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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

TM HIU V LASER Nd:YAG


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Hu, thng 04 nm 2012

Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

MC LC
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A. M u B. Laser Nd:YAG 1. Cu to laser Nd:YAG 1.1. Mi trng hot cht 1.2. Bung cng hng 1.3. Ngun bm 2. c im tnh cht 2.1. Nguyn l hot ng 2.2. S hp th 2.3. S pht x 2.4. Cng sut 3. Lnh vc ng dng 3.1. Gia cng vt liu 3.2. Y hc 3.3. Qun s C. Kt lun D. Ti liu tham kho

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

A. M U
Nm 1954, Townes, cng vi James P. Gordon v Herbert Zigler ti i hc Columbia, ch to thnh cng my u tin to ra c siu sng khuch i bc x cng bc pht ra gi l Maser. Hai ngi X Vit, Nikolai Basov v Aleksander Prokhorov, cng nhn gii Nobel vt l nm 1964 vi Townes cho nghin cu tin phong ca h v cc nguyn l nn tng cho maser v laser. Nm 1958, Townes v ng s ca ng Arthur Schawlow xut bn tp ch khoa hc v ng k bng sng ch v cho rng "Maser quang hc" c th c s dng to ra tia hng ngoi v thm ch nh sng nhn thy c (nm 1981 Schawlow nhn gii Nobel vt l cho nghin cu ca ng v laser). Vic cng b cng trnh ca Schawlow v Townes kch thch mt n lc to ln nhm ch to mt h laser hot ng c. Tuy nhin ch vi thng trc , Gordon Gould, mt nghin cu sinh cng ang lm vic ti i hc Columbia, c lp a ra khi nim v bung quang hc. Gould ghi nhn kt qu v tnh ton ca ng vo trong ghi chp ca mnh, cho rng thit b ca ng l mt Laser. Da theo n bn ca Townes v Schawlow nm 1958, Theodore Maiman, lm vic ti trung tm nghin cu Hughes, to ra my laser u tin. ng cng b kt qu t c ny ti bui hp bo ti New York City vo thng 7 nm 1960. Laser Ruby ca Maiman pht ra cc xung nh sng kt hp cng mnh c bc sng 694 nm, trong mt chm hp c mc tp trung cao. n nm 1964, laser Nd:YAG mi c pht minh bi nh khoa hc J.E.Geusic ti phng th nghim Bell. Laser Nd: YAG l loi Laser rn s dng th pha l Yttrium Aluminum - Garnet c ph nguyn t him Neodymi ca v tri t lm mi trng hot cht

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

B. LASER Nd:YAG
1. Cu to ca Laser Nd:YAG 1.1. Mi trng hot cht Mi trng hot cht ca laser Nd: YAG l tinh th Yttrium Aluminium Garnet Y3Al5O12, trong mt s ion Y3+ c thay th bi ion Nd3+. Y3Al5O12 ng vai tr l cht nn, ion Nd3+ ng vai tr l tm hot cht pht ra laser. Dng Y3Al5O12 lm cht nn v ph hunh quang ca Y3Al5O12 cha vng bc sng ca Nd3+. Nng ion Nd3+
Hnh 1.1. Thanh Laser Nd: YAG hnh tr ch nht mt u ct nhn

pha vo chim khong 0.5% n 2%. Thng thng ngi ta ch to thanh Nd: YAG c ng knh khong t 3- 6mm v chiu di khong 5- 15cm. S ion Nd3+ trn mt n v khi lng l 1,38 1020/cm3. Thanh Nd: YAG c ch to vi nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: hnh tr trn, hnh tr ch nht, hoc hnh tr ch nht mt u c ct chp nhn. 1.2. Bung cng hng Bung cng hng ca laser Nd: YAG cng ging vi bung cng hng ca Laser Ruby v cc laser rn khc l bung cng hng quang hc. + Dng 1: Gm 2 gng phng 2 u: 1 gng lm nhim v phn x nh sng ton phn, cn gng kia va phn x mt phn (50%) nh sng truyn ti n, va cho mt phn nh sng truyn qua. Bung cng hng ny kh chnh sa. Bung cng hng ny gi l bung cng hng quang hc h (Fabri perot).
Hnh 1.2. Bung cng hng dng 1 3- Gng phn x ton phn Hnh 26: Bung cng hng dng 2 4- Gng phn x mt phn

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

+ Dng 2: Ngi ta mi nhn 2 u thanh Ruby v mt u ph bc lm gng phn x, mt u ph bc mng lm gng phn x mt phn (50%). Bung cng hng ny tin li nhng gng d b t nng trc tip bi bc x Laser v kh lm lnh. Bung cng hng ny gi l bung cng hng kn. Cc gng c b tr sao cho nh sng i lui, i ti nhiu ln lm tng kh nng c c pht x kch thch nhng m khng lm lch. Nn i hi hai gng phi rt song song vi nhau ti vi giy gc. ci thin cng sut ca bung cng hng ngi ta s dng ch iu bin phm cht bung cng hng. S dng c phng php ny v thi gian sng ca mc Laser trn kh di. Ngi ta dng van in- c, in- quang, t- quang v quang- ha ngt nh sng. Trong thi gian xung bm tc dng nu phm cht ca bung cng hng km (van ng) th to c hiu tch ly cao hn gi tr ngng nhng khng th pht ra Laser trc khi hot cht c bm y. Lc ny phm cht Q ca bung cng hng c gi tr nh nht (mt mt ln). Khi m van t ngt th phm cht Q ca bung cng hng tng ln t bin, cc nguyn t trng thi kch thch chuyn nhanh xung mc Laser di, hiu tch ly gim rt nhanh v cho thot ra mt nng lng pht ln di mt xung c thi gian rt ngn (10-7-10-9s), l mt xung cc ln vi cng sut rt cao (10-1000MW). 1.3. Ngun bm Ph hp th ca Nd3+ nm trong khong ln cn 0,7 m n 0,9 m nn n quang hc Krypton hoc Xenon v laser bn dn AlGaAs l ngun bm thch hp nht. Nu dng n quang hc bm th p sut bn trong n phi ph hp vi qu trnh pht laser. Vi n Xenon th p sut ca n khng 500 Torr n 1500 Torr, vi n Kryton th p sut n khong 4 atm n 6 atm. Khi s dng n Xenon bm th phi a thm ion Cr3+ vo mng tinh th Yttrium Aluminium Garnet lm cht nhy ha, v ion Cr3+ c di hp th trng vi ph bc x ca n Xenon. Vic ny ny ch tng c hiu qu bm khi laser hot ng ch lin tc. n Kryton c th s dng bm

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

c hai ch xung v lin tc. chnh lch cng sut bm lin tc v xung khong 3%, trung bnh nng lng pht ca n khong mt vi kW (1- 3 kW) Ngun bm th hai l dng laser bn dn bm. Nu bm dc v bm lin tc th dng n cng sut gn 15W, nu bm ngang v bm lin tc th dng cng sut trn 100W. Hiu sut bm bng laser bn dn cao hm n quang hc, c th hn 10%. 2. c im tnh cht 2.1. Nguyn l hot ng Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca Nd3+ l 4f3 . Hm lng ion Nd3+ rt t trong tinh th Yttrium Aluminium Garnet nn b qua tng tc ca cc ion Nd3+ vi nhau m n ch chu tc dng ca trng tinh th Y3Al5O12, di tc dng ca trng tinh th th ion Nd3+ c s cc mc nng lng trong Y3Al5O12 nh sau : + Mc 1 hay cn gi l mc c bn k hiu l 4 I 9 / 2 , trong mc c bn ny cng c nhiu mc con st nhau nn ta c th xem chng gn nh cng nm trong mt mc. Thi gian sng ca ht trn mc ny kh lu. + Mc 2 gm nhiu mc do hiu ng Stark (6 mc c hiu nng lng so vi mc c bn ko di t 2,001cm-1 n 2,526cm-1), nhng xc sut dch chuyn ca cc ht mc trn v 4 I11/ 2 ln nht v s suy bin ca cc mc con ging nhau nn ta b qua v ch v mc 4 I11/ 2 . Mc 4 I11/ 2 gn mc c bn nht v c hiu mc nng lng l 2000cm-1. Theo phn b Bolztmann th trong trng thi nhit phng mc nng lng 4 I11/ 2 hu nh trng rng.
Hnh 49: S tch mc nng lng ca v

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

+ Mc 3 l 4 F3/ 2 , to ra laser th phi to c s nghch o mt gia mc ny v mc 2. Mc 3 c th tch thnh 2 mc con vi hiu mc nng lng l 11,502 cm1

v 11,414 cm-1. Thi gian sng ca ht y khong 5,5.10-4 s

+ Mc 4 gm hai di rng : * Di th nht l 4 S3/ 2 , 4 F7 / 2 * Di th hai l 4 F5 / 2 , 2 H 9 / 2 Hai trng thi ny khng bn, thi gian sng ngn li rt gn vi mc 3 nn ht d dng dch chuyn khng bc x xung mc 3. 2.2. S hp th Ph hp th ca Laser Nd: YAG rt rng gm c 7 bc sng chnh phn b thnh 3 vng ch yu nm trong vng hng ngoi : + Vng A: do cc mc con di 4 S3/ 2 , 4 F7 / 2 chuyn v nm ln cn bc sng 0,75 m + Vng B: do cc mc con 4 F5 / 2 , 2 H 9 / 2 chuyn v nm vng ln cn 0,8 m + Vng C: do cc mc 4F3/2 chuyn v nm trong vng ln cn 0,9 m .

S 4 mc nng lng ca laser Nd :YAG

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

Laser Nd: YAG hot ng theo s 4 mc nng lng, cc mc c phn thnh nh cc mc nng lng ca ion Nd3+, mc 1 ng vai tr l mc c bn, mc 2 l mc laser di, mc 3 l mc laser trn, mc 4 l mc kch thch. Qu trnh nghch o mt i c tr thc hin theo c ch sau: + Nh vo qu trnh bm, ta s bm hai bc sng chnh l 730 nm v 800 nm cc ht t mc c bn nhy ln mc 4. + Sau v thi gian sng ca in t trn mc ny b, v mc 3 st vi mc 4 nn cc ht dch chuyn khng bc x v mc 3. + Ti mc 3 thi gian sng mc 3 ln hn mc 4 nn ht li mc 3 mt thi gian ri mi dch chuyn v mc 2, vy N3>N2 ta c c s nghch o mt c tr. Ht mc 3 trng thi siu bn vi thi gian sng c 230 s . + Tip tc bm th ht tp trung mc 3 nhiu hn, khi cc ht ny mt nng lng (tc truyn nng lng cho mng tinh th) th ht nhy t mc 3 v cc mc con ca mc 2 vi hiu sut gn bng 100% v pht ra laser. Trong th dch chuyn t
4

F3/ 2 v 4 I11/ 2 mnh nht pht ra bc sng 1,064 m , bc sng ny c s dng

rt nhiu khi a Laser Nd: YAG vo ng dng trong cuc sng. 2.3. S pht x 3000K ph pht x ca Laser Nd: YAG gm di rng c 7 vch r nht trong c hai vch sng nht ng vi bc sng 1,0615 m v 1,0642 m . Tt c c 18 vch c trnh by bng sau :

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

Chuyn dch
4

Bc sng vch pht x ( m) 0,8910 0,8999 0,9385 0,9460

Cng tng i % 25

F3/ 2 v 4 I 9 / 2

F3/ 2 v 4 I11/ 2

1,0521 1,0615 1,0624 1,0737 1,1119 1,1158 1,1225

60

F3/ 2 v 4 I13/ 2

1,3184 1,3334 1,3351 1,3381 1,3533 1,3572

14

F3/ 2 v 4 I13/ 2

1,833

Bng 2.3. S dch chuyn v bc sng ca 18 vch ph pht x Laser Nd : YAG

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

Khi nhit thay i th bc sng ca Laser Nd: YAG pht ra cng thay i theo. nhit phng th bc sng Laser Nd: YAG pht ra bc sng 1,0642 m . nhng nhit khc cn xut hin cc bc sng khc nh: 0,914 m v 1,35 m . Laser Nd: YAG c th pht hai ch xung v lin tc ty vo tn s bm. Nu ta bm vi tn s nh th Laser Nd: YAG pht ch xung, cn tn s ln hn th n pht ch lin tc. Khi ta s dng phng php bin iu phm cht bung cng hng v kha mode th Laser Nd: YAG c th pht ra xung laser ngn. 2.4. Cng sut Laser Nd: YAG c cc ch lm vic lin tc xung n xung chui xung cc ngn (c 5ps). N c th pht lin tc ti 100W hoc pht xung vi tn s 100010.000Hz Cng sut ca laser Nd: YAG ln hn laser Ruby rt nhiu ln khi thanh hot cht cng chiu di. V d nhit phng, vi thanh hot cht di 3cm th laser Nd: YAG c cng sut l 360W cn laser Ruby c 200W. 3. Lnh vc ng dng 3.1. Gia cng vt liu s dng gia cng vt liu, laser phi c nng lng, c cng ln v tp trung vo mt im. Ngi ta thng dng cc laser rn Nd-YAG gia cng vt liu: ct, khc vt liu, khoan, hn kim loi V d, mt laser Nd:YAG, sau qu trnh nhn tn, phng ra tia sng xanh ti bc sng 523 nm vi cng sut 10 W c kh nng, t n cng sng hng triu Watt trn mt centimet vung. Trong thc t, th s tp trung hon ton ca tia laser trong gii hn nhiu x l rt kh. Ngi ta s dng Laser Nd:YAG. u im ca laser ny l: Thao tc vi cc chi tit nh trn nhng phn vt liu nh. Ct tt cc vt liu c h s phn x cao, nh hp kim ca ng hay hp kim ca bc.

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

Laser Nd:YAG cng c s dng trong sn xut cho khc, khc axit, hoc nh du mt lot cc kim loi v nha. Chng c s dng rng ri trong sn xut ct v hn thp, cht bn dn v cc hp kim khc nhau. i vi cc ng dng t (ct v hn thp) cc cp in thng l 1-5 kW. Khoan hp kim (cho cc b phn tua bin kh) thng s dng xung Nd: YAG. Nd: YAG laser c s dng nh du di b mt cht liu trong sut nh thy tinh hoc knh acrylic. Laser ln n 400 W c s dng cho vic lm tan chy chn lc cc kim loi trong sn xut ph gia lp. 3.2. Y hc + V nhng tnh cht c bit nn tia laser Nd:YAG c dng lm dao m khng chy mu, an ton v a nng, c bit hu hiu trong m ni soi. + Laser Nd:YAG cn dng iu tr mch mu xanh v mc nng lng cao. + Laser Nd: YAG c bit c s dng trong iu tr mch mu chn tt c cc loi da. + Dng quang ng mch (trong ngoi khoa da liu).iu tr cc tn thng mch mu, cc tn thng sc t da. 3.3 Qun s Tia laser rn Nd:YAG cn c dng lm v kh, tuy cha c ph bin. c chia lm 2 loi: + V kh laser cng sut thp lm lo mt i phng. + V kh laser nng lng cao dng chm tia laser cc mnh chiu n mt im trn mc tiu, dng li mt thi gian ngn vt liu chy ra hoc kh ho. Chm tia laser mnh c th ph hu ng in, gy chy thng nguyn liu trong my bay, gy n n o. Ngoi ra, laser cn c lp t trn v tinh c th bn h tn la n o v v tinh i phng.

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

C. KT LUN
Laser c vai tr rt quan trng trong cuc sng ca con ngi, n c mt trong tt c cc lnh vc. S ra i ca laser gp phn lm bng n cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut hin i. Xt tt c cc thnh t ca khoa hc th k 20 th laser l mt trong hai thnh tu quan trng nht ca th k. k. Laser rn l loi laser u tin c ch to khi ngun cho cc loi laser khc pht trin. Laser rn c nhiu loi, mi loi c mt c im ring v c ng dng ph hp vi c im ca n. Laser Nd: YAG c vai tr quan trng nht trong cuc s ca con ngi. Trong cc loi laser rn th n c s dng nhiu nht. Tuy nhin, laser Nd YAG c nhng u nhc im sau u im + Laser Nd: YAG c dn nhit cao cho php pht nhiu ch c xung v lin tc, c th to xung laser ngn (5ps) bng phng php bin iu phm cht bung cng hng + Hiu sut kh cao c 5% phn trm. + C ngng bm b hn laser Ruby v n hot ng theo s 4 mc nng lng. + Cng sut ca laser Nd:YAG ln hn laser Ruby rt nhiu ln + H s khuch i ca laser Nd: YAG ln hn laser Ruby 75 ln nn laser Nd: YAG c s dng nhiu hn laser Ruby. + Laser pht ra tia hng ngoi c bc sng 1064 nm, c hp thu ti thiu bi hu ht cc chromophores ca m nn c ng dng nhiu trong y hc. Nhc im + So vi cc loi laser khc th hiu sut ca Laser Nd: YAG vn cha cao. + Ph pht x rng vi nhiu bc sng, do n sc ca Laser Nd: YAG khng cao.

Laser Nd:YAG

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Tiu lun Quang phi tuyn v Vt l Laser

D. TI LIU THAM KHO


1. inh Vn Hong- Trnh nh Chin, Vt l laser v ng dng (2003), NXB i hc quc gia H Ni. 2. Nguyn Xun Chnh - L Bng Sng, Vt l vi khoa hc v cng ngh hin i (2003), Nh xut bn gio dc. 3. Trn c Hn, C s k thut laser (2005), Nh xut bn gio dc. 4. Nguyn Th Bnh, K thut laser (2004), NXB i hc quc gia H Ni. 5. Ngy Hu Tm, Nhng ng dng mi nht ca laser (2005), NXB khoa hc k thut H Ni. 6. H Quang Qu, Laser bc sng thay i v ng dng (2005), NXB i hc quc gia H Ni. 7. Mng Internet.

Laser Nd:YAG

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