Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3

Thc hin: Nguyn Vn i Do yu cu ca n l thit k mch s dng solar cell nn trong bo co ny ch trnh by nhng ni dung c bn nht ca solar cell m khng i qu chi tit. Vn chnh s c tp trung vo mch iu khin h thng.

1. Gii thiu Pin mt tri l thit b bn dn cha lng ln cc diod p-n, dui s hin din ca nh sng mt tri c kh nng to ra dng in s dng c. S chuyn i ny gi l hiu ng quang in. Cc pin nng lng mt tri c nhiu ng dng. Chng c bit thch hp cho cc vng m in nng trong mng li cha vn ti, cc v tinh quay xung quanh qu o tri t, my tnh cm tay, cc my in thoi cm tay t xa, thit b bm nc... Pin nng lng mt tri (to thnh cc module hay cc tm nng lng mt tri) xut hin trn nc cc ta nh ni chng c th kt ni vi b chuyn i ca mng li in. 2. S hnh thnh. Hiu ng quang in c pht hin u tin nm 1839 bi nh vt l Php Alexandre Edmond Becquerel. Tuy nhin cho n 1883 mt pin nng lng mi c to thnh, bi Charles Fritts, ng ph ln mch bn dn selen mt lp cc mng vng to nn mch ni, thit b ch c hiu sut 1%. Russell Ohl c xem l ngi to ra pin nng lng mt tri u tin nm 1946. Sven Ason Berglund c phng php lin quan n vic tng kh nng cm nhn nh sng ca pin. Nm 1991, gio s ha hc Michael Grtzel ti cole Polytechnique Fdrale in Lausanne, Switzerland nghin cu v s quang hp nhn to (Artificial photosynthesis), ng pht minh ra mt kiu solar cell mi. N s dng mt thuc nhum cha ruthenium hot ng ging nh chlorophyll trong l cy hp th nh sng v gii phng electron. Cc electron c thu bi mt mng film bng Titanium dioxide (TiO2) v sinh ra dng in. T cc nh sn xut ch mt loi cell gi l dye solar cell vi chi ph ch bng 1/10 so vi cng ngh silicon. Dye solar cell c th c in trn cc tm film polymer hoc trn cc tm king dn in (conductive glass).
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Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3 3. Vt liu ch to Cho ti hin ti th vt liu ch yu cho pin mt tri (v cho cc thit b bn dn) l cc silic tinh th. Pin mt tri t tinh th silic chia ra thnh 3 loi: Mt tinh th hay n tinh th module sn xut da trn qu trnh Czochralski. n tinh th loi ny c hiu sut ti 16%. Chng thng rt mc tin do c ct t cc thi hnh ng, cc tm n th ny c cc mt trng gc ni cc module. a tinh th lm t cc thi c-c t silic nung chy cn thn c lm ngui v lm rn. Cc pin ny thng r hn cc n tinh th, tuy nhin hiu sut km hn. Tuy nhin chng c th to thnh cc tm vung che ph b mt nhiu hn n tinh th b li cho hiu sut thp ca n. Di silic to t cc ming phim mng t silic nng chy v c cu trc a tinh th, Loi ny thng c hiu sut thp nht, tuy nhin loi ny r nht trong cc loi v khng cn phi ct t thi silicon. Hin nay ngi ta ch to pin mt tri bng vt liu Si v nh hnh (a-Si). So vi Pin mt tri tinh th Silic th Pin mt tri a-Si gi r hn nhng hiu sut thp hn v km n nh hn. Ngoi Si, hin nay ngi ta ang nghin cu v th nghim cc loi vt liu khc c nhiu trin vng nh Sunfit Cadmi ng (CuCds), Galium arsenit (GaAs)

Cu to mt PIN mt tri n gin 4. Nguyn l hot ng Khi mt photon chm vo mnh silic, mt trong hai iu sau s xy ra:
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Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3 - Photon truyn trc xuyn qua mnh silic. iu ny thng xy ra khi nng lng ca photon thp hn nng lng a cc ht electron ln mc nng lng cao hn. - Nng lng ca photon c hp th bi silic. iu ny thng xy ra khi nng lng ca photon ln hn nng lng a electron ln mc nng lng cao hn. Khi photon c hp th, nng lng ca n c truyn n cc ht electron trong mng tinh th. Thng thng cc electron ny lp ngoi cng, v thng c kt dnh vi cc nguyn t ln cn v th khng th di chuyn xa. Khi electron c kch thch, tr thnh dn in, khi cc electron ny c th t do di chuyn trong bn dn. Khi nguyn t s thiu 1 electron v gi l "l trng". L trng ny to iu kin cho cc electron ca nguyn t bn cnh di chuyn n in vo "l trng", v iu ny to ra l trng cho nguyn t ln cn c "l trng". C tip tc nh vy "l trng" di chuyn xuyn sut mch bn dn v to ra dng in. Mt photon ch cn c nng lng ln hn nng lung kch thch electron lp ngoi cng dn in. Tuy nhin, tn s ca mt tri thng tng ng 6000K, v th nn phn ln nng lng mt tri u c hp th bi silic. Tuy nhin hu ht nng lng mt tri chuyn i thnh nng lng nhit nhiu hn l nng lng in s dng c. 5. Cng ngh ch to

Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3

Cu to Module 6. Hiu sut PIN mt tri Hiu sut l t s ca nng lng in t nh sng mt tri. Vo bui tra mt ngy tri trong, nh mt tri ta nhit khong 1000 W/m. trong 10% hiu sut ca 1 module 1 m cung cp nng lng khong 100 W. hiu sut ca pin mt tri thay i t 6% t pin mt tri lm t silic tinh th, v c th ln n 30% hay cao hn na. s dng pin c th kt hp nhiu module kt ni nghin cu. 7. Thit k Pin mt tri tnh ton v thit k mt h thng pin mt tri cn cc thng s chnh sau y: Cc yu cu v c trng ca ph ti V tr lp t h thng

a. Vi yu cu ca ph ti Chng ta quan tm ti cc c trng ca thit b nh cng sut, hiu in th, tn s..v thi gian lm vic ca thit b. T tnh c nng lng cn cung cp cho c h thng hot ng. b. V tr lp t h thng y l yu cu thc t, v nhng v tr khc nhau trn mt t, cng nh sng thu c l khc nhau. Nn phi chn ni tp trung nhiu nh nng mt tri v cc yu t t nhin khc phi thun li cho vic lp t v hot ng ca Pin sau ny. Tnh gc nghing ca h thng Pin mt tri so vi phng ngang: Nu gi l gc nghing ca h thng pin mt tri, th thng thng ngi ta chn:
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Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3 = + 10o vi l v ni lp t. Cn hng, nu bn cu Nam th quay v hng Bc, nu bn cu Bc th quay v hng Nam. Cc bc thit k: 7.1. La chn s khi T s phn tch cc c im ca ti, ta s chn mt s khi thch hp. Di y l s khi thng dng vi cc h thng in mt tri.

Cc khi da vo h thng u gy tn hao nng lng, v vy cn la chn s khi sao cho s khi hay thnh phn trong h l t nht. 7.2. Tnh ton ngun in Pin mt tri. C nhiu phng php tnh ton, song ngi ta ch yu s dng phng php da trn s cn bng in nng trung bnh hng ngy. Th t cc bc nh sau: 7.2.1. Tnh ph ti in yu cu Ph ti in c th tnh theo hng ngy v sau c th tnh theo thng hoc nm. Gi s h cn cp in cho cc cc ti tiu th c cc cng sut tiu th l P v thi gian lm vic hng ngy l t Tng in nng phi cp hng ngy cho cc ti l Eng = P.t Nu nhn vi s ngy trong thng hoc trong nm ta s tnh c nhu cu in nng trong cc thng hoc c nm. 7.2.2. Tnh nng lng in mt tri cn thit Nng lng in hng ngy dn pin mt tri cn phi cp cho h, Ecp c xc nh theo cng thc:

Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3 Vi = 1 2 3 n l hiu sut ca thnh phn (v d ti, b bin i, b iu khin) 7.2.3. Tnh cng sut dn pin mt tri Wp Cng sut dn pin mt tri thng c tnh ra cng sut nh hay cc i (Peak Watt, k hiu l Wp), tc l cng sut m dn pin pht ra iu kin chun: E0 = 1000 W/m2 v nhit chun T0 = 25c. Ta tnh cho trng hp dn pin mt tri phi m bo nng lng cho ti lin tc c nm. Khi cng bc x mt tri dng tnh phi l cng bc x hng ngy trung bnh ca thng thp nht trong nm. Nu gi E1 l tng cng bc x trn mt phng t nghing mt gc so vi mt phng ngang c tnh trn. Th cng sut dn pin mt tri tnh ra Peak Watt (Wp) s l:

Tong cng tng x trn mt nghing E1 tnh theo Wh/m2.ngy v ta t cng tng x chun E0 = 1000 w/m2. Dung lng dn pin mt tri EWP tnh theo cng thc trn ch cp cho ti nhit chun T0 = 25C. Khi lm vic ngoi tri, do nhit ca cc pin mt tri cao hn nhit chun, nn hiu sut bin i quang in ca pin v modun pin mt tri b gim. h thng lm vic bnh thng ta phi tng dung lng tm pin ln. Gi dung lng ca dn pin c k n hiu ng nhit l E2 th

trong M l hiu sut ca module nhit T Trong thc t thit k dn pin mt tri c cng sut ph hp vi ph ti cn ph thuc rt nhiu yu t c th. Do yy ngoi E2 c tnh theo cng thc trn cn phi da nhiu vo kinh nghim ca ngi thit k. 7.2.4. c bn l: Th lm vic ti u Vmd;
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Tnh s modul mc ni tip v song song

Trc ht cn la chn loi modun thch hp c cc c trng

Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3 Dng in lm vic ti u Imd; Cng sut nh Pmd.

S modun cn phi dng cho h thng c tnh t t s: vi N = Nnt.Nss Nnt l s modun mc ni tip trong mi dy c xc nh t in th yu cu ca h V :

Nss l s dy modun ghp song song c xc nh t dng in ton phn ca h I:

Trong tnh ton trn, ta b qua in tr dy ni, s hao ph nng lng do bi ph trn dn pin mt tri,... Nu cn phi tnh n cc hao ph , ngi ta thng a vo mt h s K v dung lng dn pin mt tri khi s l: K.E2 Vi K c chn trong khong (1 1,2) ty theo cc iu kin thc t, v thng c gi l cc h s an ton ca h 7.3. Cc b iu phi nng lng Trong h ngun pin mt tri tng qut c cho trong s khi v trn. Cc b iu phi nng lng gm c B iu khin qu trnh np - phng in cho acquy v b bin i in DC - AC. thit k, ch to v lp t cc b iu phi ny cn xc nh mt s thng s c bn di y. a. B iu khin np - phng in B iu khin l mt thit b in t c chc nng kim sot t ng cc qu trnh np v phng in ca b acquy. B iu khin theo di trng thi ca acquy thng qua hiu in th trn cc in cc ca n. Cc thng s k thut chnh di y cn phi c quan tm. Ngng in th ct trn Vmax: Ngng in th ct trn Vmax l gi tr hiu in th trn hai cc ca b acquy c np in y, dung lng t 100%. Khi nu tip tc np in cho acquy th acquy s
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Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3 b qu y, dung dch acquy s b si dn n s bay hi nc v lm h hng cc bn cc. V vy khi c du hiu acquy c np y, hiu in th trn cc cc b acquy t n V = Vmax, th b iu khin s t ng ct hoc hn ch dng np in t dn pin mt tri. Sau khi hiu in th b acquy gim xung di gi tr ngng, b iu khin li t ng ng mch np li. Ngng ct di Vmin: Ngng ct di l gi tr hiu in th trn hai cc b acquy khi acquy phng in n gi tr cn di ca dung lng acquy (v d, i vi acquy ch-axit, khi trong acquy ch cn li 30% dung lng). Nu tip tc s dng acquy th n s b phng in qu kit, dn n h hng acquy. V yy, khi b iu khin nhn thy hiu in th b acquy V < Vmin th n s t ng ct mch ti tiu th. Sau nu hiu in th b acquy tng ln trn gi tr ngng, b iu khin li t ng ng mch np li. i vi acquy ch axit, hiu in th chun trn cc cc ca mt bnh l V = 12 V, th thng thng ngi ta chn Vmax = (14,0 - 14,5) V, cn Vmin = (10,5 - 11,0) V. in th tr V: l gi tr khong hiu in th l hiu s ca cc gi tr in th ct trn hay ct di v in th ng mch li ca B iu khin, tc l: V = Vmax- v hay V = Vmin- v vi v l gi tr in th ng mch tr li ca b iu khin. Thng thng V khong 1 - 2 V. Cng sut P ca b iu khin: thng thng nm trong di: 1,3PL < P < 2PL , i= 1, 2... Hiu sut ca b iu khin phi cng cao cng tt, t nht cng phi t gi tr ln Trong PL l tng cng sut cc ti c trong h ngun, hn 85%. b. B bin i in DC-AC B bin i in c chc nng bin i dng in mt chiu (DC) t dn pin mt tri hoc t b acquy thnh dng in xoay chiu (AC). Cc thng s k thut chnh cn quan tm bao gm: Th vo Vin mt chiu; Th ra Vout xoay chiu; Tn s v dng dao ng in;
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Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3 Cng sut yu cu cng c xc nh nh i vi b iu khin, nhng y ch Hiu sut bin i phi t yu cu > 85% i vi trng hp sng in xoay tnh cc ti ca ring b bin i in; chiu c dng vung gc hay bin iu v >75% i vi b bin i c sng in ra hnh sin. Vic dng b bin i in c tn hiu ra dng xung vung, bin iu hay hnh sin li ph tiiuc vo ti cn dng loi sng ra dng xung vung hay bin iu. Nhng nu ti l cc ng c in, qut in,... tc l nhng thit b c cun cm th phi dng cc b bin i c sng ra dng sin. V hiu in th trong h ngun in pin mt tri thay i theo cng bc x v trng thi np ca acquy, nn cc in th vo v ra ca b iu khin cng nh b bin i in phi c thit k trong mt khong dao ng kh rng no . V d i vi h ngun lm vic vi in th V = 12V th b iu khin v b i in phi lm vic c trong gii in th t Vmin = 10 V n Vmax = 15 V. c th d dng kim tra, theo di qu trnh hot ng ca h ni chung v ca tng thnh phn ni ring cn phi lp t thm cc b ch th nh: Ch th in th ra, dng ra ca tm pin mt tri; Ch th dng v in th np acquy; Ch th dng v in th cp cho ti; Ch th mc np hoc phng in cho acquy; Ch th nhit ca tm pin mt tri, ca acquy hoc ca cc thnh phn khc

trong h thng. Nh cc ch th ny ta c th nhanh chng xc nh c trng thi lm vic ca h, gip tm cc h hng trong h mt cch d dng hn. Khng nht thit phi lp t tt c cc ch th trn m c th ch cn mt s ch th quan trng nht ty thuc c im ca h ngun bo v dn pin mt tri khi cc h hng trong cc trng hp mt hoc mt vi pin hay modun trong dn pin b h hng, b bng che, b bi bn bao ph,... ngi ta dng cc diot bo v mc song song v cn phi la chn cc diot thch hp, tc l chu c dng in v hiu in th cc i trong mch ca diot. S a vo cc diot bo v trong
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Bo co solar Cell Nhm 3 mch gy ra mt tn hao nng lng ca h v st th trong mch. V vy cn phi tnh n cc tn hao ny khi thit k, tnh ton h nng lng. c. Hp ni v dy ni in Khi lp t cc modun hay dn pin mt tri, b acquy, cc b iu phi trong h vi nhau ngi ta dng cc hp ni c cc u ni ring, tho lp d dng. Khi cn kim tra sa cha, nh cc hp ni v u ni ny, c th tch ring tng thnh phn hoc cc phn khc nhau trong mt thnh phn. Cc hp ni v u ni ca modun pin mt tri cn c bo v cn thn v n phi lm vic lu di ngoi tri. Cc h thng pin mt tri bao gi cng c mt phn hoc ton b h lm vic vi cc hiu in th thp (v d hiu in th ca tm pin mt tri v acquy thng l 12 V, 24 V, 48 V... ) nn dng in trong mch ln. V vy cc dy ni trong h phi dng loi tit din ln v bng vt liu c dn in cao gim tn hao nng lng trn cc dy. Vic la chn tit din dy dn ph thuc vo cng dng in v vo vt liu dy dn. Bng thng s nh sau:

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