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Electric Arc Furnace Modeling and Validation

A PPLICA TI O N NO TES

Modern power systems have a variety of connected nonlinear loads, the ability to study and understand power quality issues is becoming more important. It is necessary to understand the sources of power disturbances and equally imperative to determine practical means to mitigate these power quality problems. A major contributer to power quality issues, specically voltage icker, is the Electric Arc Furnace. The electric arc furnace is a highly variable non-linear load, which according to some studies, possesses what is described as a chaotic pattern. In response to high client interest, the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre has begun development of an Electric Arc Furnace model. The arc furnace model employs non-linear differential equations1 as opposed to the traditional piece-wise linear method resulting in more accurate and realistic simulation.
0.0

Ph

80 [MVA] 110 [kV] / 20 [kV] #1 #2

83 [MVA] 20 [kV] / 0.5 [kV] #1 #2 0.00238

110 [kV], 50.0 [Hz] 80 [MVA] Z1 = 6.37 [ohm] /_ 80.0 []


106.0

Ia Ib Ic STATCOM Modx Ext. Ig

40MVA Fixed Capacitor

Variable STATCOM

80MVA Electric Arc Furnace

Figure 1 PSCAD Electric Arc Furnace System

The new PSCAD electric arc furnace model was studied as a part of the electrical network as depicted in Figure 1. The voltage-current characteristic of an electric arc furnace is depicted in Figure 2. In a simulated attempt to reduce voltage icker, the size of the STATCOM in the network was varied, while the size of the capacitors and parameters of the arc furnace remained xed. The power of the new arc furnace model within the PSCAD environment became apparent when a selection of different sized STATCOMs were evaluated in the model. PSCAD was also able to simulate the UIE Flickermeter to block 4 which means an instantaneous value of icker is generated. When averaged over the length of the simulation run, Block 4 gives an indication of the level of voltage icker occuring on the bus. Normally this instantaneous icker is collected and scaled over 10 minutes to provide a Pst value2. By rst running the simulation without compensation, we get a benchmark upon

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc. 244 Cree Crescent Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3J 3W1 T +1 204 989 1240 F +1 204 989 1277 info@pscad.com www.pscad.com

which to compare the compensated results. And, we are able to quite easily calculate the percent icker reduction achieved by the various runs. Referring to Figure 3, we can determine the most economical size of STATCOM that would be needed to reduce the voltage icker to an acceptable level. In a continued effort to provide realistic and accurate validated models to end-users, the Centre welcomes interested parties to participate in the development of the arc furnace model by providing us with actual recorded data from industrial arc furnace installations, or any other information that may be of interest. If you wish to participate, please contact us at support@pscad.com.
Figure 2 V-I Characteristic of an Electric Arc (including reference plot and scatter, using the advanced plotting capabilities of the LieWire 2) This graph shows a plot of the differential equation in red. The scatter plot on top shows the same equation plotted, but with sinusoidal and Gaussian noise added in an attempt to model the random nature of the Electric Arc Furnace.

by Dan Kell References


[1] E.Acha, A. Semlyen, and N. Rajakovic, A Harmonic Domain Computational Package for Nonlinear Problems and its Application to Electric Arcs, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 5, no. 3, pp 1390-1395, July 1990 [2] J. Wikston, The UIE/IEC Flickermeter Description, IEEE PES, Tutorial on Voltage Fluctuations and Lamp Flicker in Electric Power Systems, pp. 11, Feb. 2001

Flicker Reduction Chart


50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 STATCOM Size (MVA) Flicker Level % reduction 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Figure 3 Flicker Reduction From this graph, one can quickly see the most effective size of STATCOM needed to reduce the icker, starting from a 22% reduction for a 10 MVA STATCOM to an 88% reduction for an 80MVA STATCOM.

Articles and submissions addressing the use of PSCAD in the real world are always welcome.

2008 Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.

Percent Reduction

Flicker Level

Printed in Canada

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