Introduction

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Tension test Hardness test Impact test Fatigue test Creep test Bending Test Flattening test

Objectives :
To obtain mechanical properties.

Who need the data ?

Producers Users Research organization Government agencies

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Introduction
Requirements :
The data shall be consistence independent of the testing personnel and locations Standard testing procedures and data interpretation

International standard :
ASTM (American Standard for Testing of Materials) JIS (Japan Industrial Standard) BS (British Standard) DIN (Germany Standard) GOST (Russian standard) API (American Petroleum Institute) ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
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Introduction
Testing standards : Specimen geometry and dimensions Testing machine requirements Testing machine calibration procedures Testing procedures Data interpretation methods ASTM Standard E8 :
Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials

ASTM Standard C1161 :

Standard test methods for flexural strength of advanced ceramics material at ambient temperature

ASTM Standard D 638 :

Standard test methods for tensile properties of plastics

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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

Tension Test
Standard specimen size (cylinder): Diameter = Do = 0.505 (12.8 mm) Gauge length = Lo = 2 (50 mm)

Engineering stress = = P/Ao Engineering strain = e = L/Lo

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Dimensional Relationship of Tensile Specimens

Type ASTM (USA) BS (United Specimens Kingdom) Sheet (Lo/Ao) Round (Lo/Do) 4.5 4.0 5.65 5.0

DIN (Germany) 11.3 10.0

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Tension Test of Metals

Engineering stress Engineering Strain curve

Yield strength :
y = Py/Ao

L f Lo x 100% e (% ) = L o

Tensile strength :
u = Pmax/Ao

Elongation :
Lo L f e (%) = L o x 100% x 100%

Reduction of Area :
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Ao A f q (%) = A o

Yielding and Yield Strength

=Ee

=G
E = 2G (1+ )

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Elastic Modulus vs Temperature

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Ductile vs Brittle Materials

Brittle materials : e < 5%

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Temperature Effect

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Resilience (Elastic Energy)

U E = de
0

ey

UE = y ey = y2/2E

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True Stress (t) True Strain ()

True stress : t = Pi/Ai

t = (1 + e )
True strain : = Li/Li

t = (1 + e )

= ln (1 + e)

t = K n
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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

Elastic Recovery

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Mechanical Behavior of Ceramics

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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

Mechanical behavior of Polymer

Brittle Polymer

Plastics Polymer

Elastomer Polymer

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Polymethyl methacrylate

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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

Introduction
Hardness : the resistance of material to local plastic deformation Testing procedures : Scratch methods [Mohs Hardness] :
Talc : scale = 1 Diamond : scale = 10

Indentation methods :
Rockwell Brinell Vickers Knoop

Advantages :
Simple and inexpensive Non destructive Can be related to strength Small size specimen is possible

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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

ASTM Testing Standards

ASTM Standard E 18 : Standard test methods for Rockwell and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials ASTM Standard E 10 : Standard Test Methods for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials ASTM Standard E 92 : Standard Test Methods for Vicker Hardness of Metallic Materials ASTM Standard E 384 : Standard Test Method for Microhardnes of Materials ASTM Standard D 785 : Rockwell hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials ASTM Standard D 2240 : Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property Durometer hardness ASTM Standard D 2583 : Standard Test Methods for Indentation of Rigid Plastics by means of Barcol Impressor
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Brinell Hardness (BHN, HB)

Indentor is steel ball Standard load : 500 to 3000 kg Standard ball diameter, D = 10.00 mm Hardness is defined as the load divided by the projection area of the indentation Indentation diameter shall be measured by microscope Brinell hardness :
BHN =

D D D2 d 2

2P

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Vickers Hardness (VHN, HV)

Indentor is diamond pyramide, = 136o Hardness is defined as the load divided by the surface area of the indentation Indentation diagonals shall be measured by microscope Vickers hardness :

1.854 P VHN = d2

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Knoop Hardness (KHN, HK)

Indentor is diamond pyramide Hardness is defined as the load divided by the surface area of the indentation Indentation diagonals shall be measured by microscope Knoop hardness :

14.2 P KHN = 2 l

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Rockwell Hardness (HR)

Indentor : diamond and steel ball Scale : based on combinations of load and indentor type Minor load = 10 kg HRC : diamond, 150 kg HRB : 1/16 ball, 100 kg Hardness will be displayed by the dial indicator
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UTS [ MPa ] = 3.45 BHN UTS [ psi ] = 500 BHN

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Introduction
Testing at high loading rate To determine the notch toughness of material The transition of ductile to brittle characteristics as temperature decreases ASTM Standard E 23 : Standard test methods for Notch Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
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Spectrum of Strain Rate

Range of strain rate 10-8 to 10-5 s-1 10-5 to 10-1 s-1 10-1 to 102 s-1 102 to 104 s-1 104 to 108 s-1 Type of test Creep test at constant load or stress Static tension test Fatigue test Impact test Explosive test (Hypervelocity impact)

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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

Ductile Brittle transition temperature (BCC and HCP alloys) :

Temperature where CVN = 20 J or 15 ft-lb Temperature where fibrous fracture = 50% Temperature where fibrous fracture = 100 %

There is no transition temperature for FCC alloys

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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

Introduction
To obtain fatigue strength of materials
Fatigue strength Fatigue limit Endurance limit Endurance strength

ASTM Standard E 466 :

Standard practice to conducting Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Test of Metallic Materials

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m =
A =

max + min
max
2 min 2

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min R= max

S N Curve

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S N Curve for aluminum 7075 T-6

p : probability of failure
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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

Introduction
Testing at high temperature Time dependent deformation ASTM Standard E 139 : Standard practice for conducting creep, creep rupture, and stress-rupture test of metallic materials Creep region :
Primary creep Secondary creep Tertiary creep

Steady state creep rate Long exposure time

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Stress Rupture Test

Higher testing load To determine the rupture time Shorter testing time

Stress Rupture curve

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MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-

MS2130 Hand-out, by Husaini Ardy Hand-