NOZZLE EQUATIONS1

FLOW OF STEAM IN NOZZLES NATURE OF PROCESS IN AN IDEAL NOZZLEFUNDAMENTAL ENERGY RELATION (Assume Frictionless, Adiabatic Flow)

Infinite Reservoir

P0 , v0 , T0 , V0

P , v1 , T1 , V1 1

Neglecting potential energy, conservation of energy requires:

h0 +

V02 V2 = h1 + 1 2 2

V12 Vo2 = ho h1 2
where V = absolute velocity

ho h1 = hs = Available energy
Now consider the reservoir - (stagnation condition)

VR = 0 Vo2 2

hR + 0 = h0 +

V02 V2 = hR h0 = hs and hR = ho + 0 2 2
VELOCITY OF FLOW and QUANTITY DISCHARGED If initial K.E.can be neglected:

V12 = h0 h1 2

Adapted from E. F. Church, Steam Turbines, McGraw-Hill, 1950. 1

V1 = 2 ( h0 h1 ) = 223.8 h0 h1 ( ft / s) (the constant includes J and gc)

with an approach velocity:

Vo2 V1 = 223.8 ( ho h1 ) + 223.82

Volume discharge from equation (1):

Q = AV1 = 223.8 A h0 h1 & m=

Mass Velocity, G:

AV1 A = 223.8 h0 h1 v1 v1 m 2238 . = h0 h1 A v1

G=

To allow for losses, a velocity coefficient, kn, is introduced:

V1 = 223.8kn ho h1 & Q = AV = mv & mv A= V v Now, for constant flow, the area will depend on the ratio . As the steam expands through the nozzle V
both v and V will increase.

Calculations for Nozzle with Ideal Frictionless Steam Flow Start with steam at 100 psia and 440 F expanding through a nozzle to P1 = 90 psia and let

& m = 1lbm / s.

h0 = 1248.6 Btu / lbm h1 = 1238.2 Btu / lbm

so = l.6756 Btu / lbm0 R T1 = 418 0 F v1 = 5.62 ft 3 / lbm V1 = 223.8 10.4 = 721 ft / s

hs= 10.4 Btu/lbm = Available energy A1 =

( 1) lbm ( 5.62) ft
s lbm

s ( 144) in = 1122in 2 . ( 721) ft ft 2

2

If the calculation is repeated using a drop from 100 to 80 psia, A will found to be following table for additional calculations.

0.864in 2 . Refer to the

NOZZLE CALCULATIONS P1 100 90 80 70 60 55 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 h1 1248.6 1238.2 1227.5 1215 1201.8 1194.2 1186.5 1168.9 1147.1 1117.5 1069.8 1026.1 973 936 del hs 0 10.4 21.1 33.6 46.8 54.4 62.1 79.7 101.5 131.1 178.8 222.5 275.6 312.6 C1 0 721 1028 1296 1529 1649 1763 1996 2253 2561 2991 3336 3714 3956 v1 5.2 5.62 6.16 6.8 7.67 8.2 8.81 10.45 13.5 19.24 35.67 65.6 149 279 A (in2) 1.122 0.864 0.756 0.722 0.716 0.72 0.755 0.863 1.082 1.718 2.83 5.77 10.17 D (in) 1.195 1.049 0.981 0.959 0.955 0.958 0.98 1.049 1.174 1.479 1.899 2.711 3.6

MINIMUM SECTION OR THROAT OF NOZZLE Variations in Nozzle Area and Form; Variations in Flow Consider a valve in the exit line. As the valve is opened, P1 will drop and m will increase until P1 55 psia . At that point, a maximum flow is reached which is not exceeded no matter how low the final pressure is made. The flow will always reach a maximum at P / P 1 0 however, do not apply completely if there is a divergent section beyond the minimum diameter or if the entrance is not well rounded. For an orifice plate, the flow continues to increase as P is lowered. 1

0.55. These statements, m

1.0

r =P1/P0

~0.5

Flow of an Ideal Gas; Critical Pressure Rate The critical pressure ratio is the value of

P1 / P0 below which no further increase of m will occur. Pv k = C .

Our problem is now to find

r=

AV1 P1 & for which m = is maximum. v1 P0 P k 1 k v1 = v o o = v o r P1

1 1

Vo2 V12 uo + Po vo + = u1 + Pv1 + 1 2 2

Let Vo

=0

V12 = uo u1 + Po vo Pv1 1 2
Noting that

uo u1 is equivalent to isentropic work: V12 P0 v0 Pv1 k kP v Pv 1 = + P0 v0 Pv1 = ( P0 v0 Pv1 ) = 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 k 1 k 1 k 1 P0 v0

k but, v1 = P0 v0 P 1

and

r=

P1 P0

; therefore,

k 1 V12 k = Po v0 1 r k 2 k 1

2k V1 = P0 vo 1 r k 1

k 1 k

2 k +1 2 k +1 AV1 2k P0 k k k k & m= =A r r = A const r r v1 k 1 vo 2 k +1 2 k 2 2 k 1 k + 1 kk+1 1 & m k = ( const ) r r r r =0 r k k 1

2r

2 k k

( k + 1) r k = 0 r r
1 k 2 k k

2 ( k + 1)
k 1 k

=0

2 ( k + 1) r r

= 0 ; and, finally: = 2 k +1

k 1 k

 2 k 1 rcr = k + 1 rrc = 0.527 For superheated steam k 1.28; rcr = 0.546 For dry, saturated steam k 1135 ; rcr 0.577 .
For air k=1.41; Critical Velocity
k 1 V12 k = P0v0 1 r k 2 k 1 2 Vcr k = P0 v0 2 k +1

Vcr =
If k=1.4 and R=53.34 ft-lbf/lbm- 0 R:

2k 2k P0 v0 = RT0 k +1 k +1

Vcr = 44.75 T0
Velocity of Sound

For an adiabatic process:

k k Pcr v cr = P0 v o ; therefore:

P P0 v 0 = Pcr v cr cr P0

1 k k

= Pcr v cr ( r cr )

1 k k

k + 1 ; then, substituting in the above = Pcr v cr 2

expression for critical velocity:

Vcr = kPcr vcr = kRTcr

which is the expression of the velocity of sound in an ideal gas. Vcr is often called the acoustic or sonic velocity. For air,

Vcr = 49.02 Tcr Vcr 59.6 Tcr

For superheated steam,

Useful Relations For superheated steam (and approximately for saturated steam):

 mmax 0.3144 Acr

For wet steam:

Po v0

for

P 0.547 P0 1

mmax 0.3044 Acr

For superheated steam:

P0 v0

for

P1 0.577 P0 (rough estimate)

mmax =

0.410 Acr P0 T0

and

Q = mv 0 = 0.242 Acr T0 m for steam with k=1.3 is:

All of the foregoing equations hold where r < critical. For r > critical,

m = 139 A .

P0 1.539 ( r r 1.770 ) v0

Nozzle Velocity Coefficient, kn The following empirical formula based on experimental results was adapted from Church.2

kn = 1.021 0.164 x + 0.165 x 2 0.0671x3 + 0.0088 x4

where

x = Vs1 /1000 .

V1 = knVs1 .
DESIGN OF IDEAL STEAM NOZZLES Convergent Nozzle

& m = 1.60lbm / s; P0 = 130 psia; P = 106; psia; T0 = 420 o F ; s0 = 1.6309 Btu / lbm / o R 1 Pcr = ( 130 ) ( 0.546 ) = 71.0 psia , which is less than 106 psia; therefore, a convergent nozzle is indicated. h0 h1 = 1233.5 1215.1 = 18.4 Btu / lbm available energy Vs1 = 223.8 18.4 = 960 ft / s isentropic velocity As1 = & mv1 ( 1.60 ) ( 4.508 ) = = 1.082in2 isentropic area Vs1 ( 960 )
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle At the throat:
2

P0 = 130 psia; Pt = Pcr = 71 psia; s0 = s1 = 1.6309 Btu / lbm o R

Id., p. 82, Fig. 79. 6

hs = h0 hst = 1233.5 1181.2 = 52.3Btu / lbm Vst = 223.8 52.3 = 1618 ft / s Ast =
At the exit: Let

( 1.60 ) ( 6.125 ) ( 144 ) 0.872in2

1618

P = 16 psia; Pt = Pcr = 71.0 psia; vst = 22.703 ft 3 / lbm 1 hs = 1233.5 1071.6 = 161.9 Btu / lbm Vs1 = 223.8 161.9 = 2848 ft / s As1 =

( 1.60 ) ( 22.703) ( 144 ) ( 2848)

= 1.837in 2

EFFECT OF NOZZLE FRICTION ON THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Entropy is increased. Available energy is decreased. Velocity of flow at throat is decreased. Volume of flowing steam is decreased. Throat area necessary to discharge a given mass of steam is increased.

DESIGN OF ACTUAL NOZZLES Extending the previous calculations: Convergent Nozzle (Vs1 =960 ft/s; kn = 0.965)

V1 = Vs1 n = 223.8kn hs = ( 223.8 ) ( 0.965) 18.4 = 926 ft / s h1 = h0 n hs = 1233.5 ( 0.956 ) ( 18.4 ) = 1216.4 Btu / lbm
2

A1 =

( 1.60 ) ( 6.192 ) ( 144 ) ( 926 )

= 1.13in 2

Convergent-Divergent Nozzle At the throat: (Vst =960; kn =0.965)

Vt = ( 223.8 ) ( 0.965 ) 52.3 = 1562 ft / s

2

ht = 1233.5 ( 0.965) At =

( 52.3) = 1185Btu / lbm

= 0.913in 2

( 1.60 ) ( 6.192 ) ( 144 ) ( 1562 )

At the exit: (Vs1 = 2848ft/s; kn= 0.922)

2

V1 = ( 223.8 ) ( 0.922 ) 161.9 = 2626 ft / s

h1 = 1233.5 ( 0.922 ) ( 161.9 ) = 1096 Btu / lbm A1 = (1.60)(23.33)(144) = 2.05in 2 2626