CHNG I: TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU

1.1.Gii thiu v ru Rum:

Rum l loi ru c nng cao v c mi thm gy n tng mnh nht. Mi
thm va c trng cho nguyn liu u, va l tp hp nhng este thm t nhng acid
hu c nh acid axetic, acid butilic, acid caproic, acid valeric, acid heptylic
Rum c thu nhn bng cch chng ct dch ln men t dch ng ma hoc mt
ng ma.
Lch s ca ru rum bt u cng vi cc cuc phiu lu xm chim thuc a ca
quc Ty ban nha,ti vng o West Indies (tc vng bin Caribbean, nm gia Trung
v Bc M). Nguyn nhn: ma l loi nng sn u tin h khm ph ra vng ny.
Gii ung rum u tin l cc nh phiu lu mo him, nht l hi tc. V th, thi
ngi ta thng gi ru rum l ru ca hi tc. V sau rum tr thnh thc ung
ph bin trn th gii.
1.2. Nguyn liu sn xut rum:
Rum thng c sn xut t mt r ng ma.
Mt r ng ma : l mt hn hp kh phc tp cha ng nhiu ng khng kt
tinh, cha cc hp cht Nit, vitamin, cc hp cht v c, cht kch thch sinh trng, cht
km hm s sinh trng ca vi sinh vt ( SO
2
, hydro oxymethylfurfurol), vi sinh vt tp
nhim
Mt r ng c mu nu sm, mu ny rt kh b ph hu trong qu trnh ln men.
Mubm vo sinh khi v sn phm do vic tch mu kh khn v tn km. Tuy nhin
y li l mi trng giu ngun Cacbon, cung cp ngun dinh dng cho vi sinh vt pht
trin v l loi nguyn liu r tin v d kim.
1.2.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca mt r ng ma:
Cht kh (%khi lng mt r) 80-85
ng tng (%khi lng cht kh) 48-56
Cht hu c khc (%khi lng cht kh) 9-12
Sucrose (%khi lng cht kh) 32-45
Glucose (%khi lng cht kh) 5-11
Frutose (%khi lng cht kh) 6-15
Nit tng (%khi lng cht kh) 0.3-0.5
Tro (%khi lng cht kh) 7-11
pH 4.5-6.0
Thnh phn tro r ng ma (% tng khi lng tro) : K
2
O 30-50; Na
2
O 0.3-9.0; CaO 7-
15; MgO 2-14; P
2
O
5
0.5-2.5; SiO
2
1-7 v cc khong khc.
Ngoi ra trong r ng cn c mt s vitamin (tnh theo microgam trn mt gam r
ng) nh sau:
Thiamine : 8.3 Folic acid : 0.038
Riboflavin : 2.5 Pyridoxine : 6.5
Nicotimic acid: 21.0 Biotin : 12.0
Pantothenic acid : 21.4
1.2.2.Nhng u im ca mt r ng ma:
- Gi r
- Khi lng ln, di do
- S dng tin li
- Ngun cung cp kh ph bin
- c bit nc ta khng phm n chnh sch lng thc
1.2.3. Ch tiu cht lng mt r ng:
Dch ng ln men Rum cn tho mn:
- Ch tiu ha hc : ng : 14-160 (S), cht kh khng t hn 75% khi lng
hm lng saccharose t 31- 50%, pH 4.5- 6.0 , hm lng Nit tng khng t
hn1.4%, s lng vi sinh vt khng qu 15000 VSV/ 1g nguyn liu
- Ch tiu ha l : pha rn trong dch mt r gim ng k.
- Ch tiu sinh hc: lng vi sinh vt: t tt
- Ch tiu cm quan: st, mu vng.
1.3. Chng vi sinh vt ln men Rum:
Trong sn xut ru Rum, ngi ta dng nm men c phn lp t ma. Thng
s dng: Schizosaccharomyces v Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ngoi ra, loi nm men
chm Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cng thng c s dng kt hp vi vi khun
butyric ln men rum.
Ru Rum nng thng c sn xut t nm men Schizosaccharomyces. Loi
nm men ny thng ln men trong dch ng <10%, ngoi ru etylic, cn to c
nhiu axit hu c, este, aldehide v ru bc cao.
Gii: Nm
Ngnh: Ascomycota
Di ngnh: Taphrinomycotina
Lp: Schizosaccharomycetes
B: Schizosaccharomycetales
H: Schizosaccharomycetaceae
Ging: Schizosaccharomyces
Loi: S. pombe
Nhm nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae ln men nhanh v cho hng v nh
(dng Rum Cuba). Vi khun thuc ging Saccharomyces, chng c kh nng hp th cc
cht dinh dng trong mi trng nc mch nha nh cc loi ng ho tan, cc hp
cht nit (cc acid amin, peptit), vitamin v cc nguyn t vi lngqua mng t bo. Sau
, hng lot cc phn ng sinh ha m c trng l qu trnh trao i cht chuyn ho
cc cht ny thnh nhng dng cn thit cho qu trnh pht trin v ln men ca nm men
c tin hnh. S. cerevisiae khng cha enzyme melibiase do khng chuyn ho
c ng melibioza, ln men c 1/3 lng ng Raffinose do c enzyme invertase.
Raffinoza Galactoza - Glucoza + Fructoza
Nm men s dng trong sn xut l nm men thun khit v c nui cy trong
mi trng dch ng 10%, b sung 0,2% (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.
Gii: Nm
Ngnh: Ascomycota
Di ngnh: Saccharomycotina
Lp: Saccharomycetes
B : Saccharomycetales
H: Saccharomycetacea
Ging: Saccharomyces
Loi: S. cerevisiae
iu kin nui cy nm men ging nhit 30-32
0
C, thi gian ln men l
48gi. Kt thc qu trnh ln men khi ng gim xung 5-6
0
S) v axit 1,50. Lng
nm men ging thng c dng l 10%.
Loi nm men chm S. carlsbergensis cng thng c s dng trong sn xut
rum truyn thng. loi S. carlsbergensis c cha cc gen MEL. Cc gen ny to ra
enzym ngoi bo l a- galactosidaza (hay cn gi l melibiaza) c kh nng chuyn ho
ng melibioza. Do chng c kh nng ln men ton b lng ng raffinose.
Nm men chm thng ln men nhit t 7 15
0
C. Khi kt thc qu trnh ln
men chng kt lng xung y thit b, do d tch sinh khi nm men ti s dng
cho nhng m tip theo.

Gii:: Fungi
Ngnh: Ascomycota
Di ngnh: Saccharomycotina
Lp: Saccharomycetes
B : Saccharomycetales
H: Saccharomycetaceae
Ging: Saccharomyces
Loi: S. carlsbergensis
Vi khun ln men butyric cng c coi l vi sinh vt thun khit. Axit butyric c
vai tr to este butyrat etylic l mt trong nhng thnh phn to hng c trng ca
Rum. Vi khun thng c dng ln men butyric l loi granulobacter
saccharobutylic. Loi vi khun ny c hnh que, bo t c hnh bu dc. Vi khun ln men
butyric thuc loi k kh bt buc.
Mi trng nui vi khun: nng 7-8
0
(Saccharomet), axit 0,250. Kt thc khi
t 5-6
0
(Saccharomet) v axit l 10. Nhit ln men 35-37
0
C, thi gian 48 gi.
Lng vi khun ging b sung l 2-3% khi hm lng ng gim xung 5,5-6g/100ml.
Tiu ch chn ging :
- Khng c kh nng sinh tng hp c t.
- C kh nng sinh tng hp sn phm chnh cao.
- C kh nng thch nghi cao.Tc sinh trng cng nhanh cng tt, rt ngn
thi gian ln men, cho hiu qu kinh t cao.
- iu kin nui cy n gin, d dng thch ng vi mi trng nguyn liu mt r.

CHNG II: QU TRNH LN MEN
2.1. C s khoa hc ca qu trnh ln men
L qu trnh ln men ng thnh ru, l s phn gii cc cht ng thnh ru
v CO2 di tc dng ca cht men do nm men tit ra.
S ln men ru l mt qu trnh sinh ha phc tp , c s tham gia ca nm men
Saccharomyces, tri qua hng lot cc phn ng phc tp vi s tham gia ca nhiu men
xc tc.
Phng trnh tng qut ca s ln men ru:
C
6
H
12
O
6
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
+ 27 Kcal
2.2. Cc iu kin chnh ca qu trnh ln men:
Nm men ch c kh nng ln men monose v disaccharide. Vi g ng thnh
phn ch yu l monose v disaccharide nn rt thun li cho qu trnh ln men.
Nng ng: nh hng n hiu sut ln men. Nm men ch c kh nng ln
men ng thnh ru trong khong nng ng ph hp t 10 15 % nng ng
qu cao s c ch nm men, v kh nng ln men ru gim.
nh hng ca oxy: Nm men l loi vi sinh vt h hp ty tin. Trong iu kin
ym kh n s ln men ng to thnh ru v CO2 . Do trong sn xut ru th giai
on u cn iu kin hiu kh nm men sinh sn tng sinh khi, pht trin lng t
bo cn thit cho qu trnh ln men ru v sau phi ym kh cho qu trnh ln men
ru. Tip n phi ym kh tuyt i nm men chuyn ha ng thnh ru.
nh hng ca pH : Nh trn ni, pH c nh hng ln n qu trn ln men,
to sn phm chnh v ph khc nhau . Nu pH 4-5 ln men ru bnh thng to sn
phm chnh l etanol. y l iu kin cn thit trong qu trnh ln men ru cc nh
my ru hin nay. axit ha mi trng thng dng H2SO4 hay axit lactic. Nu pH
mi trng kim sn phm chnh l glyxerin - ng dng trong ln men glyxerin.
nh hng nhit : nhit l yu t cn thit nh hng ln n nm men v s
ln men. Thng thng nhit ph hp cho l men l 28oC - 30oC. Nhit khong hn
50
o
C v di 0
o
C s ln men hu nh nh ch. nh hng nng ru to thnh : Ru
to ra trong qu trnh ln men c nh hng n s ln men. Thng thng nm men ln
men n nng t 12 14%. Mt s t nm men c th ln men t nng ru 17 -
20% vi nng ru cao hn s c ch nm men v hu nh km hm ln men ru.
Hin nay, cng ngh sn xut cn t g ng c ph bin mt s nc trn
th gii. Sn phm cn c chng ct ny l kt qu ca qu trnh ln men s dng nm
men p hoc men gc thun khit.
CHNG 3: QUY TRNH CNG NGH
3.1 Nguyn liu:
Nguyen lieu thch hp nhat e san xuat ru rum la dung
mat r ng ma, chat lng mat r lai tuy thuoc rat
nhieu cong nghe san xuat ng ma. V vay viec s
dung ng ma cua moi nha san xuat khong giong nhau,
cung co nhng nha san xuat lai phoi tron mat r cung
vi nc ma theo nhng ty le thch hp e cho ra nhng san
pham rum khac nhau.
3.2 Loc:
Muc ch cong nghe :
- Chuan b : Lam cho moi trng mat r sach hn, o
thuan khiet cao hn, co the loai bo mot phan ln vi sinh vat
co san trong mat r. - Qua trnh nay se giup cho qua trnh
pha che va len men dien ra tot hn.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :
- Vt ly: th tch v t trng mt r gim, mu sc, cht lng tng. - Ha l: thu c
pha lng t dng huyn ph ban u. - Ha hc: sau khi lc dung dch hu nh khng thay
i v thnh phn ha hc tuy nhin c th tn tht mt t cc cht c ch theo cn nh
protein, vitamin,cht mu v.v... - Sinh hoc: loai bo mot mt s vi sinh vat
khng c li theo cn.
Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh :
- Cht lng mt r, nht hay kch thc v tnh cht ca tp cht mun loi b u nh
hng n tc x l nguyn liu.
- Phng php s dng v thit b x l nh cht tr lng,cht tr lc,vi lc ,mng xp
Thit b s dng: loc ly tam
- Thit b ly tm lc hot ng theo nguyn tc: khi h thng quay vi tc cao to ra
lc ly tm mnh v y cc thnh phn pha lng v rn ra st thnh thit b nh hnh v,
thnh thit b c gn vi lc cc cu t cht ho tan i qua v gi li cc thnh phn pha
rn.
3.3 Pha che dch len men:
Muc ch cong nghe :
- Chuan b : giup cho nam men phat trien va len men manh
m bc len men rum tiep theo.
- Lam cho moi trng mat r giau chat dinh dng hn bang
cach bo sung cac chat ma moi trng mat r con thieu.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :
- Vat ly: khoi lng rieng cua mat r thay oi, o mem thay
oi
- Hoa ly : iu chnh pH cua dch len men ve khoang 5,5 - 5,8.
- Ha hc:
Dch ln men at nong o 15 - 18% chat kho hoa tan, trong o
phai co t 12 - 14% la chat ng len men c.
Bo sung nit,can xi di dng cc mui v c cho mi trng mt r.
Cac yeu to anh hng ti qua trnh :
- Thanh phan va tnh chat cac cau t trong dch mat r.
Neu mat r co cha tng oi ay u cac thanh phan
can thiet cho s len men th lng chat cho vao e pha che
dch len men t va tien hanh qua trnh nhanh.
Phng php thc hin :
- B sung ngun Nit di dng cc mui v c nh DAP-diaminophotphat, SA-
sulfatamino,ur ... vi ham lng t 1 - 3 g/l dch len men (mat
r thng ngheo chat dinh dng co nguon goc nit). Ur l
ngun thc n trung tnh v mt sinh l. Khi b phn gii bi enzym urease, ur s c
phn gii thnh NH3 v CO2 . Phn NH3 c vi sinh vt s dng m khng lm chua
mi trng nh cc loi mui amon khc :
- B sung ngun canxi: Canxi ng vai tr l cht m trong qu trnh ln men. Ngun
cung cp Canxi thng s dng l CaCO3.
Thit b :
- S dng thng c cnh khuy nhm mc ch o trn c hn hp ng nht.
- Tc cnh khuy l 150 200 rpm (vng/pht). _tc khy trn vo nht , >ly
sch tp 5 nguyn bin phn ktpu tra
- Mt r c b sung cc thnh phn v khuy trn to hn hp ng nht.
3.4 Len men rum :
Muc ch cong nghe :
- Che bien : Chuyen hoa dch len men thanh ru ,tao hng
ac trng cua ru rum ( hng thm rat manh,ac trng hay
hng thm em du, hai hoa va sau lang hn).
- Qua trnh len men quyet nh chat lng san pham rum.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :
- Sinh hoc : vi sinh vat (nam men va vi khuan ) sinh trng,
dien ra qua trnh trao oi chat cua nam men va vi khuan.
- Hoa hoc va hoa sinh:
Chuyen hoa ng thanh ethanol theo chu trnh ng phan
(chu trnh EMP) :
- Thu c axit pyruvic sau 10 phan ng hoa hoc va hoa
sinh.
- Thu c ethanol sau 2 phan ng tiep theo .
Cac san pham phu va san pham trung gian:
- Aldehyde va keton
- Axit hu c
- Ru cao phan t
- Ester
Xay ra phan ng este hoa (tao nhng san pham t axit
hu c va ru). Nhieu ester c tao thanh nhat la axetat
etyl (CH3 COOC 2H5 ) .
- Hoa ly: Trong qua trnh len men co sinh kh CO2 , hoa tan vao
pha long khien pH thay oi, lam protein b bien tnh ong tu.
- Vat ly : Nhiet o len men tang do sinh kh trong qua trnh
len men.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :
- Len men nhiet o : 25 - 27o C.
- Thi gian len men : 4 - 5 ngay .
- Vi sinh vat dung e len men :
Nam men S.cerevisiae ket hp vi vi khuan butyric-
granulobacter cung phat trien cong sinh trong dch len men.
Trong rum thanh pham thng co hng thm rat manh, phong
phu va rat ac trng.
Nam men chm S.carlsbergensis ket hp vi vi khuan butyric
e len men rum, cho ra nhng loai rum co hng thm em du,
hai hoa va sau lang hn.
- ieu kien k kh : nam men chuyen CO2 thanh con va nc.
- Khi ket thuc len men thng phai co t 6_7%V etanol trong
dch a len men.
- Khi a ket thuc len men, ta can phan tach het xac nam
men ra roi mi a i chng cat
Thiet b va cac yeu t thong so cong nghe :
S dng thit b thng ln men c cnh khuy . Trn np bnh c ng ng cp lng
ging,c ca knh quan st. Thn thit b c gn b phn d nhit , pH ni vi my
tnh.
3.5 Chng cat phan oan :
- Dch sau len men rum se c a i chng cat phan oan
lam hai lan; lan th nhat, ta thu lay san pham gia( con
rum), san pham au va san pham cuoi tron lan e co
ch ru khoang 20%V etanol. Tiep tuc chng cat phan oan
lan hai, lai thu lay san pham gia roi a ve nhap chung vi
san pham gia lan th nhat e c con rum co 55 -
62%V. San pham au va cuoi lan hai phai bo.
- Chng ct l phng php tch hn hp cht lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo s
khc nhau v bay hi ca chng ( to si ) bng cch lp i lp li nhiu ln qu trnh
bay hi v ngng t.
- Trong qu trnh chng ct, cc cu t c un n nhit si, chng bay hi sau li
c ngng t t ta nhn c cht lng. cc nhit si khc nhau ta tch c cc
cu t ring bit.
Muc ch cong nghe :
- Lam sach ethanol t dung dch dam chn (dung dch a len
men ).
- Khai thac: tach ru va cac chat de bay hi khi dam
chn,tach bo tap chat,nang cao o con.Chng cat thu c
con rum co 55_62%V etanol.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :
- Hoa ly :
Dien ra qua trnh chng cat phan oan ru rum,c s thay i
pha.
Dung dch ng ln men c un nng tch ru nh hin tng ru
bay hi nhit thp hn nc
- Hoa hoc: Sau 2 lan chng cat phan oan , thu c con rum
co ch ru 55_62%V. Trong con nay thng co cha cac
thanh phan:
Axit: 235_250 mg/l con tuyet oi
Ester: 450_500 ma/l con tuyet oi
Aldehyde: 20_25mg/l con tuyet oi
Fufurol:1_1.5 mg/l con tuyet oi
- Vt l: nhit tng, thay i t trng, khi lng, th tch.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :
-Thanh phan ( nong o ) cua mot so cau t trong dch len
men .
-Nhiet o : chu y nhiet do soi cua mot so cau t cua
dch len men.
Dc phn trn ri coi phn tnh ton th ng hok, xem phn th tch, tnh dng v o , vi
ng knh ng nhp liu tho liu lunphi chnh sa ch li nha cha,1 s l font vni
time khi in s nhn ra=>phi nh li nhng ch nha.c nhng ch bi .
TNH THIT B CHNH LA THIT B LN MEN
CHNG IV: TNH TON THIT B
A. THIT B CHNH:
Nng sut nhp liu : 1500 kg/m
Nng dch ng : 15-18% (ng g?saccarozo hay glucose?)
Nng dch sau khi ln men 5-7%
Nhit ln men : 25-270C
p sut kh quyn :1 at
-V
men ging
= 10% V
tb
- Nng ru t 6-7 % V
- Nng ng st 3-5g/l
- pH = 5,5 5,8
Th tch ca dch ln men :
Khi lng ring ca dch ng 15% 20
0
C :
= 1061,04 Kg/m
3
(ghi bng tra nh sau:(B.I.86/58/[1]).VI [1] l s tay tp
1).y l cch ghi ng tiu chun

[1,tr 58,ST2]
Th tch dch ng 15% 20
0
C :
7073 , 1413
34 , 1061
10 1500
3

(lt)
Khi a dung dch ng ln n nhit ln men 30
0
C th c s tng th tch ca dch ln
men v ta coi s tng th tch ny cng l s tng th tch ring ca nc theo nhit .
Th tch ring ca nc 20
0
C :
6
10 77 , 1000

(m3/kg) [1,tr12,ST2]
Th tch ring ca nc 30
0
C :
6
10 34 , 1004

(m3/kg)
Nh vy th tch ca dch ln men :
75 , 1418
10 77 , 1000
10 34 , 1004
7073 , 1413
6
6

(lt) (1)
V
dd
= V
ddC6H12O6
+ V
men ging

m V
dd
=
tb
V
4
3
V
men ging
= 10% V
tb
Ta c :
4
3
V
tb
= V
dd C6H12O6
+ 10%V
tb
69 , 2182
65 , 0
75 , 1418
65 , 0
6 12 6

O H ddC
tb
V
V (lt) (2)
Tng dung dch ln men : V
dd
=
0175 , 1637 69 , 2182
4
3
4
3

tb
V
(lt)
Thit b ln men dng hnh tr c np chm cu , y hnh nn, c lm bng thp khng
g ((H18X10T ), (khuyn co: thit b hot ng p sut 1 at v ng ng tp trung khng
ln v th c th th khn tng cng cho np v ph hp vi yu cu ca nn chon
np elip tiu chun c g s d v v tnh ton,S tay tp 2 (B. XIII.10/382/[2]).
Th tch hnh hc thit b : V
tb
= V
tr
+ V
y
+ V
np
Chn h=
t
D
4
3
; h
1
= 0,3 D
t
,

60
0
, d = 0,1 m
0
2
60
2
1 , 0
2
tg
D
tg
d D
h
t t

Th tch hnh tr : V
tr
=
3 4
3 2
t t
D
h
D

Th tch phn y :
V

=
( )

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
4
1 , 0 1 , 0
60
2
1 , 0
3 4
1 , 0 1 , 0
3
1
2 2
0
2 2
2
t t t t t
D D
tg
D D D
h

Th tch phn y :
V
n
=
( )
1
]
1

,
_

+
4
3
3 , 0
6
3 , 0
4
3
6
2
2
2
2
1 1
t
t
t t
D
D
D D
h h

Th tch thit b :
V
tb
= 69 , 2182
24
60 1 , 0 74 , 10
0 3 3

tg D
t

(lt) =
18 , 2
(m
3
) (3)

D
t
= 2 , 1
74 , 10
60 1 , 0 18 , 2 24
74 , 10
60 1 , 0 24
3
0 3
3
0 3

tg tg V
tb
(m) (4)
Suy ra : d = 0,1 (m),d liu D
t
khng khp vi pha di)
h =
55 , 1 16 , 1
3
4
3
4

t
D
(m) (5)
h
1
= 0,3D
t
= 0,3

1,16 =0,35 (m) (6)

h
2
=
96 , 0 60
2
1 , 0 16 , 1
60
2
1 , 0
0 0

tg tg
D
t
(m) (7)
Tng chiu cao ca thit b: H = h + h
1
+h
2
= 1,55 +0,35 +0,96 = 2,86 (mm) (8)
Tnh b dy :
- ng sut cho php tiu chun : [ ]
2 *
N/mm 148
- H s hiu chnh :

= 1
- H s bn mi hn : 1
h

( phi cn c vo bng
(B. XIII.8/362/[2]).) chn kiu
hn=>chn c h s bn mi hn.)
=>
h

= 0,95 la h s bn han cua thn hinh tru; (B. XIII.8/362/[2]). V i

kiu han: la han giap mi hai bn.
-
0
45
- p sut mi trng : 1at
Khi lng ring ca dung dch ng 15% :
) / ( 04 , 1061
3
m Kg
l

Tnh b dy thn
p sut tnh ton phn di thn c k n p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng theo cng
thc (1.1):

) / ( 1297 , 0 10 86 , 2 04 , 1061 8 , 9 1 , 0
2 6
mm N H g p P
l m
+ +

(9)
ng sut cho php tiu chun ca thp khng g( X18H10T ) theo hnh 1.2 (qttb,tr16), c
[ ] ) / ( 148
2 *
mm N (phi tra theo nhit tnh ton nha)
ng sut cho php tnh theo cng thc (1.9) :

[ ] [ ] ( )
2 *
/ 148 1 148 mm N
, (10)
Xt( y l thit b c cnh khuy nn hy kim tra lc nn trc)

[ ]
25 1141
1297 , 0
1 148
>

h
P

Vy b dy ti thiu ca thn c xc nh theo cng thc (5.3)

[ ]
( ) mm
P D
S
h
t
526 , 0
1 148 2
1297 , 0 1200
2

(11)
Chn h s b sung lm trong kch thc C
o
=2,474 (mm). Tng h s b sung vi C
c
=0
c tnh theo cng thc (1.10) :
C = C
a
+ C
b
+ C
c
+ C
o
= 1+ 0 + 0 + 2,474 = 3,474 (mm)(phi d tnh thit b s
dng trong vng 15 nm vi tc n mn ca dd trn l bao nhiu chn Ca cho ph
hp
C
a
= 0,1*15=1,5; mm: h s b sung do n mon hoa hoc, chon thit bi
lam vic trong vong 15 n m.
B dy thc ca thn thit b tnh theo cng thc (5-9)
S = S + C = 0,546 + 3,474 = 4 (mm) (12)
Kim tra iu kin (5.12) :

1 , 0 0025 , 0
1200
1 4
<

t
a
D
C S
( tha )
Kim tra p sut cho php trong thn thit b theo cng thc (5.11) :

[ ]
[ ]
) / ( 738 , 0
) 1 4 ( 1200
) 1 4 ( 1 148 2
) (
) ( 2
2
mm N
C S D
C S
P
a t
a h

(13)
Vy b dy thn thit b : S = 4 (m) sai n v qu nhiu
Tnh b dy y nn (ko nn tnh ton y v np m da vo iu kin lm vic
chn y v np theo tiu chun, xem dng gh ch trn)
Chn
15 , 0
t
t
D
R

0 0
70 45 < xt
[ ]
50 1141
1297 , 0
1 148
>

P
h

Vi
= 45
o
v
15 , 0
t
t
D
R

,tm theo bng 6-3, c h s hnh dng y = 2,9.
B dy ti thiu ca y S theo cng thc (6.15)

[ ]
h
DP
S
cos 2


Xc nh ng knh tnh ton D theo cng thc (6.19) :

( ) ( ) Sin S R D D
t t min
10 cos 1 2 +
Ta c :
[ ]
) ( 762 , 0
1 148 4
9 , 2 1297 , 0 1200
4
min
mm
Py D
S
h
t

Rt = 0,151200 =180 (mm)

( ) ( ) ) ( 1016 45 sin 762 , 0 10 45 cos 1 180 2 1200 mm D +
(14)

) ( 847 , 0
1 148 45 cos 2
1297 , 0 1016
mm S

(15)
B dy thc tnh theo cng thc (5-9)
S = S + C = 0,847+ 1+ 2,153 = 4 (mm) (16)
Kim tra iu kin :

[ ]
[ ] ( ) ( )
( )
2
1
/ 51 , 0
9 , 2 1200
1 4 1 148 4 4
mm N
y D
C S
P
t
a h

[ ]
[ ] ( )
) / ( 388 , 0
) 1 4 ( 45 cos 2 1200
) 1 4 ( 1 148 45 cos 2
) ( cos 2
cos 2
2
2
mm N
C S D
C S
P
a
a h

(17)
Ta chn gi tr nh ca hai gi tr tnh c , tc l [P] = 0,388 (N/mm
2
)
Tnh b dy np elip ca thit b: Chn np c dng elipise tiu chun, c g bng thp
X18H10T.
Xt
[ ]
25 1141 1
1297 , 0
148
>
h
P

B dy ti thiu ca y S theo cng thc (6-9)

[ ]
h
t
PR
S
2


Chn np l elip tiu chun ta c : R
t
= D
t

) ( 526 , 0
1 148 2
1200 1297 , 0
mm S

(18)
Chn h s b sung lm trong kch thc C
o
=2,474 (mm). Tng h s b sung vi C
c
=0
c tnh theo cng thc (1.10) :
C = C
a
+ C
b
+ C
c
+ C
o
= 1+ 0 + 0 + 2,474= 3,474 (mm)
B dy thc ca np tnh theo cng thc (5-9)
S = S + C = 0,526 + 3,474 = 4 (mm) (19)
Kim tra iu kin (5.12) :

125 , 0 00259 , 0
1160
1 4
<

t
a
D
C S
( tha )
Kim tra p sut cho php theo cng thc (5.11) :

[ ]
[ ]
) / ( 738 , 0
) 1 4 ( 1200
) 1 4 ( 1 148 2
) (
) ( 2
2
mm N
C S D
C S
P
a t
a h

(20)
Vy b dy np thit b : S = 4 (m)
Cc kch thc ca np ellipise tiu chun, c g Bng XIII.10 (ST tp 2 384)
+ng knh trong: D
t
=1200 (mm)
+h
t
=300 (mm)
+ Chiu cao g: h
g
= h =25 (mm)
+Din tch b mt trong: S
y
= 1,66(m
2
)
Tnh thit b khuy :
Chn thit b khuy trn dng mi cho tuabin 3 cnh
Chn tc khuy c hiu sut cao nht n
M
= 450 (vng/pht)
ng knh cnh khuy khuy c hiu sut cao nht l d
M
=0,6 ( m)
Da vokt qu tnh trn (4) D = 1,16 (m) v (9) H = 2,86 (m)
ng knh b khuy trn dng tuabin d
k
(m) c tnh theo cng thc :
d
k
= 0,3 D
B
= 0,31,16 = 0,348 (m)
(Trong : D
B
ng knh bn trong ca thit b ln men)
Cnh khuy mi cho tuabin 3 cnh c :Khi lng ring -trong gii hn :
, nht ng hc trong gii hn (khi lng
ring, nht ng hc ca dd ng l bao nhiu phi ghi r ra ngi ta bit nm
trong khong )
Nn ta c : 1,33.10
8
< Re < 2,08.10
8
Do Re >7.10
3
nn s vng quay thc t ca bnh khuy c tnh theo( Bng IV.3,St1)
) / ( 647
348 , 0
6 , 0
450
3
2
3
2
pht vng
d
d
n n
TT
M
M TT

,
_

,
_

Trong : n
TT
l s vng quay thc t
d
TT
l ng knh thc t ca cnh khuy
Tra (Bng IV.1) ta c h -khong cch t cnh khuy ti y (ghi r ti liu tham kho v
tra)
h = 0,33d
k
= 0,330,348 =0,115 (m)
t da vo s tay tp 1 m chn thit b khuy trn
Bch ghp thn v np:
Mt bch l b phn quan trng dung ni cc phn ca thit b cng nh ni cc b phn
khc vi thit b.Cc loi bch thng s dng:
+ Bch lin: l b phn ni lin vi thit b (hn, c v rn) ch yu dung thit b
lm vic vi p sut thp v p sut trung bnh.
+ Bch t do: ch yu dng ni ng dn lm vic nhit cao, ni cc b bng
kim loi mu v hp kim ca chng, c bit l khi cn lm mt bch bng vt liu bn hn
thit b.
+Bch rn: ch yu dng cho thit b lm vic p sut cao.
Chn bch c ghp thn v np lm bng thp khng g X18H10T, cu to ca bch l
bch lin khng c.
Theo bng XIII.27 [st tp 2 trang 421], ng vi D
t
= 1200 (mm) v p sut tnh ton P
tt
=
0,1297 (N/mm
2
) ta chn bch c cc thng s sau:
Dt
D
Db D1 Do h Bu long
db
Z
mm
(cai)
1200 1340 1290 1260 1213 25 20 32
kn ca mi ghp bch ch yu do vt m quyt nh. m lm bng vt liu mm
hn so vi vt liu bch. Khi xit bu lng, m b bin dng v in y ln ch g gh
trn b mt ca bch. Vy, m bo kn cho thit b ta chn m l dy aming, c b
dy l 3 (mm).
ng knh cc ng dn Bch ghp cc ng dn:
Bch lm bng thp CT3, cu to ca bch l bch lin khng c.(Bch u, ng knh
ng dn hi ,nguyn liu, ng x nc ngng u)
3.4 Tnh thit b thng cha nguyn liu:
Chn thng c tit din hnh vung, lm bng thp khng g, c lp bo n trnh tn
tht nhit, h s cha y
Thng c th tch cha dch bm vo thit b ln men trong 1 m.
V
ng
= 1418,75 (lt) = 1,41875 (m
3
)
Th tch thng: V
thng
=
) ( 77 , 1
8 , 0
41875 , 1
3
m
Chn cnh thng b = 1,2 (m)
Chiu cao ca thng:
) ( 23 , 1
2 , 1
77 , 1
2
m H
Kch thc thng: (1,21,21,23) m
S lng thng: 1 ci
Lu : k ny phi bo v trc thy tuntrng khoa v c hng nn phi xut
quy trnh ln men ru rum cho c, ko th kh long m sng st nha) heh he he e
Khng bt sa my khc trn m ch c th ch nhng ch cn tnh ton li m thi
Thy cn thiu xt nhiu thit b ph trong tnh ton lm