ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Heating Load Calculation

ME 425 Air Conditioning System Design

Keith E. Elder, P.E.

Heating Load Calculation

The heating load calculation begins with the determination of heat loss through a variety of building envelope components and situations.
Walls Windows Exposed Floors Basement Walls Infiltration Duct Loss Roofs Doors Slab-on-Grade Floors Basement Floors Ventilation Building Pickup

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

The Heat Loss Equation

q = Uo x A ( Ti - To ) Where: Uo = the overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr/ft2/F A = the surface area, ft2 Ti = the indoor design temperature, F To = the outdoor design temperature, F

Heat Loss Equation Assumptions

Steady State Conditions
No Thermal Storage Heat Transfer is Instantaneous

One-Dimensional Parallel "Heat Flow"

Thermally Homogeneous Construction Construction Anomalies can be Accounted for by Transmission Weighting Corrections Heat flow path ignores temperature variations due to construction anomalies

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Solving the Heat Loss Equation

Area Takeoffs (from plans with est. zoning) Design Temperatures (05F28 CD & Std. 55) Assembly U-factors, Uo: Uo = 1/ RTotal
RTotal
=

R1 + R2 + Rn + ...

R1, R2 and Rn represent the thermal resistance of each of the elements in the path of the "heat flow. Properties of typical construction materials can be found in Table 3 of 05F25.

Construction Material Properties

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Air Film Properties

From 05F25.2

Air Gap Properties

From 05F25.4

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Wall with no Framing Elements

What is the U-factor of a 3-1/2 inch wall composed of 4 inch brick, R-11 insulation and 5/8 inch gypboard?
Outside Air Film 4" Brick R-11 Batt Insulation 5/8" Gypboard Inside Air Film Total R = Uo = 1/R = 1/12.81 = 0.078 Btu Hr-SF-deg F Ri 0.17 0.40 11.00 0.56 0.68 12.81

Correcting for Cavity Depth

The R-value of batt insulation is rated by manufacturers for predetermined depths. Corrections must be made to calculations for installation in non-standard cavities.
TABLE 20-A R-Value of Fiberglass Batts Compressed within Various Depth Cavities
Insulation R-Value at Standard Thickness
R-Value Standard Thickness Nominal Actual Lumber Depth of Cavity, Sizes, Inches Inches 2 x 12 11-1/4 2 x 10 9-1/4 2x8 7-1/4 2x6 5-1/2 2x4 3-1/2 2x3 2-1/2 2x2 1-1/2" 2x1 3/4" 38 30 12" 9- " 22 21 19 15 13 11 8 5 6- " 5- " 6- " 3- " 3-5/8" 3- " 2- " 1- " Insulation R-Values when Installed in a Confined Cavity 3 "

37 32 27 ------

-30 26 21 -----

---20 14 ----

---21 -----

---18 13 ----

----15 ----

----13 9.8 6.3 --

----11 -6.0 --

------5.7 --

------5.0 3.2

-------3.0

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Correcting for Wood Framing

What is the U-factor of the previous example if the wall is framed with Douglas Fir studs spaced 16" on-center.
Outside Air Film 4" Brick R-11 Batt Insulation 3-1/2" Fir Stud 5/8" Gypboard Inside Air Film Total R = Uo Uavg = Through Insulation 0.17 0.40 11.0 0.56 0.68 12.81 0.078 3.50 0.56 0.68 5.31 0.188 Through 16" OC Stud 0.17 0.40

= 0.20 x 0.188 + 0.80 x 0.078 = 0.100 Btu/(hr-S.F.-F)

What About Metal Studs?

Transmission weighting is not appropriate if the conductivity of the penetration exceeds that of the layer being penetrated by more than an order of magnitude.
Isotherms

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Correcting for Metal Studs

ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Correction Factors Size of Members 2x4 2x4 2x6 2x6 Framing 16 in. O.C. 24 in. O.C. 16 in. O.C. 24 in. O.C Insulation Correction R-Value Factor, Fc R-11 0.50 R-11 0.60 R-19 0.40 R-19 0.45

Using Metal Stud Factors

What is the heat loss of the wall in the first example if the wall is framed with 31/2" metal studs spaced 16" on-center?
Ri Outside Air Film 0.17 4" Brick 0.40 R-11 + Mtl. Stud (11.0 x 0.50) = 5.50 0.56 5/8" Gypboard 0.68 Inside Air Film Total R = Uo = 1/7.31 = 7.31 0.137 Btu Hr-SF-deg F

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

ASHRAE Window Performance

Because of conductive spacers, frames & new coatings available, window Ufactors cannot be calculated accurately.

ASHRAE Window Performance

Reasonable estimates can be found in Table 4, 05F31.8.

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

ASHRAE Window U-factors

ASHRAE Window U-factors

ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Door U-Factors
Door U-factors can be found in Table 4, 05F31.11.

Floors on Grade
qslab = F2 x Perimeter x T

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ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Floors on Grade - F2 Factors

Infiltration
The uncontrolled inward air leakage through cracks and interstices in any building element and around windows and doors of a building, caused by the pressure effects of wind and/or the effect of differences in the outdoor/indoor air density. qinfiltration = 0.018QT Q = air flow due to infiltration, ft3/hr

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ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Infiltration Estimates
From the 1972 Fundamentals Manual:
Number of Air Changes Taking Kind of Room or Building Place per Hour Rooms with no windows or exterior doors 1/2 Rooms with windows/exterior doors on one side 1 Rooms with windows/exterior doors on two sides 1-1/2 Rooms with windows/exterior doors on three sides 2 Entrance Halls 2 Note: Values may be reduced by 1/3 if windows & doors weatherstripped

In-Class Heating Load Exercise

What is the heat loss for a Seattle office space 12 feet deep by 50 feet long, with 10 foot ceilings and floor-to-floor spacing of 12 feet? The office zone is located on the third floor of a five story building. The wall is constructed of 6 inch concrete, with R-11 batt insulation installed between metal studs 16 inch on-center, and 5/8 inch gypsum board. The window is insulated 1/4 inch glass with 1/2 inch air space and composes 40 percent of the gross wall area. The window framing is metal and has no thermal break.

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ME 425 Heating Load Calculation

Building & Space Sketch

50

12 10

12

Section Sketch
Outside Air Film 6 Inch Concrete R-11 Batt Insulation between mtl studs 16 O.C. 5/8 Inch Sheet Rock Inside Air Film Total R = Uwall =

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