Chng1

M U

1.1 t vn t nc ta hin nay ang trong thi k m ca hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc cng vi vic gia nhp WTO l mt cnh ca rng ln a kinh t ta tin su vo th trng th gii.Mt trong nhng mc tiu quan trng lc ny l l tp trung pht trin nn kinh t, tin su vo nhng ngnh kinh t mi nhn.Trong ch bin thy sn l mt trong nhng ngnh kinh t hng u ca t nc ta, c kim ngch xut cng thuc vo loi hng u ca c nc. t nc ta c iu kin v cng thun li l h thng sng ngi, knh rch chn cht, ng b bin di kt hp vi kh hu nhit i pht trin ngnh nui trng thy sn.Nm bt c ngun ti nguyn di do th hng lot cng ty ch bin thy sn ra i khai thc v ch bin.Bn cnh nhng thun li th cc cng ty cng gp khng t kh khn v vn v vn v sinh an ton thc phm v s cnh tranh gay gt trn th trng th gii v vy i hi nhiu cng ty phi khng ngng ci tin qui trnh k thut v nng cao cht lng sn phm. Hin nay ng Bng Sng Cu Long l mt trong nhng vng pht trin thy sn nht c nc.Trong c tra, c ba sa l ngun nguyn liu ch lc ca vng c nui nhiu cc tnh ng Thp, Cn Th, An GiangVi tr lng nui trng v khai thc hng nm ngy cng tng l iu kin cc cng ty ch bin thy sn trong vng ra i gii quyt ngun nguyn liu di do .Cc cng ty trong khu vc ng Bng Sng Cu Long t t bc vo lnh vc kinh doanh sn xut vi cc mt hng a dng trong ch yu l mt hng c tra fillet ng lnh. nm bt v nhn r hn v thc trng sn xut kinh doanh v cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm c tra fillet ng lnh cc cng ty hin nay.c s phn cng ca ban ch nhim Khoa Thy Sn Trng i Hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM,
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s chp thun ca Ban Gim c cng ty TNHH THC PHM QVD- NG THP cng vi s hng dn tn tnh ca c L Th Ngc Hn, chng ti tin hnh thc hin ti: Kho St Qui Trnh Ch Bin C Tra Fillet ng Lnh IQF Ti Cng Ty TNHH THC PHM QVD ng Thp 1.2 Mc tiu ti -Kho st quy trnh ch bin, ghi nhn li tt c cc cng on ca quy trnh. -Tnh nh mc ch bin c tra ang sn xut ti nh my.

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Chng 2

TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1 Gii thiu s lc v cng ty 2.1.1 Gii thiu Tn cng ty: Cng ty TNHH THC PHM QVD NG THP. Tn giao dch:QVD DONG THAP FOOD Co.,Ltd Tn vit tt: QVD a ch: L CV1 Khu C KCN Sa c Tnh ng Thp Tel: (8467) 3763.445 Fax: (8467) 3763.446 Email: sales@qvdseafood.com Website: www.qvdseafood.com Code EU: DL 376 Vn phng i din: 37 M Hng Nguyn Vn Linh P.Tn Phong Q.7 TP.HCM. Hot ng chnh: Ch bin c tra / basa fillet ng lnh. 2.1.2 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin Cng ty TNHH THC PHM QVD NG THP l doanh nghip t nhn do ng Bi Vn Dng thnh lp.Tn ca cng ty c ghp t tn vit tt ca 3 ngi con trai l Qy, Vinh, Duy. Cng ty ra i nm 1999 do cha c nh my nn cng ty ch lm mt hng gia cng bn thnh phm cho cc n v khc n nm 2003. Mi hot ng ca nh my u tun th theo chng trnh qun l cht lng ca GMP, SSOP v HACCP.

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Nh my cng c cc qun l cht lng an ton v v sinh th y thy sn (Nafiqaved) chng nhn t tiu chun an ton v v sinh trong ch bin thy sn ca Chu u (chng nhn HACCP). 2.1.3 V tr a l, c s vt cht v my mc a) V v tr a l: Nm bn b sng Tin k cnh cng ng Thp, mt tin ca cng ty gip vi ng quc l nn giao thng rt thun li.c bit l giao thng ng thy, do cng ty nm dc sng Tin nn nguyn liu ch yu c tip nhn bng ng thy nn chi ph vn chuyn r v t tn tht nguyn liu trong qu trnh vn chuyn. b) V c s vt cht: Nh ca, phn xng ca cng ty c thit k t tiu chun, kt cu xy dng rng ln, thong mt. Khu hnh chnh, phn xng sn xut, x l nc thi, nc cp, c xy dng cch ly nhau. Khu hnh chnh c t y cc tin nghi vn phng, c thit k mt trch, mt lu thong mt, c phng khch ring, c cc phng ban t gn nhau. Hin nay cng ty ch c mt xng sn xut, d kin s m rng xy thm mt phn xng na. Nh xe c mi che ph, cng ty c nh xe ring cho cn b vin chc, nh xe ring cho cng nhn, m bo 100% xe trong mt. C cn tin phc v rng ln, c phng git i ring, nh v sinh sch s thong mt. c) V trang thit b Nh my c thit k vi cng sut khong 150 tn nguyn liu/1 ngy m.Tuy nhin hin nay cng sut ca cng ty cha t c so vi cng sut thit k do thiu nguyn liu, lao ng v my mc thit b ln ph hp vi cng sut thit k. Nh my c cc my mc thit b hin i nh: +C h thng rng rc v bng ti vn chuyn tip nhn nguyn liu. +5 my lng da vi cng sut 1200 kg/h. +2 kho vy
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+5 my quay tng trng gm 2 my ln quay vi cng sut 500 kg/h v 3 my nh quay vi cng sut 300 kg/h. +3 my phn c cng sut 700 kg/h. +4 bng chuyn cp ng IQF cng sut +5 t ng tip xc +2 t ng thi gi tng t nh t ng tip xc, dng cp ng cc loi hng cao cp. +2 kho lnh, 1 kho lnh ln 4000 tn v 1 kho lnh nh 400 tn. Ngoi ra nh my cn c h thng x l nc thi 40 m3/h, h thng x l nc cp 2000 m3/1 ngy. 2.1.4 S t

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GIM C NH MY

PH GIM C

PH GIM C KD

TRNG B PHN KHO

TRUNG PHNG QUN L CHT

TRNG PHNG K TON

TRNG PHNG K THUT

TRNG PHNG HNH CHNH NHN S

TRNG PHNG IU HNH SN XUT

TRNG PHNG KIM NGHIM

TRNG B PHN MUA BN HNG

B PHN CNG NGH V PHT TRIN SN PHM MI

TRNG NHM QC

QA

NHN VIN HNH CHNH QUN TR

NHN VIN QUN TR NHN S

NHN VIN

NHN VIN

NHN VIN K TON

TH QU

NHN VIN VN TH

NHN VIN Y T

NHN VIN BO V

NHN VIN THNG K TIN LNG

NHN VIN TUYN DNG O TO

QC TIP NHN

QC FILLET

QC SA C

QC XP KHUN

QC THNH PHM

T TRNG TIP NHN TRNG T IN LNH THNG K TNG HP

T TRNG FILLET

T TRNG SA C

T TRNG XP KHUN

T TRNG THNH PHM

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NC

TRNG

TRNG -6T C IN

2.1.5 Th trng xut khu ca cng ty Sn phm ca cng ty c mt cc th trng: M, EU, Nga, Canada, Mxic, c...Trong M l th trng ch lc, chim hn 60% tng kim ngch xut khu ca cng ty.Cc th trng khc cng ang c khai thc v dn dn c s chuyn bin tch cc. 2.1.6 Hot ng kinh doanh Hot ng kinh doanh ca QVD ng Thp t nhng kt qu kh quan, ch sau hn 1 nm hot ng, bn cnh th trng M, cng ty pht trin c cc th trng c nhiu tim nng nh: EU, c, Trung ng... V c cu th trng: cng ty cha c s u t ng k cho th trng ni a,sn phm ca cng ty hin ti ch phc cho th trng xut khu.C th thy th trng ch lc ca cng ty l th trng M, bn cnh EU l mt th trng y tim nng cn c khai thc tt hn. i vi knh phn phi, cng ty cha xy dng knh phn phi th trng ni a. th trng xut khu, sn phm ca QVD ng Thp c phn phi thng qua cc nh phn phi ln, cc siu th, t mi n tay ngi tiu dng. C mt iu thun li l QVD USA c mi quan h rt tt vi cc nh phn phi ln M. Tuy vy, im yu ca h thng phn phi l phn ln sn phm ca cng ty c bn ra vi thng hiu ca khch hng. 2.2 Tnh hnh ch bin thy sn Vit Nam a) Cc giai on pht trin Ni v thy sn khng th khng nhc n vai tr, v tr ca ngnh ch bin thy sn. Nhng bc thng trm ca ngnh ny lun gn lin vi nhp sng chung ca nn kinh t t nc, nht l cng cuc i mi ton din t nc. Bi vy, qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh ch bin thy sn c th c hnh dung qua cc giai on sau: Giai on 1975-1980 Nm trong tnh trng tr tr chung ca kinh t t nc, ngnh thy sn cng lm vo tnh trng sa st ko di. Sn lng khai thc tt dn t 607.000 tn (nm 1975) xung 398.000 tn (nm 1980). Sn phm xut khu gim mnh, nm 1980 kim ngch ch cn bng 1/2 ca nm 1976. Phng tin khai thc thy sn bng c gii
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gim t 34789 chic (nm 1976) cn 28522 chic (nm 1980). Trang b bo qun nguyn vt liu rt th s, lc hu. C nh bt c ch bo qun bng p mui trong hm tu. Cc c s ch bin c c ch yu bng ngun vin tr khng hon li ca quc t. Nm 1980 c nc mi ch c 40 c s ch bin ng lnh vi tng cng sut cp ng l 172 tn/ngy. Trong khi nhiu nh my xy dng xong nhng khng pht huy c cng sut, nguyn liu khai thc ch c huy ng cho ch bin t 20 - 30%. Giai on 1981-1994 Trong 13 nm lin tc, ngnh thy sn lun hon thnh vt mc ton din cc ch tiu k hoch Nh nc giao vi tc tng trng bnh qun 5 - 7%/nm v sn lng khai thc; 12 - 13% v gi tr kim ngch xut khu. Nm 1990 gi tr sn lng t 1.020.000 tn v 205 triu USD hng ha xut khu. Nm 1994 t sn lng 1.211.000 tn v 458 triu USD kim ngch xut khu. Ni bt nht trong giai on ny l lnh vc ch bin pht trin rng khp vi tc tng bnh qun 9 nh my mi nm. n cui nm 1994, s nh my ch bin thy sn ng lnh ln n 178 nh my, vi tng cng sut cp ng 780 tn/ngy. Thm vo cn c h thng cc nh my sn xut nc vi tng cng sut 2.000 tn/ngy... to ra bc pht trin nhy vt v cht trong qu trnh gi gn ti ca nguyn liu, gim tiu hao, tht thot sau thu hoch, gp phn nng cao gi tr kinh t ca sn phm. Kt qu l t l sn phm ch bin ng lnh so vi tng nguyn liu tng nhanh v t 51%/nm vo nm 1994 so vi 11,4%/nm vo nm 1980. Giai on1994 - 2000 Ngnh ch bin thy sn cng nhn c s ch trng c bit ca cc cp, cc ngnh v cc a phng. Nhiu chng trnh, d n to bo nh nh bt xa b c hnh thnh. Xut khu tng mnh, t 550 triu USD (nm 1995) ln 1,478 t USD (nm 2000). Tuy nhin, vi giai on 1996-2000, theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia, mc tng trng thc s theo hng cng nghip ho, hin i ho ch mi l bc u. Giai on 2001 n nay Ch bin xut khu thy sn l ng lc cho tng trng v chuyn i c cu trong khai thc v nui trng thy sn. n nay, c nc c tng s hn 470 c s http://www.ebook.edu.vn -8-

doanh nghip ch bin thy sn. Trong , 248 c s - doanh nghip (chim gn 53%) t tiu chun ca th trng EU - mt th trng kh tnh vo bc nht th gii; trn 300 c s - doanh nghip c Hn Quc cng nhn tiu chun cht lng Theo B Thy sn, hin nay hng thy sn Vit Nam c mt trn 140 nc v vng lnh th trn th gii, c ch ng vng chc cc th trng ln nh Nht Bn, EU v Bc M. V gi tr kim ngch xut khu, thy sn Vit Nam hin vn ln ng hng th 7 trn th gii. Nm 2006, sn lng thu sn Vit Nam t 3,75 triu tn, gi tr kim ngch xut khu t 3,75 t USD. Ngun(www.lrc.ctu.edu.vn/pdoc/66/chebienthuysan.pdf ) b) Kim ngch xut khu thy sn Vit Nam qua cc nm Kim ngch xut khu thy sn Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y c tc tng trng kh nhanh.Nm 2003, Vit Nam ng th 7 trong cc nc xut khu thy sn nhiu nht th gii vi kim ngch xut khu 2,16 t USD.Tc tng trng kh nhanh n nm 2006 th t 3,6 t USD a Vit Nam ln ng v tr th 6 trong top 10 nc xut khu thy ln nht th gii. Kt thc nm 2007, kim ngch xut khu thy sn Vit Nam t 3,75 t USD (tng gn 12% so vi nm 2006). Hin nay mc d kinh t th gii, nht l cc nn kinh t pht trin phi i mt vi nhiu kh khn, tiu dng suy gim nhng xut khu thy sn ca nc ta trong nm 2008 vn tng kh mnh.Nm 2008 xut khu thy sn Vit Nam t 4,5 t USD, mt phn l do tng trng mnh ca c tra, c ba sa v cng nh a dng ha sn phm, pht trin th trng mi.Trong 4 thng u nm 2009, mt hng c tra, basa xut khu tng khong 1,5% vi 116.600 tn vi tng gi tr xut khu t 265 triu USD. Ngoi ra, sn lng c ng xut khu t 8.870 tn vi gi tr t 28,4 triu USD. Mt hng tm (ng lnh v ch bin) xut khu t 27.800 tn, t gi tr 234 triu USD. Nht Bn l th trng chnh tiu th mt hng tm ca Vit Nam, chim t trng 34,77% tng gi tr xut khu tm ca c nc. Ngun( http://www.taichinhdientu.vn)

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Kim ngch xut khu thy sn Vit Nam qua cc nm

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

4.5 3.36 2.16 2.4 2.74 3.76

T USD

2003

2004

2005

2006 Nm

2007

2008

KNXK

Hnh 2.2 th biu din kim ngch xut khu thy sn qua cc nm c) C cu thy sn xut khu nm 2008 V c cu chng loi xut khu: Tm ng lnh, c tra, basa v mc, bch tuc ng lnh - 3 mt hng chnh vn ang duy tr tc tng trng cao. Tm ng lnh chim t trng cao nht 36,1% tng kim ngch xut khu, t tr gi 1,6 t USD trong nm 2008, tng 10,4% so vi cng k nm ngoi. C tra, basa chim 32,4% t trng, vi 640,8 nghn tn, tr gi 1,4 t USD, t mc tng trng cao nht, tng 53,3% so vi cng k 2007. Xut khu mc, bch tuc t 86,7 nghn tn, tr gi 318,2 triu USD, tng 17,3% so vi nm ngoi.

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Bng 2.3 C cu xut khu thy sn nm 2008 Sn phm Khi lng (tn) Ga tr (USD) T l gi tr (%) Tm ng lnh 191.553 1.625.707 36,00% C tra, ba sa 640.829 1.453.098 32,40% C ng 52.818 188.694 4,20% C khc 131.656 414.087 9,20% Mc v bch tuc ng lnh 86.704 318.235 7,00% Hng kh 32.676 145.762 3,20% Hi sn khc 100.107 363.835 8,00% Tng cng 1.236.344 4.509.418 100% Ngun(Trung tm Thng tin Cng nghip v Thng mi (VITIC))

3,20% 7% 9,20% 4,20%

8% 36%

Tm L C tra, basa C ng C khc Mc v bch tuc L Hng kh Hi sn khc

32,40%

Hnh 2.3 th biu din c cu xut khu thy sn nm 2008 2.3 Tnh hnh ch bin thy sn ng Thp Vi iu kin t nhin thun li, vng t bi bi ven sng Tin, sng Hu di do ngun nc ngt, vi nm gn y, din tch nui c tra, c basa ng Thp pht trin nhanh. Nu nh ton vng BSCL c khong 10.000 ha th ch ring ng Thp c gn 2.400 ha nui c bi bi, sn lng hng nm ln n trn 285.000 tn. Cng vi cc tnh An Giang, Cn Thng Thp gp phn a thng hiu c tra, c basa ca Vit Nam tr thnh mt hng xut khu chin lc c mt 126 nc trn th gii. Vi li th ny, nhiu doanh nghip n ng Thp xy dng nh my ch bin thc n thy sn phc v vng nui, nhiu doanh nghip khc th xy dng, m rng nh my ch bin thy sn ng lnh xut khu. Hin ti, trn a bn tnh c 8 nh my ch bin thy sn ang hot ng vi cng sut thit k 240.000 tn nguyn liu/nm, gn bng vi sn lng c nui trong tnh nhng n cui nm ny,
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s lng nh my i vo hot ng s tng gp i, l cha k 4 nh my m rng quy m, nng cng sut ln gp 3 ln so vi hin nay.
ng Thp hin c din tch nui c tra xut khu gm 936 ha, tnh ra c hn

30% din tch ao hm, bi bi ngng nui c tra. Nguyn nhn l do gi c tra tt gim gy bt li cho ngi nui, nhiu h b l khng tip tc th nui. Nguyn nhn ngi nui treo ao, khng ch do b l, m cn nhiu nguyn nhn khc nh: tnh hnh vay vn nui gp kh khn (kh vay), tiu th gp nhiu tr ngi; bn chu cho cc doanh nghip ch bin trong thi gian di; gi thc n thy sn lin tc tng. Mt s nh my sn xut thc n thy sn trc y bn cho ngi nui n gi u t 1-2 thng cui v, nhng nay do gi nguyn liu tng cao, gp kh khn v vn nn nhng tha thun ny khng cn thc hin, ngi nui c phi thanh ton tin mt 100% trc khi nhn thc n; c qu la li bn vi gi thp...Do vy nhiu ngi nui c tra ng Thp d kin ngng sn xut. Ngun (http://nhanong.net) Gii php duy tr v n nh ngun c tra nguyn liu cho ch bin xut khu ng Thp: p ng nhu cu c tra nguyn liu cho ch bin, nhiu nh my ch bin thu sn trong tnh ng Thp lp d n thu t t chc sn xut; thu nui gia cng theo hnh thc u t con ging, thc n, thu hi sn phm, tr tin thu nui trn khi lng sn phm thu hoch; thu ao trc tip th nui... Hin nay, cc nh my ch bin thu sn quan tm nhiu hn n vic k kt hp ng tiu th c tra vi ngi nui. Cc nh my ch bin thc n thu sn cng bt u lin kt vi ngi nui c cung cp thc n v lin kt tm kim nh my tiu th c nguyn liu. y l hng i ph hp nhm duy tr n nh ngun nguyn liu cho ch bin xut khu, trnh tnh trng cung vt cu. Ngun (http://www.mekongdelta.com.vn) K hoch sn xut v tiu th c tra trn a bn tnh ng Thp nm 2009: Trong tnh hnh thc t hin nay, do sn xut c tra km hiu qu, thiu vn u t nui tip nn c mt s h sau khi thu hoch v nui nm 2008 khng th tip tc u t cho v nui 2009 v phong tro nui c tra trn lan n 09 tnh BSCL. V vy, to ra sc p v th trng tiu th, dn n tnh trng mt cn i v cung-cu,
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gi c tra xut khu tip tc gim, gy bt li cho ngi nui v kh nng sn lng nui ca nm 2009 s gim. gi n nh sn xut, to ngun nguyn liu c bn cho hot ng sn xut ca cc doanh nghip ch bin thy sn xut khu ca tnh ng Thp, S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn xy dng k hoch sn xut v tiu th c tra nm 2009 vi din tch nui 950 ha, sn lng 240.000 tn (ty tnh hnh thc t v th trng tiu th m iu chnh sn lng nui ph hp), m bo khong 80% nhu cu th trng, cn i khng sn lng nui vt nhu cu tiu th. (http://www.dongthaptrade.com.vn) 2.4 Th trng xut khu thy sn Vit Nam Hng thu sn Vit Nam c mt khong 140 th trng trn th gii, ng thi hnh thnh th ch ng cn i v th trng tiu th sn phm, bo m duy tr tng trng bn vng. C cu th trng xut khu thu sn thay i r nt k t nm 2000 n nay. M v Nht Bn tr thnh th trng tiu th thu sn hng u ca Vit Nam, tip l th trng EU. Cc th trng chu nh i Loan, Hn Quc c v tr kh n nh. + M: l mt trong nhng th trng nhp khu thu sn hng u ca Vit Nam. Cc mt hng thu sn xut khu ca Vit Nam sang M ngy mt a dng, nht l tm ng lnh, cc sn phm ti sng nh c ng, c thu v cua. C tra, basa phi l ng lnh l mt hng c o ca Vit Nam ti th trng M. Mc d cc doanh nghip s cn gp nhiu sng gi v bin ng trn th trng ny, nhng Hoa K vn l th trng cha ng rt nhiu tim nng. + Nht Bn: l th trng em li hiu qu cao cho xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam. Cc sn phm tm, nhuyn th chn u, c v c ng ca Vit Nam u c doanh s tng i ln trn th trng Nht Bn, c bit l mt hng tm Nobashi. S thiu ng b trong h thng bo m an ton cht lng sn phm thu sn ca Vit Nam ang l vn rt ln trong vic duy tr ch ng trn th trng Nht Bn. + EU: l th trng c nhu cu ln v n nh v hng thu sn, nhng li l th trng c coi l c yu cu cao nht i vi sn phm nhp khu, vi cc quy
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nh kht khe v cht lng v an ton v sinh. Xut khu thu sn sang th trng EU c s tng trng lin tc v c nhng bin i v cht k t nm 2004 n nay. Vic xut khu sn phm sang th trng EU s gp phn nng cao uy tn ca hng thu sn Vit Nam trn th trng th gii + Trung Quc v Hng Kng: l nhng th trng nhp khu thu sn trung bnh trn th gii. Xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam vo th trng ny ch yu vn l mua bn qua bin gii, quy m ca cc n v nhp khu rt nh nn ch ph hp vi cc doanh nghip va v nh. y l th trng ln, c tim nng song cnh tranh ngy cng phc tp, gi sn phm c xu hng gim v kh nng tng hiu qu l kh khn. Trong tng lai, Trung Quc s l th trng tiu th thu sn hng u ca khu vc chu , vi c im tiu th ca th trng ny l va tiu th cho dn c bn a, va l th trng ti ch v ti xut. + Mt s th trng khc: Cc th trng khc thuc chu c quan tm ngy mt nhiu hn, nht l Hn Quc v i Loan. Cc th trng ny ch yu nhp khu c bin, mc, bch tuc. xtrylia: xut khu sang th trng ny vn c s tng trng tuy nhp khng u. Th trng ng u: mc d kim ngch xut khu cn cha cao nhng y cng l mt th trng xut khu thu sn tim nng. Nga cng c nhng bc tin rt di trong nhp khu thu sn ca Vit Nam. Ngun(http://www.fistenet.gov.vn)

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Bng 2.4 Th trng xut khu thy sn Vit Nam nm 2008 Th trng EU Gm:c Ty Ban Nha Italia H Lan B Nht Bn M Hn Quc Nga ASEAN Trung Quc Gm: Hng Kng Ucoraina xtrylia Cc nc khc Tng cng S lng(tn) 349.672 59.229 57.443 47.329 42.015 26.645 134.943 108.064 91.762 125.199 75.582 46.013 24.354 78.870 26.111 200.127 1.236.344 Ga tr(USD) 1.144.462 207.586 157.224 156.226 140.956 108.274 828.350 744.623 300.748 217.761 195.012 157.139 79.378 156.320 135.505 629.499 4.509.418 3,4% 3,0% 14,0% 100% 18,4% 16,5% 6,7% 4,8% 4,3% 3,5% T l gi tr 25,4%

20,40% 3,50%

25,40%

EU Nht M Hn Quc Nga

4,30% 4,80% 6,70% 16,50%

18,40%

ASEAN Trung Quc Nc khc

Hnh 2.4 th biu din th trng xut khu ca Vit Nam nm 2008 Ngun(http://ngoaithuong.vn) 2.5 c im sinh hc ca c tra
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2.5.1

Phn loi v phn b B Siluriformes H Pangasiidae Ging Pangasius Hnh 2.5 C tra Loi Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1980). C tra phn b lu vc sng M Kng, c mt c 4 nc Lo, Vit Nam,

Campuchia, Thi Lan. Thi Lan cn gp chng lu vc sng M Kng v Chao phraya. nc ta c bt v c ging vt c ch yu trn sng Tin, c trng thnh ch thy trong cc ao nui, rt t khi tm thy trong t nhin. 2.5.2 c im sinh thi C thn di, khng vy, mu sc en xm trn lng, bng hi bc, ming rng, c 2 ui ru di. C sng ch yu trong nc ngt, c th sng c vng nc hi l (10 - 14 % mui), c th chu ng c nc phn vi pH>=4 (pH di 4 th c b n, b sc), t chu ng c nhit thp di 150C, chu nng ti 390C. 2.5.3 c im sinh trng C trong t nhin, c th sng trn 20 nm. gp c c trong t nhin 18 kg hoc c mu di ti 1,8m. Trong ao nui c b m cho t ti 25 kg c 10 tui. Nui trong ao 1 nm c t 1 - 1,5 kg/con (nm u tin), nhng nm v sau c tng trng nhanh hn, c khi t 5 - 6 kg/nm. 2.5.4 c im dinh dng C ht non hon th thch n mi ti sng, v vy chng n tht ln nhau ngay trong b p, thm ch c vt trn sng vn thy chng n nhau trong y vt c bt. Chng n cc loi ph ng vt c kch thc va c ming ca chng. Khi c ln, tnh n tp thin v ng vt v d chuyn i loi thc n. Trong ao nui c Tra c kh nng thch nghi vi nhiu loi thc n, k c thc n bt buc nh: mn, b hu c, cm, rau, phn hu c, ng vt y. 2.5.5 ln. c im sinh sn Tui thnh thc: C Tra c thnh thc tui th 2 v c ci tui th 3 tr

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C Tra khng c c quan sinh dc ph (th cp), nn nhn hnh dng ngoi kh phn bit c - ci. thi k thnh thc, tuyn sinh dc c c pht trin ln gi l bung tinh, c ci gi l bung trng. Ma v thnh thc ca c trong t nhin bt u t thng 5 - 6 (dng lch), c t nhin trn sng nhng khc sng c iu kin sinh thi ph hp. C khng phn sng ca Vit Nam. Campuchia, bi ca c nm t khu vc ng t giao tip 2 con sng M Kng v Tonlesap, t Sombor, tnh Crache tr ln. Trong sinh sn nhn to, ta c th nui thnh thc sm v cho sm hn trong t nhin (thng 3). Trong t nhin khng gp tnh trng ti pht dc. Ch c trong iu kin nui nhn to, c Tra c th ti pht dc 1 - 2 ln trong nm. S lng trng m c trong bung trng ca c ta gi l sc sinh sn tuyt i. Sc sinh sn tuyt i ca c Tra c th t 200.000 n vi triu trng. 2.6 Thnh phn ha hc ca c tra Ti thiu 6,0 0,1 0,4 28,0 Trung bnh 1621 0,225 <0,5 1,21,5 6681 Ti a 28 67 15 96 (Phm Th Cn Th, 2003) Bng 2.5 Thnh phn ha hc ca c tra Thnh phn (%) Protid Lipid Carbohydrate Khong Nc

Bng 2.6 Thnh phn ha hc ca c tra phi l Thnh phn Protid Lipid Nc T l(%) 18 20 2,65 77 80 (L Minh Kha, 2003) Trong , c tra cn c y cc Acid-amin khng thay th vi hm lng cao cho nn c c th hp thu rt tt.
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Tuy nhin cc thnh phn trn thay i tu theo ging, iu kin chm sc, tui. 2.7 Thnh phn dinh dng ca c tra

Bng 2.7 Thnh phn dinh dng ca c Tra Thnh phn dinh dng trn 100g sn phm n c Calo 124.52 cal 2.8 Calo t Tng lng Cht bo bo Cholesterol cht bo cht bo ha 1.64 g 25.2 mg 70.6 mg 23.42 g 30.84 cal 3.42 g Natri Protein

Ngun(Trung tm thng tin KHKT v Kinh t thy sn s 2/2003) Nguyn l lm lnh Lm lnh hay p lnh l h nhit nguyn thy ca sn phm xung n gn im ng bng, tc l lm cho phn nc t do ca t bo lnh i (khong -0.50C n -10C) ch yu l lp b mt sn phm. nhit ny enzim sn phm v vi sinh vt b c ch, hot ng chm chp.Cu trc t bo vn gi nguyn, khng thay i, v trng thi vt l ca t bo ch l s h nhit lm lnh mt phn nc t do ca gian bo. Nh vy nguyn liu cn c lm lnh phi l nguyn liu ti tt; vi sinh vt khng c hay nu c cng ch lp b mt hay gian bo v b c ch bi nhit lnh.Nguyn liu cng cn c lm sch s trc khi p lnh, ngun nhim bn l c hi gip cho vi sinh vt d pht trin ph hy nguyn liu.Ngoi ra s bin i thy sn ti sng din ra rt nhanh khin cht lng nguyn liu thy sn gim cp dn dn do cn lm lnh tc khc ngay khi thy sn cn thi k ti tt. Khi lm lnh lp b mt h nhit trc ri mi h nhit dn su vo bn trong c th thy sn, chnh thi gian tr hon ny lm cho lp bn trong b phn gii.Do , ngoi vic lm lnh nhanh chng, nguyn liu cn c lm lnh u khp v di dng nhng lp mng. Tm li, t hiu qu cht lng cao trong vic p lnh thy sn cn phi: -Ra sch nguyn liu. -Lm lnh nhng nguyn liu ti tt, khng nhim vi sinh vt. -Lm lnh ngay, phn b lnh u nguyn liu di dng lp mng.
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Ngun (Trn c Ba v ctv) 2.9 2.9.1 Cng dng ca vic lm lnh Tc dng ca nhit thp Nhit thp c ch tc ca cc phn ng ha sinh trong ch bin thy sn.Nhit cng thp th tc ca phn ng cng gim; trong phm vi nhit bnh thng c h xung 100C th tc phn ng gim xung 1/2 n1/3. Nhit thp tc dng n hot ng ca cc men phn gii nhng khng tiu dit c chng; nhit xung di 00C phn ln hot ng ca cc enzim b nh ch.Men lipaza, trypsin, catalaza, nhit -1910C cng khng b ph hy, nhit cng thp th hot ng ca enzim cng gim. Nhit thp km hm qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt.Mt s vi khun ngng pht trin -30C, mt s ngng -50C v s th ba ngng -100C.Tuy i a s ngng pht trin -100C, nhng nm mc chu lnh tt hn. ngn nga vi khun pht trin trn thy sn, phi bo qun thy sn nhit thp hn -100C. ngn nga nm mc, nhit phi thp hn -150C. Ngoi ra nhit thp lm nc trong t bo ng c thnh tinh th v lm ph v mng t bo vi sinh vt.Vi sinh vt pht trin trong iu kin m nht nh, nu mi trng sn phm khng m th vi sinh vt s b c ch.Cc loi nm mc c th sng ni khan nc nht nhng lng nc ti thiu nht phi l 15%.Do nhit thp bo qun sn phm phi l -180C v nc trong sn phm ng bng n 86%, ch cn li m l 14%, khng cho vi sinh vt hot ng. 2.9.2 Hiu ng ca lm lnh i vi thy sn p lnh l phng php c s dng nhiu nht trong ngnh ch bin thy sn ngn nga sn phm b h hng lng ph.Lm lnh c u im rt ln trong ngnh thy sn v: V bn cht: phn ln thy sn thch ng tt vi phng php ny v c bo qun mau l hu hiu.Bn cht thy sn l rt mau h, hn na mang nng tnh cht ma v, c nhng lc bi thu.Lm lnh s gim thiu ti a v hao ht s lng, cht lng thy sn.

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V k thut: phng php ny c kh nng gii quyt cng mt lc thy sn ti ni nh bt.Ngoi ra c th linh ng sc sn xut ca cc c s ch bin v c th iu chnh trang b theo mun. V kt qu: bo ton c ti a nhng thuc tnh t nhin ca thy sn, gi gn c hng v, phm cht ca thy sn nh lc ban u.(Trn c Ba v ctv). 2.10 Lm lnh ng sn phm thy sn Lm lnh ng thy sn l qu trnh lm lnh thy sn do s ht nhit ca cht lm lnh a nhit ban u ca c th thy sn xung di im ng bng v ti -80C-100C v c th xung thp hn na:-180C, -300C hay -400C. Qa trnh lm lnh ng c 3 giai on: -Giai on 1:Lm lnh ti im ng bng -Giai on 2:ng bng bng im -Giai on 3:Tip tc lm lnh ng n nhit bo qun lnh ng. Nu h nhit nhanh, giai on 2 rt ngn li; h nhit chm th ko di giai on 2. Ngoi ra do b dy ca sn phm m c s phn b nhit t ngoi vo trong.Khi sn phm n im ng bng, ch yu l phn b mt, s c hin tng khuch tn m t trong ra ngoi do lp trong cha ti im qu lnh v nng cht tan lp b mt tng ln.Hin tng vn tip tc sut qu trnh lm lnh ng v nhit lnh ng vn xm nhp t ngoi vo trong v s di chuyn m t trong ra ngoi.ng ranh gii gia phn ng bng v phn cha ng bng s dch chuyn dn dn vo su trong lp sn phm, v cc lp ngoi ng bng vn tip tc gim nhit tng ngy cng nhiu lng m ng bng.Nh vy cht tan s dch chuyn v trung tm sn phm.(Trn c Ba v ctv ) 2.11 Mt s bin i ca thy sn trong qu trnh lm lnh ng 2.11.1 Bin i vi sinh vt Khi thy sn h nhit xung n im ng bng, vi sinh vt hot ng chm li.Xung n -100C vi trng cc loi khng pht trin c nhng men mc cha b c ch.Phi xung n -150C men mc mi ngng pht trin.Do nhit di 150C s ngn chn c vi trng ln men mc v khong nhit ny m thy sn ch xp x trn di 10%.
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Ngoi ra khong nhit -10C - 50C gn nh a s nc t do ca t bo thy sn kt tinh thnh .Nu lnh ng chm, cc tinh th nc to, sc lm ph v t bo vi trng v tiu dit vi trung mnh nht giai on ny.Do phng php lnh ng chm tiu dit vi trng nhiu hn l phng php lm lnh ng nhanh nhng li gy hi cho th cht ca sn phm. 2.11.2 Bin i ha hc Bin i cht m: -200C cht m b ng li, sau 6 thng bo qun c phn gii nh. khong nhit -10C -50C, prtin b bin tnh, c bit l Miozin b kt ta.Thi gian lnh ng cng ko di th prtin cng b bin tnh.Lm lnh ng nhanh s b bin tnh prtin.Di -200C th prtein hu nh khng b bin tnh. Bin i cht bo:c bo d b oxi ha cht bo.Cht bo b ha chua v hm lng acid bo th t do ph thuc vo nhit v thi gian bo qun.Nu nhit 120C sau 10 tun l th ch s proxit tng ln r rt; sau 30 tun ch s ny vt qu qui nh v phm cht v sinh.Tnh cht ha tan ca vitamin trong m cng thay i, cht m s c li v do. Bin i glucid:khi lnh ng chm, glycogen phn gii ra nhiu axit lactic nhit thp hn l trng hp lnh ng nhanh. Bin i vitamin:vitamin t b mt trong giai on lnh ng, a s b mt trong lc ch bin, ra. nhit lnh, vitamin A t ra bn vng.Vitamin B2, PP mt mt t.Vitamin C mt nhiu khi sn phm mt nc, chy lnh.B hao ht ton b phi k n vitamin E. Bin i cht khong: Nhit lnh khng nh hng ln cht khong nhng do s bin i c cu sn phm khi lm lnh ng khin hao ht mt lng ln khong cht tan trong dch t bo chy ra ngoi khi r ng. 2.11.3 Bin i l hc Tng th tch: Nc trong thy sn ng bng lm tng th tch ln 10%. Thay i nu sc: Do mt nc, cc sc t hmglbin, miglbin v mthmxyanin chuyn thnh mthmglbin v mthmxyanin lm sc, mu chm li.Ngoi ra do tc lnh ng chm hay nhanh, tinh th bng hnh thnh ln hay nh m c tit x quang hc khc nhau.Tinh th bng nh th thy sn ng lnh c mu lt hn thy sn lm lnh ng chm c tinh th bng to.
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Gim trng lng: Sn phm ng lnh b gim trng lng do bc hi nc hoc do thit hi l hc trong qu trnh lm lnh ng. Thit hi l hc c th do xo ng trong khi lnh ng khin cho nhiu mnh nh b v vn, chng hn nh khi sn phm b ha lng bi lung khng kh mt.Hnh thc thit hi khc l thy sn dn cht vo mm cp ng hoc ai chuyn, lm trc mt mt phn toreng lng khi tch khi mm.Nu xt nc di mt y tch s gim c thit hi ny.Thit hi l hc trong mt my ng khng ng k v khng hn 1% nu thc hin lm lnh ng khng ng cch. Ring vic gim trng lng do bc hi ty vo cc yu t nh loi my ng, thi gian lnh ng, loi sn phm, c dng sn phm, tc khng kh v iu kin vn hnh my.Hao ht do bc hi trong my ng bn phng khng nhiu bng hao ht do ng trong my ng qut gi v my dng hoi lnh trc tip nh Nit hay cacbnic.Tuy nhin vic gim trng lng sn phm trong my ng Nit, cacbnic s thp do thi gian lnh ng ngn qu. Thi gian trong mt my ng khng quan h trc tip vi hao ht trng lng v t l ca t sut hao ht v thi gian l khng t l thun. lc u trng lng mt nhiu hn lc cui.C ng tng con hao ht nhiu hn l c ng dng bnh (khi). Bao gi c khi lnh ng s gim hao ht rt nhiu nhng nu bao gi khng cht, trong lng s vn b hao ht do bc hi b mt bn trong lp bao gi.Gi sn phm s vn cn nguyn trng lng nhng bn trong, lng nc b tch ra bt (Trn c Ba v ctv) 2.12 Cc phng php lm lnh ng Phng php ny c thc hin nhng ni khng c nh my lnh, da vo s ha tan ca mui v nc to nn hn hp sinh hn.Trc tin vo b nc mui bng 5% trng lng c ri mt lp di y.Sau c vo ln lt mt lp c mt lp , trn lp c rc mt lp mui t nhit -120C trn cng ph mt lp dy c ri mt lp mui.Thi gian lm lnh ng khong 14 gi v nhit c t khong -80C.Khi t n nhit ny a c qua phng lnh sau khi ly ra khi b. 2.12.2 Lm lnh ng bng khng kh
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2.12.1 Lm lnh ng bng nc v mui

Ngi ta t ng lnh trong cha amonia ln trn nhng tm gi trong mt cn phng ri by sn phm ln trn.Tc dng truyn nhit s lm cho phn sn phm tip gip vi ng lnh phi lnh ng trong khi tc dng i lu t nhin ca khng kh xung quanh ng lnh cng lm cho cc phn khc lnh ng. Nhit p ng c th t -230C.Thi gian lnh ng kh di t 12 70 gi nn phng php ny c gi l phng php lnh ng chm. 2.12.3 Lnh ng bng qut gi Ngi ta dng ng lnh h nhit khng kh xung -230C -400C ri dng my qut thi hi lnh vo trong mt ng hm vi tc 2 15 m/s.C trn dy chuyn ln xe ri a vo ng hm. Khng kh cng lnh c cng mau kt ng, c th c cng b kit nc khi kt ng.Chng hn khi qut hi lnh -230C vo ng hm th c th c b tc ot mt mt lng nc nhiu gp 5 ln khi thi hi lnh -400C.Hi lnh -280C qut vi tc 12 m/s c xem nh tc tn km nht. 2.12.4 Lm lnh ng bng nc mui lnh C 2 cch: Ngm trong nc mui C c xp vo gi li ri nhng vo b nc mui c lm lnh bi gin bc hi ammoni.Nc mui c lu ng bng my bm, c lnh -180C.Thi gian lnh ng 3 gi. Phun nc mui lnh C vn chuyn trn bng chuyn v c phun nc mui lnh -250C.Khi lnh ng, c c phun nc sch 200C ra mui bm ln c,cui cng c c phun nc 00C m bng trc khi chuyn vo kho bo qun. Theo cch ny thi gian lnh ng ngn hn m hao ht trng lng li rt t, lng mui ngm vo gim thiu nhiu.Tuy nhin c vn b ngm mt phn nc mui nn lu mu sc s b bin i. 2.12.5 Lnh ng bng tip xc vi tm kim loi Sn phm c kp gia 2 tm kim loi c cha ng ng dn tc nhn lnh bn trong.Nh vy vic lm lnh xy ra trc tip xuyn qua lp kim loi nn thi gian lm lnh ng ngn(2 10 gi).Nhit lnh ng n -400C.
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2.12.6 Lm lnh ng cc nhanh C c chuyn trn bng chuyn v kh nit lng c phun trc tip vo c .Kh nit lng bc hi sinh nhit thp -1960C lm lnh ng san phm trong 5-10 pht(bng 1/60 thi gian lm lnh ng nhanh).Hin nay cc nc pht trin ng dng phng php lm lnh ng cc nhanh cho 50% sn phm lm lnh ng.

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Chng 3

VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1 Thi gian v a im -Thi gian thc hin ti: bt u t ngy 4/5/2009 n ngy 4/6/2009. -a im thc tp: CNG TY TNHH THC PHM QVD- NG THP 3.2 3.2.1 Vt liu v th nghim Nguyn liu thc hin quy trnh c tra phi l ng lnh Ngun nguyn liu ch yu l c tra c thu mua t cc tnh: ng Thp, An Giang. 3.2.2 Dng c -Nhit k o nhit -Cn ng h -Cn in t -Dao inox, tht nha, r nha. -Bn cha nc ra bng inox -My cp ng IQF dng bng chuyn 3.3 3.3.1 Phng php nghin cu Phng php kho st quy trnh Quan st qui trnh v tham gia trc tip vo cc cng on trong qui trnh ch bin ti cng ty t khu nhp nguyn liu n khu thnh phm v a vo kho bo qun. Ghi nhn li qui trnh v cc yu t nh hng n qui trnh. 3.3.2 Phng php tnh nh mc nguyn liu nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu: L lng nguyn liu tiu hao ln nht cho php sn xut ra mt n v sn phm. nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu l mt con s c th v tng i chnh xc so vi thc t sn xut.nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu c tnh theo cng thc sau:
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I= khi lng nguyn liu / khi lng sn phm. Trong I l nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu i vi mt hng c tra fillet ng lnh chng ti tin hnh tnh nh mc cc khu fillet, lng da, sa c. Th nghim c lp li 3 ln. Th nghim c tin hnh theo di trn 3 ngy. a. nh mc khu fillet: M 1=TLNL ban u/TL tht c sau fillet C sau khi ct tit c chuyn sang bn fillet, c c fillet ly phn tht hai bn thn c, cc phn khc nh xng, bng, ni tng, u, vy ui b i v ua ra phng ph liu. Phn tht c c em cn v tnh nh mc cho bn thnh phm cng on ny. S b tr th nghim S ln lp li 1 2 3 Trung bnh

Trng lng trc (g)

Trng lng sau (g)

nh mc

b. nh mc khu lng da M 2 = TL tht c trc khi lng da / TL tht c sau khi lng da C sau khi fillet c ra sch, cng on ra khng hao ht trng lng chuyn sang lng da. Lng da bng my, cho tng ming c chy qua my lng da loi b ht da. Sau em cn tht c v tnh nh mc bn thnh phm cho cng on ny.

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S b tr th nghim S ln lp li 1 2 3 Trung bnh Trng lng trc (g) Trng lng sau (g) nh mc

c. nh mc khu sa c: M 3 = Trng lng tht c trc khi sa / Trng lng tht c sau khi sa Bn thnh phm c sau khi lng da s c chuyn sang nh hnh sa c. cng on ny nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu ph thuc rt nhiu vo tay ngh cng nhn, tin hnh nh hnh, dung dao chuyn dng ct b m, tht , xng, da cn st li.Chnh sa cho ming c bng, p, to gi tr cm quan. S b tr th nghim S ln lp li 1 2 3 Trung bnh Trng lng trc (g) Trng lng sau (g) nh mc

d. nh mc ch bin nh mc ch bin = M1 * M2 * M3

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Chng 4

KT QU V THO LUN

4.1 4.1.1

Quy trnh ch bin c tra fillet ng lnh S quy trnh ch bin c tra fillet ng lnh IQF Nguyn liu Ra 3 Quay ph gia Tip nhn nguyn liu Phn c-Phn mu Ra 4 Ch ng
Fillet

Ra 1

Xp c- Cp ng
Ra 2

M bng Bao gi- Ht chn khng ng thng

Lng da

Sa c Soi k sinh trng

Bo Qun

Phn mu-phn c s b

Thnh phm

Hnh 4.1 S quy trnh c tra fillet ng lnh IQF

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4.1.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh Cng on tip nhn nguyn liu C c vn chuyn t cc vng nui nh ng Thp, An Giang.vn chuyn n x nghip bng ghe, c. Thao tc C t di ghe c vt vo st cho vo cc thng nha, mi thng nng khong 100 kg, pha di y thng c nhiu l thot nc.Dng balng in ko ln bng ti v c bng ti vn chuyn a n bn cn in t.Sau khi cn xong c dc theo cc mng ca tip nhn c i qua cc bn cha nguyn liu bn trong. Mc ch Cn v kim tra khi lng nguyn liu u vo. Xc nh trng lng, mc ti n, mu sc, gi tr cm quan ca c theo ng yu cu m x nghip t ra. Yu cu Ch tip nhn nhng l nguyn liu c khi lng t 0.5 kg/con tr ln, cn sng v khng b try xc, khng cha khng sinh b cm s dng hoc khng sinh c s dng nhng phi ngng 4 tun trc khi s dng. Trc khi vn chuyn nguyn liu v nh my, phng th nghim phi tin hnh kim tra nh gi ngun gc nguyn liu, khai thc t vng c kim sot thuc tr su, kim loi nng t yu cu, giy cam kt ca ch nguyn liu khng s dng khng sinh b cm trong nui trng thy sn (CAP, AOZ, MG, LMG) hoc khng sinh hn ch s dng (Enpro/Cipro, Flumequin) c s dng 4 tun trc khi thu hoch, c hp ng mua bn khng s dng ha cht Green malachite, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran (bao gm c Furozolidone) v khng s dng ha cht no trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn.Giy cam kt ca ch nui khng s dng thc n thi mc.C nui phi nm trong vng kim sot ca Nafiqad. Mi l nguyn liu phi c m s ring.M s ny phi c ghi km l hng trong qu trnh ch bin, ghi trn bao b truy xut l hng t thnh phm n nguyn liu.V sinh nh xng, cu cng, bng ti trc v sau khi tip nhn nguyn liu.(kim tra trc khi nhn, trc khi ngh tra v kt thc)
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Cng on ra 1 Thao tc C t bn ngoi vo bn inox 500 lt thng qua mng np nguyn liu.Cng nhn x nc t vi nc vo bn, mi bn khng qu 1500 kg.Sau dng dm nha khuy o nh, u v trnh lm try xc c. Mc ch Nhm loi b bt tp cht, vi sinh vt v mt phn nht c bm trn thn c to iu kin cho cc cng on sau c sch s v thun li. Yu cu Nc ra phi l nc sch. Mi bn ra khng qu 1500 kg. Thay nc sau mi ln ra. Trong qu trnh ra khng c c qu y trnh hin tng c vng vy rt ra ngoi gy nhim bn. QC phi thng xuyn gim st cng nhn trong vic tip nhn v ra nguyn liu. Cng on fillet Thao tc t c ln tht, u hng v pha bn phi, lng i din vi ngi fillet.Dng dao chuyn dng cho ngi fillet, tay phi cm dao, tay tri dc ln thn c.Dng dao ct mt ng pha di ngnh c, n mnh li dao pha di xng c.Sau nghing li dao, to vi xng sng mt gc 450 ko mt ng t trn xung khi n k lng ca c th ta lch li dao qua(thao tc ny phi kho lo trnh st tht v tr ny) sau i dc ng dao xung ui.Phn bng cn dnh li ta dn mnh tay ct sut t bng ti ui. Mt cn li, ta lt ming c li v lm tng t. Mc ch Tch phn tht ra khi xng c, loi b xng, vy, u.To gi tr cm quan p cho ming c v theo yu cu ca khch hng. Yu cu

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Ming c sau khi fillet khng b b ni tng, rch, vn, st xng, b mt phi nhn, phng.Thao tc fillet sao cho hn ch ti a tht cn st li trn xng. Dao, tht, r trc khi fillet phi c v sinh sch s. Ming c ngay sau khi fillet phi c cho vo r t di vi nc phun sng lm gim lng mu bm trn ming c v hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Ph phm phi nhanh chng chuyn ra ngoi phng cha ph phm, trnh gy ng trong khu vc fillet.Thng cha ph phm khi c 2/3 l phi ko ra ngoi. Nhn xt Qua kho st chng ti nhn thy rng cng nhn tun th theo ng cc quy tc v sinh dng c sch s trc khi fillet. Trong qu trnh fillet c mt s t cng nhn chy theo nng sut lm cho ming c fillet b rch tht, st xng, v ni tng nh hng n cht lng sn phm sau ny. Cng on ra 2 Thao tc C sau khi fillet xong a qua cn tnh nng sut cho cng nhn.Sau a qua khu ra, cc ming fillet c a qua cc bn ra sch mu, mi bn khong 300 kg c.T l ra 1:3(300 kg c : 100 lt nc).Dng tay o lin tc ra sch mu cn dnh li trn ming fillet, vt ra v chuyn sang cng on lng da. Mc ch Loi b sch mu trn b mt ming c v cht bn ln t ni tng trong qu trnh fillet.Cng on ny cng loi bt mt phn vi sinh vt trn ming fillet.Lm trng c tht c v tng gi tr cm quan ca ming c. Yu cu Ra c bng nc sch.Ra khng qu 300 kg / 1 ln.Nhit nc ra l nhit nc thng.Khng nn ra c bng nc lnh, v nhit thp lm cho ming c cng hn, m ng c gy kh khn trong qu trnh ra v cc cng on sau. Nc ra ch c s dng mt ln duy nht v thay nc sau mi ln ra. Cng on lng da
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 Thao tc t ming fillet ln bn my lng da, b mt da tip xc vi bn my, t t y nh phn da n vo li dao t ui n ht ming fillet.Sau khi lng xong th phn tht i vo phn r cha nguyn liu v em cn tnh nng sut, phn da tch ra i xung khay ph liu t pha di. Mc ch Lm tng gi tr cm quan cho ming c fillet. To iu kin cho vic nh hnh d dng v p hn. p ng theo yu cu ca khch hng. Yu cu Bn my phi c v sinh sch s trc khi vn hnh. Cc dng c chuyn dng phi v sinh sch s trc khi s dng. Ming c sau khi lng da phi sch tng i, phi tht phng, nhn v khng b phm tht. Cng on sa c Thao tc t ming c ln tht v lng ht phn da cn st li khu lng da.Sau lt mt trong ca ming c hng ln trn, dng dao lng b ht phn m bng, m lng, m d v ly ht xng d cn st li. +i vi c tht trng Lt mt ngoi ca ming c ln, cm dao nh nhng nhng phi c lc y li dao, dng 40% t gc dao ln n mi dao lng ht phn tht 2 bn lng cn sng lng dng gc li dao co t gia lng ln pha trn nh u, khi gn ln ti nh dng dao gt nh phn tht .Sau quay dao li co t gia lng xung pha di ui cho n khi sch hon ton tht . Sau khi co xong, em nhng r qua bn nc lnh trc khi a qua khu kim c.Trong sut cng on ny, phi p vy bo qun c. +i vi c tht t c ln tht, xem k v tin hnh loi b xng, da cn st li trn ming c, khng co tht , khng b m.Tin hnh chnh sa ming c sao cho c hnh dng p v ng qui nh.
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Hnh 4.4 C tht trng Mc ch Lm theo yu cu ca khch hng.

Hnh 4.5 C tht

Lm tng gi tri cm quan v gi tr dinh dng cho ming c. Yu cu Bn thnh phm sau khi nh hnh xong khng cn st c tht (i vi c tht trng), m, xng. Ming c phi phng, nhn, khng c rch nt. Nhit thn c lun <120C. Nhit nc nhng <30C.Sau khi ra khong 200 kg c thay nc mt ln. Cng nhn phi v sinh tay, dng c, bn sau 30 pht trong nc ra vi nng chlorine 10-15 ppm. Qa trnh to hnh phi nhanh chng, ng cch trnh lm ng bn thnh phm qu nhiu nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Cng on soi k sinh trng Thao tc t ming c ln bn soi kim tra s hin din ca k sinh trng, di nh sng ca n, nh sng c th xuyn qua ming c gip ta nhn thy s hin din ca k sinh trng hoc mu bm tn ti trong ming c.Nu pht hin ming c c k sinh trng th phi tch ring ming c loi sang bn ph phm. Mc ch Kim tra v pht hin k sinh trng tn ti trong ming c nhm loi b chng m bo an ton thc phm. Yu cu
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Loi b nhng k sinh trng c hnh dng m trng bu dc hoc l m en hnh dng khng xc nh. nh sng n c cng 540- lux Cng nhn c ngh 10 pht sau mt gi kim tra. Phi soi c 2 mt ca c v thao tc phi nhanh chng, chnh xc. QC kim tra t nht 30 pht 1 ln.Mt ln kim tra 10-15 kg v nhit c <120C. Cng on phn mu phn c s b Thao tc La ra nhng ming c cn st xng, da, m, vt mu, vt rch chnh li cho t tiu chun. Phn mu s b cho mu sc ca sn phm ng u.Phn ra lm 4 loi mu: Bng 4.1 Bng phn mu s b Loi 1 2 3 Mu Trng + Trng p Hng nht Hng m + Vng chanh

Phn c s b thnh 2 loi ln, nh theo yu cu ca khch hng. Mc ch m bo s ng u v trng lng, kch thc, mu sc to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh quay tng trng. Cng on ra 3 Thao tc Cng nhn nhng ln lt mi r ng khng qu 5 kg qua 3 bn nc 100 lt. Mc ch Loi b vn c v vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ming fillet. Lm sch ming fillet trc khi x l quay tng trng. Cn bit khi lng c m pha dung dch thuc quay tng trng cho ph hp. Yu cu Khong 200 kg th tin hnh thay nc 1 ln.
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Nhit nc ra 80C Qu trnh thay nc hp l. Cng on quay ph gia Thao tc Chun b dung dch thuc gm: +2 % MP Seaphos VI (12 kg) +1 % mui NaCl (6 kg) Ha tan tt c vo 600 lt nc, va pha va cho vo h thp nhit dung dch. Cho dung dch vo my, sau cho c vo theo t l 1:4.Mi ln cho vo my 300-500 kg.Thi gian quay t 6-12 pht ty theo loi c. +Tra hm < 220 g ; thi gian quay t 8-10 pht. +Tra hm >220 g ; thi gian quay t 10-12 pht. Mc ch Tng gi tr cm quan cho ming fillet, mu sc ming c ti sng, bng p hn. Tng trng lng ming fillet, gim nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu, tng gi thnh sn phm. To iu kin thun li cho cng on phn c, bt mu, phn loi c. Yu cu S vng quay: 5-8 vng/ pht Nhit dung dch thuc t 60C 80C. T l tng trng t 8-12 %. Nng dung dch thuc x l phi ph hp vi tng loi c, c c v theo yu cu khch hng. C sau khi x l phi c mu p, bng v kh nng gi nc tt. Cc ha cht c s dng phi ng theo tiu chun ca b thy sn. Cng on phn mu - phn c Thao tc Phn c: Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng v ty theo loi c m c c phn lm cc c khc nhau.Vic phn c c thc hin bng my, c t ln my phn c
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phn thnh cc size khc nhau theo yu cu khch hng.Gm c cc c Oz (1Oz = 28,35 g) Bng 4.2 Bng phn c c tra fillet Size (Oz) 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-UP Trng v trng c 60-100 100-120 120-150 150-180 180-210 210-240 240-270 270-300 300-330 330-360 360-UP Khi lng (g) Hng nht Hng m v vng chanh 60-100 60-100 100-120 100-120 120-150 120-150 150-180 150-180 180-210 180-210 210-240 210-240 240-270 240-270 270-300 270-300 300-330 330-360 300-360 360-UP 360-UP

Phn mu: Phn li nhng mu m trong qu trnh phn mu s b cn st.Do trong qu trnh ch bin bn thn c tht c c mu khc nhau nn ta phi phn ra thnh tng loi ring bit v theo yu cu ca khch hng.C sau khi ngm quay th mu sc c th hin r rng hn nn vic phn mu thun li hn.C 4 loi mu c bn: trng, hng nht, hng m, vng chanh. Mc ch To s ng u v kch c v mu sc ca ming c. To iu kin cho cho cng on sau c thun li hn. Yu cu Phi thng xuyn hiu chnh cn m bo chnh xc ca sn phm. Thao tc nhanh gn, trnh ming fillet nm lu trn bn. Phn c, loi theo tiu chun ngnh v theo yu cu ca khch hng. C c bt mu ng, tuyt i khng c ln ln mu sc, sai c khng c vt gii hn 2 %. Cng on ra 4 Thao tc C sau khi phn c, phn loi xong th chuyn sang cng on cn.
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Trng lng c cn cho mi n v sn phm l khc nhau ty theo yu cu khch hng. Sau khi cn xong ln lt cho tng r c bn thnh phm ra qua nc sch, lnh.Nhit nc ra t 6-80C.Thi gian ra 15-20 giy.Cho tng r c vo bn ra v dng tay khuy u, gt b lp m v bt trn b mt ra.Ly ra ro 3-5 pht ri chuyn sang cng on khc. Mc ch Cn p ng yu cu ca khch hng, xc nh trng lng tnh ng thi l c s xc nh nng sut ca cng nhn. Ra tng gi tr cm quan cho ming fillet, loi b vn c v vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ming fillet. Yu cu Cn phi c hiu chnh thng xuyn m bo chnh xc. m bo trng lng tnh trn mi n v sn phm. Ra bng nc sch, nhit nc ra phi c kim tra thng xuyn. Tn sut thay nc ng quy nh, 200 kg thay nc mt ln. Cng on ch ng Thao tc Sau khi ra cho vo bao PE (55*57 cm), mi bao 5 kg cho vo bn. Mi lp c cho mt lp .Mi bn khong 450-500 kg gm 5 lp c v 6 lp . Sau mi lp dy 5 cm cho khong 500 g mui xay ln mt h thp im ng bng ca nc gip h thp nhit bn thnh phm Mc ch H thp nhit sn phm, rt ngn thi gian cp ng. n nh cht lng sn phm, hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Yu cu Thi gian ch ng khng qu 4h. Nhit kho ch ng t 1 40C. Kho ch ng phi c v sinh sch s v kim tra hit thng xuyn. Cng on cp ng
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 Thao tc Trc khi vn hnh t phi tin hnh lm v sinh bng chuyn v ro nc.Sau ng ca t v vn hnh cho t chy ch khng ti n khi nhit t -330C.iu chnh sao cho tc bng chuyn ph hp vi nhit trung tm ca sn phm l -180C.Cng nhn ng 2 bn bng chuyn t tng ming c ln bng ti v nh hnh ming c ngay ngn, cc ming c khng c dnh lin nhau, khng c cch qu xa nhau.Sau mi mt loi c, phi t size ln bng chuyn bit kch c ca c. Mc ch nhit thp(-180C), nc trong sn phm gn nh kt tinh hon ton, enzym b v hot, vi sinh vt hu nh khng th pht trin, ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. To hnh dng c nh cho sn phm v to iu kin thun li cho bao gi, bo qun sn phm. Yu cu Nhit t cp ng -330C. Nhit tm sn phm l -180C. Thi gian cp ng 20 30 pht ty theo c c. Cng nhn lm vic trong cng on ny phi mc y bo h lao ng v v sinh sch s. Cng on m bng Thao tc C sau khi tch ra khi bng chuyn ri xung bng chuyn li.Pha trn bng chuyn li l h thng vi phun dng m bng ngay sn phm khi ri khi bng chuyn.Vi h thng vi phun ny th sn phm c m bng ng u v hp v sinh hn. Mc ch Bo v sn phm, tng gi tr cm quan v hn ch mt nc. Gim tn hao nhit trong qu trnh bo qun, lm tng trng lng ca ming c. Hn ch oxi ha, gim thiu va chm trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun.
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 Yu cu Nc m bng phi l nc lnh, sch. Nhit nc m bng t 0 30C. T l lp m bng so vi trng lng sn phm thng thng l 5 % c th cao hn ty theo yu cu ca khch hng. Bn thnh phm sau khi m bng trnh ng qu lu gy ra hin tng tan bng nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Cng on bao gi- ht chn khng Thao tc Sn phm sau khi m bng xong cho vo ti PE (PA nu ht chn khng) a qua my ht chn khng v hn kn ming bao li.Trng lng mi ti ty theo yu cu ca khch hng (thng l 1 kg hoc 1.5 kg ty theo yu cu khch hng).Ty theo loi hng m c th khng ht chn khng, ch hn ming bao li v ng thng.. Mc ch Thun tin cho qu trnh ng thng. Tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm v bo v sn phm khng cho c tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi. Yu cu Thao tc nhanh, nh nhng, trnh lm hng c. Bao gi ng loi, ng c, ng qui cch qui nh ring ca mi khch hng. Bao b phi sch, mi, nguyn vn, khng dng bao b b thng v rch. Cc mi hn phi kn, nu b h hoc rch phi loi b ti PE v thay ti khc. Bao b phi ghi r a ch cng ty, tn sn phm, c, trng lng, ngy sn xut, thi hn s dng, iu kin bo qun, m s l hng.. Cng on ng thng Thao tc Xp cc gi cng c, cng loi qua my d kim loi vo thng carton.C 10 ti ng thnh mt thng, dng bng keo dn kn ming thng.t thng ln my ning, ning 4 dy quanh thng (gm 2 dy dc v 2 dy ngang). Cc dy ning khng c qu cht hoc qu lng s nh hng n bao b v sn phm bn trong.
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Nu cha ng hng ngay hoc cha c bao b th phi cho vo bao b tm ri chuyn vo trong kho. ng thng c 10 kin hng th phi tin hnh bo qun trong kho lnh. Mc ch Bo v v thng tin v sn phm bn trong. To iu kin thun li cho vic bo qun, vn chuyn, phn phi v lu kho. To v m quan, m bo cht lng theo yu cu khch hng. Yu cu Cng nhn phi thc hin v sinh c nhn, mang y bo h lao ng. Tt c thit b nh xng v thng carton phi c v sinh sch s. Trn thng phi ghi y cc thng tin v a ch cng ty, tn sn phm, c, trng lng, ngy sn xut, thi hn s dng, iu kin bo qun, m s l hng, m s EU, hng dn s dng. Sn phm sau khi ng thng phi c a vo kho bo qun ngay, khng c ngoi kho qu 15 pht. Cng on bo qun Thao tc Sau khi ng thng chuyn hng n ca kho cng sm, cng tt.t thng hng ln bng chuyn chuyn cc thng hng vo trong kho n xe vn chuyn bn trong.Cng nhn iu khin xe in sp xp hng ha theo yu cu k thut ra.Cc thng hng c xp theo tng cm ring bit trnh nhim cho. Mc ch Duy tr nhit sn phm mc thp, nhit ny khng c s nng chy hoc kt tinh ca nc trong sn phm. Enzym b v hot, vi sinh vt trong sn phm khng cn c kh nng pht trin, ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. Sn phm cha trong kho bo qun trnh c s ph hoi ca cn trng, ngn nga s ly nhim ca vi sinh vy t mi trng bn ngoi. Yu cu Hng xp trong kho sao cho tit kim din tch nht nhng phi m bo nhit bo qun ng ca tm sn phm.
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Tuyt i khng c a hng cha cp ng vo trong kho. Cn to li i thng thong, m bo khng kh lnh lu thng u trong kho bo qun. Cc kin hng c cht ln pallet cch nn khong 15 cm, cch tng 40 cm, cch trn 80 cm. Hng c cht theo tng chng loi ring bit v ai kin chc chn. Hng nhp trong kho phi ghi y cc k hiu thng tin v sn phm theo yu cu. Nhit kho bo qun -180C. Hng vo trc u tin xut trc. Ra vo kho phi thng xuyn ng ca, ch nhng ngi c trch nhim mi c ra vo kho, s ngi trong kho khng c t hn 2 ngi v nhiu hn 4 ngi. 4.3 Tnh nh mc y l cng on c hao ht trng lng nhiu nht nn nh mc cao nht quyt nh nh mc ca c quy trnh. S hao ht trng lng khu ny ch yu l do c c fillet ct b u, xng, ni tng ch gi li hai ming tht hai bn thn c. S hao ht trng lng cn phu thuc: + Ph thuc vo tay ngh ca cng nhn nu fillet khng ng k thut s lm t ming c hoc mt tht nh hng n nh mc ch bin. +Ph thuc vo trng thi nguyn liu lc fillet, mc ti n ca nguyn liu lc tip nhn nh hng rt ln n thao tc fillet v nh mc ch bin. +Ph thuc vo trng thi dng c lc fillet.Nu dao dng cho fillet st, bn th thao tc fillet d dng v dt khot hn to cho ming fillet phng, p, lng v khng b mt tht lm gim ng mc ch bin. 4.3.2 Tnh nh mc lng da Cng on ny nh mc ph thuc ton vo my lng da.Trong b phn quan trng nht l li dao v tm k.Phi lm cho li dao tht bn v khong cch gia li dao v tm k phi ph hp vi dy ca tm da c loi b hon ton da c ra khi ming fillet m khng b phm tht.
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4.3.1 Tnh nh mc phi l

4.3.3 Tnh nh sa c nh mc sa c c tnh da vo phn ph phm b i khi sa c gm (m, xng, da, d, tht ). nh mc ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo tay ngh ca cng nhn v tnh cht ca dng c. Nu cng nhn lm vic lu nm c tay ngh v k thut cao th nng sut lm vic cao v t l ph phm b i rt t lm gim nh mc ch bin. Cn v dng c nu dao c mi thng xuyn, nh v bn th thao tc sa c d dng hn, khng b mt tht, ming c trn lng v tng gi tr cm quan. 4.3.4 Tnh nh mc ch bin

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Chng 5

KT LUN V NGH

5.1

Kt lun Trong sut qu trnh thc tp, tm hiu v tham gia trc tip vo qui trnh chng

ti c nhng kt lun sau: C s vt cht, trang thit b, nh xng my mc ca cng ty c xy dng tng i hon chnh. C cu t chc ca cng ty tng i cht ch, ph hp v nhp nhng c s gn kt gia cc t chc lnh o v ton th cng nhn. Cng ty p dng thnh cng h thng qun l cht lng HACCP. nh mc ch bin ph thuc vo cht lng sn nguyn liu v tay ngh ca cng nhn l ch yu. nh mc khu fillet v sa c tng i cao v tay ngh cng nhn cn yu. nh mc ch bin l 3.490 5.2 ngh V thi gian v kin thc thc tp cn hn ch nn chng ti ch nu ra mt s ngh sau: Cng ty phi thng xuyn m cc lp o to, hun luyn nng cao tay ngh ca cng nhn kt hp vi cc hnh thc khen thng khuyn khch cng nhn lm vic tt hn gp phn gim nh mc v nng cao nng sut lao ng. Cn b tr i ng cng nhn tng khu cho hp l, trnh tnh trng ng nguyn liu v khu ny phi ch khu kia gy lng ph thi gian. Nu c iu kin cng ty phi tnh thm nh mc cp ng trong qui trnh sn xut xc nh chnh xc nh mc ch bin ca sn phm.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu ting vit 1.TRN C BA, L VI PHC, NGUYN VN QUAN, 1990. K thut ch bin lnh thy sn.Nh xut bn i hc v Gio dc H Ni 2.NGUYN TRNG CN, MINH PHNG, 1996. Nguyn liu ch bin thy sn.Nh xut bn nng nghip TP.HCM. 3.HUNH PHM VIT HUY, 2006. K thut nui thy sn nc ngt. Khoa thy sn, trng i Hc Nng Lm TP.HCM. 4.PHAN TH THANH QU, 2005. Cng ngh ch bin thy hi sn. Khoa nng nghip v sinh hc ng dng, trng i Hc Cn Th. 5. THANH VINH, 1998. Phng php xy dng nh mc lao ng trong sn xut.Gio trinh i Hc Thy Sn. 6.L TN PHT, 2005. Kho st qui trnh c tra phi l lnh ng IQF. Lun vn tt nghip. 7.NGUYN TH THANH TUYN, H HI YN, 2005.Kho st qui trnh phi l c tra ng lnh v nh gi hiu qu cht st khun trong v sinh cng nghip ti cng ty TNHH Vnh Hon. Lun vn tt nghip. 8.Ti liu cng ty TNHH THC PHM QVD.

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Ti liu Internet
www.lrc.ctu.edu.vn/pdoc/66/chebienthuysan.pdf

http://www.dongthaptrade.com.vn/province/0/Tin%20%C4%91%E1%BB%8B a%20ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng/79/344 http://www.taichinhdientu.vn/Home/Den-nam-2020-nganh-thuy-san-dat-muctieu-kim-ngach-xuat-khau-dat-7-ty-USD/20095/46872.dfis http://www.fistenet.gov.vn/xttm/index_.asp?menu=xu atnhapkhau_xk http://www.mekongdelta.com.vn/mekongdelta/news.asp?cate_Id=59&news_id =1782&sub_id=59 http://nhanong.net/?nn=view&action=showid&id=2320

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