CHAPTER III

1. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 2. CIRCUIT & BLOCK DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3. P.C.B. LAYOUT

1. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

RESISTORS:
These are current resisting devices.These are made of carbon, metallic wire wound etc. These are read through this acr onym BBROYGBVGW . This stands f or, Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet, Gray and, W hite respectively. These colors are print ed as lines on the resistor the f irst and second colors lines indicate the number corr esponding to color. The numbers indicated by the colors are shown in t able below. The third line indicate the number of zeros, the f ourth line indicat e t he percentage of tolerance of the resistor. BLACK 0 YELLOW 4 GRAY 8

BROW N RED ORANGE

1 2 3

GREEN BLUE VIOLET

5 6 7

W HITE Gold Silver

9 5% 10%

E.g.

Red, Red, Black Gold = 22 +/-5%; Red, Red, Br own

= 220 ; Red, = 220K ;

Red, Red

= 2200 ; Red, Red, Orange = 22K ; Red, Red, Yellow

Red, Red, Green = 2.2M ; Red, Red, Yellow = 22 M These are available in various wattages like 1/4W , 1/2 W , 1W , 2W , 5W , 10W , 20W , 50W , 100W , 200W . In electronics most common use are up to 5W att.Higher the wattages bigger the sizes. The value and wattage of re sisters are to be select ed as per the applications. The tolerance in variation of the

rated value is also selected as per the applications. The resist ers are f abricated directly on the IC itself .

DIODES:
These devices allow to f low curr ent in only one direction. These devices ar e also called unidirect ional devices. Earlier these devices were made of vacuum tubes, now a days these are semi conductor solid -state devices. These are PN junction devices .The PN means doping of the semi conduc tor with posit ive knee voltage and negative electronic valence atoms. The silicon diodes have dr op of 0.7 volts i.e. f orward biased volt age drop whereas

germanium diodes have 0. 3 voltage dr op. The dif f erent diodes ar e used f or dif f erent purposes. biased conditions. The diodes work in f orward biased condit ion or reverse

These are available with different current rating, voltage rating, power rating and are used for different applications. The diodes of higher wattages are of bigger sizes. The Symbol of Diode and the ideal curves of diodes are shown below.

Current Voltage Diode Symbol ideal curve

Current

Forward Region Break Down Voltage

Voltage

Knee Voltage =0.7V Reverse Region

Diode Characteristics:
Diodes are of different types like Photodiode, Varactor diode, Schotkey Diode, PIN diode, Zener D iode etc.

Zener Diode:
Small signal and rectifier diodes are never operated in the

break down region because this may damage them. The zener diode is made to operate in breakdown region, sometimes called breakdown diode. The zener diode is the back bo ne of voltage regulators, circuits that hold the load voltage almost constant despite large changes in the line voltage and load resistance.

Symbol of Zener Diode

Light Emitting Diode:

In a f or ward biased diode, f ree electrons cross the junct ion and f all in to holes. As these electrons f all f rom a higher to a lower energy level, the y radiate energy. In or dinar y diodes this energy goes off in the f orm of heat. But in t he light emitt ing diode ( LED) the energy radiates as light. LEDs t hat radiate red, green, yellow, blue, orange or inf rared are manuf actured by using elements like gallium, arsenic, and phosphorous. LEDs that produce visible radiations ar e usef ul with instruments, calculators etc. The inf rared LED f inds application in burglar systems and other areas requiring invisible radiations. The seven segment displays uses 7 LEDs.

The symbol of LED

TRANSFORMERS:
This ar e the devices which converts the primar y ac voltage t o dif f erent secondar y ac voltag es .If the voltage then the transf ormer is called step up transformer, if the secondar y is less then primar y voltage then it is called step dow n transformer , if secondar y is same as primar y voltage t hen it is called unit y transf ormer. This unit y transf ormer is also used as isol ation

transformer. These devices are highly ef f icient unto 99.9%, i. e. ver y low power loss. The transf ormers are required f or making dc supply, tuning cir cuit etc. The current rating of primary and secondar y winding determines the SW G gauge the copper wire.

of

POWER SUPPLIER: The Power is given to the transf ormer, which steps down the input voltage to 10 t imes less i.e. 20 V.

78M05

Transformer

Rectifier

Filter

Regulator

Regulated Power Supply This low voltage is f ed to bridge rectif ier that rectif ies the ac wavef orm to dc wavef orm with som e ripples. These r ipples are f iltered through capacitance f ilter and is f ed to linear regulator .The output of regulator is f urther f iltered to produce clean DC VOLTAGE.

CAPACITORS:
This are the storage devices but has in built Resistance thats why the storage voltage does not last for longer period. The use of capacitor is for tuning the circuit, filtering the noise to ground, creating the timing pulse as i n our case. The capacitors cannot be fabricated on ICs because of the technical difficulty.

The dif f erent values of capacitor that ar e available ar e 1pf , 2pf , 2.2pf , 100pf , 200pf , 1000pf , 0.001uf , and 0.01uf , 0.1uf , 2uf , 10uf, 22uf , 33uf, 47uf , 56uf , 68uf , 82uf , 100uf , 220uf , 330uf etc. The capacitors are selected based on capacitance and voltage rating. Higher the voltage higher the size of the capacitor. These are available in f ollowing types.

Electrolytic Capacitor :
These capacitors ha ve electrolyte as the dielectric between the two plates. These are available with polarity + and -.These are available with vertical mount or horizontal mount configuration.

Paper Capacitor :
These capacitors are available in low range of capacitance. The paper is used as dielectrics media between the two plates.

Mica Capacitor :
These capacitors are also available in low range of

capacitance. The mica is used as dielectrics media between the two plates.

Disc Capacitor :
These are available f rom 1pF to 1ooooUF.

RELAYS:

These are electromagnetic devices which make or break the contact as per the control voltage. There are solid state relays which do not

consume much power f or their oper ation, but are not available in higher current rating . Relays ar e being subst ituted by SCRs also called thyrister f or on/off control

INTRODUCTION TO MCS-51 SERISE

Before the era of microprocessor, circuit were constructed using desecrate logic like various gates, counters, flip -flops, decoders, monostables and registers. Circuit diagram was designed as per the requirement prototype PCB is made interconnecting the logic components as per the design. Testing and debugging was done in the lab. During the testing some modification were required. W he n the product was tested on the field, some changes are required this requires new design of PCB. To overcome this difficulties scientist and engineer were working on a machine, which could read the set of instruction to do a particular job called PROGRA M, stored in a memory and executes it. The instruction would be simple like ADD, SUBTRACT, AND, OR, INVERT, ROTATE and MOVE. If such a machine could made then, making changes in the design means, making changes in the program, which is comparatively easy. The birth of computer is also a result of such thinking. Because of the advancement in the silicon technology, it was possible to inside the RO

M.