engineers
Establish design
goals Teach and Explain IDP
Conduct group seminars
Design Exercises
Build Communication
Generated proposals
for total building design
and spaces
Establish design proposals
for rooms and sections
Selection and optimization
of nal building design
Ideas
and
Wishes
Design
FIGURE VI IV: proposed design method
FIGURE VI I: design idea
53
the design team in seminars and courses that teach the method. Besides the learn-
ing of the method, the team has to actively take part in design exercises, which help
the development of the groups dynamics, build communication, and trust between
the participants. It is essential for the group to understand and witness the benets
of the IDP and to construct a strong dynamic.
Strategy 2. It is the belief of the engineer that the inclusion of all of the core design
team participants, such as the mechanical and structural engineer, will not immedi-
ately help the development of a dynamic group. This conclusion is based on the fact
that the studio is not used tp having these participants during the design phase, and
their immediate inclusion might overwhelm the architects. Therefore, the two most
important members that must be included right away, are the design facilitator and
the energy engineer. These two participants have been chosen because the design
facilitator is essential in managing the group, and the energy engineer must be in-
cluded in order to ensure that sustainability is at the center on the design. In gure
VI.II the proposed transition design team is shown.
Strategy 3. In the traditional architecture studio, the architect is the main player
and point of reference. In the Italian construction and architecture business there is
usually a main architect who is the owner of the studio and oversees all of the proj-
ects. In the IDP ideally, the architect is on the same level as the other participants,
but, as mentioned earlier, within a traditional studio the architects role is not on the
same level. Therefore, if an integrated design approach is to be taken, the role of the
architect must be maintained as the main design manager until the integrated de-
Simulation
Specialist
Supporting
Architect Changing Team Specialists
Core Team
Architect
Energy Engineer
Committed
Client
Architect
Design Facilitator
FIGURE VI II: transitioning design team
54
sign dynamics are developed. The only issue with this decision is that the position
of the design facilitator, which is to lead the team and ensures the motivation and
focus of the design on sustainability is minimized. Hence, the proposed strategy is
to maintain the architect as the main manager but have as a close collaborator and
equal manager the design facilitator, who must have a deep understanding of the
architectural design process and the integrated design method.
Strategy 4. Lastly, since the development of a space of solutions, with the rooms
as building blocks, encountered strong skepticism by the architects, steps 3 and 4
in the DTUs method cannot progress in a linear matter. There has to be a change in
the DTUs process. This change involves the modication in the steps progression.
The engineer believes that the total building design has to be conducted at the same
time as the proposal of the space of solutions. Hence, the steps would have to be
conducted in parallel. This can be achieved through the close collaboration of the
architect and the energy engineer. In this collaboration, as the architect develops
the spaces to be included in the building, they are then analyzed right away with
the use of parameter variation software. This step needs close collaboration and
coordination between the two participants, but it is the authors belief that with the
rst strategy, this step will improve the transition from a traditional design process,
lacking the input of the energy engineer, to the full adoption and expansion of the
IDP. From these strategies the engineer modied the DTUs IDP and proposed a new
process in the attempt to solve the issues that are encountered in the transition from
a traditional design method.
Step 2 Step 1
Client, Architects,
Design Facilitator,
Engineers
Architects,
Design Facilitator
Engineers
Establish design
goals Teach and Explain IDP
Conduct group seminars
Design Exercises
Build Communication
Ideas
and
Wishes
Design
FIGURE VI III: pre-design preparation
55
Step 4 Architects, Design Facilitator
Engineers, Design Facilitator
Client, Architects,
Design Facilitator,
Engineers
Generated proposals for
total building design and
spaces
Establish design proposals
for rooms and sections
Selection and optimization
of nal building design
FIGURE VI IV: design phase
Vi II proposed transition process
The proposed process is largely based on DTUs method, but it adapts the mentioned
strategies into the process in order to create a new method for the transition from a
traditional to an integrated design method. he proposed method is not aimed to be
repeated by the group for each desig, but it is developed for the rst times the group
attempts to conduct an integrated design process. After the group has conducted
this process enough times and a strong design team is formed, it is possible to use a
regular integrated design process. The transition process is divided into four steps.
Step 1. The rst step is based on strategy 1, that before a new design can be tackled,
the architecture studio has to take an active part in learning the design process before
the designing starts. Figure VI.III shows this rst step. This can be achieved through
the participation of the architecture studio and engineers (or engineer as suggested
in strategy 2) in seminars and courses that teach the method. These seminars can be
conducted by the design facilitator, who must have had experience in IDP. Besides
learning such method, the team has to actively take part in design exercises, which
help the development of the groups dynamic and build communication and trust
among the participants. An additional requirement is the use of BIM software and
methods, since they improve the communication and sharing of information. It is
essential for the group to understand and witness the benets of the IDP and to con-
struct a strong dynamic. This step is the most important step for transitioning group,
because without the architects understanding of the process, and the development
of communication, the integrated design process will not succeed and the group will
fall back into the traditional dynamics.
S
t
e
p

3
56
Step 2. The second step in transitioning the design process is to set up the design goals
for the specic building. The client has to express his requirements based on his ideas
and wishes. Compared to the DTUs method, the participants in this step are the entire
design team. This is to strengthen and give chance to the development of team com-
munication. Figure VI.IV shows this second step.
Step 3. As mentioned in strategy 4, the development of a space of solutions, with the
rooms as building blocks, encountered strong skepticism from the architects. There-
fore, steps 3 and 4 in the DTUs method cannot progress in a linear matter. There has to
be a change in DTUs process so that the steps would have to be conducted in parallel.
This can be achieved through the close collaboration of the architect and the energy
engineer. In this collaboration, as the architect develops the spaces to be included in
the building, they are then analyzed right away with the use of parameter variation
software. With this step, the role of the architect is always placed as the main refer-
ence point, but he has to start adapting his design approach to collaborate with the
energy engineer. With this process the architects role is not disturbed, but it is eased
into a new dynamic. This step needs close collaboration and coordination between the
two participants, but it is the authors belief that with the rst strategy, this step will
improve the transition from a traditional design process, lacking the input of the en-
ergy engineer, to the full adoption and expansion of the IDP. Besides the rst step, this
part of the design is the most important phase and the toughest, since the participants
are no longer conducting exercises, but real designing. Therefore the role of the design
facilitator is crucial in facilitating this step. He must be the catalyst between the two
participants and ensure that communication and sharing of information is uid and
direct. Figure VI.IV shows this third step.
Step 4. The last step of the design process is based on the selection and optimization
of the nal building design. The use of integrated total performance indexes, based on
economical considerations regarding the main performance issues related to the total
building design, help the choice of the design based on: initial costs, cost of energy
consumption over the cycle of the building. Figure VI.III shows this fourth step.
This method proposal has been the fruit of the application of the DTUs method in an
architecture studio, and gure VI.V shows the steps of this proposal. The modications
that have been conducted to DTUs method do not aim at the substitution of the origi-
nal process but at its adaptation as a transition method. The next step of this analysis
should be the application of the proposed strategies and process in order to optimize
it and receive feedback, but due to time limitations this could not be done.
57
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58
59
VIi. conclusion
60
The purpose of this research was to apply the integrated design method proposed
by DTU in a professional environment that had a dierent design method and see
how the IDP method performed. The method was to be applied on a project pro-
posed by the architectural studio Andreotti Architects (located in Rome Italy) and
Fadi Castronovo, a student of DTU, on the development of a high rise building for the
reurbanization project of Grotteportella.
During this experience, the student conducted a historical and scientic analysis of
design methods from a traditional point of view, together with the analysis of the
design method of the Andreotti Architects studio. Later, the analysis was expanded
on the study of mainstream Integrated Design Method and the one proposed by DTU.
The comparison between the traditional and integrated design methods was then
made in order to have a complete understanding of the methods.
While this research was being conducted, the development of the Grotteportella
sustainable high-rise building was made with the use of the DTUs Integrated De-
sign Method. The site is located in the suburbs of Rome, and the requirements, from
both the Municipality and the studio, for the high-rise building was that it had to be
a sustainable, energy e cient building. The urban context was closely studied, and
the functions to be included were expressed through the development of a space of
solutions, to be analyzed in iDbuild. The design of the building was then conducted
with sophisticated Building Information Modeling tools. Lastly, the building was an-
alyzed with the use of the IESVE sophisticated energy tool. From the results of the
program, it was possible to see that the predicted energy consumption from iDbuild
was quite close the one evaluated by IESVE. The energy performance of the o ce
oor was of 47 kWh/m
2
, which satised the energy requirements.
From the analysis that had been conducted on the dierent design methods and the
experience at the Andreotti architecture studio, it is the authors opinion that the
application of the DTUs method had several issues, which had to be tackled. Sev-
eral strategies have been proposed in order to solve these issues, and modications
have been made to the DTUs method. This modied method was developed for the
transition from a traditional to an integrated design method. The proposed method
is not aimed to be repeated by the group for each design, but it is developed for the
rst times the group attempts to conduct an integrated design process.
To conclude, it is the authors opinion that this research has given a great insight on
the potential that DTUs method possesses. Further research should be conducted
in order to see if the proposed method performs as intended.
61
62
63
VIII CASE STUDY:
GROTTEPORTELLA
64
VIII i project requirements
VIII I i MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS
The following is one of the main requirements set forth by the Municipality of Fra-
scati. For a complete overview of the requirements, please refer to the Appendix, or
section for the Italian version.
ARTICLE 3
The functions are regulated by the following rules:
Residential. The residential area has to be at 35% to 45% of the total area
of the site.
Commercial. The commercial space has to be from 10% to 20% of the total
area of the site. With a dimensional limit of the single commercial units of
250 m
2
. This dimensional limit does not regulate commercial space of ex-
hibition nature.
Tertiary. The tertiary space has to be at least 40% to a 55% maximum of the
total area of the site.
Production. The lots that have pre-approved project, together with the area
that will be taken by Municipality, will have a production spatial limit of
10.000 m
2
.
The sum of the areas for building concentration, together with the areas for hand-
crafting shops, public green parks, and spaces dedicated for public services, cannot
exceed the 65% of the entire site. The remaining area will be given to the Munici-
pality in order to develop an Agricultural and Urban Park. Indexes of construction for
the areas that are not dedicated to buildings are allowed to be raised to a maximum
of 50%. This does not change the requirement of allowing 20% of the area to be
given to the Municipality.
Out of functions regarding the areas of the site that are not regulated by the pro-
posal, only the commercial and tertiary functions are excluded. Therefore, the resi-
dential function can be expanded within the dictated limits.
In the sum of the areas for building concentration, the following proposals are al-
lowed:
The coordinated realization of new buildings in the undeveloped areas. This
is always within the limit set by the index of construction.
Operations of building renovation, demolition, reconstruction, and expan-
sion will be limited within the limits set earlier.
65
VIIi I ii National
Energy Saving. The Legislative Decrees 192/05 and 311/06 require the energetic
improvement in both the private and public sectors. Therefore, the use of poor de-
sign choices will negatively inuence the project, and will not adhere to set legis-
lature. The rst step required is to look at the buildings envelope. First, one must
adhere to the standards, and then optimize the materials. This rst step is to ensure
that waste of energy is prevented, froms poor thermal resistance. The following are
the standards for the climatic zone D.
Element U
value
(W/m
2
K)
Vertical 0.36
Roofs 0.32
Floors 0.36
Windows 2.4
Glazing 1.9
One must note that these requirements are rather poor, especially when compared
to Danish Standards.
The according to the Legislative decree 192/311, based on the climatic zone of the
site the following limits have to respected for the heating:
Residential Buildings Climatic Zone D
Area to Volume Ratio Heating Limits in kWh/m
3
<0.2 34
>0.9 88
Cooling Limit 30 kwh/m
2
Other Buildings Climatic Zone D
Area to Volume Ratio Heating Limits in kWh/m
3
<0.2 9.6
>0.9 22.5
Cooling Limit 10 kwh/m
3
TABLE VIII I I: Thermal Resistances Requirements
TABLE VIII I II: Residential Buildings energy Consumption Limit
TABLE VIII I III: Other Buidings Energy Consumption Limit
66
Besides the requirements set forth by the Municipality, which do not enter into the
specics of the projects; the architecture studio has set additional standards to be
respected during the design phase. These design standards do not necessarily rely
on regulations set by the Municipality or local legislature, but they rely on the ar-
chitects and the designers desire to propose a truly cradle to cradle, sustainable
design. These criteria are presented in the following paragraphs.
Cradle-to-Cradle Design. The natural cycle of any environment allows excess energy
and waste to be recycled; nature is always able to digest the waste and itself. Ac-
cording to William McDonough in his book Cradle to Cradle, waste is equal to food.
[XI] These ideas of recycling back to nature should be assimilated into the end of the
project. If a technical product has components that cannot be consumed, then these
components must be easily recyclable and must never leave the closed-loop tech-
nical cycle. The second set of criteria comes from James M. Benyus Biomimicry, the
design laws of nature. [XIII] These design laws include many of the criteria already
mentioned, but they introduce new rules for energy generation. Natural environ-
ments rely on energy from the sun, for example photosynthesis, one of the most
e cient energy generation systems. An engineer must emulate nature by generat-
ing energy from renewable sources whether they be solar, wind, or hydro-electric
energy. The use of these renewable sources should be considered in all possible
designs because of these characteristics.
Passive Systems. Currently, in the construction business in Italy, the trend is to ap-
ply energy savings systems (such as photovoltaic and solar collectors), without ap-
plying the most basic energy savings design choices that can signicantly reduce
consumption. For example, energy consumption can be reduced by using proper
insulation, by eliminating thermal bridges, by using smart solar shading systems,
or by installing energy performing windows. Furthermore, the correct designing of
energy consuming systems (such as ventilation, lighting, heating and cooling) with
passive natural systems (such as daylighting and natural ventilation) can bring huge
advantages from an energy point of view. Lastly, the use of active energy saving
systems can be applied to bring a building to a carbon neutral status. Therefore, the
focus of the design team will be rst on the minimization of impacts through the
use of smart design choices and passive systems, and then the use of active systems
energy saving systems as a last resort.
Social Renewal. The other focus of the design team is to provide sustainability by
providing a social and cultural spaces through architecture. The designer must gen-
erate designs that respect people while protecting them from unsafe and unhealthy
environments. To prevent unhealthy surroundings, the design of a project must not
VII i iIi andreotti architects
67
cause a detachment of humanity from life and nature. Any project should respect the
surroundings of a given location just as nature does. Projects should honor the com-
munity and the environment around it by involving them in the design process to
minimize possible impacts on the surroundings. Therefore, the studio wants to pro-
mote space that blend natural and social spaces. Hence, the designers will develop a
building where the physical barriers provided by buildings will protect the resident
from harsh natural conditions, but they will not eradicate the resident from nature.
This breakdown of barriers will be supported by minimizing the impact on the land-
scape by the buildings and by providing spaces where the residents can come into
direct contact with nature, such as parks, piazzas, and bicycle paths.
Water Savings. The world is currently facing several problematic crises. One crisis
that is often-times underestimated is the growing problem on water. If the water
crisis is to be solved, a holistic and sustainable approach must be taken to generate
solutions to this problem. Therefore, the aim is to minimize the use of potable water
in all of their projects. [II] According to the sustainable philosophy, no wastewater
should ever leave a building, unless the building emits chemicals in the water that
cannot be puried locally. The current project is a residential/commercial and ter-
tiary building; so no chemicals should be released into the plumbing system. There-
fore, the team wants to minimize the emission of wastewater into the environment,
and this will be achieved by treating at least 90% of wastewater on site. The team
feels that this is the best choice for this site because it is even possible to recycle
100% of the wastewater. For example, the wastewater treatment model after the
Solaire Building wastewater system, located at 20 River Terrace New York City, has
been proven to recycle 100% of their wastewater. [IX]
BIM. A recent trend in sustainable development has been the growth of Building
Information Modeling, or BIM. The process of BIM involves the full cooperation of
dierent trades in the construction process to meet desired objectives of the proj-
ect, while e ciently and economically delivering the nal product. In the case of
sustainable development, each trade must bring a passion that derives from a strong
sense of ethics and responsibility in order to present a truly sustainable result. The
passion comes together collectively from the start of the design process while uti-
lizing BIM practices to provide the means to deliver a functional project. BIM tools
can only be brought into the project if the team is adequately skilled. In the studio
Autodesk AutoCAD is the common tool. New tools will be used such as Autodesk Re-
vit Architecture and Google Sketchup for the 3D and 2D modeling, and idBuild and
IESVE will be used for the energy modeling and analysis of the project. Thanks to
these tools the designing period will benet both in time and in eort.
68
VIi i IV international
Several international standards will be used for the designing of the building. The
following is a list of standards, together with a quick description of the standards
and chosen requirements:
EN15217:2007. This paper gives information about the energy performance
certicates according to the EPBD requirements and the CEN standards for the
EPBD. Energy performance certicates will have to be available when buildings
are sold or rented and will be displayed in public buildings. The aim of the ar-
chitecture studio is to aim is develop the most sustainable building. Therefore,
an A3 certication will be sought out.
A1
B3
B2
B1
C1
A2
A3
C2
C3
D1
D2
E1
E2
F
G
<25
>25
>50
>75
>100
>125
>150
>175
>200
>225
>260
>300
>340
>380
>450
FIGURE VIII i i: energy certification classes
69
EN15251:2007. This European Standard regards the indoor environmental in-
put parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings.
It address the indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting, and acoustics.
This standard describes how design criteria for the indoor environment are to
be set for dimensioning systems and for the energy calculations. The paper
highlights some of the new principles used in the standard, such as the de-
nition of dierent categories of indoor environment; the dierence between
target values used for dimensioning and energy calculations; the principles to
be used when dening the ventilation rates; and evaluation of the indoor en-
vironment. Since the standard has been developed through the use of the ISO
7730:2005 and CEN 1752:1998 standards, for the indoor environment and ven-
tilation rates, they will not be relisted. The standard also include the EN 12464
standard for the recommended lighting. The desired aim is adhere to Category
II. Therefore, the following standards have to be met for the building in ques-
tion:
Percent of People Dissatised PPD<6%
Predicted Mean Vote -0,2<PMV<0,2
Recommended CO
2
Concentration
Above Outdoor Concentration
350 PPM
Design Relative Humidity for:
Dehumidication
50%
Design Relative Humidity for:
Humidication
30%
Type of building Ventilation Rate
Very Low Polluting
O ce Building
Based of Equation B.1 in Annex B
q


tot
= ( n q


p
) + ( A q


B
)
Residential Building
Choose between higher ventilation rate
based on Table B.5 in Annex B
where:
q
tot
= total ventilation rate of the room, l/s
n = design value for the number of the persons in the room
q
p
= ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/(s pers)
A= room oor area, m
2
q
B
= ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/(s m
2
)
TABLE VIII I V: Recommend Criteria for Ventilation Rates
TABLE VIII I IV: Recommend Criteria for Indoor Air Quality
70
Type of Space
Winter Operative
Temperature (
o
C)
Summer Operative
Temperature (
o
C)
Residential Buildings:
Living Spaces
20 26
Residential Buildings:
Other Spaces
16 n/a
Single O ce 20 26
Landscaped O ce 20 26
Conference Room 20 26
Auditorium 20 26
Cafeteria/Restaurant 20 26
Department Store 16 25
Type of Space
Maintained
Illuminance at
Working Areas (lx)
UGR
(Unied Glaring Rating)
Ra
(Color RenderingIndex)
Single O ce 500 19 80
Open Plan O ce 500 19 80
Conference Rooms 500 19 80
Restaurant - - 80
Sales Area 300 22 80
Till Area 500 19 80
Corridor 100 28 40
Stairs 150 25 40
TABLE VIII I VII: Recommend Criteria for Lighting
TABLE VIII I VI: Recommend Criteria for Operative Temperatures
71
Type of Building Type of Space
Sound Pressure
Level [db(A)]
Residential
Living Room 32
Bed Room 26
Place of Assembly
Auditoriums 33
Court Rooms 35
Commercial
Retail Shops 40
Department Stores 45
Supermarkets 45
Computer Rooms, Large 50
Computer Rooms, Small 45
O ce
Small O ces 35
Conference Rooms 35
Landscaped O ces 40
O ce Cubicles 40
Restaurant
Cafeterias 40
Restaurants 45
Kitchens 55
General
Toilets 45
Cloakroms 45
TABLE VIII I VIII: Recommend Criteria for Noise Criteria
EN 15377:2008. This standards is required for the design of embedded water-
based surface heating and cooling system. Since the building will be using oor
heating, these standards will help with the designing of the system.
EN ISO 15316:2007. Method for calculation of system energy requirements and
system e ciencies for heating systems in buildings.
72
VIII ii GROTTEPORTELLA SITE
VIII ii i site description
The ex-industrial area of Grotteportella is situated on the northern part of the Mu-
nicipality of Frascati, and it is on the southern border of the Municipality of Rome.
The site is conned on the north-west side by the plunge of San Matteo, on west
side by the road that gives access to the Banca dItalia. Lastly, on the south side it
is conned by the west piedmont of the Castelli Romani. The site is accessible from
the north-west thanks to the Roma Napoli Highway, through Via di Torrenova and the
area of Tor Vergata. From the south-east, it is accessible through the west piedmont
of the Castelli Romani.
The main road connects the district with Tor Vergata, in particular with the two neigh-
boring settlements of the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), the municipality
of Rome, the Banca dItalia, the territory of Frascati, and the access to the highway
from the junction with Via di Torrenova. The main road is aligned with Via Enrico
Fermi that reaches the CNR and the center of Frascati. The site is about 500 meters
away from the future terminal of the third metro line of the city of Rome, and also
from sport establishments of P.P. of Tor Vergata. There are three incomplete second-
ary roads, which start from the piedmont and are parallel to the main road. They
allow access to part of the lots. Inside this site there are no transversal connections
between these roads. Therefore, it is currently necessary to utilize the piedmont to
move through the site.
The urbanized works are lacking or incomplete. Two wastewater collectors, property
of ACEA ATO2, are present through Via di Grotteportella. These collectors bring the
waste to the main purier of Roma-Est, which is able to withstand the waste load.
The property is highly fractioned. There are three types of lots, 3,6 hectares, 1,8
hectares, and hectares.
Currently the site is partially occupied by warehouses for production and storage
activities, and residential housing, which are located on Via di Grotte Portella. There-
fore, the site is characterized by its fragmentation, which is lacking spaces and ad-
equate infrastructures for public use. This fragmented characteristic, disorganized
and degraded, from an environmental point of view, will be accentuated by the ap-
proved intervention proposed by the Bandi del Patto Territoriale.
Viii ii ii urban context
The area of interest is located at the center of the Roman territory, which is dened
by the Tiburtino and Tuscolano axis. The area is characterized by a deep stratica-
tion of interventions and transformations. These were accelerated after World War
II, and it is still being aected; it is soon to exhaust its modularity. The site is also
73
FIGURE VIII ii i: terrain view
terrain view
FIGURE VIII iI ii: LaTium geographical map
FIGURE VIII ii iII: ITALy geographical map
74
FIGURE VIII ii iV: TOWN PLAN
75
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FIGURE VIII ii V: neighboring functions
76
characterized by the presence of tertiary, commercial, and management activities. All of these
activities have been implemented in an uncoordinated and slow manner, causing strong issues
with infrastructure connections within the urban context. The site has the presence of sporadic
public housing, which makes it impossible to conduct any changes for the improvement of pub-
lic services.
Therefore, the development of this area has caused several di cult outcomes that have shaped
the direction of the project. To start, the urban environment is poorly integrated, even though
the present functions are well diversied. These functions are casually distributed; they are
divided into parts by the territory that is abandoned. Hence, their morphological relationships
are weak and ine cient.
Another issue is the loss of environmental unity between the agricultural use and structural
settlements, which gave a strong character to the Roman countryside. This is due to the frag-
mentation and poor urban distribution. This discontinuity will cause also the loss of ecological
biodiversity and vitality. Lastly, another concern is the exponential growth of a di cult and
confused necessity of movement, which has overburden the current infrastructure with high
volumes of tra c. Therefore, this calls for an intervention that is able to reduce the use of mo-
torized movement.
viii ii iii URBAN PROJECT PROPOSAL
The proposal concerns an area of about 33 hectares, which will be destined to varied urban so-
lutions. For the context in which this area is found, several functions will be included. Tertiary,
commercial, public, and private services will be provided. Furthermore, a strong residential
component will be present, in order to guarantee the use of the site through the entire arc of
the day. The plan for the residences is to generate medium to small buildings, for student hous-
ings and young couple residences.
The Municipality of Frascati set the new development with ve social objectives. These are
coherent with the objective set forth by the architectural studio.
The completion, in a coordinated manner and according to a quality urban plan, of the frag-
mented and incomplete site. This will be conducted both from a urban and architectural
point of view, which has characterized Grotteportella in these past years, while keeping
track of the uctuating conditions of the context. A particular attention will be given to
the reconstruction of the functional, infrastructural, and the landscape functions. This is
because they are separated and are communicating poorly, due to incomplete infrastruc-
tural networks, residuals of abandoned territories, and conicted environmental impacts.
The relocation of small traditional activities that are currently located in historical center
of Frascati. This is because some of these activities are no longer compatible with socio-
environmental characteristics of Frascati, and some of them are no longer compatible with
the rules of the current town plan.
The construction of social buildings, which satisfy the set standards.
77
The construction of a polyvalent social and cultural center, which will be located at the
center of a civic piazza. This piazza will be at the service of all of Frascati.
The reclaim and maintenance of agricultural traditions, which constitute a big section of
the territory. This will be conducted in order to bring back value to the landscape and in-
tegrate the functions with the neighboring infrastructures.
VIIi II IV summary of the proposal
The following is part of the summary of the projects proposed actions. The full version and be
found in the Appendix, Together with the original Italian version. The proposal will be charac-
terized by:
The high density of the land, which will achieved by concentrating the entire al-
lowed area inside a controlled portion of the area, which will be less than 50% of
the entire area.
Guarantee the maintenance of the agricultural function of the non-urbanized area.
This will be achieved by assigning the administration of the area to the municipal-
ity.
Guarantee the multi-functionality of the site, by integrating all of the functions in
compartments, which are coherent with the tendencies of the context.
Guarantee an adequate use of tools and public spaces.
To foresee the planning of green space that is higher than the required standard.
Integrated Design. The development will have to follow the rules of integrated design, in
order to ensure a sustainable environment.
Public Services. The predicted number of inhabitants will be of 754, with the following
endowment of the public services:
Table VIII II i: SPACE REQUIREMETS
required Program Proposal
22 m
2
/inhabitant for
public services divided into:
34,5 m
2
/inhabitant for
public services divided into:
7 m
2
/inhabitant for education and
collective activities
7 m
2
/inhabitant for education and
collective activities
4 m
2
/inhabitant for public
parking space
4 m
2
/inhabitant for public
parking space
11 m
2
/inhabitant for
green spaces
23,5 m
2
/inhabitant for
green spaces
Eradication of Barriers. Particular attention will be dedicated to eliminate the already ex-
isting barrier and prevent the creation of future ones.
Especially, the removal of the ones caused by buildings that limit the mobility of
inhabitants and visitors. Attention will be given to subjects with handicaps, both
the interior to the exterior of the building.
78
D773_000400
ACQUA
STRADA
166
165
198
12
195
197
284
248
240
241
244
245
280
279
259
258
272
271
282
281
257
238
237
236
262
261
260
175
233
234
235
250
179
266 265
288/p
274
273
285
56
278
54
277
264
263
232
230
231
276
275
251
16
69
202
255
204
253
213
300
3
0
1
303
302
304
186
185
3
2
189
190
111
22
23
31
32
33
45
51
61
67
60
59
66
92
170
178
29
53
5
192
191
8
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25
4
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93
34
128
131
183
48
47 105
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120
62
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182
207
206
209
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91
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114
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73
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222
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291
290
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216
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208+
219+
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220+
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227+
227+
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216+
217+
215+
39+
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50+
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198+
197+
196+
54+
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16+
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69+
204+
50+
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300+
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9
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269
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287
268
STRADA
254
256
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249
16+
247
243
246
242
239
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167
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ACQUA
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65
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888
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942
LEGEND
PERIMETER OF THE DIVISION 1
EXISTING BUILDINGS and AGREED PROJECTS
(not included in the proposal)
SURVEYED PROPERTIES
(aree libere)
EXISTING BUILDINGS and AGREED PROJECTS
(included in the proposal)
2
2
S
H
E
E
T



4
S
H
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T

4
S
H
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T

4
274/p
STRADA
FIGURE VIII VI: lot distribution
79
FIGURE VIII VII: volumetric master plan
N
80
110,00
109,00
108,00
107,00
106,00
104,00
103,00
100,00
99,00
98,00
105,00
110,63
107,47
103,56
103,13
99,68
101,35
98,52
96,55
105,69
108,89
110,64
104,76
94,39
99,22
100,12
95.71
97.81
96.75
97,40
97.35
107.25
103.17
105.53
104.57
107.89
110.83
111.01
105.02
108.15
109.11
102.25
105.09
102.75
105.75
120.00
113.70
113.05
112.62
108.17
106.76
110.90
110.00
120.40
121.35
117.60
119.05
113.54
114.11 120.50
120.40
121.30
113.20
119.11
114.50
110.88
112.00
116.66
117.40
119.75
110.00
100.07
100.38
101.97
103.31
104.30
103.86
103.99
106.43
105.60
109,64
105.99
105.48
106.35 108.73
105.57
129.13
114.83
118.39
118.88
110.24
117.69
116.20
115.69
121.03
117.51
100.21
101.64
100.46
101.62
102.69
100.24
101.11
101.60
97.38
96.88
93.20
93.07
111.07
2
4
122.55
104.62
91.45
101.97
103,00
104,00
100,00
98,00
102.53
104,00
101.40
109.40
101.45
102.454
111.20
106,00
108.0
108.70
95
3
a
b
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plan limit
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2
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G r o t t e P o r t e l l a r o a d n e a r
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T
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1
2
0
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2
0
1
1
1
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1
0
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9
1
0
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7
1
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1
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.0
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.0
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.0
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plan limit
3
g r o t t e p o r t e l l a
r o a d
plan limit
N
FIGURE VIII ii VIII: terrain profiles
81
FIGURE VIII ii IX: functional master plan
N
82
The removal of urban barriers, that oppose themselves to the circulation of hand-
icapped people. These di culties include the use of pedestrian streets, under-
passages, stairs, and other inadequate entrances to the site. Only one drivable
street, at slow speed (30 km/h), divides the urban site. There are no underpas-
sages; and for the passage across and through the main road (Via di Grottepor-
tella), which has the maximum vehicular density, a system of bike paths will be
developed by using the Danish tradition of separate lanes. Lastly, all of the pub-
lic spaces will be wheelchair accessible.
All of the buildings will be developed in order to have vast open spaces at the
ground oors. This will allow for pedestrian crossing even in the spaces that are
dened by buildings. The compact design of the urban site will allow the pedes-
trians to reach any point of interest with minimal distances.
The removal of perceived barriers that diminish or remove the possibility to rec-
ognize and localize public buildings.
Mobility and Public Transportation. A pedestrian and bicycle connection will be de-
veloped. This will cross the entire site and it will connect to the surrounding area of Tor
Vergata, towards the CNR. It is also planned to connect the pedestrian/cycling network
to the future terminal of the future metro C, and the sports complexes next to the site.
Natural Functions. The project will account for natural cycles of the area. Furthermore,
the restoration of natural functions that had been lost, will also be conducted. This will
be described in further detail in the following sections.
Management of Waste Disposal. The site planning will focus on the e cient use of
resources and on the reduction of waste generation, from the construction to decon-
struction phase. In particular during the construction phase the following actions will
be taken:
The use of renewal and recyclable materials, which are durable, will be favored
and enforced. Technologies and construction procedures that lower the energy
and water-use will be adopted. A special focus will be given to the on-site re-
covering of materials (from demolition and land movements), together with the
safeguard of natural habitats.
Space will be dedicated to the separate collection of waste (recycling), and the
recovery of solid waste produced by the site.
83
FIGURE VIII ii x: architects view
FIGURE VIII ii XI: public piazza
FIGURE VIII ii XI: boulevard
84
VIII III functions
The requirements of the buildings space distribution have to satisfy four dierent functions:
public, commercial, residential, and tertiary. Even though these are the main requirements,
the major goal of the building is to represent a landmark. Therefore, the building will have to
provide a higher level of class and design. The area of development is 3300 m
2
with a pos-
sible height of 60 m. Based on the Integrated Design process suggested by DTU, before one
could start drawing up a building proposal, one has to understand and develop a list of func-
tions that will compose the building, which can be easily simulated and checked for their
impact. In order to develop this list of functions, a research was conducted to understand
what are the already existing functions in the neighborhood, so that the lacking structures
can be included, and the existing renewed. For the entire description of the required func-
tions please refer to the Appendix.
VIII III i public
As mentioned earlier the site will provide public spaces for the residents and visitors, but
for the lot in question there are no spatial requirements specied. One of the requirements,
set by the studio, is to breakdown physical barriers, which buildings create. Therefore, the
public space will not just be dened by the open area surrounding the building, but it will
also extend into and throughout the building. The following are the intended spaces that
will be included in the project. Open Ground Floor / Promenade. The public piazza will di-
rectly interact with the interior, which will invite visitors to come inside, by having the rst
oor completely visible. A curtain glass wall will surround the rst oor, and the entrance to
the building will have an atrium/promenade, which will extend up for the rst three oors.
The purpose of the atrium is to allow natural light to enter an internal public piazza, but at
the same time protect the space from winter cold weather or rain. The atrium will provide
several functions, starting with open bars and small restaurants. It will mainly invite visitors
to venture themselves into the commercial spaces, which the atrium will cut through and
give a view like an architectural section drawing. The major concern that one might have is
the indoor environment for the space, for this, displacement ventilation will be designed in
order to provide the proper ventilation. Also, during the summer, a system of active solar
shading will be applied in order to prevent overheating. In order to provide heating during
the winter heating systems will be utilized. The design of the atrium will be inspired by the
atrium of the IT University of Copenhagen, which has an interesting interaction of the atrium
with the interior spaces of the building. External Bar and Restaurant. The public piazza will
not only interact with the atrium but will interact with the spaces inside the building. One of
the most common traditions in Italy is drinking coee and wine, and eating food. Therefore,
the public piazza will give the possibility for bars to expand their area outside of the build-
ing, and the restaurants and wine bars that will on the ground oor will also extend to the
piazza. But these spaces will have to maintain a high level of design.
VIII III II COmmercial
The rst function, that will be serviced inside the building, will be commercial, which will be
of an allowable area of 1693.5 m
2
. Therefore, the rst space that will impact the visitor and
the resident will be the atrium that will cut through the commercial area. Hence the visitor
85
FIGURE VIII III III: residential FIGURE VIII III IV: Office space
FIGURE VIII III I: Commercial FIGURE VIII III II: public
86
will be visually invited to enter the commercial area and discover its interiors. As mentioned
earlier, the surrounding commercial spaces are mainly two malls with stores for small busi-
ness and handmade activities. Sustainable markets will be present in other buildings of the
urban project. Therefore, the new commercial space in the building will not replace nor com-
pete with the already existing, but it will add a dierent commercial function that is lacking
in the area. The commercial section will be concentrated in the lower parts of the building in
order centralize the functions. Fashion. Italy is world renounced for its high end fashion style,
so having store with brands such as Prada and Dolce and Gabbana, will satisfy this demand of
fashion, which present spaces cannot satisfy. International fashion brands will also be pres-
ent. The spatial design will be based and inuenced, for example, Gucci stores. Design. The
other type of store will sell products of design. This can vary from graphic design, interior
design (such as furniture, kitchens etc.), product design, and art. The aim is to present the
costumer with a higher end level of products, which can be from surrounding areas, all of Italy,
and international.
VIII III III RESIDENTIAL
As mentioned earlier the building must satisfy the residential function of approximately
5080.5 m
2
. Since the building will function also as an o ce building, the most logical resi-
dential solution is the development of apartment oors. These oors will be located on the
top oors of the building, in order to distance the apartments from the hectic life of the com-
mercial space. The residential solution will provide a space for hotel residents and traveling
families. This will be expressed in the development of two types of apartments, and two types
of oors. All of these oors will be only accessible to the residents by a system of the access
cards, which will grant access through a system of elevators.
VIII III IV TERTIARY
The last function that the building will have to serve is tertiary, which was decided to be as-
signed to be o ce space, for a total of 4516 m
2
. As mentioned earlier, the o ce space will be
located in between the residential and the commercial oors, in order to serve as a buer for
the residential. The building will be inspired by the o ce building of the New York Times, de-
signed by Renzo Piano. The building will also rely on the modularity of the building elements.
The following spaces will be included. Open O ce Floor. The purpose of this section of the
building is to provide rentable o ce space. The development of the building will be focused
on providing a sustainable indoor environment, therefore working heavily on the building
services to choose the optimal daylight distribution and ventilation. Also, open desks will be
chosen in order to promote interaction between the workers, and stir away from the cubicle
generation. The oor will contain several social catalysts. There will be a printer room, a
small kitchen, and space for relaxing, eating and socializing. Closed O ce Floor. Thanks to
the modularity of the construction, the distribution of the spaces will be made simpler in the
closed o ce. This simplicity means that modular single and double o ces and conference
rooms can be easily made because of the modularity of the structure. This oor will also in-
clude printer rooms, common rooms, a small kitchen, and space for relaxing. The rooms will
be oriented on the faade of the building, in order to have the maximum daylight exposure.
This cellular design will also improve the simulation of the building during the integrated de-
sign period of the building.
87
FIGURE VIII III V:
GlenOak High School
Canton Ohio
FIGURE VIII III VI:
IT University of Copenhagen Denmark
FIGURE VIII III VI:
Skaters MACBA Barcelona
88
FIGURE VIII III Vii:
Apple store nyc
FIGURE VIII III VIii:
Gucci store nyc
FIGURE VIII III iX:
sushi bar sao Paulo brasil
89
FIGURE VIII III XI:
Residential Tower / Meir Lobaton + Kristjan Donalson
FIGURE VIII III X:
Passive Solar House / Dick Clark
90
List of Spaces
TABLE VIII III I
Public Residential
Internet Cafe/Bars Single Hotel Suite
Auditorium Double Hotel Suite
Atrium Couples Apartment
Restaurants Relax Area
Park
FIGURE VIII III XI:
internet bar
Commercial Tertiary
Flagship Stores Single O ce
Electronics Store Double O ce
Sports Caetteria
Clothes Gym
Restaurants Wellness Center
Bathrooms Open O ces
Wine Lounge Meeting Room
Book Stores Copy Room
Music Store Kitchens
Sushi Bar Relax Area
Design Store Bars
Salad Bar Ping Pong House
91
FIGURE VIII III XII:
nokia store nyc
FIGURE VIII III XiI
Salad bar
92
VIII IV SUSTAINABLE strategies
As mentioned in the Project Requirements, the aim of the studio is to minimize the im-
pact of the impact of the building from a holistic point of view. The focal point of the
thesis is the energy certication and optimization of the project. Therefore, an entire
section is dedicated to the all the possible strategies that will be applied to the project,
starting with the projects orientation, to the materials, and nally the systems.
VIII IV I WEATHER and ORIENTATION
From ancient times, builders and architects have used the suns energy in order to pas-
sively heat their houses and buildings. The most pressing issue was the protection from
environmental factors, such as the weather. Based on the climate, the builder would
make heavier or lighter structures and insulate it accordingly. Another factor was the
way the building was oriented, which, together with the openings, determined the
buildings consumption. Therefore, a deep understanding of the inuence of the build-
ings orientation must be acquired. The sites climatic zone is particularly homogenous,
which is composed of a Mediterranean temperate weather. The site is characterized
by a sensible changing seasons, with hot summers, non-rigid winter, and with spring
and fall that are pretty similar. The changing seasons dont cause major environmental
discomfort, but it requires signicant air conditioning, and humidity is a pressing issue.
Based on the climatic conditions and the lots perimeter, one can choose the orientation
of the building. The best design choices, to gain the highest solar contribution, are to
orient the building along the east-west longitudinal axis and to develop the southern
and northern sides of the building. This means that the building will extend itself on the
longitudinal side and shorten its depth. The south side will be open to the exterior with
windows and passive systems of solar collection, such as Trombe walls. Meanwhile, the
north side will be reduced in its openings, and it will have high levels of insulation. A
variation of plus or minus 15
o
from the horizon. The orientation toward east favors the
morning activities, and the west orientation favors afternoon activities. Through such
orientation, the following energetic contributions are made:
The maximum use of the solar supply on the south side, when it is most useful, es-
pecially during the winter, when the sun is highest in the sky.
Easy protection from overheating by using shading systems.
Minimizing the west exposure of the building in order to avoid overheating. The
overheating eect is caused by the combination of the low sun, and the air being at
its highest temperature.
The organization and distribution of the spaces in order to minimize waste of en-
ergy.
The best solution is to concentrate on the south side the majority of the housing
functions, so that on the north side, one can concentrate the internal services, such
as bathroom, kitchens, and stairs. These last functions act as buer between the
spaces that are most occupied, and the coldest front of the building.
93
luminosity
precipitation
temperature
2
0

m
m
1
3
0

m
m
1
1

h
r
s
5

h
r
s
3
0

C
1
3

C
o
o
http://www.rome30.com/it/tempo-roma.html
j
a
n
f
e
b
m
a
r
a
p
r
m
a
y
j
u
n
e
j
u
l
a
u
g
s
e
p
t
o
c
t
n
o
v
d
e
c
FIGURE VIII IV I: season distribution
FIGURE VIII IV II: sun orientation
FIGURE VIII IV III: wind orientation
94
VIII IV II building elements
The next strategy is regarding the use of energy saving constructions techniques. The most
important factor is to look into the reduction of thermal bridges.
Structural Foundations. The use of insulation in the foundations will minimize the pres-
ence of thermal bridges. The insulation will be applied on the exterior side of the struc-
ture, facing the ground. The insulation will go from the ground level all the way to the top
of the footing.
Vertical and Horizontal Structural Elements. Insulation will be applied to the structure in
order to minimize thermal bridges. A structural construction method is to use rigid insu-
lating panels during the pour of the concrete. These panels substitute the usual wooden
panels that are used in the pouring phase of the concrete, but instead of being removed
once the concrete is solidied, they remain as a structural member.
Exterior Walls. Exterior walls present the possibility of having several alternatives. The
most important factor is to lower the thermal transmittance. Therefore, several param-
eters can be changed regarding the materials used, but the U
value
will remain pretty much
unvaried, since it has to satisfy the Italian Standards, of 0.36 W/m
2
K. This standard is quite
poor, meaning that lower transmittance can be achieved with the use of standard prac-
tice materials. Therefore, this parameter will be varied in the Integrated Design Process.
The possible implementation of double-facades and Trombe walls will be researched and
studied.
Windows. The current standard in Italy is the use of double glazing windows, which oers
decent thermal resistance, but higher quality is achievable. In the parameter variations,
several types of windows will be tested in order to minimize heat transfer and overheat-
ing, with the use of blinds and/or overhangs.
Floors. Even though the hot season for this site is quite short, and not as intense as other
parts of Europe, a possibility in lowering the heating load is through the use of radiant
panels. The use of oor heating has many benets. The direct heating of the lower parts
of the body, the most sensitive, together with the uniform heating of the air, are some of
the benets of the oor heating. These benets can be extended to the use of radiant
panels in the walls. Even though, the demand for heated oors is growing in Italy, be-
cause of their high cost, this design choice will be probably limited to the public spaces,
while in other the use of radiators will desirable.
Roofs. The necessary insulation will be installed in order to prevent thermal losses, but the
use of extensive green roofs will also be considered. Extensive green roofs are designed
to be virtually self-sustaining and should require only a minimum of maintenance, per-
haps a once-yearly weeding or an application of slow-release fertilizer to boost growth.
Extensive roofs are usually only accessed for maintenance. There are several benets to
green roofs. For example: the reduction of heating loads (by adding mass and thermal re-
sistance value) and the reduction of cooling loads (by evaporative cooling) on a building
by fty to ninety percent. Furthermore this design will help reduce storm water run-o,
by collecting all the rain water and reusing it inside the building. Since the building will
be 60 meters tall, the use of green roof will be utilized for their aesthetic nature, and only
extensive green roofs will be used in order to minimize maintenance and the use of water.
95
FIGURE VIII IV IV: wall insulation FIGURE VIII IV V: trombe wall FIGURE VIII IV VI: double facade
FIGURE VIII IV VII:
double glazing
FIGURE VIII IV VIII:
triple glazing
FIGURE VIII IV IX:
inTegrated blinds
FIGURE VIII IV X:
green roof
FIGURE VIII IV XI:
heated floor
96
VIII IV III natural ventilation
Since the weather at the site can reach the maximum temperatures of 30
o
C and with
a thermal excursion of 10
o
C, there is a heavy use of mechanical cooling. In archi-
tecture, natural ventilation is often used as a low-energy environmental solution
to improve indoor micro-climates and thermal comfort in buildings. In hot and hu-
mid tropical climates, natural ventilation is particularly eective as it maintains the
equilibrium of relative humidity inside and outside buildings and prevents indoor
humidity from condensing. [XIII] Therefore, the best energy saving strategy is to rely
on the study of natural ventilation for the design. The objective of natural ventila-
tion is to help the mechanical ventilation in minimizing the thermal load. The physi-
cal designing of this system will be conducted later on in the thesis.
Cross Ventilation. This condition is based on the positioning of openings inside
a space and the pressure dierences of air present. With this movement of air,
heat that is produced in the space is removed, and clean cooler air is introduced.
To maximize the eectiveness of openings, narrow buildings with open plans
and well-placed openings work best. Building elements like ns, wing walls,
parapets and balconies may be designed to enhance wind speeds and should
be an integral part of cross-ventilation design. This is controllable through the
size of the opening of the windows, and through controllable ns of possible
shading systems. [XIV]
Stack Ventilation. Thanks to the movement of air through the building, due to
cross ventilation, it possible to use the stack eect to further cool down the
building. The stack eect uses the thermal properties of air. Therefore the cool
air coming into the building is heated by the heat sources in the space, and it
is channeled through the use of stacks to the outside of the building. It can be
used during summer nights, where the thermal mass of the building is warm.
Hence the stack eect cool down the building from the inside. In winter days,
the air can be warmed through a greenhouse eect in the double facade. Dur-
ing summer days, the hotter external air is channeled through the stack, which
is cold from the previous night, and it can be cooled down even further through
the use of water sprays. This is known also as the Wind Tower Ventilation, which
can be driven by physical ns on top of the stack. Several other factors can de-
termine the eectiveness of the stack, starting with the height of the tower, the
section of the stack. [XIV]
Natural ventilation is obviously an important architectural feature in hot humid cli-
mates as wind motion removes heat concentration and humidity, thereby improving
thermal comfort. [XIII] Some disadvantages are present in the use of natural ventila-
tion. Since it is based on the conditions of the external winds (and they are not al-
ways available), natural ventilation cannot be used as sole substitute to mechanical
ventilation, but it is the perfect addition and support for minimizing the load on the
system.
97
FIGURE VIII IV XiV:
cross ventilation
FIGURE VIII IV XII:
stack ventilation
FIGURE VIII IV XV:
wind tower ventilation
FIGURE VIII IV Xiii:
Stack ventilation
variation
98
VIII IV IV Building services
Since several building elements have been already proposed in order to minimize heat trans-
fer, the next step is to look at the use of energy saving strategies in building services. The fo-
cus will be put into Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Lighting, and other electrical uses.
Heating. In Italy the most common method of heating is through the use of radiators,
which has a good heat transfer coe cient, but it does not assure an even distribution
of temperature in spaces. Another mainstream method of heating is through the use of
ventilation systems, which consume a lot of energy. As mentioned earlier, several strat-
egies will be used in order to minimize the heating demand. Floor heating and radiant
wall panels are some of the options. The main focus will be placed on providing heat-
ing for just extreme cases, and using the sun as the main source of heating, with proper
shading. The use of thermal solar panels will denitely play big role for the demand of
domestic hot water (DHW). The use of evacuated tube solar collectors is quite distrib-
uted in Italy, and it will be thoroughly designed.
Ventilation Principle and Distribution. The possibility of using dierent types of ven-
tilation principles will be studied. Currently, the mainstream methods of ventilation
are based on displacement or mixing ventilation. Mixing ventilation is mostly used for
o ces and fairly small spaces. Displacement ventilation is used in space with a sig-
nicant height. Therefore, since the building has dierent types of function, dierent
methods of ventilation will be used. In both cases the distribution methods can either
be based on a Variable Air Volume (VAV), or Constant Air Volume (CAV) principle.
Heat Recovery. Whatever the principle or distribution method will be, the systems will
heavily rely on the recovery of heat during the treatment of air. New generation Heat
Exchangers can reach up to 85% of e ciency, which can lead to signicant energy sav-
ings.
Energy E cient Lighting. The use of LED lighting instead of uorescent bulbs, will be
maximized. For example, a LED table light can be 20% brighter than most incandescent
and 90% more e cient. The lighting systems will be controlled by a manual and auto-
matically timed operation of switches. Motion sensitive passive infrared and acoustic
detection systems will be installed to detect the presence of occupants. Light sensitive
photocells will also be installed to control the illumination level of a room, and they will
be connected to an automatic controller that is programmed to reduce the use of the
electrical lighting system.
Photovoltaic Energy. Since there is an abundant presence of solar energy, photovol-
taic panels will be considered during the last phases of the design, in order to provide
sustainable electricity. A particular focus will be placed in choosing panels that are lead
and cadmium free, and have a low material footprint.
Geothermal Energy. The use of geothermal thermal energy will be studied, but not de-
signed and detailed.
99
FIGURE VIII IV XVII:
thermal panels
FIGURE VIII IV XIX:
heat exchanger
FIGURE VIII IV XVIII:
VAV controller
FIGURE VIII IV XXI:
motion sensor
FIGURE VIII IV XX:
energy efficient lighting
FIGURE VIII IV XVI:
photovoltaic panels
100
VIII III V environmental impacts
The overview studies the buildings life cycle over a span of ve main stages: raw materials,
manufacture, transport, use, and disposal. To achieve this goal the following guide was used:
Environmental Improvement Through Product Development, written by the DTU Manage-
ment Engineering, IPU, and the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. For this task a step-
by-step approach was used, the rst step started by looking at the raw materials used in the
construction of the building, from manufacturing to in-situ.
From this life cycle analysis, it is easy to see that majority of the impacts of the building lie in
the construction, manufacturing, use, and demolition of the building. Besides the construc-
tion and the demolition, the most pressing issues are related to the water usage and the
energy required for the maintenance of the indoor climate. Unfortunately, most users are
not aware of the environmental impacts they are causing. Therefore a system of educational
services must be implemented.
The study of the environmental impacts is just a preliminary step in the study of the prod-
uct development. The creation of an environmental prole will dene the actual impacts
according to their types. The purpose of the prole is to create a more transparent picture
of the physical relationships that underpin each environmental focus area. These areas are
divided in four categories: Materials, Energy, Chemicals, Other. This categorization of the en-
vironmental impacts is formulated in a MECO-matrix. In the following page the matrix can be
seen. From the matrix, can be easily seen that most of the impacts lie in the energy category.
By comparing the construction and demolition to the use of the building, it can be calculated
that over a lifespan of a 100 years, the use will have the majority of the impact. Therefore,
it was decided to focus on minimizing the energy consumption, during the use of building.
Manufacture
Windows
Steel Beams
Lights
Electrical Wiring
Ducts
Metal and Plastic piping
Radiators and radiating panels
Doors
Sinks
Toilets
Kitchen Stoves
Floor heating
Disposal and Recycling
Steel
Concrete
Wood
Insulation
Plastics
Metal
Use
Heating
Mechanical Ventilation
Lighting
Water-Use
Maintenance
Waste Production
Transport
Vans
Cars
Trucks
Planes
Raw Materials
Steel
Wood
Concrete
Plastics
Insulation
Vapor Barriers
Mortars
Water
101
FIGURE VIII IV XXII:
meco matrix
102
VIII III VI MATERIALS
The following is a table of general materials that will be used in the development of the
building. The following materials will be recovered from recycled materials. The table also
illustrates the recycling, recovery, reuse, and disposal of each material. This is accordance to
the Cradle to Cradle approach and philosophy, which was mentioned in the previous section.
Material Source
European Code for
Waste
Pretreatment
Concrete
Selection from other mate-
rials. Reduction of load.
Lightweight Concrete
Selection from other mate-
rials.
Conglomerate of
Reinforced Concrete
Construction and
Demolition.
10 13 03 Reinforced Concrete.
17 01 01 Cement.
17 07 01 Mixed Waste.
Fiber Cement
Selection from other mate-
rials. Reduction of load.
Brickworks
Construction and
Demolition.
17 01 02 Bricks.
17 01 03 Tiles and Ceramics.
17 07 01 Mixed Waste.
Cleaning. Selection from
other materials. Reduction
of Load. Milling, screening,
grain selection, and selec-
tion of metal residuals.
Tile Cleaning.
Ceramics
Construction and
Demolition.
17 01 03 Tiles and Ceramics.
17 07 01 Mixed Waste.
Cleaning. Selection from
other materials. Reduction
of Load
Demolition Waste Reduction of Load
Silicon and Aluminum
Materials
Cleaning processes, me-
chanical works, and sand-
ing processes.
12 01 01/ 12 01 02
12 01 03/ 12 01 04
12 02 01
Test of transfer of the
waste.
Treated Wood
Building and demolition
industry.
03 01 99/ 03 01 01
03 01 02/ 03 01 03
03 01 99/ 15 01 03
Cleaning. Selection from
other materials. Reduction
of Load
Iron Alloys
Industrial activities. Con-
struction and Demolition.
11 04 01/ 12 01 03
12 01 04/ 15 01 04
17 04 01/ 17 04 02
Metals
Industrial activities. Con-
struction and Demolition.
15 01 04/ 17 04 05
20 01 01/ 20 01 02
15 01 04/ 16 02 08
Cleaning. Selection from
other materials. Reduction
of Load
Insulation
Selection from other mate-
rials. Reduction of Load
103
Recycle
Recover -
Legisl (d.lgs
22/1997)
Reuse Disposal
Chipping Plants.
Grain for recycled concrete,
pegging, and foundation
layering.
Waste dump of second cat-
egory.
Chipping Plants.
Formation of Lightweight
Concrete. Grain for recy-
cled Lightweight concrete.
Waste dump of second cat-
egory.
R13-R5
Chipping Plants.
Reuse together with other
lithoid materials, for foun-
dation beds.
Waste dump of second cat-
egory.
Chipping and Treatment
Plants.
R13-R5
Production of prime and
secondary resources. Re-
use for primary function,
lling materials for road
pavement.
Waste dump of second cat-
egory.
Chipping and Treatment
Plants.
Reuse for original function,
lling materials for road
pavement.
Waste dump of second cat-
egory.
Chipping Plants.
Reuse for original function,
lling materials for road
pavement.
Waste dump of second cat-
egory.
Chipping Plants.
Filling materials for road
pavement.
Waste dump of second cat-
egory.
R5
Filling materials for road
pavement.
Recycling Plants. Burners
with energy recovery.
R13-R3
Reuse of materials, for sec-
ondary functions.
Waste dump of rst cat-
egory.
R1-R4
Melting processes. R13-R4 New production of metals.
Waste dump of rst cat-
egory.
If organic burned for heat
recovery.
Waste dump of rst cat-
egory.
104
VIII III VII PARAMETERS LIST
The following are tables showing the performance-decisive parameters that will be
varied in the initial simulation stage with the use of idBuild. The list was generated
based on Table I in the Method and Simulation Program for Informed Decisions in the
Early Stages of Building Design written by Steen Petersen and Svend Svendsen. The
graph on the side of the page was taken from the PowerPoint presentation Method
for Integrated Design in New Low Energy O ce Buildings, by Steen Petersen. In this
graph one can see how dierent design factors inuence each other. Especially one
can see how many dierent design facts inuence architecture, and vice-versa.
Geometry Constructions
Systems and
Services
Energy Supply
Room Depth
U-Value of Opaque
Constructions
Internal Loads
Thermal E ciency of
Heating System
Room Width
Thermal Capacity of
Constructions
Lighting COP Cooling System
Room Height
Thermal Capacity of
Interiors
Ventilation
Photovoltaic and Solar
Water Heating
Overhang Window
Thermal Set Points:
Cooling and Heating
Season
Specic Fan Power for
Ventilation
Window Constructions
Geometry Mechanical
Frame Construction Natural
Position in Facade Inltration
Glazing Type Hybrid
105
F
I
G
U
R
E

V
I
I
I

I
V

X
X
I
I
I
:

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s

b
r
a
i
n
s
t
o
r
m
106
VIII V PRELIMINARY Spatial layout
The next step in the Integrated Design Process is to establish design proposals for rooms
and sections. This is conducted through the development of spatial solutions where a list of
room typologies was created. With these space solutions the building designers can iden-
tify a list of performance-decisive parameters, which dene the physical layout of room and
section that fulll the design goals. Therefore, the following are sketches of the possible
suitable spaces. Not all of these will be simulated.
Table VIII V i: General Information and Requirements for the Building
Type Residential, Commercial, Tertiary
Image Reect a nurturing and sustainable space for living and working
Floors 60 meters in height for a possible total of 12 oors
Site
Information
Geographical
Location
Grotteportella, Frascati, Rome
41
o
5025.95N
12
o
3904.08E
Size of Site 10830 m
2
Open Field
Shadows No signicant shading from surrounding buildings
Required
Functions
Residential 1693.5 m
2
Commercial 5080.5 m
2
Tertiary 4516 m
2
Table VIII V iI: Energy and Indoor Requirements and Lighting
Energy Frame Based on EN15217:2007 the energy frame is set to A3
Indoor Class Based on EN15251:2007 the indoor class is set to Category II
Lighting Based on EN15251:2007 and EN12464-1
FIGURE VIII V I:
Integrated design process
107
TERTIARY
The following are tables summarizing the tertiary spaces.
Table VIII V iII: Single Office - DOuble office
Number of Occupants 1 occupant - 2 occupants
Occupation Hours 8:30-18 except weekends, all year around
Equipment Required 1-2 computer, 1 printer, 1 phone
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 15 m
2
, 3 m x 6 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V iV: executive Office
Number of Occupants 2 occupants
Occupation Hours 8:30-18 except weekends, all year around
Equipment Required 1 computer, 1 printer, 1 phone
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 25 m
2
, 5 m x 6 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V V: Open Offices
Number of Occupants 20 occupants
Occupation Hours 8:30-18 except weekends, all year around
Equipment Required 1 computer, 1 printer, 1 phone
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 6 m
2
, 3 m x 2 m, per person
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
108
Table VIII V VI: Cafeteria
Number of Occupants 100 occupants
Occupation Hours 8:30-16 except weekends, all year around
Equipment Required 4 cashiers
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 25 m
2
, 20 m x 40 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V VII: Meeting Room
Number of Occupants 10 occupants
Occupation Hours 8:30-18 except weekends, all year around
Equipment Required 10 computers, 1 phone, 1 projector
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 30 m
2
, 6 m x 6 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V VIII: Gym and Wellness Center
Number of Occupants 40 occupants
Occupation Hours 8:30-22, except sunday, all year around
Equipment Required 1 cashier, 1 computer
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 100 m
2
, 5 m x 20 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 300 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
109
FIGURE VIII V II:
Single office
FIGURE VIII V IIi:
Double office
FIGURE VIII V IV:
meeting room
110
COMMERCIAL
The following are tables summarizing the commercial spaces.
Table VIII V ix: Unspecified Store
Number of Occupants 10 occupants
Occupation Hours
From 9 to 20, during week days, all year
around
Equipment Required 2 Cashiers, 1 Computer, 1 TV
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required
Approx 250 m
2
, 25 m x 10 m, varies based
on the necessary function
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on sales areas
Lighting : 300 lux on the desk,
Varies on the Space
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V x: Restaurant
Number of Occupants 50 occupants
Occupation Hours
From 9 to 20, during week days, all year
around
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 250 m
2
, 25 m x 10 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on sales areas
Lighting : 300 lux on the desk - 500 till area
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V XI: Fashion Store
Number of Occupants 10 occupants
Occupation Hours
From 9 to 20, during week days, all year
around
Equipment Required 2 Cashiers, 1 Computer
Space Required Approx 250 m
2
, 25 m x 10 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on sales areas
Lighting : 300 lux on the desk - 500 till area
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
111
FIGURE VIII V V:
GYM
FIGURE VIII V VI:
FASHION STORE
112
PUBLIC
The following are tables summarizing the public spaces.
Table VIII V XII: Internet Cafe/Bar
Number of Occupants 10 occupants
Occupation Hours
From 9 to 22, during week days, all year
around
Equipment Required 2 Cashiers, 1 to 10 computers
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required
Approx 100 m
2
, 5 m x 20 m, varies based on
the necessary function
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V XIII: Auditorium
Number of Occupants 150 occupants
Occupation Hours
From 8 to 12 and from 14:30 to 17:30, all
year around
Equipment Required 1 laptop, 1 phone, 1 projector
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 600 m
2
, 20 m x 30 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting
No daylighting requirements, because Audi-
toriums usually need darkness for presenta-
tions.
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V XIV: Restaurant
Number of Occupants 120 Occupants
Occupation Hours
From 12 to 15 and from 19 - 02, all year
around
Equipment Required 2 cashiers, 1 laptop
Flexibility Work position has to be exible
Space Required Approx 500 m
2
, 20 m x 25 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
113
FIGURE VIII V VII:
INternet BAR
FIGURE VIII V VIII:
AUDITORIUM
FIGURE VIII V IX:
restaurant
114
RESIDENTIAL
The following are tables summarizing the residential spaces.
Table VIII V XV: Single Hotel Suite
Number of Occupants 2 occupants
Occupation Hours Estimated 8 to 9 and 18 to 22
Occupation Hours (Resting Period) Estimated 22 to 8
Equipment Required 2 laptops, 1 TV
Space Required Approx 40 m
2
, 5 m x 8 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class I max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class I
Daylight and Lighting
DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort
Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V XVI: Double Hotel Suite
Number of Occupants 4 occupants
Occupation Hours Estimated 8 to 9 and 18 to 22
Occupation Hours (Resting Period) Estimated 22 to 8
Equipment Required 2 laptops, 1 TV
Space Required Approx 60 m
2
, 10 m x 8 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
Table VIII V XVII: Apartment
Number of Occupants 4 occupants
Occupation Hours Estimated 8 to 9 and 18 to 22
Occupation Hours (Resting Period) Estimated 22 to 8
Equipment Required 2 laptops, 1 TV, 1 washer
Space Required Approx 80 m
2
, 10 m x 8 m
Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II max. 5% outside
Air Quality Class II
Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areas
Lighting : 500 lux on the desk 200 lux
Acoustics Follow the national standard
Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat
Glare control essential
115
FIGURE VIII V X:
Single hotel suite
FIGURE VIII V xii:
double hotel suite
FIGURE VIII V xIii:
apartment
116
VIII VI PRELIMINARY Simulations
The next step in the Integrated Design Process is to conduct simulations that will
allow the designer to develop spaces, which satisfy the projects requirements and
iron out any possible issues with the energy consumption. The rst set of simula-
tions will be conducted with the use of Autodesk Project Vasari, which will help ana-
lyze the inuence of surrounding buildings on a mock up of the building. The second
set of simulations will be conducted with iDbuild, which will help come up with rules
of thumb for the design of each space. After these rules are dened, the spaces will
be analyzed with IESVE, which will give a more detailed description of the spaces
impact. This will be conducted after a building model is chosen.
Autodesk Project Vasari. The following description of Vasari is taken from its web-
site. The program is an easy-to-use, expressive design tool for creating building con-
cepts. The software allows the user to mass model a building and it permits the user
to analyze its behaviour under certain condition. Vasari goes further, with inte-
grated analysis for energy and carbon, providing design insight where the most im-
portant design decisions are made. The program is able to help the design get early
results from an energy and solar radiation point of view. For this section, three types
of analyses were conducted: solar shading analysis, solar distribution, and wind dis-
tribution. All of these were conducted on a mock building. This mock up is not a
nal or proposed distribution of the functions; it is just a representation in order to
see the impact of the shading from other building, the overall solar distribution on
the building, and the wind distribution in the area. From each of the results shown,
design suggestions were made. Three dierent mock ups were made in order to
have variations of the building design. The mock ups varied in their orientation, but
not in the architectural shape, since the architects initial vision had to be respected.
The rst step was the mass modeling of the buildings based on the initial archi-
tects view. Then the energy simulations were conducted. The most valuable infor-
mation were the coordinates used for the simulations, which were 41
0
5029.04 N,
12
o
3906.84E.
iDbuild. The following description of the iDbuild program is taken from the soft-
wares manual. iDbuild is a combination of the features of BuildingCalc with the fea-
tures of LightCalc (BC/LC). This means that the LightCalc routines are called within
BuildingCalc to estimate the daylight levels with regard to a shading control and
consequently increase or decrease the electrical light levels. The program executes
the routines in an iterative manner to account for the extra heat gain from the elec-
trical lighting. The program is evaluating energy performance of rooms based on the
methodology from EPBD [EPBD, 2002] and the specic Danish requirements from
the Danish Building Code and SBi specication 213. The indoor environment is eval-
uated according to DS/EN 15251.
117
FIGURE VIII VI i: AUTODESK PROJECT VASARI
FIGURE VIII VI iII: IDbuild
FIGURE VIII VI iI: MOCK UP OF THE BUILDING
118
Solar Distribution. Vasari is able to give the user a graphical and numeric representation of
the solar distribution of selected faces. The simulation was conducted on the mock up of
the building that has to be developed, together with the directly surrounding buildings. As
mentioned earlier three dierent mock ups were made, therefore three dierent simulations
were conducted. The program is able to give a Comma Separated Value Excel le with these
value of the solar distribution in kWh/m
2
at dierent coordinates over the faces. Since the
les are immense and poorly organized, the graphical analysis was used. From the legend
shown on the right side, one can see that there is a color gradient corresponding to the cu-
mulative solar distribution in kwh/m
2
over a study of a solar year of 2010. The values are
based on a cumulative scale, where the max value recorded is 990 kWh/m
2
and the lowest
is 0 kWh/m
2
. The steps in the scale are 10 between the max and min, with these values its
easy to translate the values on the legend as percentages. The development of this analysis
is to see the solar distribution over the faces, and the solar gain at such heights, so to evalu-
ate the possible orientation of the majority of the functions and the use of photovoltaic and
solar collectors on the facade. But more specically the simulation was initially conducted
to see the inuence of the neighboring buildings, from a shading point of view. At rst, this
simulation was thought to be the best representation of the shading, but then another tool
within the project was chosen, the Ecotect Planar Solar Radiation analyzer. In the following
section the results from this analysis are shown for the shading simulation. All the daylight
simulations for the spaces will be analyzed initially with iDbuild and later on with Radiance.
As it can be seen from the results, the majority of the solar gain is on the south facade, with
an average distribution of 600 kWh/m
2
, and the lowest on the north facade, with an average
distribution of 200 kwh/m
2
. All of these results are based on the legend on the left. From
the graphical results from the other simulations, where the building was exposed to the
true south and south-west, it can be concluded that the most e cient orientation should be
the south east, shown at the bottom of the page. This is due to the fact that most of the oc-
cupancy is during the morning, and the east allows to best take advantage of the solar gain.
VIii VI i VASARI
FIGURE VIII VI iV: BUILDING SOUTH EAST Orientation
N
119
FIGURE VIII VI VII: Solar distribution south east
FIGURE VIII VI V: Solar distribution south EAST
FIGURE VIII VI VI: Solar distribution SOUTH EAST
120
FIGURE VIII VI X: BUILDING SOUTH Orientation
FIGURE VIII VI VIII: Solar distribution SOUTH
FIGURE VIII VI IX: Solar distribution South
N
121
FIGURE VIII VI XIII: BUILDING SOUTH weST Orientation
FIGURE VIII VI XI: Solar distribution SOUTH WEST
FIGURE VIII VI XII: Solar distribution WEST
N
122
Solar Shading. Vasari is able to give the user a graphical representation of the solar shading
for an entire year. The simulation is based on the algorithm developed for the Autodesk Eco-
tect Analysis tool. In fact, the interface is the same as the Ecotects. The data is graphically
represented over a cut plane slightly above the ground. The analysis was conducted over the
solar year of 2010, and on three dierent cut planes at 2 m, 7.5 m, and 15 m. The purpose
was to see how the solar shading from other buildings was inuencing the area in between
the buildings over the ground plane. From this analysis, one can see that on the south west
side of the building, there is a signicant drop in the solar radiation. At a height of 2 meters
,one can see that the shade of the building on the south east is inuencing and uniting with
the shade of the mock up. Therefore it is important during the design phase of the building
to keep track of this generated shade bridge. The same issue is presented on the north east,
where the neighboring buildings shade is inuencing and uniting with the shade from the
mock up. Therefore, is important to keep track of this result during the building formula-
tion. The shortest distance between the south west and the mock up is 30 meters, which is
substantial, and the same is for the neighboring building on the north east. Based on these
results, during the modeling in iDbuild and Radiance, the following consideration will be
made. The rst consideration is that there are obstructions in the lower oors commercial
oors from on the south west and the north east. The second consideration is that the o ce
oors, and the residential oors, which are the ones that demand the most heating, will be
located on the taller parts of the building, in order to exploit at best the solar gain. The graph
at the bottom of the page gives a graphical representation of the solar radiation, were on the
y-axis there is the time of the day, and on the x-axis there is the time of one year. The colors,
which are explained on the legend on the right, represent the intensity of the solar radiation.
FIGURE VIII VI XIV: TOTAL SOLAR SHADING
123
FIGURE VIII VI XV: Solar shading at 2 meters
FIGURE VIII VI XVI: Solar shading at 7.5 meters
FIGURE VIII VI XVII: Solar shading at 15 meters
124
FIGURE VIII VI XVIII: WIND DISTRIBUTION: SPRING
Knots
10+
9-10
7-9
6-7
4-6
3-4
1-3
0-1
Wind Distribution. Vasari is able to give the user a visual representation of the wind distri-
bution at the site. The purpose of this analysis is to see the prevailing winds and how these
can be exploited from a natural ventilation point of view. The analysis was made over an
entire year period, in the year 2010. The project expresses the winds through a representa-
tion of wind roses. The graph at the bottom of the page gives an graphical representation
of the winds, where on the y-axis there is the time of the day, and on the x-axis there is the
time of one year. The colors, which are explained on the legend on the right, represent the
intensity of the winds. The results of this analysis show that over an entire year the major-
ity of the wind is coming from east, but the strongest winds are coming from the west. This
might bring the designer to orient the building towards the east, but with further analysis the
conclusion is dierent. Based on the hottest seasons, spring and summer, one can see that
the majority of the winds come from the south west, with speeds up to 10 knots, around 19
km/h. The autumn season shows that prevailing winds are coming from the east, but they
are fairly weak. Therefore, is it important to seriously value these results during the devel-
opment of the building. Due to the fact that there are higher chances of overheating on the
west during the summer, the most favorable orientation should be the south-east.
FIGURE VIII VI XIX: WIND DISTRIBUTION: YEAR
125
FIGURE VIII VI XX: wind distribution: one year
FIGURE VIII VI XXII: wind distribution: summer
FIGURE VIII VI XXI: wind distribution: autumn
126
VIII VI II IDbuild
iDbuild is mainly suitable for performance predictions when designing o ce build-
ings, schools, etc, where there might be specic demands regarding daylight levels.
Furthermore, energy for lighting is a part of the energy frame for all buildings. The
use of the stand-alone thermal module BuildingCalc is recommended for perfor-
mance prediction in relation to design of dwellings. iDbuild is able to use BC/LC as a
calculation engine for parameter variations of all input parameters to give building
designers an overview of how dierent parameters aect the energy consumption
and indoor environment of the room.
The program is essential in this part of the design because it allows the user to test
his design choices, and to conduct fast parameter variations, in order to satisfy the
set requirements. The program is easy to use and the interface is linear, as in the
menus follow a linear input. The program allows the user to choose between three
dierent types of simulations, BuildingCalc, LightCalc, and iDbuild (Buildingcalc and
Lightcalc together). For all of the simulations in this phase, iDbuild was chosen as the
main simulation environment. Another useful tool of iDbuild is its integration with
the drawing software Google SketchUp. With a plugin that comes with the package
it is possible to export text les from SketchUp, which can be imported into iDbuild.
Therefore a total of 5 text les were created to simulate all of the most signicant
space. For each simulation the coordinates set are 41
0
5029.04 N, 12
o
3906.84E,
and a time meridian of 15, these were taken from Google Earth. The program loads
MATLAB les for the weather data that are extracted from the internet weather da-
tabase of the US Government energy simulation software EnergyPlus. In this case
the weather data is taken from a station near the site, more precisely the airport at
Ciampino, which is at a distance of approximately 8 kilometers from the site. With
this information one can plot an entire solar year. Also the program can calculate the
solar radiation at dierent orientations of the site. On the left both the solar plot
and the solar radiation are shown. From the solar radiation tables, one can see that
they are not too far o from the graphical results of Vasari. For all of the simulations,
the program sets the summer period from the 19th to the 37th week of the year, and
winter from 1st to the 18th and 38th to the 53rd week of the year. The major dif-
culty that was encountered during this simulation phase was the designing of the
systems. An entire section of this chapter is dedicated to the discussion of the design
of the systems.
At the end of the chapter one can nd comprehensive tables that show the nal de-
sign choices and the parameter variations for each of the simulations, where the
highlighted green parameters are the chosen values for the design. Also it is impor-
tant to see that three dierent room designs satisfy the requirements for the o ces
and the double o ces. The variation of the depth for the single o ce from 4 to 6
meters is essential for this building, and all three depths satisfy the requirements.
127
FIGURE VIII VI XXIII: Solar year plot
FIGURE VIII VI XXV:
solar radiation: EAST
FIGURE VIII VI XXIV:
solar radiation: SOUTH
FIGURE VIII VI XXVI:
solar radiation: north
FIGURE VIII VI XXVII:
solar radiation: west
128
VIII VI III DESIGN of SYSTEMS
The main di culty during this design phase was encountered during the design of systems
of the rooms. This di culty was caused by the thermal excursions that happen from day
to night. This required a further investigation of the weather data. The weather data was
extracted from the EnergyPlus le, and it was analyzed with the use of Microsoft Excel. This
rst analysis was to compare the trend of the outdoor temperatures from EnergyPlus with
the weather data taken from the Rome 30 web site, Figure VIII.IV.I . The data from Rome
30 seems to show only the maximum temperatures, while in Excel, through a polynomial
trendline, one can see the overall trend of the outdoor temperatures. With this analysis it
was understood that during half of the month of September the temperatures are still in a
high range. Therefore, in the denition of the non-heating season in iDbuild the weeks were
extended from 19:37 to 19:41. By changing the outside heating season weeks, a signicant
reduction in overheating hours was witnessed.
After the correct timing of the systems was understood, a study was conducted in order to
understand what type of ventilation system would satisfy the Thermal Indoor Requirements,
but at the same time satisfy the energy frame. Three systems were compared, one based of
solely on air changing ventilation, and the other two based on mechanical cooling, one to
satisfy Category I and the other Category II. The system comparison analysis was conducted
only on the single o ce, since it will be the most present room in the building. In all of the
cases a WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 window with a shading control
system for temperature or glare, except for the single o ce on the north where no shading
control was implemented, and simple triple glazing 4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 was chosen. For
the other rooms other parameters were varied. In the following pages one can nd how each
system was dened, and an analysis of how each system responds to the outdoor tempera-
tures, during occupation hours. This analysis is shown over a period of an entire year and
particularly during the summer and winter solstices, and the equinoxes. Finally a compari-
son between the systems is shown. For the calculations for ventilation rates one can refer to
section VIII.VII.II Ventilation System, where the calculation example for the single o ce was
conducted.
Passive System. This system was the most challenging to design. Several iterations had to
be conducted in order to nd the correct heating and cooling temperature set points, to-
gether with the most suitable venting and ventilation air changes.
Mechanical Cooling Category I. This system was designed in order to satisfy the Thermal
Indoor Requirements for Category I. In order to satisfy these requirements 50 W/m
2
of me-
chanical cooling had to be provided, together with 20 l/s/m
2
of maximum ventilation, and 15
l/s/m
2
of maximum venting.
Mechanical Cooling Category II. This system was designed in order to satisfy the Thermal
Indoor Requirements for Category II. In order to satisfy these requirements 50 W/m
2
of me-
chanical cooling had to be provided, together with 16 l/s/m
2
of maximum ventilation, and 10
l/s/m
2
of maximum venting.
129
y = 4E-14x
4
- 9E-10x
3
+ 5E-06x
2
- 0.0057x + 8.6133
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
o
C
)

Hours (hrs)
Outdoor Temperatutes
FIGURE VIII VI XXVII: window
Table VIII VI I: Windat#1 Properties
Thermal Properties Visual Transmittances t (-)
Prole Angle g-value dir (-) Dir -> dir Dir -> di Dir -> redir
O Deg 0.489 0.682 0 0
1O Deg 0.489 0.681 0 0
2O Deg 0.487 0.678 0 0
3O Deg 0.482 0.67 0 0
4O Deg 0.471 0.65 0 0
5O Deg 0.444 0.604 0 0
6O Deg 0.388 0.51 0 0
7O Deg 0.286 0.345 0 0
8O Deg 0.141 0.136 0 0
9O Deg 0 0 0 0
g-value dif (-) 0.398
U-value (W/m
2
K) 0.554
Inner Surface Reectance r (-) 0.291
Slat Distance (m) 0.072
Slat Width (m) 0.08
130
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
PASSIVE SYSTEM
Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures Reference
VIII VI IV Passive system analysis
GRAPH VIII VI II: PASSIVE SYSTEM
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
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m
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a
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s

(
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Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overview
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI III: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE YEARLY OVERVIEW
131
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132
0
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20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
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r
a
t
u
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e
s

(
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C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
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C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI IV: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC. 21
GRAPH VIII VI V: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21
133
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
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m
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r
a
t
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e
s

(
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C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI VII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE JUNE 21
GRAPH VIII VI VIII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21
134
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
mech cooling system (higher air-changes)
Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures VAR 2
VIII VI V MECHANICAL COOLINg Category I analysis
GRAPH VIII VI IX: MECH SYSTEM
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
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r
a
t
u
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e
s

(
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C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overview
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI X: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE YEARLY OVERVIEW
135
T
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20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
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m
p
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a
t
u
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e
s

(
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C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
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e
s

(
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C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI XI: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC. 21
GRAPH VIII VI XII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21
137
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
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m
p
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r
a
t
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s

(
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C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
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r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI XIII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE JUNE 21
GRAPH VIII VI XIV: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21
138
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
mech cooling system
Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures VAR 1
VIII VI VI MECHANICAL COOLING Category II analysis
GRAPH VIII VI XV: MECH SYSTEM
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
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a
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s

(
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C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overview
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI XVI: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE YEARLY OVERVIEW
139
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140
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI XVII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC. 21
GRAPH VIII VI XVIII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21
141
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI XIX: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE JUNE 21
GRAPH VIII VI XX: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21
142
The outcome of the comparison of the systems, was quite decisive in the design of the sys-
tems. From the systems response graph one can see that the passive system, compared to
the mechanical cooling has several hours of over cooling and over heating. This was also
seen in the Thermal Indoor Environment results, where the reference system (passive sys-
tem) has around 40 hours of over heating in the summer, 60 hours of over heating in the
winter, and 60 hours of over cooling in the summer. This might lead to the conclusion that
mechanical cooling would be the best design choice, but two factors discredit such state-
ments. First, these hours outside the ranges are just 2% out of the entire year. Therefore, the
passive system is under the 5% limit of maximum deviation from Class II. Second, from can
be seen in the systems variation graphs, the energy performance of the mechanical cooling
systems do not satisfy the energy class requirements. Furthermore, from the comparison of
the detailed systems during the summer and winter solstices, one can see the response of
the passive system is comparable to the response of the mechanical cooling systems.
Based on this analysis the choice to use passive systems for the ventilation was made. This
system was chosen as the main principle of ventilation also for the other spaces.
FIGURE VIII VI XXVIII: Systems variation
143
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
SYSTEMS RESPONSE
Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures Reference
Operative Temperatures VAR 1 Operative Temperatures VAR 2
FIGURE VIII VI XXIX:
Indoor environment variation results
Mechanical Cooling Category II
(VAR I)
Mechanical Cooling Category I
(Var II)
Passive System (Reference)
GRAPH VIII VI XXI: SYSTEMS RESPONSE COMPARISON
144
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI XXII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC. 21
GRAPH VIII VI XXIII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21
145
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s

(
o
C
)

Daily hours
HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june 21
Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours
Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours
GRAPH VIII VI XXIV: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE JUNE 21
GRAPH VIII VI XXV: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21
146
Table VIII VI V: Final Design
Geometry Room
Width 3 m
Depth 4 m
Height 2.8 m
Window
Height 1.6 m
Width 2.6 m
Oset Wall 0.9 m
Orientation 0
Glazing
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
(Temp or Glare Cut-O)
Frame
U-value 1.2 W/m
2
K
Width 0.15 m
Psi 0.257 W/mK
Overhang
Distance 0.2 m
Length 0.3 m
Wall Depth 0.1
Construction
U-value Facade 0.15 W/m
2
K
U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m
2
K
Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy
Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings
Air Rate 10 l/s/person
Air Rate for
Building Emissions
0.5 l/s/m
2
Table VIII VI Vi: Systems Settings
Prole
Working Hrs
Heating Season
Non-Working Hrs
Heating Season
Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Non-Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Time Prole
Weeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41
Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7
Hours 9:19 1:24 9:19 1:24
Set Points
Heating 20
o
C 20
o
C - -
Cooling 22
o
C 22
o
C 23
o
C 23
o
C
Internal Loads 200 W 0 W 200 W 0 W
Inltration 0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
Mech.
Vent.
Min. Airchange 0.82 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
0.82 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
Max. Airchange 5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
Max. Vent. 8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
HX E ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0
Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0
L
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
General
Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
Task
Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
Single office
147
FIGURE VIII VI XXX: Systems variation
FIGURE VIII VI XXXI: Room depth variation
148
Table VIII VI VIi: Parameter Variation
Geometry Room
Depth 4 - 5 - 6 meters
Height 2.7 - 2.8 - 3
Window
Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 meters
Orientation -45 - 0 - 45 degrees (SW - S - SE)
Glazing
Pilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4
FIGURE VIII VI XXXII: Final spatial definition
FIGURE VIII VI XXXIV: window height variation
149
FIGURE VIII VI XXXIII: Glazing variation
FIGURE VIII VI XXXV: Orientation variation
150
Table VIII VI VIII: Final Design
Geometry Room
Width 3 m
Depth 4 m
Height 2.8 m
Window
Height 1.6 m
Width 2.6 m
Oset Wall 0.9 m
Orientation 0
Glazing
4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
(No Shading Control)
Frame
U-value 1.2 W/m
2
K
Width 0.15 m
Psi 0.257 W/mK
Overhang
Distance 0.2 m
Length 0.3 m
Wall Depth 0.1
Construction
U-value Facade 0.15 W/m
2
K
U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m
2
K
Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy
Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings
Air Rate 10 l/s/person
Air Rate for
Building Emissions
0.5 l/s/m
2
Table VIII VI IX: Systems Settings
Prole
Working Hrs
Heating Season
Non-Working Hrs
Heating Season
Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Non-Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Time Prole
Weeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41
Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7
Hours 9:19 1:24 9:19 1:24
Set Points
Heating 20
o
C 20
o
C - -
Cooling 22
o
C 22
o
C 23
o
C 23
o
C
Internal Loads 200 W 0 W 200 W 0 W
Inltration 0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
Mech.
Vent.
Min. Airchange 0.82 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
0.82 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
Max. Airchange 5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
Max. Vent. 8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
HX E ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0
Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0
L
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
General
Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
Task
Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
north Single office
151
FIGURE VIII VI XXXVI: WINDOW
FIGURE VIII VI XXXVII: Orientation variation
Table VIII VI X: triple glazing window Properties
Thermal Properties Visual Transmittances t (-)
Prole Angle g-value dir (-) Dir -> dir Dir -> di Dir -> redir
O Deg 0.489 0.682 0 0
1O Deg 0.489 0.681 0 0
2O Deg 0.487 0.678 0 0
3O Deg 0.482 0.67 0 0
4O Deg 0.471 0.65 0 0
5O Deg 0.444 0.604 0 0
6O Deg 0.388 0.51 0 0
7O Deg 0.286 0.345 0 0
8O Deg 0.141 0.136 0 0
9O Deg 0 0 0 0
g-value dif (-) 0.398
U-value (W/m
2
K) 0.554
Inner Surface Reectance r (-) 0.291
152
Table VIII VI xI: Parameter Variation
Geometry Room
Depth 4 - 5 - 6 meters
Height 2.7 - 2.8 - 3
Window
Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 meters
Orientation -135 - 180 - 135 (NW - N - NE)
Glazing
Pilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4
4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
FIGURE VIII VI XL: window height variation
FIGURE VIII VI XXXVIII: Final spatial definition
153
FIGURE VIII VI XXXIX: Glazing variation
FIGURE VIII VI XLI: room depth variation
154
Table VIII VI V: Final Design
Geometry Room
Width 3 m
Depth 6 m
Height 2.8 m
Window
Height 1.6 m
Width 2.6 m
Oset Wall 0.9 m
Orientation 0
Glazing
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
(Temp or Glare Cut-O)
Frame
U-value 1.2 W/m
2
K
Width 0.15 m
Psi 0.257 W/mK
Overhang
Distance 0.2 m
Length 0.3 m
Wall Depth 0.1
Construction
U-value Facade 0.15 W/m
2
K
U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m
2
K
Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy
Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings
Air Rate 10 l/s/person
Air Rate for
Building Emissions
0.5 l/s/m
2
Table VIII VI Vi: Systems Settings
Prole
Working Hrs
Heating Season
Non-Working Hrs
Heating Season
Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Non-Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Time Prole
Weeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41
Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7
Hours 9:19 1:24 9:19 1:24
Set Points
Heating 20
o
C 20
o
C - -
Cooling 22
o
C 22
o
C 23
o
C 23
o
C
Internal Loads 200 W 0 W 200 W 0 W
Inltration 0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
Mech.
Vent.
Min. Airchange 1.13 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
1.13 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
Max. Airchange 5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
Max. Vent. 8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
HX E ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0
Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0
L
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
General
Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
Task
Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
Double office
155
FIGURE VIII VI XXX: reference
FIGURE VIII VI XXXI: Room depth variation
156
Table VIII VI VIi: Parameter Variation
Geometry Room
Depth 4 - 5 - 6 meters
Height 2.7 - 2.8 - 3
Window
Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 meters
Orientation -45 - 0 - 45 degrees (SW - S - SE)
Glazing
Pilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4
FIGURE VIII VI XXXII: Final spatial definition
FIGURE VIII VI XXXIV: window height variation
157
FIGURE VIII VI XXXV: Orientation variation
FIGURE VIII VI XXXIII: Glazing variation
158
Table VIII VI xiI: Final Design
Geometry Room
Width 6 m
Depth 5 m
Height 2.7 m
Window
Height 1.7 m
Width 4.6 m
Oset Wall 0.9 m
Orientation 0
Glazing
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
(Temp or Glare Cut-O)
Frame
U-value 1.2 W/m
2
K
Width 0.15 m
Psi 0.257 W/mK
Overhang
Distance 0.2 m
Length 0.3 m
Wall Depth 0.1
Construction
U-value Facade 0.15 W/m
2
K
U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m
2
K
Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy
Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings
Air Rate 10 l/s/person
Air Rate for
Building Emissions
0.5 l/s/m
2
Table VIII VI xiIi: Systems Settings
Prole
Working Hrs
Heating Season
Non-Working Hrs
Heating Season
Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Non-Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Time Prole
Weeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41
Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7
Hours 9:19 1:24 9:19 1:24
Set Points
Heating 21
o
C 21
o
C - -
Cooling 21.5
o
C 21.5
o
C 23
o
C 22.5
o
C
Internal Loads 400 W 0 W 400 W 0 W
Inltration 0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
Mech.
Vent.
Min. Airchange 1.96 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
1.96 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
Max. Airchange 8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
8 l/s/m
2
Max. Vent. 10 l/s/m
2
10 l/s/m
2
10 l/s/m
2
10 l/s/m
2
HX E ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0
Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0
L
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
General
Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
Task
Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
executive office
159
FIGURE VIII VI XLIII: Orientation variation
FIGURE VIII VI XLII: Room depth variation
160
Table VIII VI xIV: Parameter Variation
Geometry Room
Depth 4 - 5 - 6 meters
Height 2.7 - 2.8 - 3
Window
Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 meters
Orientation -90 - 0 - 90 meters
Glazing
Pilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4
FIGURE VIII VI XLIV: Final spatial definition
FIGURE VIII VI XLVI: room height variation
161
FIGURE VIII VI XLV: Glazing variation
FIGURE VIII VI XLVII: window height variation
162
Table VIII VI xV: Final Design
Geometry Room
Width 6 m
Depth 5 m
Height 2.8 m
Window
Height 1.7 m
Width 5.8 m
Oset Wall 0.8 m
Orientation 0
Glazing
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
(Temp or Glare Cut-O)
Frame
U-value 1.2 W/m
2
K
Width 0.15 m
Psi 0.257 W/mK
Overhang
Distance 0.2 m
Length 0.3 m
Wall Depth 0.1
Construction
U-value Facade 0.15 W/m
2
K
U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m
2
K
Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy
Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings
Air Rate 10 l/s/person
Air Rate for
Building Emissions
0.5 l/s/m
2
Table VIII VI xVI: Systems Settings
Prole
Working Hrs
Heating Season
Non-Working Hrs
Heating Season
Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Non-Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Time Prole
Weeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41
Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7
Hours 9:15 1:24 9:15 1:24
Set Points
Heating 20
o
C 20
o
C - -
Cooling 21
o
C 20.5
o
C 23.5
o
C 22.5
o
C
Internal Loads 700 W 0 W 700 W 0 W
Inltration 0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
Mech.
Vent.
Min. Airchange 2.68 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
2.68 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
Max. Airchange 6 l/s/m
2
6 l/s/m
2
20 l/s/m
2
20 l/s/m
2
Max. Vent. 4 l/s/m
2
4 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
5 l/s/m
2
HX E ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0
Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0
L
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
General
Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
Task
Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
MEETING ROOM
163
FIGURE VIII VI LXIX: Orientation variation
FIGURE VIII VI LXVIII: Room depth variation
164
Table VIII VI xVII: Parameter Variation
Geometry Room
Depth 4 - 5 - 6 meters
Height 2.7 - 2.8 - 3
Window
Height 1.6 - 1.7 - 1.8 meters
Orientation -90 - 0 - 90 meters
Glazing
Pilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4
FIGURE VIII VI L: Final spatial definition
FIGURE VIII VI LII: room height variation
165
FIGURE VIII VI LI: Glazing variation
FIGURE VIII VI LIII: window height variation
166
Table VIII VI xVIII: Final Design
Geometry Room
Width 25 m
Depth 10 m
Height 2.8 m
Window
Height 1.7 m
Width 24.6 m
Oset Wall 0.9 m
Orientation 0
Glazing
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
(Temp or Glare Cut-O)
Frame
U-value 1.2 W/m
2
K
Width 0.15 m
Psi 0.257 W/mK
Overhang
Distance 0.2 m
Length 0.3 m
Wall Depth 0.1
Construction
U-value Facade 0.15 W/m
2
K
U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m
2
K
Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy
Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings
Air Rate 10 l/s/person
Air Rate for
Building Emissions
0.5 l/s/m
2
Table VIII VI xiX: Systems Settings
Prole
Working Hrs
Heating Season
Non-Working Hrs
Heating Season
Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Non-Working Hrs
Cooling Season
Time Prole
Weeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41
Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7
Hours 8:20 1:24 8:20 1:24
Set Points
Heating 16
o
C 16
o
C - -
Cooling 19
o
C 19
o
C 23
o
C 23
o
C
Internal Loads 1500 W 0 W 1500 W 0 W
Inltration 0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
0.1 l/s/m
2
Mech.
Vent.
Min. Airchange 0.6 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
0.6 l/s/m
2
0 l/s/m
2
Max. Airchange 6 l/s/m
2
6 l/s/m
2
6 l/s/m
2
6 l/s/m
2
Max. Vent. 4 l/s/m
2
4 l/s/m
2
4 l/s/m
2
4 l/s/m
2
HX E ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0
Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0
L
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
General
Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
6 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
Task
Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux
Min. Power 0 0 0 0
Max. Power 1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
1 W/m
2
Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN
store
167
FIGURE VIII VI LV: Orientation variation
FIGURE VIII VI LIV: Room depth variation
168
Table VIII VI xX: Parameter Variation
Geometry Room
Depth 9 - 10 - 11 meters
Height 2.7 - 2.8 - 3
Window
Height 1.6 - 1.7 - 1.8 meters
Orientation -90 - 0 - 90 meters
Glazing
Pilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4
Final spatial definition
FIGURE VIII VI LVII: room height variation
169
FIGURE VIII VI LVI: Glazing variation
FIGURE VIII VI LVIII: window height variation
170
Table VIII VI xXI: Final Design
Geometry Room
Width 10 m
Depth 6 m
Height 2.7 m
Window
Height 1.9 m
Width 9.6 m
Oset Wall 0.5 m
Orientation 0
Glazing
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
(Temp or Glare Cut-O)
Frame
U-value 1.2 W/m
2
K
Width 0.15 m
Psi 0.257 W/mK
Overhang
Distance 0.2 m
Length 0.3 m
Wall Depth 0.1
Construction
U-value Facade 0.15 W/m
2
K
U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m
2
K
Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy
Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings
Air Rate 10 l/s/person
Air Rate for
Building Emissions
0.5 l/s/m
2
apartment
171
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172
FIGURE VIII VI LX: Orientation variation
FIGURE VIII VI LIX: reference
173
Table VIII VI xXIII: Parameter Variation
Geometry Room
Depth 6 - 7 - 8 meters
Height 2.7 - 2.8 - 3
Window
Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 meters
Orientation -90 - 0 - 90 meters
Glazing
Pilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4
WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4
Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4
FIGURE VIII VI LXI: Final spatial definition
FIGURE VIII VI LXIII: window height variation
174
FIGURE VIII VI LXII: Room depth variation
FIGURE VIII VI LXIV: window height variation
175
176
VIII VII IESVE BUILDING SIMULATIONS
The last phase of the design was the detailed analysis of an o ce oor with the use
of the IESVE energy simulation software. This phase of the design process is essen-
tial to conrm the design choices, and receive further feedback.
The rst step was to build the model in ModelIT. With the use of the IESVE plug-in in
Revit, the design engineer could easily export the geometry from the BIM program
into the energy analyysis software, thus saving quite a lot of time. The only issue
that was encountered in this phase was the lack of freedom of which sections of the
building could be imported into the program. Therefore, in order to analyze the of-
ce oor, all of the other spaces had to be deleted after being imported in IESVE; but
even with this issue, time was saved.
What followed was the assigning of all of the constructions specications to the ge-
ometry. On pages 176 and 177, one can nd all of the constructions specications.
Unfortunately, the import plug-in from Revit did not include the specications of the
constructions. Therefore, there was some time loss in re-assigning the constructions.
After assigning the dierent building construction properties, to windows, exterior
walls, and internal partitions, the following step was to assign all of the internal
gains to each room template. The same occupation, equipment, and shading proles
and loads from iDbuild were applied. Also, the same temperature proles for the
auxiliary ventilation systems in iDbuild were applied in IESVE. An additional prole
had to be developed in order to improve indoor environment of certain o ces fac-
ing south. The proposed double facade in section VIII.VII.I, had to be expressed as an
additional overhang, 0.5 m projection, compared to IDbuilds 0.3 m. This is because
it was not possible to model such facade in the ModelIT. All of the proles specica-
tions can be found on pages 178 and 179.
Several issues were encountered during the designing of the HVAC system, in
ApacheHVAC, shown in gure VIII.VII.III. These issues were present mainly because
the cooling loads were quite signicant, and the solar gain had to be meticulously
minimized, while not reducing the right to daylight. The design engineer lacked ex-
perience in developing HVAC systems in Italy. Therefore, the assistance of a building
services engineer to conduct further analysis would have been essential. But, with
the use of the programs auxiliary ventilation system it was possible to have an ac-
curate evaluation of the performance of the design. Auxiliary ventilation bases it
self on temperature set points, chosen by the user, in order to maintain the desired
operative temperatures, with having to develop the entire HVAC system. The tem-
perature set points for the heating and cooling seasons are shown in tables VIII.VII.
XVII and VIII.VII.XVIII.
VIII VII I IESVE modeling
177
FIGURE VIII VII I: iesve model from revit
FIGURE VIII VII II: iesve office floor
FIGURE VIII VII III: APACHEHVAC SYSTEM
178
Table VIII VIi i: window Properties
Material
Thickness
(mm)
Conductivity
(W/mK)
Coating
Resistance
(m
2
K/W)
Transmittance
PILKINGTON K 4 1.06 Insinde Film - 0.73
Krypton 12 - - 0.61 -
PILKINGTON K 4 1.06 Insinde Film - 0.73
Krypton 12 - - 0.61 -
PILKINGTON K 4 1.06 Insinde Film - 0.73
Table VIII VIi iI: window Properties
Net U

value
0.7161 W/m
2
K
Visible Light
Transmittance
0.771
Frame U
value
0.73
Table VIII VIi iII: shutter Properties
Radiation to Lower 0
Radiation to Raise 600
Frame U
value
0.73
Thermal Properties
Prole Angle g-value dir (-)
O Deg 0.489
1O Deg 0.489
2O Deg 0.487
3O Deg 0.482
4O Deg 0.471
5O Deg 0.444
6O Deg 0.388
7O Deg 0.286
8O Deg 0.141
9O Deg 0
Table VIII VIi iV: projections Properties
Overhang Projection 0.5 m
Overhang Oset 0.1 m
Table VIII VIi V: shading profile
00:00 gt(to,20,100)
24:00 gt(to,20,100)
179
Table VIII VIi Vi: external wall Properties
Material
Thickness
(m)
Conductivity
(W/mK)
Resistance
(m
2
K/W)
Edilit Panels 0.01 0.29 0.034
Ventilated Air Gap 0.045 0.25 0.18
Marine Plywood 0.02 0.06 0.33
Insulation in Rock Wool 0.1 0.035 2.86
Sacrite 0.025 0.38 0.07
Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 0.05 0.035 1.43
Sacrite 0.025 0.038 0.07
Insulation in Rock Wool 0.1 0.035 2.86
Vapor Barrier 0.005 0 0.00
Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004
U
value
0.1227
Table VIII VIi VII: interNAL WALL
Material
Thickness
(m)
Conductivity
(W/mK)
Resistance
(m
2
K/W)
Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004
Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 0.1 0.035 2.86
Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004
U
value
0.33
Table VIII Vii VIII: FLOOR
Material
Thickness
(m)
Conductivity
(W/mK)
Resistance
(m
2
K/W)
Marble 0.02 0.12 0.17
Expanded Polyurethane 0.055 0.054 3.67
Reinforced Concrete 0.2 1.49 0.53
Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.21 0.16
U
value
0.45
Table VIII Vii IX: ROOF
Material
Thickness
(m)
Conductivity
(W/mK)
Resistance
(m
2
K/W)
Marble 0.02 3 0.027
Expanded Polyurethane 0.2 0.05 4
Acoustic Insulation 0.01 0.05 0.2
Reinforced Concrete 0.2 0.4 0.5
Corrugated Panel 0.002 52 0
Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.156
U
value
0.2
180
Table VIII VIi xi: occupancy profiles
Time O ces Time Meeting Room
00:00 0 00:00 0
09:00 0 09:00 0
09:00 0.84 09:00 0.5
13:00 0.84 12:00 0.5
13:00 0 12:00 0
14:30 0 14:30 0
14:30 0.84 14:30 0.5
18:00 0.84 16:00 0.5
18:00 0 16:00 0
24:00 0 24:00 0
Table VIII VIi xII: equipment profiles
Time O ces Time Meeting Room
00:00 0 00:00 0
09:00 0 09:00 0
09:00 0.67 09:00 0.67
13:00 0.67 12:00 0.67
13:00 0 12:00 0
14:30 0 14:30 0
14:30 0.67 14:30 0.67
18:00 0.67 16:00 0.67
18:00 0 16:00 0
24:00 0 24:00 0
Table VIII VIi x: internal gains
Single O ce Single O ce South Double O ce Meeting Room Corridor
People 90 W 90 W 180 W 450 W -
Computer 100 W 100 W 200 W 500 W -
Lighting 200 W 200 W 400 W 500 W 100 W
Table VIII VIi xIII: dimming profile
Time
00:00 ramp(e1,0,1,500,0)
24:00 ramp(e1,0,1,500,0)
181
Table VIII VIi xIV: auxiliary ventilation air exchange rates
Single O ce Single O ce South Double O ce Meeting Room Corridor
Ventilation 4 l/(m
2
s) 4 l/(m
2
s) 4 l/(m
2
s) 8 l/(m
2
s) -
Inltration 0.1 l/(m
2
s) 0.1 l/(m
2
s) 0.1 l/(m
2
s) 0.1 l/(m
2
s) 0.1 l/(m
2
s)
Table VIII VIi xV: ventilation profiles
Time O ces Time Meeting Room
00:00 0 00:00 0
07:00 0 07:00 0
07:00 1 07:00 1
18:00 1 16:00 1
18:00 0 16:00 0
24:00 0 24:00 0
Table VIII VIi xVI: venting profile
Time
00:00 ramp(ta,22,0,23,100)
24:00 ramp(ta,22,0,23,100)
Table VIII VIi xVII: cooling ventilation profiles
Time O ces Time South O ces Time Meeting Room
00:00 24
o
C 00:00 24
o
C 00:00 25
o
C
07:00 24
o
C 07:00 24
o
C 07:00 25
o
C
07:00 21
o
C 07:00 19.5
o
C 07:00 21.5
o
C
18:00 21
o
C 16:00 19.5
o
C 16:00 21.5
o
C
18:00 24
o
C 16:00 24
o
C 16:00 25
o
C
24:00 24
o
C 24:00 24
o
C 24:00 25
o
C
Weekends 25
o
C Weekends 25
o
C Weekends 25
o
C
Table VIII VIi xVIII: heating ventilation profiles
Time O ces Time South O ces Time Meeting Room
00:00 16
o
C 00:00 16
o
C 00:00 16
o
C
07:00 16
o
C 07:00 16
o
C 07:00 16
o
C
07:00 19
o
C 07:00 19
o
C 07:00 20
o
C
18:00 19
o
C 18:00 19
o
C 16:00 20
o
C
18:00 16
o
C 18:00 16
o
C 16:00 16
o
C
24:00 16
o
C 24:00 16
o
C 24:00 16
o
C
Weekends 16
o
C Weekends 16
o
C Weekends 16
o
C
182
From the results of the program it was possible to see that the predicted energy
consumption from iDbuild, was quite close the one evaluated by IESVE. The energy
performance of the o ce oor was of 47 kWh/m
2
, including hot water consumption.
This value is below the set requirements of class A3, 50 kWh/m
2
. From the IESVE
analysis it was possible to conrm that the indoor environment was in accordance
to the set requirements, the PPD never goes above 15%. If one was to apply further
renewable technologies, such as photovoltaic panels and solar heaters, the energy
consumption could be dropped even further. From the daylight analysis, shown on
pages 182 and 183, it was possible to conrm that the set requirements of 2% day-
light factor of the working area, was fullled. Besides the issues encountered with
ApacheHVAC, the results from the other simulations are quite satisfactory, and per-
form according to the predicted results from the preliminary analysis.
VIII VII II IESVE results
Comfort - Occupied
Temp Relative Humidity PPD
Room Name Max
C
Min
C
Max
%
Min
%
Max
%
Min
%
A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo
Apply 15
sp-113-
Double_Office
23.4 19.0 38.7 0.3 12.5 5.0
sp-114-
Double_Office
23.5 19.0 39.4 0.3 12.8 5.0
sp-115-
Double_Office
23.5 19.0 39.6 0.3 13.0 5.0
sp-116-
Double_Office
23.6 19.0 39.9 0.3 13.5 5.0
sp-117-
Double_Office
23.6 19.0 40.0 0.3 13.7 5.0
sp-118-
Single_Office
23.0 19.0 40.2 0.3 13.1 5.0
sp-119-
Single_Office
23.0 19.0 40.3 0.3 13.1 5.0
sp-120-
Single_Office
23.1 18.9 40.3 0.3 13.2 5.0
sp-121-
Single_Office
23.1 19.0 40.1 0.3 13.3 5.0
sp-122-
Single_Office
23.1 19.0 40.1 0.3 13.0 5.0
sp-123-
Single_Office
23.2 19.0 40.3 0.3 13.0 5.0
sp-124-
Single_Office
23.2 19.0 40.4 0.3 13.1 5.0
sp-125-
Single_Office
23.2 19.0 40.7 0.3 13.3 5.0
sp-126-
Single_Office
22.2 18.6 43.5 0.4 15.3 5.0
sp-127-
Single_Office
23.0 18.9 52.4 0.4 14.0 5.0
sp-128-
Single_Office
22.9 19.0 52.5 0.4 13.3 5.0
sp-129-
Single_Office
22.9 19.0 52.5 0.4 13.3 5.0
sp-130-
Single_Office
23.2 18.8 53.7 0.4 14.0 5.0
sp-132-
Meeting_Roo
m
21.5 20.0 0.4 0.3 7.6 5.0
sp-133-
Meeting_Roo
m
21.5 20.0 0.4 0.3 7.7 5.0
sp-456-
Corridor
- - - - - -
Copyright 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved
PPD is the percentage of
people that will
find the room thermally
uncomfortable
Please alter the PPD
max limit value to
highlight rooms that are
more
thermally uncomfortable
(US Only)ASHRAE 55
states comfort
lies between 5 and 10%
PPD
FIGURE V XIV: iesve PPD REPORT
183
Building systems energy
Month Heating
(boilers etc.)
Cooling
(chillers etc.)
Fans, pumps and
controls
Lights Equip.
A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo
Jan 3.0 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.4
Feb 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.3
Mar 1.1 2.0 0.8 0.4 0.3
Apr 0.6 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.3
May 0.2 3.2 1.3 0.6 0.3
Jun 0.1 4.0 1.7 0.4 0.3
Jul 0.1 5.8 2.4 0.8 0.4
Aug 0.1 5.3 2.2 0.7 0.3
Sep 0.1 4.5 1.9 0.5 0.3
Oct 0.3 3.5 1.5 0.5 0.4
Nov 0.7 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.3
Dec 2.1 1.8 0.7 0.8 0.4
Total 10.0 37.6 15.7 7.0 4.0
Copyright 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved
MWh
The maximum value in each column
is highlighted in red. The minimum
value in each column is highlighted
in blue.
More than one value
may be highlighted
Total Yearly Energy Consumption =
74.1MWh
Total Yearly Energy Consumption
per Floor Area = 42.8kW/m
2
FIGURE V XIII: iesve energy analysis
Carbon Dioxide
Month System
(boilers, chillers, fans,pumps)
Lights Equip.
A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo
Jan 1,789.6 360.5 181.2
Feb 1,481.5 266.1 157.6
Mar 1,659.3 232.2 165.5
Apr 1,730.1 189.3 173.4
May 2,399.5 294.8 173.4
Jun 2,962.5 193.1 165.5
Jul 4,282.4 423.7 181.2
Aug 3,908.6 386.4 165.5
Sep 3,317.3 277.8 173.4
Oct 2,643.3 246.7 181.2
Nov 1,609.5 325.5 157.6
Dec 1,705.0 400.6 181.2
Total 29,488.5 3,596.6 2,056.8
Copyright 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved
kgCO2
The maximum value in
each column is
highlighted in red. The
minimum value in each
column is highlighted in
blue.
More than one value
may be highlighted
Total carbon dioxide
emissions =
35,141.9kgCO2
FIGURE V XIV: iesve co
2
REPORT
184
FIGURE VIII VII IV: single office
FIGURE VIII VII V: double office
185
FIGURE VIII VII VII: single office
FIGURE VIII VII VI: double office
186
VIII ViII BUILDING DESIGN
The development of the architectural form was based on the notion of constructing
a landmark and a symbol of a high level of class and design. With this design crite-
ria the architectural eort was focused on providing a building that would give the
highest quality of interior design, and have an inviting modern facade.
The chosen approach was to apply the analyzed spaces and functions, from the pre-
vious chapters, to the footprint of the building, given by the architect. As mentioned
earlier, a oor distribution was already decided. The rst four oors would be dedi-
cated to serve the commercial/public functions. While the next ve oors would be
dedicated to o ces. A gym/wellness center oor was strategically placed between
the o ces and the apartments, to create a buer between the two functions. Lastly,
the last 7 oors were dedicated to the apartments and to the hotel.
The distribution of the spaces took quite a long time and eort. While, the o ce
oors did not provide major issues in their distribution, the apartments were the big-
gest challenge, due to the obtuse angle facing south. This issue was resolved with
a meticulous measurement of all of the spaces and help from the interior design
architect Alice Centioni. The last spaces that were distributed were the commercial
spaces, which did not provide signicant issues.
After the interior design was concluded, the focus was placed in designing the dou-
ble facade of the building. The facade was based on the system developed by the
Morphosis architecture studio, which will be described later. This system allows for
a dynamic facade, which gives an modern cutting-edge look at the building. The
cuts in the facade alleviate the closing eect that the double facade gives to the
building. The sharp angles should suggest that interior the building is equally sharp
in its design. After concluding the design of the building, certain issues were en-
countered.
The whole process was supposed to be a synergetic eort between the design engi-
neer and the architect. Unfortunately, this part of the design was not a fruit of syn-
ergetic eort, due to other professional duties of the architect, who was able to give
his input only after the architectural design was concluded by the design engineer.
After the design engineer concluded the building, the architect expressed his inter-
est in applying cuts through the building structure to allow further sun light to enter
the building. From the results of further conducted analyses, with Autodesk Project
Vasari on several proposed cuts and dispositions, it was clear that the cuts did not
improve the sunlight distribution into the building, as it can be seen in Figure VIII.
VI.III. Further commentary on the interaction between the architect and the design
can be found in the Analysis of Methods Section.
VIII VIiI I Architectural form
187
FIGURE VIII VIII I: fashion district
FIGURE VIII VIII II: master plan
N
188
FIGURE VIII VIII III: architectural development
FIGURE VIII VIII IV: fashion district
189
FIGURE VIII VIII V: analysis of building proposal
190
After having described the architectural form, it is necessary to give an idea of the spatial
distribution of the building. Starting with the ground oor, the space will be accessible from
the outside from the north, west, east, and south side, marked in red. Two reception desks
will be placed on the east side of the oor, one facing the elevator entrance and one public
entrance on the west. Meanwhile, on the west side of the building, the commercial area
starts. The purpose of the reception desks is to direct the arriving visitors to the correspond-
ing oors. The oors will have assigned elevators. Therefore, the o ce oors will have el-
evators that will arrive only on those oors, and so on for the other functions.
On the ground oor a promenade between the commercial and the reception area will create
a soothing atmosphere. This will be a connection between a natural environment and the
busy life of everyday. The promenade will be completely open to the public and to the ex-
terior. This openness will help the breaking of the physical barriers created by the building
and contribute to a healthier environment for the visitors. Lastly, to contribute to this open-
ness, the rst two oors will have a glass facade. To contribute to the cutting edge design of
the building, V columns will be included in the design.
Certain design factors were strictly kept in mind during this phase. For example, two re es-
cape stairs were placed at the north east and west corners of the building. The positioning of
the stairs allow for a maximum evacuation distance of 24 m, which is within the limits of 25
m. Air locks for the stairs and the main core of elevators were designed in order to ensure a
re-free buer zone. Also the green arrow shows the re escape exit, showing a direct path
to exit.
Another design factor that was kept in mind was to dedicate plenty of space to the ducts for
the ventilation system and other building services.
VIII ViII I I GRound FLoor
FIGURE VIII VIII VI: promenade
191
FIGURE VIII VIII VII: reception
FIGURE VIII VIII VIII: ground floor plan
N
192
Together with the west side of the ground oor, there will be two additional commercial
oors in the building. These are the rst and the second oor. Both of these oors will be
accessible through public entrances. The rst are two sets of outside stairs that connect the
ground oor to the north-west and the south-west terraces. For both oors a catwalk will
be present, which will connect the west with the east side of the building. These catwalks
should remind the visitors of a fashion catwalk.
The number of stores can easily vary due to the modularity of the construction.
On the west side of the Flagship oor, a health bar will be located. As one can notice the oor
of the health bar will be retracted in order to open up the area and allow the ground oor
to have an atrium, as mentioned earlier in the Functions section. This atrium continues up
to the fourth oor, where the restaurant oor is located. Together with the catwalk and the
open promenade, this atrium contributes to the architectural idea of showing the insides
of the building, just like an architectural section of the building. The stores will benet from
the double facade system just like the rest of the building.
Lastly, on the Flagship oor, there will be a terrace that will give the public a chance to relax,
look at the view of the surrounding Roman Castles mountains, listen to a live concert, etc. As
mentioned earlier, this terrace will be accessible from a set of stairs at the south-east side.
Parts of this terrace will be covered with vegetation, which will not be accessible on foot and
will it serve only as a decoration. These green roof are the triangular shapes located on the
terrace. The purpose of these small green roofs is not necessarily to benet from their heat
island reduction eect but mainly to introduce the visitors to this kind of passive design.
VIII ViII I II Commercial floor
FIGURE VIII VIII IX: flagship first floor plan
N
193
FIGURE VIII VIII XI: fashion second floor plan
FIGURE VIII VIII X: side entrances
N
194
In order to satisfy the tertiary requirement a total of 5 oors were dedicated to o ces. Two
types of oors were developed. The rst being an open o ce oor, where only desks are
present, with the possibility of having several closed o ces, but two meeting rooms are
always present. Also open desks were chosen in order to promote interaction between the
workers, and stir away from the cubicle generation.
The other kind of o ce oor was based on a distribution of closed o ces. The area of the
single o ces varies from 12 m
2
to 15 m
2
. Meanwhile, the double o ces can vary from 15
m
2
to 18 m
2
. There is the possibility of having more single o ces or big o ces dedicated to
the managers, on the south east squared section of the building. One must keep in mind that
all of these dispositions are representative, but not limiting. Because of the modular design
partition walls can be installed very easily in order to dene the space accordingly to clients
needs. The development of the closed o ce oor took quite some time, several iterations
for the placing of the o ces was conducted.
There is a printer room, a storage space, and an area for relaxing, eating and socializing on
both types of oors. Also, just like the gym and wellness center oor, a north facing terrace
was added in order to give the workers a chance to glance at Rome.
The development of the building was focused on providing a sustainable indoor environ-
ment. Therefore by focusing on the passive systems and the building services, the optimal
daylight distribution and ventilation was chosen.
VIII ViII i III office FLOORs
FIGURE VIII VIII XII: closed offices floor plan
N
195
FIGURE VIII VIII XIII: open offices floor plan
FIGURE VIII VIII XIV: open offices floor plan
N
N
196
The fourth oor will be dedicated to the restoration of the visitors. Two main restaurants will
be designed. The one closet to the north-west terrace will be dedicated to light-eating and
cold foods, and it will be able to hold 84 people inside, with more during special events on
the terrace. Meanwhile, the restaurant on the south-east will be able to hold around 120, and
it will serve all ranges of high quality foods, making it a 5 star restaurant. It is quite important
to mention that the terrace will be facing Rome, and the near Calatrava Sport Village, giving
the visitors a chance to have a unique view, which is not currently present in the neighbor-
hood.
A gym and wellness center will be included in the building on the 9th oor, in order to sepa-
rate the o ce oors from the residential oors, but it will serve both. The necessary space
for the HVAC units was given. The choice to place them on this oor was to allow the lessen-
ing of the pressure loads and losses onto the ventilation system. This oor will have a gym
of 155 m
2
and a wellness center for massage, tanning salon, sauna, and nally locker rooms
for showering. Lockers will be placed inside the locker rooms. A lounge/terrace will give the
possibility to relax after a session of working out and have a view of Rome.
VIII VIIi I IV GYM/WELLNESS CENTER and restaurant
FIGURE VIII VIII XV: north terrace
197
FIGURE VIII VIII XVI: restaurant floor plan
FIGURE VIII VIII XVII: gym and wellness center floor plan
N
N
198
The last oors that were detailed were the apartments and the hotel. It was mentioned
earlier in the Functions section, these apartments have to provide a luxurious environment.
Therefore, maximum attention was given during the space distribution phase in order to en-
sure the most e cient space for all of the apartments.
In the apartment oors, a total of 6 apartments were developed. All of them have a fully
furnished living room, a full kitchen with a dining table, two bathrooms, and two bedrooms.
The most luxurious apartments, found on the squared corner of the building, have balconies
and bigger spaces. Each apartment has storage spaces which can be easily accessed, and
where tenants can park their bicycles. These oors were the fruit of cooperation between
the design engineer and the interior designer.
The hotel oor was developed from the oor plan of the apartment oors. Therefore spe-
cial eort was applied to derive an extra room from the south facing apartments. From this
eort, three single bedroom apartments were made, together with two double room apart-
ments. The previous luxury apartments in the squared section of the building were divided
in two, in order to have a total of 4 single room rentable apartments. The storage spaces that
was previously designated for the tenants is now a sta storage for cleaning utensils and
bed linings.
VIII ViII I V Luxury and hotel apartments
FIGURE VIII VIII XVIII: ROOF
199
FIGURE VIII VIII XIX: hotel apartments floor plan
FIGURE VIII VIII XX: luxury apartments floor plan
N
N
200
VIII VII II ARCHITECTURAL strategies
The chosen double facade was based o of the facade system developed by the Morphosis
architecture studio, located in Santa Monica, California, together with the architectural metal
and glass company Zahner, from Kansas City, Kansas. Together the two have developed the
metal facade for the San Fransisco Federal Building and the Cooper Unions New Academic
building in New York. The exterior faade of the last, is made up of a high performance
stainless steel curtain wall that wraps the entire building. This custom facade by Zahner is
densely perforated except in certain rectangular areas, so that the visual eect is a series of
rectangles shapes scattered across the surface of the facade. It is made up of operable pan-
els that can open and close depending on environmental conditions.
According to the German architectural magazine DETAIL The new university building for the
Cooper Union unites three schools in a single location. Its striking external form is an expres-
sion of the innovative claims of this institution; internally, it is designed to promote an inter-
disciplinary dialogue between art, architecture and engineering. The sculptural facade plays
with light, shade and transparency. Large areas of glazing are enclosed within an outer layer
of perforated stainless-steel sheeting, which screens the spaces within against overheating
yet still allows internal activities to shimmer through to the outside. (Konzept 2010-9)
double facade
FIGURE VIII VIII XXI: San Francisco federal building facade
201
FIGURE VIII VIII XXII: view through panels
FIGURE VIII VIII XXIII: cooper union steel facade
202
The following are the building elements that will be utilized in the building. All of them
come with their respective U
value
.
Building elements
Table VIII ViIi I: EXTERNAL WALL
Depth
[m]

[W/mK]
R
[mK/W]
External Resistance 25 0.04
1 Edilit Panels 0.01 0.29 0.034
2 Ventilated Air Gap 0.045 0.25 0.18
3 Marine Plywood 0.02 0.06 0.33
4 Insulation in Rock Wool 0.1 0.035 2.86
5 Sacrite 0.025 0.38 0.07
6 Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 0.05 0.035 1.43
7 Sacrite 0.025 0.038 0.07
8 Insulation in Rock Wool 0.1 0.035 2.86
9 Vapor Barrier 0.005 0 0.00
10 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004
Internal Resistance 10 0.10
R 8
Total Depth 0.4 m U
value
0.13
1
2
INT EXT
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
203
Table VIII VIii II: interNAL WALL
Depth
[m]

[W/mK]
R
[mK/W]
Internal Resistance 10 0.10
1 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004
2 Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 0.1 0.035 2.86
3 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004
Internal Resistance 10 0.10
R 3.30
Total Depth 0.15 m U
value
0.33
INT
INT
1
2
3
204
Table VIII ViIi III: FLOOR
Depth
[m]

[W/mK]
R
[mK/W]
Internal Resistance 10 0.10
1 Marble 0.02 0.12 0.17
2 Expanded Polyurethane 0.055 0.054 3.67
3 Reinforced Concrete 0.2 1.49 0.53
4 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.21 0.16
Internal Resistance 10 0.10
R 4.72
Total Depth 0.3 m U
value
0.45
INT
INT
1
2
3
4
205
Table VIII ViIi IV: ROOF
Depth
[m]

[W/mK]
R
[mK/W]
External Resistance 25 0.04
1 Marble 0.02 3 0.027
2 Expanded Polyurethane 0.2 0.05 4
3 Acoustic Insulation 0.01 0.05 0.2
4 Reinforced Concrete 0.2 0.4 0.5
5 Corrugated Panel 0.002 52 0
6 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.156
Internal Resistance 10 0.1
R 5
Total Depth 0.52 m U
value
0.2
INT
EXT
1
2
3
4
5
6
206
VIII ViII III SCHEDULES
Table VIII ViIi V: FLOORS
Floor Area (m
2
)
-2 Basement 1036
-1 Basement 1036
0 Ground Floor 2010
1
st
Floor - Commercial 1210
2
nd
Floor - Commercial 1210
3
rd
Floor - Restaurant 1300
4
th
Floor - Closed O ces 970
5
th
Floor - Closed O ces 970
6
th
Floor - Closed O ces 970
7
th
Floor - Open O ces 970
8
th
Floor - Open O ces 970
9
th
Floor - Wellness Center 970
10
th
Floor - Apartments 970
11
th
Floor - Apartments 970
12
th
Floor - Apartments 970
13
th
Floor - Hotel 970
14
th
Floor - Hotel 970
15
th
Floor - Hotel 970
16
th
Floor - Hotel 970
Table VIII ViIi V: hotel floors
Room Area (m
2
) Number
Single 1 44 4
Single 2 50 4
Single 3 53 4
Double 1 83 4
Double 2 92 4
Single 4 51 4
Single 5 47 4
Single 6 50 4
Single 7 47 4
Total Single 28
Total Double 8
207
Table VIII VIii V: office floors
Room Area (m
2
) Number
Meeting Room 1 29 3
Meeting Room 1 28 3
Single 1 14 3
Single 2 14 3
Single 3 14 3
Single 4 14 3
Single 5 12 3
Single 6 13 3
Single 7 13 3
Single 8 14 3
Single 9 14 3
Single 10 15 3
Single 11 15 3
Single 12 15 3
Single 13 16 3
Double 1 16 3
Double 2 16 3
Double 3 17 3
Double 4 18 3
Double 5 18 3
Total Single 39
Total Double 15
Table VIII ViIi V: apartment floors
Room Area (m
2
) Number
Apartment 1 71 3
Apartment 2 75 3
Apartment 3 83 3
Apartment 4 92 3
Apartment 5 98 3
Apartment 6 98 3
Total Apartments 18
208
VIII VII SYSTEMS DESIGN
In locations such as Italy, with high summer temperatures, the most logical way to choose the
design loads is to base the calculations on the solar thermal gains from the windows, which
have a major inuence on the ventilation loads. Since the necessary data for the calculation
of the loads based on the thermal gains was not present, the minimum required loads were
based on the following calculations and design inputs.
pollution loads
Sensory Pollution Loads
The sensory pollution load is determined by calculating the polluting equipment used in the
o ces. According to the equipment mention in Table VIII.V.III, and based on table VIII.VII.I
the total sensory pollution load is the following:

0.115 m
2
+ 0.0515 m
2
+ 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.75 + 1 = 4.75 olf
This takes into account the pollution from the oor (0.1 olf/m
2
oor), the walls and ceiling
(0.05 olf/m
2
oor), the table and chair (0.5 olf), 1 PC (0.25 olf/PC), a printer (0.75 olf) and
nally one occupant (1 olf), all over an area of 15 m
2
.
VIII VII II VENTILATION SYSTEM
VIII VII I sensory pollution load
Floor (olf/m
2
oor) 0.1
Walls Ceiling (olf/m
2
oor) 0.05
Furniture (olf) 0.5
Laptop (olf) 0.25
Fax (olf) 0
Printer (olf) 0.75
Chemical Pollution Loads
Since the equipment used in the o ce contributes to the chemical pollution of the space, it
is essential to calculate the chemical pollution loads derived from the equipment. Accord-
ing to EN 15251:2006, a building is considered very low polluting when the emission of
total volatile compounds (TVOC) is below 0.1 mg/m
2
h. The level of TVOC in this case is the
following:
(0.008+0.001)(15 m
2
) + (0.015+0.025+0.075) =
0.0167 g/(s m
2
oor) = 0.06 mg/(m
2
h)
This takes into account the chemical pollution, reported in Table VIII.VII.II from the oor
(0.008 g/s/m
2
oor), the walls and ceiling (0.001 g/s/m
2
oor), the table and chair (0.015
209
ventilation rates
The chemical and sensory loads require a minimum ventilation rate so that pollution is re-
moved from the space.
Sensory Pollution. Considering the sensory pollution load and according to CR1752:2008,
the required ventilation rate for comfort can be calculated from the CR1752:2008, Equation
A2, Annex A, p.28.
Where G
c
is the previously calculated sensory pollution load. Some assumptions had to be
made in order to calculate this ow rate. The rst assumption was to choose a value for the
desired perceived indoor air quality, C
c,I
. of 1 decipol. This assumption was made to be 1, to
achieve the best air quality and fulll the category A requirements. The second assumption
was to choose a value for the perceived outdoor air quality at intake, C
c,o
, of 0 decipol. This
assumption was made to be 0, because the o ce building will be placed in a non-urban area,
hence the air quality can be assumed to be pristine. The last assumption was to choose the
VIII VII II pollution and chemical load
Pollution load 0% smokers
Floor (ug/m
2
) 0.008
Walls Ceiling (ug/m
2
) 0.001
Furniture (ug/s) 0.015
Laptop (ug/s) 0.025
Fax (ug/s) 0
Printer (ug/s) 0.075
VIII VII II Iii SINGLE OFFICE DATA
Room Height (m) 2.7
Room Width (m) 3
Room Depth (m) 5 (reference)
External Wall (m) 3.94
Room Area (m
2
) 12
Room Volume (m
3
) 32.4
Height Window (m) 2.6
Width Window (m) 1.6
Area Windows (m
2
) 4.16
Internal Walls (m
2
) 37.24
Ceiling (m
2
) 12
Q
c = 10
C
c,l
-
C
c,o
G
c
#
f
v
1
= 47.6 l/s 52.6
g/s); 1 PCs (0.025 g/s/PC), a printer (0.075 g/s). Of course an occupant is assumed not
to contribute to the chemical pollution of the o ce. Therefore, o ce under assessment is
considered very low polluting.
210
ventilation eectiveness, e
v
, of 0.95. This assumption was based on the graph presented in
CEN 1752, page 70. In this graph, the temperature dierence between supply air and the air
in the breathing zone was taken negative considering the summer case. Hence, the ventila-
tion eectiveness was between 0.9 and 1, 0.95 was chosen as an average value. So accord-
ing to the sensory pollution load, the air change in the o ce is 4 l/m
2
s, based on the systems
variation in idbuild, the chosen ventilation rate of 5 l/m
2
s, since it provided the optimum
indoor operative temperatures.
Chemical Pollution. Considering the chemical pollution load and according to EN15251:2006,
the required ventilation rate from a health point of view can be calculated from the
CR1752:2008, Equation A3, Annex A, p.29:
Where G
h
is the previously calculated chemical pollution load. Some assumptions had to be
made in order to calculate this ow rate. The rst assumption was to choose a value for the
guideline value of a chemical, C
h,I
of 0.2 micrograms per liter. This assumption was made to
be 0.2. , to achieve the best air quality and fulll the category A requirements. The second
assumption was to choose a value for the outdoor concentration of a chemical air quality at
intake, C
h,o
, of 0 micrograms per liter. This assumption was made to be 0, because the o ce
building will be placed in a non-urban environment, hence the air quality can be assumed to
be pristine. The last assumption was to choose the ventilation eectiveness, e
v
, of 0.95. This
assumption was based on the graph presented in CEN 1752, page 70. In this graph the tem-
perature dierence between supply air and the air in the breathing zone was taken negative
considering the summer case. So according to the chemical pollution load, the air change
in the o ce is 0.1 h
-1
. At rst this was chosen as the minimum air change rate, in order to
remove the pollution present in the room, but then the minimum was changed, due to the
following calculations based on the EN 15251 standard.
EN 15251:2006. Based on the Equation B.1 in Annex B, one can calculate the recommended
ventilation rate for non-residential buildings. This value was used as the minimum require-
ment.
q


tot
/ A = ( n q


p
) / A + ( q


B
)
q


tot
/ A = ( 1 10 l/s person ) / (15 m
2
) + 0.35 l/m
2
s = 0.82 l/m
2
s or 1 h
-1
air change
where:
q
tot
= total ventilation rate of the room, l/s
n = design value for the number of the persons in the room
q
p
= ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/(s pers)
A= room oor area, m
2
q
B
= ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/(s m
2
)
Q
h =
C
h,l
-
C
h,o
G
h
#
f
v
1
= 1.174 l/s
1.316
211
ventilation principle
The ventilation principles that were available for this design were the following: mixing, dis-
placement, and personalized. Even though each of these principles has several advantages
and disadvantages, the mixing ventilation principle was chosen. The selection of the ventila-
tion principle was based on several deciding factors.
In Figure VIII.VII.I, taken from Awbis Ventilation of Buildings, the most e cient ventilation
system to use, according to the air ow rate, the cooling capacity, and the dierence of tem-
perature between exhaust (Qe) and supply air (Qs) is shown.
Considering the calculated ow rate of 52.6 l/s and the room surface of 15 m
2
, the air ow
rate per oor area is of 5 l/m
2s
. Subsequently, assuming that the dierence of temperature
(Qe-Qs) for mixing ventilation has to be lower than 8 (K) and for displacement ventilation
has to be lower than 5 (K), the ventilation system indicated from the graph in Figure VIII.VII.I
is the mixed ow.
FIGURE VIII VII I: ventilation principle
212
213
ix bibliography
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EPLI MILANO, 2007.
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Company LLC, 2004.
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Press, 2005.
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with quality indoor environment. Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark, Department of
Civil Engineering, 2008.
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demon.co.uk/2.2/designmethodsforeveryone.html, July 7th, 2011.
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New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2008.
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Vancouver CA: BC Green Building Roundtable, 2007.
VIII. Steen Petersen, Svend Svendsen. Method and simulation program for informed deci-
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ment of Civil Engineering, 2008.
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X. Gunter Lohnert, Andreas Dalkowski, Werner Sutter. Integrated Design Process. Interna-
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XI. McDonough, William. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking The Way We Make Things. New York:
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214
XIII. Anh Tuan Nguyen, Sigrid Reiter. The eect of ceiling congurations on indoor air motion
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215
x Acknowledgements
There are several people that I would like to acknowledge and thank for their sup-
port, whether it be intellectual, psychological, or moral, in the development of this
thesis.
I would like to thank the Architectural and Civil Engineer departments at the Tech-
nical University of Denmark. I would like especially thank my supervisor Professor
Toke Rammer Nielsen and my co-supervisor Professor Christian Anker Hviid for their
availability, support, and patience in the making of this thesis. I would also like to
thank the following professors, who have formed me to become the engineer I am
today: Professor Christian Ronne, Professor Hans Janssen, Professor Steen Peters-
en, and Professor Jan Karlshoj.
I would like to thank the members of the Andreotti Architects studio, especially Ar-
chitect Luciano Andreotti, who allowed me to conduct my thesis at his studio and
followed me during the development of the project. I would like to thank Architect
Alice Centioni, who gave me the idea of conducting my thesis at the studio, and for
her moral support inside and outside of the o ce. Lastly, I would like to mention
Architect Vittorio Centioni, who gave me essential suggestions during the develop-
ment of the building.
I want to thank my family. My mom and dad, who supported me during these years of
study, and throughout my entire life, and for pushing me in becoming the best per-
son, engineer, and scientist that I could be. I would like to thank my brother who has
always been there and has given me the most valuable advice throughout my life.
I would like to thank my extended family. My aunt and uncle for supporting me dur-
ing this experience in Italy. My cousins, Alice, Luna, Martino, Edoardo, Maria Rosaria,
Carmen, and Marie Michelle, for being there for me in most di cult moments of this
experience and my life, and Viola for inspiring me.
I would like to thank my friends in Italy, Marco, Alberto, Chiara, Francesco, and Sara,
for being my best friends in the most di cult moments. I would like to mention Vito
and Giovanna Perucca.
I would like to thank the best sisters in the world, Maria Cristina and Maria Veronica,
for being the truest and craziest girls I know.
I would like to thank my friends at DTU: Daniela, Giorgos, Giuliano, Jacopo, Javier,
Matias, Matteo N., Nicolas, Anna, Jessica, Ruben, and Ana. But most especially Nicola,
Fernando, Matteo Z., Stamatis, and Lorenzo for being who you are and for always be-
ing there for me.
I would like to thank my friends in New York and at Cooper Union: Gee, Michael,
Rafael, Vanessa, Paul, Deep, Jerey, David, James, Richard, Jan, Jeremy, Samar, Risa,
Alan, Juan, Samuel Ghelli, and Smushi.
I would like to thank Peter Cooper, who has founded the institution that allowed me
to reach my potential.
I want to thank Marc for being a source of wisdom and love.
Most importantly, I want to thank Hyeji, who has shown me a dierent way of seeing
the world, for giving me the passion for architecture, life, and emotions.