ANNEXURE VII

PROJECT REPORT
(Project Semester January-June )

STUDY OF SCADA SYSTEM IN POWER MANAGEMENT

Submitted by

SACHIN GUPTA Roll No 1040556 AMANDEEP SINGH Roll No 1040544

Under the Guidance of

Mr. NIRBHAOJAP SINGH Department Of Electrical and instrumentation Engineering THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, PATIALA (Deemed University)

June/December 200 ANNEXURE VIII

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled (Title of the project) is an authentic record of my own work carried out at (Place of work) as requirements of six months project semester for the award of degree of B.E. (Civil Engineering), Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed University), Patiala, under the guidance of (Name of Industry coordinator) and (Name of Faculty coordinator), during June to December, 2003).

(Signature of student) (Name of Student) (Roll No.)

Date: ___________________

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.

(Name & Designation)

(Name & Designation)

Faculty Coordinator Coordinator

Industry

ANNEXURE VI CONTENTS OF THE REPORT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cover page on hard paper Inner page same as cover page but on the soft paper Declaration Acknowledgement (if any) Contents Summary Introduction Work Industry Review Details of the work including work programme & results Conclusions and Future Scope of Work References (if any) Impediments/difficulties faced during project semester on project work; Suggestions related to work/project semester.

6.

Please note the case of letters in the cover page. The 3rd. line is 16 pt bold and other lines are 12 pt. The page is centered. Department and Institute names are bold. The matter contained in the report should be typed in MS word (1.5 spacing) Times New Roman, 12 pt or equivalent with other software. Figures and tables may be inserted in the text as they appear or may be appended in order. List of references shall be appended at the end. Subject matter should be typed on both sides. A total of THREE copies may be prepared one for the student, second for the industry coordinator and third for the institute.

INDEX

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Summary Introduction Work Industry Review Details of the work including work programme & results Conclusions and Future Scope of Work References (if any) Impediments/difficulties faced during project semester on project work; Suggestions related to work/project semester

STUDY OF SCADA SYSTEM...........................................................................................................1

MR. NIRBHAOJAP SINGH

.........................................................................................1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING .......................................................................................................................1 DECLARATION .....................................................................................................................2 CONTENTS OF THE REPORT ........................................................................................3 ABOUT SLDC (PATIALA) .................................................................................................7 WHAT IS SCADA SYSTEM? .............................................................................................7
SUPERVISORY CONTROL..............................................................................................................8 DATA ACQUISITION ......................................................................................................................8

MAIN FEATURES .................................................................................................................9 MAIN OPERATION OF SLDC .......................................................................................11

VOLTAGE CONTROL.....................................................................................................................12 LINE LOADING...............................................................................................................................13 OPERATING MAN POWER............................................................................................................13

COMPONENTS OF SCADA .............................................................................................14

7.1) TRANSDUCERS.......................................................................................................................14 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS AND CURRENT TRANSFORMERS........................................15 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU) ..............................................................................................17 MODEM...........................................................................................................................................22 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)................................................................23 FRONT END PROCESSOR.............................................................................................................24 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SERVER AND RTU .........................................................24

SOURCES & TYPES OF DATA......................................................................................................26

ANALOG DATA ...................................................................................................................27 COMMUNICATION MEDIA ...........................................................................................28 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ..........................................................................................28

RSCC HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS DESCRIPTION....................................................................30 COMMUNICATION FRONT-ENDS...............................................................................................31 ICCP SERVERS................................................................................................................................33 ISR SERVERS..................................................................................................................................34 DTS SERVER...................................................................................................................................36 DATA SERVERS..............................................................................................................................39 DEVELOPMENT SERVER..............................................................................................................39 OPERATOR CONSOLES.................................................................................................................39 DTS OPERATOR CONSOLES........................................................................................................41 Two operator consoles with 2-CRT are dedicated to the DTS functions. Those consoles are exactly the same as the 2-CRT operator consoles already described..............................................................41 NETWORK MANAGEMENT CONSOLE.......................................................................................41 DEVELOPMENT CONSOLE...........................................................................................................41 LAN AND WAN EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................41 REMOTE VDUS...............................................................................................................................42

SCADA SUBSYSTEM .........................................................................................................43 5

FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW............................................................................................................43 DATA ACQUISITION......................................................................................................................44 HOST SCADA..................................................................................................................................44 TELEMETRY FRONT END............................................................................................................45 COMMUNICATION FRONT END..................................................................................................45 RTU 45

DATA FLOW....................................................................................................................................46 EXTERNAL DATA..........................................................................................................................47 DATA PROCESSING.......................................................................................................................47 DATA QUALITY CHECKING........................................................................................................49 SUPERVISORY CONTROL............................................................................................................50

USER INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .......................................................50

MENU DIRECTORY DISPLAY......................................................................................................52 SYSTEM DIRECTORY DISPLAY..................................................................................................52 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OVERVIEW DISPLAY......................................................................52 INTERCHANGE DISPLAYS...........................................................................................................52 SUBSTATION GRAPHIC DISPLAYS MENU DISPLAY..............................................................53 TRANSMISSION LINE GRAPHIC DISPLAYS MENU DISPLAY................................................54 TRANSMISSION LINE GRAPHIC DISPLAY................................................................................54 ABNORMAL SUMMARY DISPLAY.............................................................................................54

HISTORICAL INFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT ......................................55 UTILITIES USED BY SCADA SYSTEM ....................................................................57
ALARMS..........................................................................................................................................57 TAGGING.........................................................................................................................................58 TRENDING: -...................................................................................................................................59

1) INTRODUTION
Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. has implemented the Unified Load Dispatch & Communication Project for all the constituents of Northern Region and central sector. Under this project computerized SCADA/ EMS (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition/ Energy Management System) has been installed at SLDC Patiala and two Area Load Dispatch Centers (ALDCs) at Lalton Kalan (Ludhiana) and Jamsher (Jalandhar). 19 Nos. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) have been provided by PGCIL itself under this scheme. PSEB has already implemented Interim SCADA scheme provided by M/s C-DAC Bangalore, through which on line data is available at SLDC Ablowal from 15 Nos. RTUs since 1997-98. On line data with NRLDC is also being exchanged through this scheme. 6 Nos. additional RTUs have recently been provided by PSEB. Thus in total data from 40 Nos. important Sub-Stations and Generating stations of PSEB are available for online monitoring and Energy Management through SCADA/ EMS system at SLDC Patiala and at the ALDCs. From Remote Terminal Units to control center connectivity PLCC, Fiber optics & Microwave communication network is used, whereas for inter control center connectivity, wide band trunk line Microwave system is used.

ABOUT SLDC (PATIALA)

Power Grid of India Ltd is implementing the unified load DESPATCH & communication project. For all the constituents of Northern Region & central sector projects under World Bank funded scheme. Under this project SCADA/EMS (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition/Energy Management System) has been installed at SLDC Patiala & two ALDCs (Area Load DESPATCH Center) at Lalton Kalan (Ludhiana) & Jamsher (Jalandhar). 19 numbers of Remote Terminal Units are being provided by PGCIL itself under this scheme. PSEB has already implemented interim SCADA scheme provided by the M/S C-DAC Bangalore, through which on line data is available at SLDC Ablowal from 15 nos. RTUs since 1997-98. Online data with NRLDC is also being exchanged through this scheme. 6 nos. additional RTUs are being provided by PSEB, thus total data from 40 nos. important substations & generating stations of PSEB shall be available for monitoring & Energy Management through SCADA/EMS system at SLDC Patiala.

WHAT IS SCADA SYSTEM?

In the late 1960s and early 1970s SCADA came into existence. SCADA stands for Supervisory control and Data acquisition. This system is 7

responsible forgathering, processing and displaying information about the state of monitoring system. From a SCADA control center, operates and application programs can oversee and change the operating state of monitored devices. It enables operators to control field devices for their consoles. The system must be able to acquire & present large amount of data securely, clearly & coherently so that an operator can make appropriate decision. Thus both current live data and list data is required here. In a limited sense, the concept implies a remote controlling station, which monitors & controls system situated at some distance, in the field of electrical transmissions and distance networks i.e. multiple substations being controlled from the control room. In the multi site system, one site is usually designated as host site, while other are called remote or foreign sites. Host site is the recipient of data transferred from remote sites. Each site communicates to its remote terminal units by way of phone lines, microwave or fiber optic cable. At the control site, SCADA usually runs on computers. One performs real time function i.e. gathering, processing and displaying of real time data. This system is known as primary. The other computer acts as a backup and referred as secondary. If primary computer fails it take over real time operations.

SUPERVISORY CONTROL
SCADAs supervisory control function allows the operator and application Programmer to control devices in the monitored systems. From the control center the SCADA operator can issue control commands to change the state of such devices as circuit breaker and switches.

DATA ACQUISITION
Data Acquisition means to collect data and manipulate it or scanning of data. Remote terminal unit sends the raw data to communicate the front ends which perform some conversion and checking on the data before sending it to the telemetry front end and thus to the host. SCADA performs the following functions to acquire data for devices in the monitored system:

1) Scan the monitored system at prescribed tomes and receive data from RTU via CFE (Communication Front End). 2) Perform calculations on the data for other applications programs. 3) Determine the quality of data. 4) SCADA can acquire process and display data from three types of devices in the monitored system. These device types are: a) b) c) Analog state devices are used for numerical measurement Status devices have two conditions such as on and off such Pulse accumulator devices are used for measurement of such as MW, MVAR etc. as circuit breakers, isolators. energy.

MAIN FEATURES
The project involves the following main features:-

1) Establishment of a Computer based control center for SCADA/ EMS function at

Patiala (SLDC) and two Area Load Dispatch Centers (ALDCs) at Lalton Kalan (Ludhiana) and Jamsher (Jalandhar).

2) On-Line acquisition of data viz. MW, MVAR, Direction of Power Flow, Voltage,
Frequency from 40 nos. stations including most of the Generating Stations situated within Punjab state (List Enclosed)

3) Acquisition of Digital status of all circuit breakers, isolators, tap changers & Sequence
of Event (SOE) recording covered under the scheme.

4) On-Line display at SLDC & ALDCs on Operator Consoles and Magnified Video
Projection Screen at SLDC Patiala.

5) Provision of Remote Video Display Unit for Head Office for Board Management
reporting purpose.

6) On line acquisition of weather data for load forecasting through a weather station
installed at SLDC

7) Control Operation from remote Control Centers on selective lines/ transformers as and
when required meeting the power system demand.

2) LIST OF GRID SUB STATIONS AND THERMAL/HYDRO GENERATING STATIONS COVERED UNDER SLDC PROJECT A)
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

Under Interim SCADA Scheme:

220kV sub-station at Ropar Thermal (GGSSTP) Power Station. 220kV sub-station at Bathinda Thermal (GNDTP) Power Station. 132kV sub-station at Shanan Hydel Power House (Joginder Nagar, HP). 132kV sub-station at Anandpur Sahib Hydel Power House No. 2. 132kV sub-station at Mukerian Hydel Power House No. 2. 132kV sub-station at Mukerian Hydel Power House No. 4. 220kV Ablowal, Patiala. 220kV Lalton Kalan, Ludhiana. 220kv Jamsher, Jalandhar.

Generating Stations:

Sub Stations:

10) 220kV Moga. 11) 220kV Malerkotla. 12) 220kV Gobindgarh-1. 13) 220kV Sarna. 14) 220kV Wadala Granthian. 15) 220kV Mohali.

B)

Under Unified SCADA Scheme:

Sub Stations: 16) 220kV Sultanpur. 17) 220kV Patti. 18) 132kV Verpal. 19) 220kV Verka. 20) 220kV Civil Lines Amritsar. 21) 132kV Batala. 22) 220kV Butari. 23) 132kV Bhogpur. 24) 132kV Mahilpur. 10

25) 220kV Dasuha. 26) 220kV Goraya. 27) 220kV Nawashahar. 28) 220kV Muktsar. 29) 132 kV Muktsar. 30) 220kV Dhandari Kalan. 31) 220kV Ferozepur. 32) 220 kV Sunam. 33) 220kV Barnala. 34) 220kV Gobindgarh-2.

C)

Additional Stations Covered:

Generating Stations: 35) 220kv sub-station at Guru Hargobind Thermal Power Station, Lehra Mahobbat. 36) 220kV sub-station at Ranjit Sagar Hydel Power Plant, Thein (near Pathankot). 37) 132kV sub-station at Anandpur Sahib Hydel Power Plant-1. Sub Stations: 38) 132 KV Substation, Pathankot. 39) 220 KV Substation, Rajpura. 40) 220 KV Substation, Mansa (near Bathinda). 41) 220 KV Substation, Jagraon (near Ludhiana). 42) 220 KV Sub station, Sahnewal (near Ludhiana). 43) 220 KV Sub station, FatehGarh Churian (near Amritsar). 44) 220 KV Sub station, Kartarpur (near Jalandhar). 45) 220 KV Sub station, Nakodar (near Jalandhar). 46) 132 KV Sub station, Chohal (near Hoshiarpur). 47) 132 KV Sub station, Kangra (H.P.). 48) 132 KV Sub station, Sarna (near Pathankot).

MAIN OPERATION OF SLDC

One of the main assumptions of the power system planner is that the system parameters viz. frequency, voltage remains close to nominal values. This section lists the

11

measures to be adopted by the system operators at SLDCs / ISGS / substations for frequency and voltage control.

6.1) FREQUENCY CONTROL

All the regional constituents would make all possible efforts to ensure the maintenance of grid frequency within the normal band i.e. 49.0 to 50.5 Hz. This would be ensured by adhering to the following steps: 1) Each SLDC shall regulate the load / own generation under its control so that it may not draw more than its net drawl schedule during low frequency conditions and less than its drawl schedule during high frequency conditions. 2) Sudden reduction in generator output by more than one hundred (100) MW unless under an emergency condition or to prevent an imminent damage to the equipment shall be avoided, particularly when frequency is falling below 49.0 Hz. 3) Sudden increase in load by more than 100 MW by any SLDC, particularly when frequency is falling below 49.0 Hz. and reduction in load by such quantum when frequency is rising above 50.5 Hz. shall be avoided.

VOLTAGE CONTROL
As defined in the IEGC section 6.2 (g), the operating range of the voltage at various voltage levels of grid are as follows: Voltage in KV (RMS) Nominal 400 220 132 Maximum 420 245 145 Minimum 360 200 120

The maximum and minimum values in the above table are the outer limits and all the constituents would endeavor to maintain the voltage level well within the above limits. 1) In the event of high voltage (e.g., 400kV bus voltages going above 410kV), the following specific steps would be taken by the respective grid substations / generating station at their own, unless specifically mentioned by NRLDC otherwise; a) The bus reactors be switched in 12

b) The manually switchable capacitor banks be taken out c) The switchable line/ tertiary reactors be taken in d) Operate synchronous condensers for VAR absorption e) Operate hydro generators / gas turbines as synchronous condenser for VAR absorption wherever possible f) Opening of the lightly loaded lines in consultation with NRLDC, keeping in view the security of the balance network. 2) In the event of low voltage, (e.g., 400kV bus voltages going down below 390kV), the following specific steps would be taken by the respective grid substations / generating station at their own, unless specifically mentioned by NRLDC otherwise; a) The bus reactors be switched out b) The capacitor banks be switched in c) The switchable line / tertiary reactors be taken out d) Operate synchronous condensers for VAR generation e) Operate hydro generators / gas turbines as synchronous condenser for VAR generation, wherever possible f) Closing of lines which were opened to control high voltage, in consultation with NRLDC

LINE LOADING
In addition to frequency & voltage control measures outlined above, each system operator would also have before him the thermal loading limits, surge impedance loading and the loading permitted from stability considerations for each line listed under important elements. Each system operator at SLDC / substations would endeavor to keep the line/ ICT loadings within limits and inform NRLDC in case of overloading of any element. Special emphasis would be paid by each system operator in identifying credible system contingencies & continuously evaluating the system under his control against these contingencies.

OPERATING MAN POWER

The control rooms of all SLDCs, power plants, grid substations as well as any other control centers of regional constituents shall be manned round the clock by qualified and adequately trained manpower who would remain vigilant and cooperative at all the times so as to maintain the system safety and security and operate it in a most optimum manner. 13

COMPONENTS OF SCADA
The SCADA system used in the SLDC project consists of:

1) Transducers 2) Potential and Current Transformers 3) Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) 4) MODEM 5) Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) 6) Front End Processor 7) LAN 8) Main Server

7.1) TRANSDUCERS
Transducer is a device, which provides a transformed output in response to a specific measured value given as input. The basic functions of transducer are:

1) To measure/ to sense the change in parameters. 2) To convert the measured values from one form into another form, that is
useful for further processing. Depending on the type of the output from the first function, the conversion function (i.e. conversion into engineering units) may or may not be present. The various parameters involved in the Power System analysis are: -

1) Active power 2) Reactive power 3) Voltage 4) Current 5) Status of circuit breakers

Out of these the current and the voltage are stepped down to a value suited to the respective transducers. The status of the circuit breakers are sensed using energized relays connected to either the OPEN or CLOSE position of the circuit breaker. While selecting a transducer for any specific measuring, one should consider the following criteria. 14

Type of measuring

1) Number of measurements 2) Sensing element 3) Transduction element 4) Range of measurement

The Conversion is a process, which involves presentation of measured value in a specific format to the user. They convert the analog input to digital input to be interfaced to the computer directly. The Transducer Panel at SLDC has 11 Transducers, out of which 8 are the main Transducers and 2 are voltage Transducers, and one is frequency Transducer. The main Transducer consists of 4 CTs (only R & B phases), 3 PTs, 1 neutral point, 1 earth point, 2 points for dc supply (48 V, to energize the T/D), 2 points of Ms, and 2 points for MVARs.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS AND CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

Instrument transformers find a wide application in protection circuits of power system for the operation of over current, under voltage, earth fault and various other types of relays. In all these applications the instrument transformers are used for scaling down the values to an acceptable range. As in power system, current & voltage handled are very large and therefore the direct measurement of these quantities is not possible using measuring devices.

15

Transformers used for the measurement of voltage are called potential transformers. The primary winding is connected to the voltage being measured and the secondary winding, to a voltmeter. The PT steps down the voltage to the level of voltmeter specification used in the project. Here this is 110 KV/ 110V. Transformers used for the measurement of current are called current transformers. The primary winding of a current transformer is so connected that the current being measured passes through it and the secondary winding is connected to an ammeter. The CT steps down the current to a lower level. The current transformer is used with its primary winding in series with the line carrying the current to be measured and, therefore the primary current is dependent upon the load connected to the systems and is not determined by the load connected on the secondary winding of the CT. The primary winding consists of very few turns and therefore, there is no appreciable voltage drop across it. The secondary winding of the CT has large number of turns, the exact number being determined by the turns ratio. The ammeter or wattmeter current coil is connected directly across the secondary winding terminals.

current transformer a) wire lead frequency 50 -400 hz

b) split core

16

Thus the CT operates with its secondary winding nearly under short circuit conditions. On the terminal of the secondary winding is earthed so as to prevent damage to the equipment and personnel in the vicinity in the event of insulation failure in the CT. Specification used in the substation is 230 KV/ 110 KV. The output of PT should be zero when the supply is zero. In order to nullify the output when the supply is zero, auxiliary supply is used. Specifications used at SLDC are 600 KV/ 1000 KV.

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)

Typical RTU has a network interface (usually either Ethernet, proprietary, or both), a simple processor, some environmental sensors, some override switches, and a bus, which it uses to communicate with devices and/or interface, boards. This bus is sometimes called a device bus or a field bus. Standards include the ISO Controller, Area Network, MODBUS, and others. Sometimes a device or field bus standard can be used to interconnect RTUs and host systems as well as field devices and RTUs. RTUs are basically distributed SCADA based systems used in remote locations. They are rugged and should be able to work unattended for a long duration. There are two modes in which RTUs work: i. ii. Under command from central computer. Stand alone mode. Since these RTUs have to operate for a long duration unattended the basic requirements would be that they consume minimum power and have considerable self-diagnostic facility. The main parts of RTUs are: MAJOR COMPONENT OF SCADA REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT The RTUs consist of process module, analog and digital input modules and communication interface, power supply unit and screw termination on the rear of the panel for field connections. The data is acquired form various stations with the help of RTUs. The 17

various parameters, which are to be acquired, are first taken from the sub station/generating station through current transformer and potential transformer and brought to the control room in the control panels. From these control panels the connections are taken and given to the transducers, which lower down the energy levels of the signals. These signals are of two types- digital and analog. RTU support data transmission at the rate of 50 to 9600 bits per sec. The basic functions of RTU are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Collect power system data Filter and process the system data Transmit data to control center Receive the control commands HARDWARE The general arrangement of sub-system inside the RTU panel is given in figures. All the sub-systems have been designed in standard 19 rack. The sub systems are modulated in construction facilitating easy maintenance. The power supply unit is placed at the top of the panel. The Circuit breakers with indication lamps are provided for 230V, 48V DC and 24V DC power supplies. A fan tray is provided below the power supply unit. The 6U rack containing the processor and I/O module is placed below the fan tray. The 6U rack has a motherboard, which can accommodate up to 12 I/O modules in addition to processor module (PCU). The sub rack consists of following hardware modules: 1) 2) 3) Process control unit (PCU) Digital input card (DI) Analog input card (AI)

18

POWER PANEL
IL 24V 48V

220V PRO V

MCB PANEL FAN1 (FAN TRAY) FAN2

DIC

AIC

0 1 2 3 4

3 2 1

CABLE ENTRY PANEL FAN1 (FAN TRAY) FAN2

AIC : ANALOG INPUT CARD DIC : DIGITAL INPUT CARD MCB : MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER IL : INDICATING LAMP

220V AC SUPPLY BASE FRAME (100MM)

FRONT VIEW OF RTU

19

1)

PROCESS CONTROL UNIT (PCU)

The PCU module contains a powerful 32-bit processor (CPU), memory, serial channel interfaces and I/O bus interface. The processor T805 has a built in 64-bit Floating Point Unit (FPU), 4K bytes of on-chip RAM, 32 bit timer and a micro coded scheduler. The processor supports multiple CPUs to be connected through links in case higher computing power is required. Provision has been made to add processor modules in the TRAM sockets of the PCU board. The board has 2Mbytes of EPROM to store the program for scanning, limit checking and engineering unit conversion. It has 4Mbytes of static RAM for storing the data. The board supports 4 serial channels, which can be configured as RS232/422/485 to facilitate multi-master communication. It has a real time calendar clock circuit providing timing for time stamping. SPECIFICATIONS 1) 2) 3) 4) T805 32 bit CPU with 64-bit Floating Point Unit (FPU). 2MB EPROM. 4MB RAM (Static). Real time calendar clock.

5)
6) 7)

2- RS 232C ports for communication to the master stations.

1-RS 485 / RS 422 port for communication to the console. 1-RS 485 port.

8)
9) 10)

1 parallel port for printer.

Power requirements: 5V, 3A. Board size: 220mm x 233.5mm. 20

2)

DIGITAL INPUT CARD

The digital input modules have fully isolated 16 channel digital inputs. All inputs are protected against high voltage surges. Constant over voltage protection is provided for all inputs. Input noise suppression and filtering allows reliable operation in hostile conditions. Galvanic isolation of the field signals from the logic circuitry is obtained through the OPTO couplers. A ground line running through the center of optocouplers on both sides of the PCB physically separates the field bus from the logic circuits and the front bus. This protects the rest of the systems in case any hazards occur in high field circuitry. The block diagram is given in figure. LED indication is provided on the front panel for each channel. It lights on a high input to the respective channel. The detail of the front panel is given in front panel diagram. The processor can access any of the 16 channels through the front I/O bus. 3) ANALOG INPUT CARD

The 16 channel isolated analog input module is a complete fully isolated input system containing 16 different channels on a 6U Euro board. It is ideal for industrial applications requiring measurement of non-isolated transmitter signals in the presence of high common mode voltages and ground loop noise. Each input channel consists of a highly reliable flying capacitor multiplexer utilizing mercury wetter/dry read relays. These input channels feed a stable instrumentation amplifier and conversion is accomplished by a 12 bit A/D converter. The result is an input signal having noise immunity up to 100CMV (Common mode Voltage). The board accepts 16 channel of analog signal as its input. Depending upon the particular channel selected, it provides an equivalent 12 bit digital data as output. The block diagram is given in figure. The signals are connected to the font D 37 female connecter of the board. When the board and a particular channel are selected, all the relays are actuated. The capacitor, which was connected to the selected relay, will now be connected to the input by the multiplexer ADG508. The change over contacts thus provides necessary isolation during analog to digital conversion. The output of INA is fed to the input of ADC, which operate at 0-10V range. The ADC converts this0-10V to its equivalent digital value and store it in a buffer inside ADC. COMMUNICATION THROUGH MODEMS: 21

The Communication at SLDC is possible in two ways: 1) Communication Media like PLCC microwave. 2) Modem Here I am explaining the Communication through Modems.

MODEM
The term MODEM is an acronym for Modulator-Demodulator. The primary modem function is to convert digital data into analog form, which is suitable for transmission on common carrier circuits. Modulation is the D/A conversion in which the digital data is placed on the transmission line by modulation of a tone or carrier Demodulation is the reverse process. In a data communication system, transmitting and receiving modems are necessary at each end of the analog transmission line. The output transmitting circuits and receiving circuits are networks required for transmitting and receiving analog information to and from the transmission line. Three modulation techniques are commonly used: 1) Amplitude modulation 2) Frequency modulation 3) Phase modulation Modems operate with one functioning as an originate unit and the other as an answer unit. The originate modem transmits on a low frequency channel, using 1.27 KHz for a mark and a 1.07 KHz for a space. It receives on a high frequency channel using 2.225 and 2.025 KHz respectively for a mark and space. The answer modem transmits on the high frequency channel and receives on the lower frequency channel. The timing circuit provides the basic clocking information for both the transmission as well as reception of signals. A crystal oscillator to within about 0.05% of the normal value usually controls the internal timing. Modem is used to adjust the output level of data the computer data is converted to analog waveforms as carries and this composite signal passes through our common telephone lines to reach the destination, where the carriers is removed and the original data is given to the computer. Modems are generally used to convert various nodes of data network. This is connected between computer and telephone lines, in the information technology industry, computer is known as data terminal equipment (DTE) and modem is known as data communication equipment (DCE). Modems are classified by their data rates or by V. (V.DOT) standards. Modem data rates are the number of bits transferred per second over the communication line. It does not refer to the data rate at which DTE communicate with DCE. 22

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)

Carrier current provides a means of conveying speech; metering indications, control impulses etc. from one station to another by existing transmission lines without interfacing with their normal function of transmitting power. The main elements of carrier channel are sending terminal assembly including line matching and tuning, a coupling capacitor, receiving station coupling, terminal assembly and the power line. 1) COUPLING CAPACITOR Coupling capacitor is the most widely used for coupling means. The typical units range in voltage and capacitance from 46 KV, 0.015 micro farads to 765 KV, 0.004 micro farads. The capacitor is mounted on a metal base to provide convenient installation and space for connection to its lower terminal. The base contains 60 Hz drain coil and may also contain protective gaps, grounding switches and a part or the entire coupling network. 2) LINE TUNING Line tuning is required to tune out the reactance of a capacitor with a suitable inductance; the simplest application involves the coupling of a single frequency between a single line conductor and ground using a single coupling capacitor. It provides an efficient path for coupling the carrier signal to the line conductor. Carrier terminal with it co-axial is matched to the impedance of the power line by an adjustable impedance matching transformer. Impedance matching of the transmitter, receiver and the transmission line is required to allow maximum transfer of energy. Therefore where there is more than one transmitter coupled to the line at a common point there should be a resonant path for each frequency. The practical Upper limit of resonant tuning is two frequencies. Above this, broadband tuning provides a most satisfactory solution. Where future expansion is expected, it may be preferable initially to design the circuit with broadband tuning, since a reasonable number of additional carrier circuits may then be introduced at any time without disturbing the existing circuits. 3) LINE TRAPS Line Traps are used to make the transmission line appear as simple two terminal line used in telephone circuits. They direct the carrier wave over a given circuit, increase the efficiency, smoothes the frequency characteristics, minimize the interference, prevent the interruption of the communication channels when the ground switches are closed, block off he supply lines and allows the transmission during a nearby external fault. 23

4) ATTENUATION Attenuation is the measure of the loss of energy between the transmitting and the receiving terminals and depends upon many factors like frequency, conductor size and spacing, line configuration, presence of ground wires or parallel circuits, transpositions, ground sensitivity and weather conditions. The type of coupling used and the phase to which it is applied affects the total attenuation from terminal to terminal.

FRONT END PROCESSOR

1) COMMUNICATION FRONT END The communication equipment and software that links the computer to RTUs is referred as communication front end. One RTU is located at the site and other at the remote station. Functions of CFE: it drives the serial communication lines connected to the RTUs. The CFE hardware configures consists of Ethernet controllers card several serial communication cards. The number of communication card depends on the number of RTUs connected to where each card can support up to16 communication lines with RTUs. 2) TELEMETERED FRONT END The software that communicates between the data server and CFE is called telemetric front end. In addition to this, TFE also maintains information regarding the configuration of the communication components and facilitates interfacing with devices having a variety of communication protocols.

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SERVER AND RTU

In SCADA system, each control site has two host computers. There will be two redundant TFEs, which will both be in communication with operational SCADA. Each telemetry front end and communication front end functions as independent unit. Host computer will continue scanning. The host may switch communication from one path to an alternate path that is on another CFE or TFE without requiring a host failure. The CFEs communicate with RTUs and performs several functions to minimize data processing on the host computer.

3)

DATA DISPLAYS
There are two types of displays: 24

1) Online Display 2) Tabular Display In a one line or single line display whole network is made up of single lines and graphical symbol are used for different components. One-line diagrams give the current state of the operating devices and also give on line data. We can give command from one line diagram to control the state of the devices and can change the way of displaying the data.

ONLINE DISPLAY

25

Tabular display also gives the state of the operating devices and current data. But in this case information is in the tabular form i.e. in the form of rows and columns. Tabular usually contains more information the one line displays.

TABULAR DISPLAY

SOURCES & TYPES OF DATA

Each piece of data that SCADA acquires has a source from which it is normally acquired. The normal source of data is the RTU. However, SCADA may also get data from another SCADA site, a calculation, an operator entry or another process eternal to SCADA system. The system has three different types of data:

26

ANALOG DATA Analogs are numeric values representing the state of variable-state devices, such as power lines, transformers and pumps. Analog measurements are stored in analog records. In the monitored system a transducer usually measures a physical variable and the output of transducer is passed through an analog to digital converter in the RTU. The A/D converter produces a number that the host computer can process. All analog values are converted to host computer floatingpoint numbers and adjusted by the host computer to represent the physical measurements in MWs For example: Voltage and Current. STATUS DATA Status values represent the state of discrete state devices, such as C.Bs, tap changers and valves. SCADA can accept I/Ps represent a simple on/off or Open /closed input, or a combination of inputs from a three-state device. All status point values are stored in POINT records in the SCADA database. For example: Status change of Circuit Breaker. 1) COUNT DATA A count measurement is a value from pulse accumulator. Pulse accumulators are often used to measure the total amount of energy, liquid or gas that has passed by a specific location in the monitored system. The detection device alternately opens and closes a contact each time a unit of the measured matter passes by it. The pulse accumulator counts the contacts changes and passes the count to SCADA, which stores the total accumulation of counts since the last time the count was reset. For example: MWH. DATA QUALITY Data quality is a catch all term relating to information the SCADA operator may want to know about the values SCADA is displaying for monitored devices. So to provide the operator with answers of certain questions, SCADA has five groups of data quality indicators: 1) Data source flags 2) Detailed data quality flags 3) Composite data quality flags 27

4) State estimator flags 5) Data attribute flags

COMMUNICATION MEDIA
The data is required from various stations with the help of RTU. The various parameters, which are to be acquired, are first taken from the substation/generating station through current transformers and potential transformer and brought to the control room in the control panels. From these control panels the connections are taken and given to the transducers, which lower down the energy levels of the signals. These signals are of two typesanalog and digital. Analog signal comprise of voltage, current, frequency, active power and reactive power while digital signals are the circuit breaker position, isolators position and tap changing position. Analog and digital signals are given to the digital and analog cards. These analog signals are then converted in to the digital signals. Finally these signals are fed to the modem and transmitted. This transmission can be done in number of ways such as PLC and VSAT depending upon the distance and Economy involved. VSAT - Very Small Aperture Terminal, Communication through antenna. PLC - Power Line Communication MICROWAVE - Communication through Satellite. FIBER OPTICS Communication through Co-axial cables

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
The purpose of this presentation is to introduce the hardware composing the SCADA/EMS system for the Northern region. The presentation is made only to the extent necessary to understand the functioning of the system, and in particular to detail the major hardware subsystems and the functions assigned to each. The complete and detailed information on hardware configurations are described in the release C of the document Hardware Configuration for all control centers (ref. NR-A/N-G00-1-A05).The hardware configuration overview is presented successively for each level of the Northern Region SCADA/EMS hierarchy: 1) RSCC system configuration.

28

2)

SLDC systems configuration. Minor differences existing between the SLDCs

are also introduced here. 3) Sub-LDCs and CPCC systems configuration.

The distributed hardware configuration of the RSCC SCADA/EMS system includes the following subsystems: 1) The SCADA/EMS servers that support the following system functions (SCADA, Real-time Dispatching, Power System Analysis and Operation Scheduling functions). The SCADA/EMS servers operate in a primary-standby relationship for redundancy purposes. SCADA/EMS software is active only on the application server assigned the primary role. 2) The Communication Front-ends that drives the serial communication lines

connected to the RTUs. 3) The ICCP (Inter-Control centres Communications Protocol) servers that

support intersite exchanges with the SLDCs and the CPCC. 4) The ISR server that is used to perform Information Storage and Retrieval

functions. The ISR servers also operate in a primary-standby redundancy. 5) The DTS (Dispatcher Training Simulator) server and its associated DTS

operator consoles that provide the dispatchers training capability. 6) The Development Server and its associated development console that

provide software utilities used to develop and maintain the SCADA/EMS software, displays and databases. 7) The Operator consoles that handle the man-machine interface for system

control and supervision operations. 8) The Network Management Console that provide the Configuration

management, fault management and performance monitoring capabilities. 9) The WAN routers, in a redundant configuration, that allow several

connections with the other Northern Region control centres (SLDCs and CPCC) and with the Remote VDU (Video Display Unit) located in PGCIL Headquarters. 29

10)

The Peripheral equipment such as printers, Video projector, satellite time

receiver system, CD/ROM servers. This architecture is presented in the following schematic diagram:

SCADA/EMS Servers

ISR Servers

ICCP Servers

DTS Server

Development Server

Network Management Console

Communication Front-end

Operator Consoles (*)

WAN Routers

DTS Operator Consoles

Development Console

Peripheral Equipment

To SLDCs, CPCC To RTUs

Remote VDUs

Headquarters

(*) Five 2-CRT consoles, two 1-CRT consoles and one Operations Scheduling Console

RSCC HARDWARE CONFIGURATION OVERVIEW

RSCC HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS DESCRIPTION

The RSCC hardware subsystems are interconnected through a high-speed (100 Mbps between the SCADA/EMS servers and 10 Mbps between all other equipments) Local Area Network (LAN) that uses a dual Ethernet as the interprocessor backbone. The state of all hardware subsystems is monitored and reported to the configuration management utility running on the real-time SCADA/EMS servers. This utility provides synthetic displays that give an instantaneous view of the state of the overall hardware system. For maintenance purpose, manual failovers can be initiated from these displays by supervising staff. The way monitoring is performed vary according to the hardware type. A node state for example can be determined by periodically checking that it can respond to a network (DECNET or TCP/IP) request.

30

The following section details the hardware components of each subsystem:

1) The real-time SCADA/EMS servers form the central core of the system. They consist
of two high performance Digital 64-bit RISC based AXP machines (Alpha servers) in a dual redundant configuration (Primary and Stand-by). Only one of the two is required to be operational in order for the subsystem functions to be operational. The configuration management utility is running on those SCADA/EMS servers. The failure of one of the two servers is immediately detected. If the failed machine had the primary role, the configuration management utility notifies the SCADA/EMS applications on the standby server to assume the primary role, and the standby becomes the primary server.

2) Each SCADA/EMS server is configured with 512 Mbytes of main memory. 3) Application servers use SCSI (Small Computer System Interconnect) disks. Total Disk
capacity is 12 Gbytes (4 GB + 4 GB + 4 GB) per server. The disk storage is allocated as follows: 1) System disk. This disk contains the OpenVMS operating system files. 2) Backup of global sections. The EMP databases are resident in host CPU memory as global sections and exist on disks as global section backing files. In addition, they are duplicated by data transfers using the EMP BACKUP utility to the standby server (see after). 3) Files - they store non-HABITAT database data (such as historical data, snapshots of application databases - also called savecases, display definitions and executable code).

COMMUNICATION FRONT-ENDS
The RTU communication function is handled by two Communication Front Ends (CFEs) linked to the SCADA/EMS servers through the Ethernet LAN. The CFE hardware configuration consists of a VME chassis containing an Ethernet controller card and several serial communication cards from Performance Technology Incorporation (PTI). The chassis is connected to the local area network via the Ethernet controller card so that TCP/IP can be used to communicate between the Communication Front End and the chassis. 31

The CFE communication cards contain an intelligent communication processor. On each card there are serial I/O ports for communication with RTUs. They handle requests and responses at the bit and byte level, doing checks and converting responses into a protocol independent form and passing them to the SCADA/EMS server. A single request from the SCADA/EMS server can cause the CFE to scan all its communication lines, check for changes in the reported data, and report back the results. The number of communication cards depends on the number of RTUs to connect. Each card can support up to 16 communication lines with the RTUs. The RSCC will need three communication cards per CFE. The standard time Interface to the supplied GPS clock for the RTU synchronisation is provided by a True Time VME bus card installed in the VME chassis, with the IRIG-B protocol. The IRIG time codes are a group of rate-scaled serial time formats containing up to three coded expressions. The first is time-of-year in Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) and includes days, hours, minutes, seconds, tenths of seconds, and hundredths of seconds. The second is a set of elements reserved for encoding various identification, control and other specific functions. The third is a time-of-day code word in Straight Binary Seconds (SBS). The IRIG time code formats are serial, width modulated codes which can be in either DC level shift or amplitude modulated (AM) form. IRIG format B, Signal B000, is mainly composed of: 1) Frame reference marker 2) Binary coded decimal time-of-year cod word (30 bits) 3) Control functions (27 bits) 4) Straight binary time-of-day code word (17 bits). Failures of the Communication Front End or of a communication line appear as communication errors on a particular path to one or multiple RTUs. When any component in the communication path to an RTU fails, SCADA assigns scanning of the RTU to any other alternate path available, using if necessary the other Communication Front End . Each serial port (V24/V28) on each Communication Front End is directly connected to the data communication network equipment. Each communication line may be accessed from

32

two different Communication Front Ends. The following schema presents RTUs connexion to the CFE, for each type of communication link.
Redundant Ethernet LAN

CFE

CFE

Modem Splitter

RTU

Local RTUs

RTU

RTUs with one communication path

M M

RTU
M

RTUs with redundant communication path

DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK INTERFACE OVERVIEW Since the communication network is not part of the scope of this contract, it is not described in this document.

ICCP SERVERS
The ICCP servers are used to handle the inter-centre communications functions with the SLDCs and the CPCC. ICCP servers operate in a master/standby relationship similarly to real-time SCADA/EMS servers. Data preservation under failure conditions is insured by the EMP BACKUP utility. Two Digital DPWau workstations with 128 Mbytes of RAM and 4 Gbytes of disk storage are used to ensure a redundant configuration. Each ICCP server is equipped with a CD-ROM drive, and a Digital Audio Tape (DAT) drive which allows backup/restore operations. 33

One processor terminal is delivered with each ICCP server. This processor terminal is a 15 colour monitor, with dedicated keyboard and mouse.

ICCP SERVERS

ISR SERVERS
The ISR servers are used to perform historical data archival and data retrieval functions. Data sampling is performed from the real-time SCADA/EMS servers. A link is automatically established between the Primary SCADA/EMS server and the Primary ISR server when the ISR function is initialised. In the case when a failover occurs, either between the SCADA/EMS servers or between the ISR servers, the data link is automatically reestablished between the two primary servers. The ISR servers consist of two high performance Digital 64-bit RISC based AXP machines (Alphaservers) in a dual redundant configuration (Primary and Stand-by). They are configured in a cluster using the Small Computer System Interconnect (SCSI). SCSI 34

provides shared storage between the two ISR servers. Only one of the two ISR servers is required to be operational in order for the subsystem functions to be operational. Each ISR server is configured with 256 Mbytes of main memory.

OVER VIEW OF OTHER EQUIPMENTS The disk configuration for the redundant ISR servers is: 1) 2) One local 4 Gbytes system disk for each server Six 4 Gbytes data disks in a RAID-1 configuration shared by the two servers,

offering a redundant disk capacity of 12 Gbytes per ISR server. Each data server is equipped with a CD-ROM drive, and an Digital Audio Tape (DAT) drive which allows backup/restore operations. One processor terminal is delivered with each ISR server. This processor terminal is a 15 colour monitor, with dedicated keyboard and mouse. 35

In addition to the storage capacity detailed above, the ISR servers are also equipped with an optical disk juke-box offering a total capacity of 80 Gbytes.

DTS SERVER
The dispatcher training simulator (DTS) function resides on a separate server. In addition to the system layer and to SCADA/EMS functions identical to those implemented on the SCADA/EMS servers, it includes the DTS specific functions (Power and Hydro system model, instructor functions), with a similar man-machine interface. This is an off-line machine. Software in the DTS is started and run under the instructor (or trainee) control. Data exchanges with real-time applications is performed by the operator through the use of HABITAT savecases. Data preservation is performed through manual backup on tapes. The DTS server consists of one high performance Digital 64-bit RISC based AXP machine (Alphaserver).It is equipped with 512 Mbytes of main memory and 12 Gbytes of disk storage (4 GB + 4 GB + 4GB).

36

37

38

DATA SERVERS

DEVELOPMENT SERVER
The Development server provides the software utilities used to develop and maintain the system software, displays and databases. This includes a DTS, used as a test tool for software, database and display modifications. The Development server consists of one high performance Digital 64-bit RISC based AXP machine (Alphaserver).It is equipped with 512 Mbytes of main memory and 12 Gbytes of disk storage (4 GB + 4 GB + 4GB). The Development server is equipped with a CD-ROM drive, and an Digital Audio Tape (DAT) drive which allows backup/restore operations. One processor terminal is delivered with the Development server. This processor terminal is a 15 colour monitor, with dedicated keyboard and mouse.

OPERATOR CONSOLES
There are three types of operator consoles: consoles with 2-CRT, consoles with 1-CRT and operation scheduling consoles with 1-CRT. Those operator consoles contain the Man Machine Interface (MMI) software that allows operators to interact with the EMP functions running on the servers. Operator consoles with 1-CRT. 39

OPERATOR CONSOLES There are 2 operator consoles with one CRT. Each operator console is a Digital DPWau AXP workstation, with a 21 colour monitor. Each workstation has a redundant connection to the LAN. Input is accepted via a mouse device, function keys or alphanumeric keys. Each workstation is delivered with 64 Mbytes of main memory, and 4 Gbytes of disk storage. It is also equipped with one CD-ROM drive. Operator consoles with 2-CRT. There are 5 operator consoles with two CRTs. Each operator console is a Digital DPWau AXP workstation, with two 21 colour monitor. Each workstation has a redundant connection to the LAN. Input is accepted via a mouse device, function keys or alphanumeric keys. Each workstation is delivered with 128 Mbytes of main memory, and 4 Gbytes of disk storage. It is also equipped with one CD-ROM drive. Operation Scheduling console This console is dedicated to the Operation Scheduling activities. Besides the standard Man Machine Interface (MMI) software, it contains a dedicated software for the Hydro Thermal Coordination Analysis functions (HTC2).

40

The Operation Scheduling console consists of one Intel Workstation, delivered with 64 Mbytes of main memory and 4 Gbytes of disk storage. This Operation Scheduling console is equipped with one 21 colour monitor; one 3.5 floppy drive and one CD-ROM drive. The complete and detailed hardware configuration for Operation Scheduling console is described in the release C of the document Hardware Configuration for all control centers (ref. NR-A/N-G00-1-A05).

DTS OPERATOR CONSOLES

Two operator consoles with 2-CRT are dedicated to the DTS functions. Those consoles are exactly the same as the 2-CRT operator consoles already described.

NETWORK MANAGEMENT CONSOLE

The Network Management Console is used to monitor and manage the hardware equipment interconnected to the LAN. In particular it handles the Network Management and the performance monitoring functions. The Network Management console consists of one Intel Workstation, delivered with 128 Mbytes of main memory and 4 Gbytes of disk storage. This Network Management console is equipped with one 21 colour monitor; one 3.5 floppy drive and one CD-ROM drive.

DEVELOPMENT CONSOLE
This console is used to develop and maintain the system software, displays and databases. The development console consists of one Intel Workstation, delivered with 64 Mbytes of main memory and 4 Gbytes of disk storage. This development console is equipped with one 21 colour monitor; one 3.5 floppy drive and one CD-ROM drive.

LAN AND WAN EQUIPMENT

1) LAN and WAN equipment are integrated into the same platform: the Digital Multiswitch900 chassis. The main characteristics of this chassis are the following: 2) Contains 8 slots than can be used to plug a full range of LAN hub and switches, WAN routers, Terminal servers. 41

3) Includes a built-in SNMP chassis management agent. 4) Accept up to four power modules, in order to provide N+1 redundant AC power. 5) In order to provide a redundant LAN and WAN configuration, two Multiswitch900 chassis are delivered, each one with the following modules: 6) Two LAN switch modules (Digital Multiswitch 612EX), each one offering twelve Ethernet 10 Mb/s (10baseT) ports and two 100 Mb/s (100Base TX) ports. 7) Three WAN modules (Digital RouteAbout Central EW routers) allowing connections with the SLDCs, with the CPCC and with the remote VDUs. Each RouteAbout Central EW router accommodates up to eight serial ports. Thus the total number of communication lines available for the RSCC is 24 per chassis. The data transmission speed is 64 Kbytes/sec per communication line. Each WAN module is connected to the LAN via an Ethernet interface, thus communication between the ICCP servers and the WAN routers is accomplished via standard Ethernet connections. 8) One terminal server (Digital DECserver90M) to connect the loggers, the line printers and the processor terminal to the LAN. Each terminal server provides up to eight connections

REMOTE VDUS
The Remote Video Display Units (VDUs) are remote console used for monitoring purpose only. They will be installed at the headquarters. Two remote VDUs are delivered with the RSCC system. They consist of Intel Workstations, delivered with 64 Mbytes main memory and 2 Gbytes disk storage. They are also equipped with one 21 colour monitor; one 3.5 floppy drive and one CD-ROM drive. They use the HABConnect software to access to HABITAT databases on the SCADA/EMS servers. In order to communicate with the SCADA/EMS servers connected to the LAN, a Digital RouteAbout Access EW router is delivered with each remote VDU. This router offers two 64 Kbytes/sec communication lines and is connected directly to the remote VDU via an Ethernet interface.

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SCADA SUBSYSTEM FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW

The purpose of the SCADA subsystem is twofold: 1) It maintains an up-to-date picture of the state of the monitored system in its database. This allows operators to observe the state of the monitored process by simply examining the database via CRT displays. The SCADA database also provides other programs in the system access to the real-time SCADA data. 2) It allows operators (and other programs) to interact with the monitored process

by transmitting controls to the process. 3) 4) Besides, the SCADA subsystem provides the following additional functions: The Tagging function permits the placement and removal of tags from devices

in the system. 5) The Loadshed function (load shedding and restoration) is used in emergency

situations to automatically shed load from the power system. It is also used to restore load manually, breaker by breaker, or on a group basis, after the system returns to normal. 6) The Historical Data Recording (HDR) function records all changes to

selected data in journal files both during normal and disturbance conditions. Each file contains an initial snapshot and then a journal of data changes. HDR can optionally reconstruct a snapshot of any point in time, at a negligible processing cost. HDR also supports scan-by-scan reconstruction of data and allows the use of any SCADA displays (including schematic one-line diagrams) for viewing data. 7) The Sequence of Events function provides information (status changes,

instantaneous measured values) with highly accurate time for devices monitored by suitable RTUs. This information is normally used by operators to determine what took place during a system disturbance. 8) The Generalized Calculation (GENCALC) function provides a means for the

operator to derive calculations in a real-time environment , with SCADA analog and

43

status points as input and output to the calculation, using any combination of logical, arithmetic, and comparative operations.

SCADA SUBSYSTEM
SOE NETWORK SUBSYSTEM
Obtain data changes

TAGGING
Determine state of devices Obtain values for calculations Flag status points as tagged

HDR
Obtain data changes

Read change in Reconstruct state and load

GENERATION SUBSYSTEM

GENCALC

Store calculated values

SCADA

LOADSHED
Issue control commands

Receive telemetered data

Issue control commands

TFE HISTORICAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM INTERCENTER COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM

Receive telemetered data

Issue control commands

SCADA CFEs

SCADA SYSTEM OVERVIEW

DATA ACQUISITION
Data is retrieved from the monitored network by an integrated combination of hardware and software in the real-time application server (host SCADA), Telemetry Front End, Communication Front End and the RTUs. The system maintains a communications statistics database that keeps a record of all communication failures for assisting maintenance personnel in detecting deteriorating communications facilities.

HOST SCADA
The Host SCADA runs the code that is responsible for data processing and operator interface. It maintains the SCADA database as a coordinated overall picture of the monitored system for use by the operator and by other programming functions. The Host SCADA maintains the SCADA database, performs conversion to engineering units, checks limits, processes alarms and performs special calculations. Status data, analog data, and pulse accumulator data are maintained in the SCADA database. The host SCADA also performs

44

reasonability checks on the incoming data, and sets data quality flags to indicate the reliability of the source of the data.

TELEMETRY FRONT END

SCADA supports a Telemetry Front End handling the normal data retrieval function and sending only data changes to the real-time application server (using NETIO). The primary purpose of the Telemetry Front End is to distribute communication processing to allow the RTU protocol specific communications to take place without affecting the host SCADA computer bus. The Telemetry Front End manages communications with Communication Front Ends and provides communications with Host SCADA on the real-time application servers.

COMMUNICATION FRONT END

The Communication Front End is the lowest level of the Telemetry Front End SCADA system. It is responsible for all communications between the Telemetry Front End and the RTUs. The Communication Front End consists of a single board VME based communications processor using a UNIX "STREAMS" kernel from UconX. STREAMS is a standard I/O interface definition that exists in UNIX System V and is supported in OSF. The Communication Front End performs two main functions: 1) It translates the RTU communications protocol into a standard protocol to the Telemetry Front End. This keeps the host SCADA and Telemetry Front End software standard across any number of different RTU protocols. 2) It concentrates a number of communications lines into a single interface to the Communication Front End. This greatly reduces the communications loading on the real-time application servers, freeing computing power for other more important uses.

RTU
The Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is the interface with the monitored process. It collects three primary types of data: the status of process devices (digital inputs), measures process variables (analog inputs) and accumulators (pulse inputs). These three types of data are transmitted to the Communication Front Ends using standard data communication techniques. The first data retrieval function that the Communication Front End requests from its RTUs is an "Initialization Scan" called also Integrity Scan or General Check. This causes each 45

of the RTUs to return all of their data. This initialization function allows the Communication Front End and the host SCADA to initialize their databases with the latest information available. This provides the SCADA system with the best starting point. Once the initialization scan is complete, the periodic scanning functions begin. Data from the RTUs is received by the host SCADA, processed, and put into the database. RTU database can be downloaded on operator request, from a PC using the SIM900 software. RTU protocol chosen for this project is the IEC 870.5.101 unbalanced protocol and the SINAUT FW-8 protocol for existing SINAUT RTUs. The software package delivered with S900 RTU allows handling both digital and analog inputs/outputs. The entities and related functions controlled by the S900 RTU include: 1) I/O capacity 2) Multiple master station communications 3) Local data logging 4) Archiving 5) Local alarm 6) Synchronization In addition, the following software tools are delivered: 1) GBD900: It is a Database generator running in a PC environment and using ORACLE 2) SIM900: It is a master station simulator running in a PC environment.

DATA FLOW
The most important role of the RTU is to interface with the monitored system. This is done through three types of input data: digital inputs, analog inputs, and pulse accumulator inputs. This data is collected and stored for transmission to the Communication Front End. As data is received from the RTUs by the Communication Front End, it is placed in a buffer for transmission to the Telemetry Front End. The valid reception of the data is the joint 46

responsibility of the RTU and the Communication front end. Message numbers, error detection codes, acknowledge and negative-acknowledge codes are exchanged along with the data to securely transfer the information to the Communication Front End. The Communication Front End translates the data from the formats returned by RTUs to the RTU protocol independent format used in the Communication Front End to Telemetry Front End protocol. The data is sent to the Telemetry Front End for transmission to the host. Data received from the Telemetry Front End by the host SCADA is entered into the RTU hierarchy as a 'raw' value. Engineering units conversion is then done, followed by limit checking. At each step of the processing, quality codes are set, and alarms may be issued. If the value is valid and not manually overridden, it ends up in the substation hierarchy (in the "DISPLAY" field). All operational displays run off the substation hierarchy of the database. Once the data is in the host, processing into the SCADA database begins.

EXTERNAL DATA
SCADA also provides an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows external application programs to provide data to the SCADA system. This allows external programs to provide SCADA data and have it undergo all of the data processing features described in the Data Processing section. This includes limit checking, alarming, quality checking, calculation triggering. The external program requires no specific knowledge of where the SCADA system resides since the API provides a consistent interface regardless of the configuration.

DATA PROCESSING
The major function of the data processing module is to place the data retrieved from the RTUs in the database. All data is placed into the database in a standard form: digital status in a standard two-bit configuration, analog and accumulator data as single-precision floating point in engineering units. Three types of information are maintained in the database: 1) 2) 3) Status values, such as circuit breaker position (tripped/closed) Analog values, which are process variables measured by the RTUs (temperature, Pulse accumulations, which usually represent quantities delivered (such as megawatt

pressure etc.) hours of electricity)

47

A combination of the RTU identity and the point identity is used for the scanner module to locate quickly each point in the SCADA database without searching. This method enables SCADA subsystem to avoid excessive processing overhead. Once located, each point (status bit or analog value) is processed according to the directions established for that point. The following basic data processing functions are provided: 1) Analog value processing - The retrieved values are converted to engineering units and placed in the database. The system designer can designate a linear or non-linear conversion method for each individual analog point. The value is checked against reasonability limits for the point. If the reasonability limits are exceeded, the data is marked "unreasonable". If the analog is marked for Historical Data Recording (HDR), the analog value is saved in a Historical Data file with a time tag and a data quality flag. 2) Pulse Accumulator processing - Pulse Accumulator processing differs somewhat from normal analog processing. The last retrieved accumulator value is subtracted from the current reading and adjusted appropriately if the value is negative (a negative accumulator difference indicates counter wraparound). The difference is then converted to floating point and scaled using a multiplier. 3) Status processing - The status processing detects the existence of status changes, and generates alarms accordingly. If no status changes have occurred, no processing is necessary. However, if an unauthorized (uncommanded by the operator) change is detected, the state of the point in the database is changed and an alarm is generated. The point is also checked for a defined "normal" state. If none exists, no further processing occurs. Otherwise, an abnormal condition either just occurred or was just cleared. If an abnormal condition occurred, a new message is added to the abnormal summary; if an abnormal condition was cleared, the abnormal message is removed from the abnormal summary. Status points may also be marked for inclusion in the Historical Data Recording file. 4) Limit Checking - The analog value is compared against the limits (modified by a deadband), and if a limit is violated, then an alarm is generated. A set of "dynamic limits" is placed around an analog value by the scanner module, so that, in most cases only one pair of limits must be checked when an analog value changes, thereby increasing limit processing efficiency. The limit deadband prevents the generation of meaningless limit alarms when an analog is subject to slight variations when close to the limit. Any number of limits can be applied to an analog value as long as space is available.

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DATA QUALITY CHECKING

For each status point, analog value, or pulse accumulator record, the scanner module maintains a number of data quality flags which give information about the value(s) stored in the record. Generally, a data quality flag indicates something about the source of the data or tells how reliably the value represents conditions in the field. The User Interface Management System controls the use of the data quality codes in presenting the data to the operator. CALCULATED VALUES SCADA subsystem provides special processing capabilities that support a wide range of applications. Any analog or status value can be used in calculating other analog or status values. The result of a calculation is stored in a status or analog record which can be subjected to the full range of data processing available, i.e. limit checking, alarming, logging, etc. Calculations can be defined to be performed periodically or automatically whenever any of the input arguments change. These calculation functions generally mark the calculated value with the flag of the worst-quality value used in the computation. This reflects the fact that computed data is only as valid as the least valid piece of data used to compute it. TOPOLOGY PROCESSING SCADA subsystem features a topology processing capability that is independent of that provided by the network analysis applications. This allows real-time determination of the electrical connectivity and energization state of power system devices. These results are available for SCADA displays, Alarm and Mapboard interfaces. Topology processing is triggered by switching element status changes. Each power system device is represented in the topology model as a one or two terminal segment. Each device may be classified as live, dead, unknown or ambiguous. The live determination is made using voltage analog measurements. Each terminal of a device may be classified as open, grounded, or connected. Each substation may be classified as live (there are islands, or parts of islands with live status present in the substation) or not live (there are no islands or parts of islands with live status present in the substation). The sorting algorithms used to determine bus and island assignments, as well as island energization status, are efficient and completely general. Any sort of bus structure can be reliably processed and identified. The modelling of the topology is incorporated in the SCADA database. 49

SUPERVISORY CONTROL
Supervisory Control is the SCADA function used to issue control commands to field equipment (digital devices, set points) under the supervision of the RTUs, from the operator or from another application through a user-callable Application Programming Interface (API).

SCADA subsystem supports two types of control commands:

1) 2) Multiple-step command Single-step command Single-step commands are typically used when inadvertent or erroneous operations have minor or no ill effects on the operation of the system. Multiple-step commands are used by the operator to control devices in the field. Multiple-step commands require positive operator verification for security. CONTROL COMMAND PERMISSION CHECKS Several conditions are checked before a requested control action is actually allowed to be sent to a RTU. When the operator has completed the external command sequence by issuing the EXECUTE command, the host performs a number of checks to see if it is valid to transmit the command to the RTU:
1)

RTU Availability - If the RTU is unavailable to perform the requested Control/Status Point Availability - If the control point is unavailable because

operation, i.e. it has been placed out of service

2)

it has been placed out of service, the command is rejected. If the status point used to monitor the control results is out of service, a warning message is issued that verification of the control is not possible, but the command is transmitted to the RTU.
3)

Tagged - If the point is tagged to prevent control action, the command is Command Interlock - A status point can be associated optionally with a

rejected.
4)

control. If the associated status point is not in the required state, the control is rejected (e.g., a device can only be operated when the associated device is in a specified state). This provides a means to interlock controls.

USER INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

This section briefly describes the SCADA user interface, focusing primarily on SCADA displays and alarm functionality. 50

TYPES OF DISPLAYS Data in the SCADA database and indications of changes are presented to the operator through the following major displays: 1) 2) 3) 4) Menu Directory Display - A display that lists all the menu displays. System Directory Display - A display that lists all the SCADA system Transmission System Overview Display - A graphic overview display of the Interchange Displays - A schematic diagram showing power transfer between

displays. transmission system (provided by PGCIL) all Constituent power systems in the Northern Region, plus four other interchange displays (provided by PGCIL) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Substation Graphic Displays Menu Display - A graphic display which lists Substation Displays - The major operations displays (provided by PGCIL) Transmission Line Graphic Displays Menu Display - A graphic display Transmission Line Graphic Displays - A graphic display which shows the Abnormal Summary - A compilation of all existing abnormal conditions. all the existing substation graphic displays.

which lists all the transmission lines which can be viewed via a graphic display. entire line and all of its connections (provided by PGCIL) 10) Out of Service Summary - A listing by substation of all points removed from service. 11) Tag Summary - A listing by substation of all tagged devices. 12) Inhibit Summary - A listing by substation of all devices inhibited from generating alarms. The Transmission System Overview display gives the operator quick overview and access to the information describing the entire system. The operator can use it to access the substation, power station and transmission line displays for detailed information to analyze and direct operations. The abnormal summary displays are of particular interest to operators. They give structured overviews of conditions of interest and unusual conditions in the system. The remainder of the summaries, the tag summary, the inhibit summary, and the out of service summary, are useful for reviewing the processing status of the SCADA system itself.

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MENU DIRECTORY DISPLAY

The Menu Directory display lists all the menu displays and provides for each of them a button for calling up the menu display. The organization of this display is driven by the database of the MENU application (tabular display). This organization is made of groups, sub-groups in the group and functions in the sub-group. Once you select a group button, the sub-groups are listed with their functions definitions which provide the way to call up the relevant menu display.

SYSTEM DIRECTORY DISPLAY

The System Directory display lists all the SCADA system displays of a particular function, and provides for each of them a button for calling up the SCADA system display.

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OVERVIEW DISPLAY

The Transmission System Overview display is the most convenient starting point whenever a new sequence of operations is begun. The Transmission System Overview display is a graphic overview display of the transmission system with substations, power stations and transmission lines. Lines are color coded by voltage level, and highlighted in case of loading limits exceeded. Substations and power stations are depicted by symbols in case of alarm presence. Real and reactive power flows are displayed (a value and a direction arrow) for lines and power stations. For the power stations, the maximum real power output is also displayed. The functionality of this display is carefully designed to give operations personnel a comprehensive overview into the system. This allows them to analyze quickly system state. Using the Transmission System Overview display, the operator can see at a glance the general condition of the entire system by panning and zooming to navigate through the display. Once the operator has determined what to look at in more details, he can quickly go to the relevant displays, by selecting a substation, a power station or a transmission line.

INTERCHANGE DISPLAYS
These displays are the major displays for power transaction control. The following displays are used: 1) Interchange Display - This is a display that contains the schematic diagram showing power transfers between all Constituent power systems in the Northern Region. Each power 52

system is represented by a block. Inside the block, the actual, scheduled and deviation values of power flows are shown for total generation and load. Outside the block, the actual, scheduled and deviation values of power flows are shown for the net interchanges, with direction arrows. 2) Tie-line Display (Generation Tie-line Status) - This is a tabular display that contains tie-line boundary and exchange data. The tie-line names and voltage levels are shown, as well as the measured or manually entered real power flow and boundary values (limits). 3) Transaction Schedule Display (Start/Stop Transaction Schedules) - This is a display that provides the ability to enter and display constituent hourly interchange transaction schedules. 4) Central Sector Shares Display - This is a display that provides the ability to enter and display the Constituent percentage shares for each Central Sector project as allocated by employer. 5) System Frequency Display - This is a display that contains the schematic diagram showing the geographical location of the tie-line substations. For each of them, telemetric frequency buses are shown, and the frequency value displayed.

SUBSTATION GRAPHIC DISPLAYS MENU DISPLAY

The Substation Graphic Displays Menu display lists all the Substation Graphic displays and provides for each of them a button for calling up the Substation Graphic display. The organization of this display is driven by the SCADA database (tabular display). SUBSTATION DISPLAYS These displays are the major operating displays for dispatching personnel. They contain the most detailed information about the system and allow control operations to change the system. These displays are organized by substation, and each substation's displays are closely linked together as a coherent group. The following general display layout is used: 1) Substation Graphic Display - This is a display that contains the detailed graphic oneline diagram of the substation. It contains most of the information known about the substation. Controls may be issued from it. 2) Substation Tabular Display - Accessible from any other substation display, this is generally the most complete listing of the data known about the substation. Although controls can also be issued from here, they are generally used for entry of operational data (limits for example). 53

TRANSMISSION LINE GRAPHIC DISPLAYS MENU DISPLAY

The Transmission Line Graphic Displays Menu display is a tabular display that lists all Transmission Line Graphic displays. Several views of the display are available, according to the voltage level. In a voltage level view, the data are driven by the SCADA database, and show the tie-line and the associated substation names. These names are displayed inside buttons, and allow the navigation to the relevant displays (Transmission Line Graphic displays and Substation Graphic displays).

TRANSMISSION LINE GRAPHIC DISPLAY

The Transmission Line Graphic display is a graphic display of a transmission line. It presents telemetric, manually entered and calculated power system data on a one-line diagram that shows the entire line and all of its connections. At each end of the line, the diagram shows the line breakers and the bus to which the breakers are connected, plus the substation name. The substation name button provides the way to call up the relevant substation graphic display for more detailed information. The user is able to perform any user interaction with the power system data and the line breakers (e.g., manual replacement of a value, or control of a breaker).

ABNORMAL SUMMARY DISPLAY

These summaries are lists by substation and by time of the conditions in the system that are unusual (abnormal). This is an important list for the operator for several reasons. First, the system was engineered to operate in a specific manner (e.g. some switches should be open and some switches should be closed). The operator has a picture in his mind of the normal operating configuration of the system. The abnormal summary updates the operator's mental picture about the configuration of the system. Second, when an operator comes on shift, the abnormal summary helps inform the operator of the changes that have taken place in the system since last viewed. The following data is shown as a part of the abnormal summary: 1) 2) Time and Date - The time and date that the abnormal condition occurred. Identity - The identity of the device in an abnormal condition.

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3)

Status - The current state of the device. Although this is somewhat redundant, the

actual state of the device is shown (e.g. open/closed for example).

HISTORICAL INFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT

Historical information and management is also called HIM. HIM consists of two data servers. One is real time data server and second is informational storage & retrieval or ISR server. Real time data server stores data of all substations after each 10-second. One file can store data for approximately 37 minutes. Real time data server can store data for maximum of 4 months then it will delete. So back up is necessary ISR server stores data of all substations after each 15 minutes. It can store data for maximum two years. The whole Database is Oracle based. Real time data server collects data periodically, changes it in to specified database and sends it to the HIM recorder. ISR can achieve and restore data. One can store data in magnetic tape and jukebox or optical disc as backup data. Data can be restored from tape and jukebox to the relational database on users demand. Data files like HDR, HABITAT databases; SAVECASES can be restored on the server on users demand. ALARM application on real time data server send the alarm & events data to the ASCII files. Then these files are stored in ISR server and restored in relational database. Then these files are removed from real time data servers. One can check the data history for load forecasting. Sequential query language interacts between operator consoles and HIM. Operator console is the key with which operator interacts with the database

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HISTORICAL DATA RECORDING REASONS FOR FAILING THE CONTROL 1) RTU may not in service 2) Device is in local control mode 3) Control point is not in service 4) Control point is attached with safety tagged 5) A Control request is already pending on the device

UTILITIES USED BY SCADA SYSTEM

There are various utilities used by the SCADA system. But main utilities are:

ALARMS
If there is abnormal condition in the monitored system, it can respond by

taking various actions to alert the operator of the condition. The response of SCADA to a specific condition occurring on a specified point is defined in the 57

database. When a normally closed circuit breaker trips, system causes an audible alarm to be issued for that breaker, SCADA can detect problems that occur for status, analog and count points, RTU and other equipment in the communication system and software. SCADA can issue alarm when status point returns to normal form an illegal state or an abnormal state or a communication path to a SCADA site comes up or goes down. Alarm is also issued when scanning of data fails. Each alarm belongs to a category. There should be a proper location of an alarm in the SCADA system. For other alarms, typically designated the name of the EMS subsystem that issues the alarm. Alarms should be grouped per area i.e. transmission area, distribution area etc.

TAGGING
A tag is placed on a device for both safety and informational purposes. Tagging enables us to place tags on status devices modeled in SCADA. These tags can prevent a device from tripping and display a comment about the device. Its tag type determines the effect of a giving tag on a device. Tags of different types prevent device from tripping.

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TAGGING

TRENDING: The purpose of trending is to reconstruct the post status of SCADA data. One should select the point for trending and define sampling rate and scale values also assign the point to a console for trending. It shows us how the different parameters behaving in the system.

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