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MC LC
Contents
MC LC.............................................................................................. 1
M U ................................................................................................ 4
PHN I: TNG QUAN ....................................................................... 5
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NC ............................................. 5
1.1.NC .............................................................................................. 5
1.2.NC MT .................................................................................... 6
1.3.NC THI ................................................................................... 6
1.4. KHI QUT V NHIM NC ........................................... 8
1.5. NHIM NC MT ................................................................ 9
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V PHOTPHO TNG S ............... 11
2.1.KHI NIM .................................................................................. 11
2.2.PHN LOI PHOTPHO ............................................................. 11
2.3.TNH CHT CA PHOTPHO ................................................... 12
2.4.VAI TR CA PHOTPHO ......................................................... 12
2.5.THC TRNG NHIM PHOTPHO HIN NAY ................ 13
2.6.NGUYN NHN GY NHIM ............................................. 13
2.7.NH HNG CA PHOTPHO TNG ................................... 14
2.7.1. nh hng i vi mi trng t ......................................... 14
2.7.2.nh hng i vi mi trng nc ....................................... 15
2.7.3.nh hng i vi con ngi ................................................... 17
CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP PHN TCH
QUANG PH HP TH UV-VIS .............................................................. 18
3.1.PHNG PHP TRC QUANG .............................................. 18
3.1.1.Khi nim.................................................................................... 18
3.1.2.Phn loi ..................................................................................... 18
3.2.PHNG PHP PT QUANG PH HP TH UV-VIS ......... 18
3.2.1. nh lut v s hp th nh sng ............................................ 18
GVHD: Nguyn Th Thoa
SVTH: Th Thoa
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M U
Hin nay mi trng tr thnh vn chung ca ton nhn loi v
c c th gii quan tm.Nm trong khung cnh chung ca ton th gii,
c bit l khu vc Chu -Thi Bnh Dng, Chu Phi, mi trng Vit
Nam ca chng ta hin nay ang xung cp tng ngy,nguy c mt cn bng
sinh thi.C rt nhiu vn hin nay rt c quan tm l s cn kit cc
ngun ti nguyn, ph rng...lm nh hng ti cht lng cuc sng v s
pht trin bn vng ca t nc.
Hin nay vn nhim nc rt c quan tm.Trong qu trnh sinh
hot hng ngy, di tc pht trin nh hin nay con ngi v tnh lm
nhim ngun nc bng cc ha cht, cht thi t cc nh my, x nghip.
Cc n v c nhn s dng nc ngm di hnh thc khoan ging sau khi
ngng khng s dng khng bt kn cc l khoan li lm cho nc bn chy
ln vo lm nhim ngun nc ngm. Cc nh my x nghip x khi bi
cng nghip vo khng kh lm nhim khng kh, khi tri ma, cc cht
nhim ny s ln vo trong nc ma cng gp phn lm nhim ngun
nc.
Hm lng Pht pho tng trong nc cng l nguyn nhn gy nhim
nc.
Vic nghin cu, tm hiu pht pho tng ng vai tr quan trng v t
ta c th tm c bin php x l lm sch mi trng nc.
Xut pht t thc t , ni dung n chuyn ngnh ca em l: Phn
tch hm lng phot pho tng trong nc song m - x Ty Tu T
Lim H Ni. Em hy vng vi nhng kt qu thc nghim thu c s
cho thy r hn v tnh hnh nhim hin nay ca sng m.
GVHD: Nguyn Th Thoa
SVTH: Th Thoa
Page 4
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Page 8
vo mi trng nc.
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Cc ha cht ty ra v lm sch
Vic s dng pht pho trn ton th gii, mt loi phn bn quan trng
trong nng nghip hin i phn ln, mt nhm nh nghin cu cnh bo
rng kho d tr pht pho th gii s sm khan him v vic s dng qu mc
trong mt th gii cng nghip ha l nguyn nhn hng u s nhim ca
cc h, sng, sui nh hin nay.
2.7.NH HNG CA PHOTPHO TNG
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3.1.1.Khi nim
Phn tch trc quang l tn gi chung ca cc phng php phn tch
quang hc da trn s tng tc chn lc gia cht cn xc nh vi nng
lng bc x thuc vng t ngoi, kh kin hoc hng ngoi. Nguyn tc ca
phng php trc quang l da vo lng nh sng b hp thu bi cht hp
thu tnh hm lng ca cht hp thu.
3.1.2.Phn loi
Phng php hp th quang: phng php ny da trn vic o cng
dng nh sng b cht mu hp thu chn lc
Phng php pht quang: da trn vic o cng dng nh sng
pht ra bi cht pht quang khi ta chiu mt dng nh sng vo cht pht
quang.
Phng php o c: phng php ny da trn vic o cng
dng nh sng b hp thu hoc b khuch tn bi h keo c iu ch t cht
cn phn tch.
3.2.PHNG PHP PT QUANG PH HP TH UV-VIS
Page 18
It
10 bC
Io
Trong : C l nng ban u g/L, mg/L, mol/L, mmol/L
b l chiu dy ca cuvet (cm)
l h s hp th phn t gam.N c trng cho bn cht
It
Io
I0
gi l mt quang D hay hp th quang ca dung
It
A= lg
I0
= bC
It
Page 19
100
T (%)
50
0
0
A= lg
I0
= bC
It
T=
C,l 3
It
bC
= 10
Io
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22
S ng
0,1
0,2
. 10
15
dd ptch
1,4
X(mg/ml)
dd
Dd chun
0,9
Pha long
n th tch nh nhau
Lng thuc
th R
pH
pH c dy nh nhau
Lng mui
Nh nhau
b) Cch o.
Ngi ta em so snh mu ca dd phn tch vi mu ca dy dd
chun,dd phn tch c mu bng mu ca dd tiu chun no th hm lng
cht X bng chnh hm lng ca cht trong dd tiu chun. Nu mu ca
dd phn tch nm gia 2 dd mu tiu chun no th hm lng cht X c
tnh bng trung bnh cng hm lng X 2 dd mu tiu chun .Nu mun
chnh xc hn th s lp dy dd chun c nng chun bin thin trong
khong nng 2 dd mu m dd phn tch c mu nm gia.
c) u nhc im:
- u im:
+ C th s dng xc nh c cc dd m s hp th a/s
khng tun theo nh lut Lambert-Beer.
+ PP n gin,nhanh,khng phi cn my mc.
- Nhc im:
+ chnh xc khng cao.
+ dd chun khng bn mu do phi pha li thng xuyn.Vic la
chon mu phi tht chnh xc v rt cng phu.
Page 23
T X ( mg / ml )
V2 .T1
V1
c) u nhc im.
-u im:
+ Gii hn nng rng,ph thuc vo kh nng mt quan st.
+ S hp th nh sng khng tun theo L Lambert-Beer.Vic
xc nh nhanh v c th xc nh c nhiu mu.
- Nhc im:
+ Mc sai s do mt ngi quan st do c s khc nhau gia
cng mu ca dd 1 v dd 2.
+ Khng p dng cho mi phn ng to mu c.
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C4
C5
10
Mu
Vmu
C6
C10
Cx
Dung dch
Dd tiu chun
X (mg/ml)
Lng
thuc
th pH
Nh nhau trong c dy
nh mc
C (mg/ml)
A (D)
C1
A1
C2
A2
C3
A10
A3
Page 26
Ax
A
AX
Cx
C
(mg/ml)
u nhc im:
- u im:
+ ng chun c dng trong 1 thi gian di,khi dng c th
iu chnh li.
+ C th xc nh hng lot mu.
+ kt qu kh chnh xc.
- Nhc im:
+ S hp th nh sng phi tun theo L Lambert-Beer.
+ kq chnh xc ph thuc vo my.
+ i vi nhng mu c thnh phn phc tp th ng chun s
b sai s.
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A'X
(C tc - C0 )
A'tc
A'X
(C tc - C0 )
A'tc
Lu :
Phng php ny c dng nng cao chnh xc ca php
phn tch trong nhng trng hp sau:
Xc nh lng ln cc cht.
Loi tr nh hng cn tr ca tp cht l.
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Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng axit HNO3 6 M, ion PO43- phn ng vi thuc th Nitro
- Molipdic sinh ra phc mu vng Photpho - Molipdat H7[P(Mo2O7)6].
Lm mui kt ta ny trong 60 pht. Sau lc kt ta qua giy bng
xanh v ra kt ta bng dung dch NH4NO3 1% cho sch ht axit. Ri ra
kt ta bng mt lng d chnh xc (30-40 ml) dung dch NaOH 0,1M,
c thm 10 ml formalin ( trung ha n pH = 7) v ch th
phenolphtalein. Khuy cho tan ht. Sau chun lng d NaOH bng
dung dch HCl 0,02M. Ri t lng NaOH tiu tn ha tan kt ta
chng ta s tnh c hm lng ion PO43- trong mu.
PO43- + 12 MoO42- +27 H+
H7[P(Mo2O7)6] + 10H2O
Nguyn tc :
Trong mi trng m (NH3/ NH4) pH = 7-8, ion PO43- tc dng vi hn
hp (NH4Cl/MgCl2) s sinh ra kt ta tinh th MgNH4PO4. Lm mui kt
ta trong 60-70 pht, sau lc kt ta qua giy bng xanh v ra sch kt
ta bng dung dch (NH3/NH4NO3 1%, pH = 8). Sau nung kt ta
900oC n khi lng khng i v cn dng Mg2P2O7 ta s tnh c
hm lng PO43-. Nhng cc ion Ca (II), Mn(II), Pb(II).. c nh hng v
trong iu kin ny cc ion ny cng kt ta c mt phn c dng tng
t Mg(II).
Mg2+ + PO43- + NH3 + H+ MgNH4PO4.6 H2O
2MgNH4PO4.6 H2O Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + 7 H2O
Page 32
Cng thc:
% PO43-
= f
100
4.3. PHNG PHP TRC QUANG
Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng axit HNO3 6M, ion PO43- phn ng vi thuc th
Nitro - Molipdic sinh ra phc mu vng Photpho - Molipdat H7[P(Mo2O7)6].
Phc ny khi phn ng vi cht kh , v d SnCl 2 (hay axit Ascorbic) s to
ra phc mu xanh Molipden hp th quang cc i ti = 690 nm. o hp
th quang v bng phng php ng chun ta s xc nh c hm lng
ca PO43 Phc phn ng vi SnCl2
Gii hn o n 7 g P/L bng cch tng chiu dy cuvet
Nng thp nht c th pht hin c: Nng thp nhtc th
pht hin c khong 3 g P/L. nhy ti 0,3010 v thay i
0,009.
Khi o hp th quang:
Sau 10 pht, nhng trc 12 pht, dng thi gian gia cc ln nh
nhau trong tt c nhng ln xc nh, o mu ti 690 nmv so snh vi
mt Cuvet chun, s dng nc ct lm mu chun.
dy cuvet ph hp cho khong nng nh sau:
Khong nng P (mg/ml)
0,3 - 2
0,5
0,1 - 1
0,007 - 0,2
10
Page 33
arsenate,
fluoride,
thorium,
bishmuth,
sulfide,
0,3 - 2
0,5
0,15 - 1,3
0,01 - 0,25
Page 34
Yu t nh hng:
Arsenates (As V) phn ng vi molydate to mu xanh tng t nh
mu xanh to vi PO43-. Nng 0.1 mg As/L gy nh hng ti phng
php xc nh PO43Cr (VI) v NO 2-nh hng ti khong 3% nng thp hn 1
mg/L v nh hngkhong 10-15% khi nng 10 mg/L.
Na 2 S v silicate khng gy nhhng khi nng t 1 10
mg/l.
Ngoi ra ta c th tin hnh o quang s dng thuc th vanadat
molipdat to phc mu vng bn. phng php ny s c nghin cu k
hn ti phn thc nghim di y
1.2.1. Dng c
Pipet cc loi: 0,1 ;0,2 ; 0,5 ; 1 ; 2 ; 5 ;10 ; 25 (ml)
Bnh nh mc: 50 ; 100 ; 250 ; 500 (ml)
Bnh tam gic 250ml
GVHD: Nguyn Th Thoa
SVTH: Th Thoa
Page 35
1.2.2. Ha cht
1.2.2.1. Axit H2SO4 30%
Ha 30ml H2SO4 c vo khong 60ml nc ct sau nh mc n
vch 100ml
1.2.2.2. K2S2O8
Ha tan 5g K2S2O8 vo 100ml nc ct ( lm hng ngy )
1.2.2.3. Dung dch Vanadat Molipdat
Dung dch A: ha tan 12,5g amonimolipdat (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O trong
150ml nc ct
Dung dch B : ha tan 0,625g amonivanadat NH4VO3 trong 150ml
nc ct un si, ngui thm 175ml axit HCl c.
Sau trn dung dch B lm ngui n nhit phng vo dung
dch A ri nh mc ti vch 1 lt.
1.2.2.4. Dung dch HCl long (dd ra)
1.2.2.5. Dung dch ch th phenolphtalein
1.2.2.6.Than hot tnh
1.2.2.7. Dung dch chun PO43- ( 50mg PO43- - P/l )
Ha tan 219,5 mg KH2PO4 trong 1l nc ct
Page 36
1.3. LY MU BO QUN MU
1.4.1 Lc s b
Lc mu xc nh dng tan ca phopho hot ng, dng P c
th tan trongaxit, v tt c dng tan P c th lc qua mng 0,45 m. Mng
lc thy tinh c th cs dng lc s b vi nhng mu kh lc.
Ngm mng lc trong nc ct trc khi s dng loi b lng vt
P c thbm trn mng. S dng mt trong 2 k thut ra sau:(a) Ngm
50 b lc trong 2Lnc ct trong 24h; (b) ngm 50 b lc trong 2L
nc ct trong 1h, thay nc ct vngm tip trong 3h. Mng lc cng c
GVHD: Nguyn Th Thoa
SVTH: Th Thoa
Page 37
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590
600
D
2.2. KHO ST THI GIAN TI U
Page 39
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
D
2.3. KHO ST pH TI U
10
D
2.4. KHO ST LNG THUC TH
Page 40
12
15
5
Kho st nh trn
pH
Dd Vanadat-
Molipdat
nh mc
10
50 ml nh nhau trong tt c
D
2.5. KHO ST KHONG NNG TUYN TNH
0.5
10
12
15
0.5
10
12
15
Dung dch
Dd PO43- gc
(Vml)
Nng C
(mg/l)
Dd thuc th
Page 41
Nh nhau trong tt c
pH
nh mc
D
2.6. KHO ST ION CN TR
10
0.5
10
12
15
18
0.5
10
12
15
18
dch
PO43-gc
Vml
C (mg/l)
Thuc th
10ml trong tt c
Nh nhau trong tt c
pH
nh mc
Page 42
CHNG 3: O MU THC
3.1.PH MU
Ly 50ml mu, thm 0,5ml dung dch H2SO4 30% v 5ml dung dch K2S2O8,
un si nh t nht trong 90 pht, cho thm nc ct vo gi c 25-50ml
mu. ngui, nh mc thnh 50ml. Nu sau khi ph mu dung dch c mu
th dng than hot tnh hp ph: lc khong 50ml vi 200mg than hot tnh
trong bnh nn trong 5 pht v lc loi b than.
3.2.O MU
Page 43
KT LUN
Qua vic nghin cu ti: xc nh hm lng photpho tng trong
nc sng n ti Ty Tu- T Lim- H Ni, gip em c nhng hiu
bit v cch phn tch ch tiu ny v bit cch s dng my quang ph hp
th phn t UV-VIS ng thinh gi c mc nhim ca sng
m.
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