RFiD Chapter2 04052012

RFiD TECHNOLOGY
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ICT, KM and Asset Management Group Phone : 03 5544 5742 Fax : 03 5544 5747 Email ID : sahar@sirim.my skype ID : shamzah
History of RFiD
Decade Events
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s
Radar refined and used. Major World War II development effort. RFID invented in 1948. Early explorations of RFID technology, laboratory experiments. Development of the theory of RFID. Start of application field trials. Explosion of RFID developmental work for electronic article surveillance (EAS) to counter theft, improve animal tracking, vehicle tracking and factory automation Tests of RFID accelerate. Very early adopter implementations of RFID. Commercial applications of RFID enter mainstream. Emergence of standards. RFID, such as electronic toll collection, deployed throughout the U.S. RFID becomes part of everyday life with a single tag capable of handling multiple applications such as electronic toll collection, parking lot access and fare collection, gated community access, and campus access. Development and implementation of RFID for supply chain management, healthcare/pharmaceuticals, library information systems Major retailers mandates to suppliers to implement pallet and case level tagging by January 2005 spark rapid RFID research and development
1980s 1990s
Early 2000s 2003-Present

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Radio Frequency iDentification

RFiD technology is a means of identifying a unique object or a person using a radio frequency transmission. RFiD tags can be programmed to receive, store and transmit information such as serial number, place of assembly or personal information such as healthcare records.
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RFiD Components
Three Basic Components A transceiver (with decoder), commonly refer as RFID Reader. Antenna A transponder, commonly refer as RFID label or Tag
Reader Antenna Label / Tag
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RFiD Tag
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RFiD Tags
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RFiD Antennas
Antenna Characteristics
Transmits and receives RF signals Typically made of copper or aluminum, new technologies for printed antennas Stationary or handheld Weather-proof or industrialized Fixed or tunable
Micro-chip, contains Unique ID Code (UID), memory Antenna, copper or aluminum , wound or etched
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RFiD Reader
Readers are radio frequency devices that
Transmit and Receive RF signals Contain a control unit to execute commands Incorporate an interface to transfer data Receives commands from a Host computer Responds to software commands from Host
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Why RFiD?
Easy Tracking System
Simplifies the process flow and easy data capture in short time period
Write Capability
Useful info stored in tags eg. Name, serial number, location
Inventory management & Asset Tracking

Assets movement can be monitored electronically
Maintenance
Maintenance update done electronically
Auditing
Authenticate the process
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Benefits of RFiD
Operational
No Line of Sight Easy & Fast Data Capture Ability to scan thru multiple tags at one go Easy Implementation, Data Collection
Physical Form Factor
Tags will work even if submerged in water No deterioration by age Operating temp -15 to 75 C Unique id to prevent duplication Store information on transponders Tamper proof labels/ resistant stickers Unique customer code for security applications EEPROM Industry standards (100,000 read/ write cycle) Information on tags can be encrypted
Security and Data
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HF 13.56 MHz RFiD Tag Specification

Power requirements: SD connection from PDA 3.3V Housing: Secure Digital Input Output Baud rate: 115,000 bps 8,N,1 No Flow Control Data Structure: STX, DATA, CR, LF Frequency: 13.56 KHz. ASK Power: 50mW Read Distance: 6 cm maximum Technical Certificates: CE Regulatory: FCC Part 15 Dimensions: L 66.5 mm X W 29.3 mm X H 6 mm Weight: 6.0 g. Operating Temperature: -20 to 40 Storage Temperature: -30 to 70 Humidity: 90 % relative Multi-Detection : Yes Antenna Compatibility : Built in Antenna Connection : Non required Transponder Compatibility : ISO 14443 A&B, ISO 15693, ISO18000-3, INSIDE PicoTag, HID iClass, Tagsys C320, MIFARE, FeliCa, KSW TempSens, KSW Variosens
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RFiD LF

Characteristics (125KHz 135KHz)
Penetrates most materials well Could be affected by electrical noise Relatively low data transfer rate (200msec for read command) Non-simultaneous reads (reads one tag at a time) Tags can easily be embedded in any non-metallic product (labels, plastic, etc) Read range variable: near contact up to 1 meter Optimal reading depends on tag and antenna orientation Frequency is usable worldwide (no restrictions) Standards being finalized: ISO 18000-2 Relatively high cost (Transponders: $2.00 - $17.00 ) Memory limited to 64 2 kbits
Common Applications:
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Animal Identification (ISO 11784 & 11785 Standards) Access Control Automotive Security (Ford, Chrysler, Honda etc.) Wireless Commerce (Esso, Mobil, McDonalds)
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RFiD HF

Characteristics (13.56MHz)
Penetrates most materials well Less effective frequency in the presence of metal and water Not susceptible to electrical noise Higher data transfer rate (20m sec for read command) Simultaneous reads, 50 tags per second (Anti-collision) Tags can easily be embedded in any non-metallic product (labels, plastic, etc) Read Range variable: proximity to 1.5 meters Optimal reading depends on tag and antenna orientation Ultra-thin inlays and smart labels (0.13) Larger memory (2048 bits; 256 ASCII characters) Frequency is usable worldwide (no restrictions) Global Standard: ISO 15693, 14443, 10536 Standards being finalized: EPC and ISO 18000-3 Low cost, flexible inlays: $0.40 - $0.90 Common Applications: - Access Control - Wireless Commerce (Shell, Visa, MC, Amex) - Ticketing - Marketing and Loyalty programs
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RFiD UHF

Characteristics (860MHz 956MHz)
Does NOT penetrate most materials well Not an effective frequency in the presence of metal and water Not susceptible to electrical noise Higher data transfer rate (2m sec for read command) Simultaneous reads, 150 tags per second (Anti-collision) Tags can easily be embedded in any non-metallic product (labels, plastic, etc.) Read Range variable: up to 10 meters. Optimal reading depends on tag and antenna orientation Ultra-thin inlays and smart labels (0.13) 915MHz not available globally; different frequencies for North America, Europe and Asia Standards being finalized: EPC and ISO 18000-6 Low cost, flexible inlays: $0.40 - $0.90 CDN
Common Applications - Distribution and Logistics - Baggage Tracking

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RFiD Manufacturer Codes (ISO 15963)

Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code
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"01": "Motorola" "02": "ST Microelectronics" "03": "Hitachi" "04": "Philips Semiconductors" "05": "Siemens AG" "06": "Cylinc" "07": "Texas Instruments" "08": "Fujitsu Limited" "09": "Matsushita Electric Industrial" "0A": "NEC" "0B": "Oki Electric" "0C": "Toshiba" "0D": "Mitsubishi Electric" "0E": "Samsung Electronics" "0F": "Hyundai Electronics" "10": "LG Semiconductors" "16": "EMarin Microelectronic"
RFiD Tags
Tag Types
Active tags battery powered, long read range, toll tags Passive tags low-cost, no battery required, medium read range Chipless tags ultra-low-cost, no battery required, short read range
Tag Packaging Formats

Weather-proof or environment-proof enclosure Pressure Sensitive Label Card Embedded in packaging or product
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Comparison Active and Passive Tags

i) Passive Tags use the reader field as a source of energy for the chip and for the communication from and to the reader. The available power from the reader field, not only reduces very rapidly with distance, but is also controlled by strict regulations, resulting in a limited communication distance of 4-5 m when using UHF frequency band. ii) Semi-Passive (battery assisted backscatter) tags have built in batteries and therefore do not require energy from the reader filed to power the chip. This allows them to function with much lower signal power levels, resulting in greater distances of up to 100 meters. Distance is limited mainly due to the fact that tag does not have an integrated transmitter, and is still obliged to use the reader field to communicate back to the reader iii) Active Tags are battery powered devices that have an active transmitter on board. Unlike passive tags, active tags generate RF energy and apply it to antenna. This enables it to communicate at distances of over several kilometers.
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Passive vs Active
Advantages Passive Longer life time Wider range of form factors Tags are more mechanically flexible Lowest cost Greater communication distance Can be used to manage other devices likes sensors (temperature, pressure, etc) Do not fall under the same strict power regulations imposed on passive devices Disadvantages Distance limited to 4-5 m (UHF) Strictly controlled by local regulations Remarks Most widely used in RFiD applications Tags are LF, HF or UHF
SemiPassive
Active
Expensive due to battery, and tag packaging Reliability impossible to determine whether a battery is good or bad, particularly in multiple transponder environments Widespread proliferation of active transponders presents an environmental hazard from potentially toxic chemicals in batteries
Used mainly in realtime systems to track high value materials or equipment throughout a factory Tags are UHF Used in logistics for tracking of containers on trains, trucks, etc. Tags are UHF or microware
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RFiD Tags Class

Class 0 Class 1 Read Only (Factory programmed). Read Only tags have information stored on them during the manufacturing process. The information on such chips can never be changed. Write Once read Many (WORM). Factory or User programmed. These tags have a serial number written to it once and then that information can not be overwritten later. Tags of this type usually act as simple identifiers. This is the most flexible type of tag, where users have access to read and write data into tags memory. Read-Write tags usually have a serial number that can not be written over. Additional blocks of data can be used to store additional information about the items the tag is attached to (these can usually be locked to prevent overwriting of data). These tags contain on-board sensors for recording parameters like temperature, pressure, and motion, which can be recorded by writing into the tags memory. As sensor, reading must be taken in the absence of a reader, the tags are either semi-passive or active These are like miniature radio devices which can communicate with other tags and devices without the presence of a reader. They are completely active with their own battery power source.
Class 2 -
Class 3 -
Class 4 -
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RFiD Chip Generations

Features Frequency Memory Field Programmability Reprogrammability Generation 1 860 930 MHz 64 or 96 bits Yes Generation 2 860 960 MHz 96 256 bits Yes
Class 0 read only NA Class 1 write once / read many NA Faster and more reliable reads than Generation 1. Better compliance with other global standards
Other Features
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How RFiD Tag Communicate

When the reader is switched on, it starts emitting a signal at the selected frequency band. Any corresponding tag in the vicinity of the reader will detect the signal and use the energy from it to wake up and supply operating power to its internal circuits. Once the tag has decoded the signal as valid, it replies to the reader, and indicates its presence by modulating (affecting) the reader field. In order to receive energy and communicate with a reader, tags use the following two methods: Near field which employs inductive coupling of the tag to the magnetic field circulating around the reader antenna. It is used by RFID systems operating in the LF and HF frequency bands. Far field which uses similar techniques to radar (backscatter reflection) by coupling with the electric field. It is for longer read range in UHF and microwave frequency bands.
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Near field which employs inductive coupling of the tag to the magnetic field circulating around the reader antenna. Far field which uses similar techniques to radar (backscatter reflection) by coupling with the electric field.
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The typical handshake of a tag and reader is as follows; The reader continuously generates an RF carrier sine wave, always watching for modulation to occur. Detected modulation of the field indicates the presence of a tag. When a tag enters the RF field generated by the reader, once the tag has received sufficient energy to operate correctly, it begin clocking its data against an output transistor, which is normally connected across coil inputs. The tags output transistor shunt the coil, in a way which corresponds to the data stored in the memory array. Shunting the coil causes a momentary fluctuation (dampening) of the carrier wave, which is seen as a slight change in amplitude or frequency of the carrier The reader peak-detects the amplitude-modulated data and processes the resulting bitstream according to the encoding and data modulation method used.
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RFiD Communication Procedures

HDX
Energy Transfer Down Link Up Link
Reader to Tag Tag to Reader
FDX
SEQ
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Data Modulation
A modulation is a periodic fluctuation in the amplitude of radio frequency carrier sine wave, which is used to transmit data back from the tag to the reader. Data are transferred to the host by amplitude-modulating the carrier. For passive RFiD tags, its called backscatter modulation. FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) This form of modulation uses two different frequencies for data transfer; the most common FSK mode is Fc/8/10. In other words, a 0 is transmitted as an amplitudemodulated clock cycle with period corresponding to the carrier frequency divided by 8, and a 1 is transmitted as an amplitude-modulated clock cycle period corresponding to the carrier frequency divided by 10. The amplitude modulation of the carrier thus switches from Fc/8 to Fc/10 corresponding to 0's and 1's in the bitstream, and the reader has only to count cycles between the peak-detected clock edges to decode the data. FSK allows for a simple reader design, provides very strong noise immunity, but suffers from a lower data rate than some other forms of data modulation. FSK data modulation is used with NRZ encoding.
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Data Modulation
PSK (Phase Shift Keying) This method of data modulation is similar to FSK, except only one frequency is used, and the shift between 1's and 0's is accomplished by shifting the phase of the backscatter clock by 180 degrees. Two common types of PSK are: Change phase at any 0, or Change phase at any data change (0 to 1 or 1 to 0). PSK provides fairly good noise immunity, a moderately simple reader design, and a faster data rate than FSK. Typical applications utilize a backscatter clock of Fc/2,
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Typical Reader Block Diagram
Pulse shaper, Phase comparator
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Data Encoding
Data encoding refers to processing or altering the data bitstream in between the time it is retrieved from the RFiD chips data array and its transmission back to the reader. The various encoding algorithms affect error recovery, cost of implementation, bandwidth, synchronization capability, and other aspects of the system design. The most used methods are; - NRZ (non-return to zero) Direct - Differential Biphase - Biphase L (Manchester) There are three implementation issues that may impact technical performance of RFiD systems; - Collision - Transmission - Site Survey
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Encoding Methods
Noise, interference and distortion can all corrupt transmitted data, making error free data recovery difficult to achieve. This is compounded by the fact that data communication processes are asynchronous or unsynchronized, so care must be taken with the form in which the data is communicated. Channel encoding schemes include the following: >> NRZ >> Manchester >> FM >> Miller (Modified FM or MFM) >> Modified Miller
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Encoding Schemes
NRZ A binary 1 is represented by a high signal and a binary 0 by a low signal. This coding scheme is often used with FSK or PSK modulation. A binary 1 is represented by a negative transition half-way through the clock cycle and binary 0 is represented by a positive transition. This coding scheme is often used in RFiD system employing load modulation using a sub-carrier. A binary 1 is coded by a transition of any type, a binary 0 is coded by lack of transition. A binary 1 is represented by a transition of any type of half-bit period, a binary 0 is represented by the continued level of the previous 1 over the next bit period. A series of zeros causes a transition at the start of the next bit period. Miller is sometimes referred to as Modified FM or MFM coding.
Manchester (or bi-phase) FM Miller
Modified Miller Each transition is replaced by a negative pulse. This coding scheme is very useful for inductively coupled RFiD systems due to the very short pulse durations. By having tpulse < Tbit, a continuous power supply can be provided to the transponder from the HF field of the reader even during data transfer.
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Encoding Schemes
There are three main considerations involved with coding schemes: >> the signal spectrum, >> susceptibility to interference (transmission errors), and >> power supply interruption.
The spread of the signal spectrum differs with the coding method.
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Non-Return to Zero Encoding

Non-return to zero encoding is commonly used in slow speed communications interfaces for both synchronous and asynchronous transmission. Using NRZ, a logic 1 bit is sent as a high value and a logic 0 bit is sent as a low value. A problem arises when using NRZ to encode a synchronous link which may have long runs of consecutive bits with the same value. The figure below illustrates the problem that would arise if NRZ encoding were used with a DPLL recovered clock signal there is no control over the number of 1's or 0's which may sent consecutively. There could potentially be thousands of 1's or 0's in sequence. If the encoded data contains long 'runs' of logic 1's or 0's, this does not result in any bit transitions. The lack of transitions prevents the receiver DPLL from reliably regenerating the clock making it impossible to detect the boundaries of the received bits at the receiver.
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Manchester Encoding
Manchester encoding (first published in 1949) is a synchronous clock encoding technique used by the physical layer to encode the clock and data of a synchronous bit stream. In this technique, the actual binary data to be transmitted over the cable are not sent as a sequence of logic 1's and 0's (known technically as Non Return to Zero (NRZ)). Instead, the bits are translated into a slightly different format that has a number of advantages over using straight binary encoding. A Manchester encoded signal contains frequent level transitions which allow the receiver to extract the clock signal using a Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL) and correctly decode the value and timing of each bit. To allow reliable operation using a DPLL, the transmitted bit stream must contain a high density of bit transitions. Manchester encoding ensures this, allowing the receiving DPLL to correctly extract the clock signal. The penalty for introducing frequent transitions, is that the Manchester coded signal consumes more bandwidth than the original signal. Manchester encoding follows the rules shown below: Original Data Logic 0 Logic 1
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Value Sent 0 to 1 (upward transition at bit centre) 1 to 0 (downward transition at bit centre)
Manchester Encoding
The waveform for a Manchester encoded bit stream carrying the sequence of bits 110100.
Example of Manchester Encoding
The pattern of bits 1 1 0 1 0 0 is encodes to: 1 10 1 10 0 01 1 10 0 01 0 01 Result = 10 10 01 10 01 01"
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RFiD vs Barcode
Barcode / UPC Data Capacity Flexibility Efficiency Dependability Cost Standards
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RFID / Auto-ID
Limited data can be stored Significantly higher data capacity and memory Static Information Ability to read one tag at one time Labels susceptible to damage Chip Stable Potential for read/write capability (allows tags to be reusable) Ability to read multiple tags simultaneously (without line of sight) Tags less susceptible to damage High Manageable
Factors Affecting Operating Range

Transponder/Tag Orientation Overlapping of Tags - Transponders touching Amount and Direction of Data Transfer (R/O or R/W) Transmitting Power (power of the reader) and the reader Size and Shape of the Antennas (transponder and reader) Readers / Antennas near each other Environment (ambient noise, intrinsic noise, cabling, surrounding metal, DC Motors etc.) Metal Transponder (chip specifications) Frequency which may be limited by regulations (FCC in North America) and standards (ISO)
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Factors Affecting Communication Time

Reader Reading and Writing Rate Tag Response Time Data Capacity Velocity of the Tag Operating Range Number of Tags
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Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is the output power when a signal is concentrated into a smaller area by the Antenna. An isotropic radiator radiates power equally in all directions, however a perfect isotropic radiator is only theoretical as even the simplest antennas will concentrate the signal in certain direction(s). E.g. a 1/2 wave dipole has a gain of 2.15 dBi. The EIRP is calculated using this formula: EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Pout = transmitter power output (dBm) Ct = signal loss in cable (dB) Gt = gain of the antenna (dBi) Pout - Ct + Gt = EIRP When installing a wireless system with external antenna, your EIRP calculation should not exceed the class license limit. Other wise you must adjust either the transmitter power output, the length of cable and/or the choice of antenna.
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How to calculate EIRP?

Convert mW to dBm: PdBm = 10 Log PmW = 10 Log (100) = 10 * 2 = 20 dBm EIRP = Power Transmitted Power loss + Antenna Power gain = 20 3 - 6 EIRP = 23dBm
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Antenna Gain 6 dBi
Cable Loss 3 dB
Reader 100 mW
Antenna Polarization
Antenna polarization is a very important consideration when choosing and installing an antenna. Most systems use either vertical, horizontal or circular polarization. Knowing the difference between polarizations and how to maximize their benefit is very important to users.
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Polarization
An antenna is a transducer that converts radio frequency electric current to electromagnetic waves that are then radiated into space. The electric field plane determines the polarization or orientation of the radio wave. In general, most antennas radiate either linear or circular polarization. A linear polarized antenna radiates wholly in one plane containing the direction of propagation. An antenna is said to be vertically polarized (linear) when its electric field is perpendicular to the Earth's surface. An example of a vertical antenna is a broadcast tower for AM radio or the "whip" antenna on an automobile. Horizontally polarized (linear) antennas have their electric field parallel to the Earth's surface. Television transmissions use horizontal polarization. Circular polarized wave radiates energy in both the horizontal and vertical planes and all planes in between.
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RFID System Considerations

Country Specific Regulations
Varies from country to country
Frequency Allocations
Some ISM frequencies are unavailable in some region
Power Regulations Interference Tag Type

Passive Semi-active Active
Read distance requirements

Long read range Short read range
ISO Standards
Proprietary or Standards-Based
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RFiD Reader Design
LCD RFiD Transceiver Communications

ISO 15693 ISO 18000
PC
RS232 USB Ethernet WiFi IR RS485 Optic
Micro Controller
Keypad
125 KHz 13.56 MHz 433 MHz 900 + MHz 2.45 GHz
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RFiD Reader Design

RFiD Reader / Scanner Micro-Controller Transceiver Tag
Communications
MicroController
RF Transceiver
Antenna Matching Circuit
RFIC
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TECHNICAL
PRESENTATION - TF0106C296
RFiD System Design

Reader Antenna Transponder
Control Module
Serial Transmission
RF Module
PDA
Application Software
PC
Synchronization
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RFiD Building Block

A p p l i c a t i o n s Presentation Layer
BACK END SYSTEMS / DATABASE LAYER
Integration Layer M DATA Filtering i d d l e w a r e Application Level Events Process Layer RFiD Network Layer S c a n n e r / R e a d Speed e r Cost Physical Device Layer Air Interface Protocols
DATA Integration
DEVICE Management
Memory
Standards
Tag Type
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SIRIM Training Services Sdn. Bhd. Phone : 03 5544 6228 Fax : 03 5544 5969 Email ID : sahar@sirim.my skype ID : shamzah
RFiD Evolution
Local RFiD Network
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RFiD Evolution
Common RFiD Network
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RFiD Evolution
Global RFiD Network
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RFiD Chapter2 04052012

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RFiD TECHNOLOGY

1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s

Early 2000s 2003-Present

Radio Frequency iDentification

Inventory management & Asset Tracking

Physical Form Factor

Security and Data

HF 13.56 MHz RFiD Tag Specification

Characteristics (125KHz 135KHz)

Characteristics (860MHz 956MHz)

Common Applications - Distribution and Logistics - Baggage Tracking

RFiD Manufacturer Codes (ISO 15963)

Tag Packaging Formats

Comparison Active and Passive Tags

RFiD Tags Class

RFiD Chip Generations

How RFiD Tag Communicate

How RFiD Tag Communicate

How RFiD Tag Communicate

How RFiD Tag Communicate

How RFiD Tag Communicate

RFiD Communication Procedures

Typical Reader Block Diagram

Pulse shaper, Phase comparator

Manchester (or bi-phase) FM Miller

Non-Return to Zero Encoding

Example of Manchester Encoding

The pattern of bits 1 1 0 1 0 0 is encodes to: 1 10 1 10 0 01 1 10 0 01 0 01 Result = 10 10 01 10 01 01"

Factors Affecting Operating Range

Factors Affecting Communication Time

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

How to calculate EIRP?

Antenna Gain 6 dBi

RFID System Considerations

Power Regulations Interference Tag Type

Read distance requirements

RFiD Reader Design

LCD RFiD Transceiver Communications

RFiD Reader Design

Antenna Matching Circuit

RFiD System Design

RFiD Building Block

BACK END SYSTEMS / DATABASE LAYER

Local RFiD Network

Common RFiD Network

Global RFiD Network

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