Interpretation of Results: We familiarized ourselves in different types of op amps and its packaging.

There are 4 different types of packaging for an op amp. These are TO-5 Metal Can (8-pin), Flat-pack (10-pin), DIP (14-pin) and MINI-DIP (8-pin). We are given a schematic diagram and its actual image and we just labeled the pins of op amps and studied the functions of every pin. The op amp given to us was an LF441 with 8 pins mini dual-inline package. The schematic symbol of an LF441 has 8 pins. Pin 1 and pin 5 are offset null, pin 2 is for inverting input and pin 3 is for non-inverting input, pin 6 is the output, pin 7 is for positive supply terminal and pin 4 is for the negative supply terminal and pin 8 is not connected. Typical op amps use several types of signal functions. Positive and negative supply terminals connect to the system power supply rails and provide operating power. Null, or nulling, terminals connect to an external voltage and allow for op amp offset voltage adjustment. Inverting (-)and noninverting (+) terminals connect to the circuit input voltages. An output terminal drives the external circuit load. There are three basic circuit configurations for operational amplifier: open-loop mode, inverting amplifier and non-inverting amplifier. Open-loop mode refers to the absence of a feedback loop from the output to the input, inverting amplifier inverts and scales the input signal and non-inverting amplifier makes the positive input remains a positive output. An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the amplitude or power of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform. An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two work by different methods. While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than 1. Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider networks. Switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped attenuators and continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. We used the attenuator circuit block and used the function generator to have a 10V peak to peak at a frequency of 10Hz. Using an oscilloscope, we determined the output voltage. Vo = 940mV and then we computed for the Av = Vo/Vi. We got Av = 0.0922.The input waveform has the same orientation compare to the output waveform. After that we used the voltage divider circuit block and used a multimeter to measure the output voltage. In rotating the potentiometer counter clockwise and clockwise, we obtained an output voltage that ranges from 2.645V up to -2.664V. after that we added two-post connector that made out output voltage range decreased. It became 0.48V to -0.498V. Using a two-post connector, it decreased the range of our output voltage. This means that by adding a load in series with the output terminal, it will have a voltage drop across the load.

An offset is a deviation in voltage between what should be produced at the output of an amplifier and what is output. When both inputs of an operational amplifier are at the same voltage, the output of the amplifier should be at zero volts. However this condition only occurs in ideal Op Amps, and practicable Op Amps require adjustment to zero the output. An Off-Set Null circuit is a two terminal balance adjustment on an Op-Amp used to zero or null the output; a balanced condition of a circuit that represents zero output.

Conclusion: An operational amplifier is a very close approximation to a perfect amplifier with an infinite gain. In reality op-amps do not quite attain perfection, but with gains often in the region of 100 000 or more, they are sufficiently close! An op amp is an electronic device, which provides a voltage output based on the voltage input Non-inverting input: It is found that a positive voltage applied to the noninverting input will produce a positive swing at the output. Inverting input: A positive voltage applied to the inverting input will produce a negative swing at the output. Op-amp has two inputs that connect to two terminals and one output There are 4 different types of packaging for an op amp. These are TO-5 Metal Can (8-pin), Flat-pack (10-pin), DIP (14-pin) and MINI-DIP (8-pin). Pin 1 and pin 5 are offset null, pin 2 is for inverting input and pin 3 is for noninverting input, pin 6 is the output, pin 7 is for positive supply terminal and pin 4 is for the negative supply terminal and pin 8 is not connected. Open-loop mode refers to the absence of a feedback loop from the output to the input inverting amplifier inverts and scales the input signal non-inverting amplifier makes the positive input remains a positive output. The range of output voltage without the two-post connector is greater than the range of output voltage with the two-post connector because once you add a load in series with the output, there would be a voltage drop across it. Offset Nulling nullify the voltage in between the inputs and has the ability to control the output voltage and it was observed that the potentiometer is adjusted during this offset nulling process. With the use of negative supply voltage linked to a trimmer, the voltage in between was nullified and can control the output voltage. Many OP-AMPs have two pins labeled OFFSET NULL. When both inputs are connected to the same voltage, the output should be zero.

References: http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=define+lf441&source=web&cd=4&ved=0C DoQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labvolt.com%2Fdownloads%2Fdownload%2F915 71-00_OperationalAmplifierFundamentals_SW_ED4_PR2_web.pdf&ei=y0mfTvbD62UiQe5sq32Dw&usg=AFQjCNExKRIJwd3sW3qkxRmo-dLAC1AE-g&cad=rja http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/opamp2.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuator_%28electronics%29 http://www.slideserve.com/Ava/chapter-5-operational-amplifiers http://www.interfacebus.com/Glossary-of-Terms-offset-null-adjusment.html