Psychology 1 Final Exam Summer Session D 2010 Friday August 13, 2010

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This exam is worth 150 points. There are 50 multiple choice questions worth 1.5 points each (75 total) and 25 short answer questions with a total of 75 points. PLEASE WRITE LEGIBLY!

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Multiple Choice Section (75 points) Instructions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the BEST answer to each question. Circle your answer on your exam sheet and fill in the corresponding bubble on your scantron. 1. A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n) A) set point. B) drive. C) instinct D) incentive. 2. According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused. A) before; before B) before; after C) after; at the same time as D) at the same time as; after 3. When 80-year-old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The pictures served as powerful A) retrieval cues. B) iconic memories. C) implicit memories. D) encoding devices. 4. Professor Langley emphasizes that premature sexual activity among high school students involves the interplay of alcohol consumption, mass media norms, and teens' underestimation of their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections. The professor's emphasis best illustrates A) the evolutionary perspective. B) a biopsychosocial approach. C) drive-reduction theory. D) the sexual response cycle. 5. Rats that received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders may result from A) stimulus generalization. B) observational learning. C) reinforcement. D) classical conditioning. 6. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of A) implicit memory. B) iconic memory. C) proactive interference. D) working memory. 7. Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by psychological as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term A) settling point. B) homeostasis. C) refractory period. D) plasticity. 8. Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections? A) Stress hormones accelerate the hardening of the arteries. B) Stress hormones facilitate the depositing of cholesterol and fat around the heart. C) Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes. D) Stress hormones trigger the release of carcinogens. 9. Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of A) fixation. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) overconfidence. 10. The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our A) temperaments. B) situations. C) fixations. D) self-concepts.

11. One way for people to improve their own subjective well-being is to A) focus more attention on themselves. B) participate in regular aerobic exercise. C) overestimate how much they can accomplish. D) do all of these things. 12. We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________. A) informational influence; normative influence B) situational constraints; personality traits C) normative influence; informational influence D) personality traits; situational constraints 13. In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that A) some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition. B) there are subtle but distinct physiological differences among the emotions. C) our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal. D) happiness is largely a function of experience. 14. At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to A) imitate adult grammar. B) make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. C) speak in simple words that may be barely recognizable. D) lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear. 15. After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates A) an inferiority complex. B) the spotlight effect. C) learned helplessness. D) an internal locus of control.

16. A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses is called A) counterconditioning. B) transference. C) light exposure therapy. D) unconditional positive regard. 17. We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel A) little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove. B) little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve. C) a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove. D) a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve. 18. Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often valuable because it facilitates A) framing. B) quick decisions. C) belief perseverance. D) fixation. 19. Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is A) aggressive, persistent, and intentional. B) selfish, habitual, and avoidable. C) deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. D) biologically influenced, unconsciously motivated, and difficult to change. 20. A) B) C) D) One effect of long-term potentiation is that a receiving neuron's receptor sites are increased. more glucose energy is made available to fuel brain activity. the sending neuron needs additional prompting to release its neurotransmitters. the memory trace can be tracked to specific sites in the brain.

21. We are more likely to remember the words typewriter, cigarette, and fire than the words void, process, and inherent. This best illustrates the value of A) long-term potentiation. B) flashbulb memory. C) imagery. D) iconic memory.

22. Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be A) difficult to retrieve but never completely lost. B) distorted by our current assumptions. C) much more vivid if they are seldom rehearsed. D) retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded. 23. Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of A) overconfidence. B) the representativeness heuristic. C) confirmation bias. D) the availability heuristic. 24. Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by A) a lack of guilt feelings. B) episodes of intense autonomic nervous system arousal. C) disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity. D) a persistent, irrational fear of people. 25. The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between A) proactive interference and retroactive interference. B) short-term memory and long-term memory. C) recognition and recall. D) explicit memory and implicit memory. 26. Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to A) clarify reality. B) maintain personal control. C) gain social approval. D) demonstrate self-restraint. 27. Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to suggest that almost all humans are genetically predisposed to A) engage in both homosexual and heterosexual behaviors. B) form close enduring relationships with fellow humans. C) avoid eating carbohydrate-laden foods when feeling depressed. D) satisfy their need for political freedom before seeking emotional security.

28. After receiving very bad news, people ________ the duration of their negative emotions. A) overestimate B) accurately estimate C) slightly underestimate D) radically underestimate 29. A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as A) fixation. B) free association. C) factor analysis. D) hypnosis. 30. When a rat is food-deprived, its ________ level decreases, and the ________ produces the hungertriggering hormone orexin. A) blood glucose; lateral hypothalamus B) ghrelin; lateral hypothalamus C) obestatin; ventromedial hypothalamus D) blood glucose; ventromedial hypothalamus 31. Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as A) the spacing effect. B) the serial position effect. C) chunking. D) automatic processing. 32. On average, the intelligence test scores of the Dingbats are much higher than those of the Dodos. The difference in the average test scores of the two groups might be a product of A) genetic differences between two groups with similar environments. B) environmental differences between two groups with similar genetics. C) genetic and environmental differences between the two groups. D) any of these things. 33. Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of A) the unconscious dynamics underlying behavior. B) childhood sexual instincts. C) anxiety and defense mechanisms. D) distinguishing between id, ego, and superego.

34. Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotionevoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates A) the social-responsibility norm. B) deindividuation. C) the peripheral route to persuasion. D) informational social influence. 35. Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning? A) hippocampus B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) motor cortex 36. An integrated therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions is known as A) light exposure therapy. B) client-centered therapy. C) psychopharmacology. D) cognitive-behavioral therapy. 37. Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of A) the fundamental attribution error. B) superordinate goals. C) self-esteem. D) social loafing. 38. Sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's disease are most likely to be associated with the excessive use of certain ________ drugs. A) antidepressant B) antipsychotic C) mood-stabilizing D) antianxiety 39. The fact that people from widely different cultures display and interpret facial expressions of emotion in a similar manner best illustrates the impact of A) human genetic similarities. B) the adaptation-level phenomenon. C) the catharsis hypothesis. D) the spillover effect.

40. Characteristic patterns of behavior or a disposition to feel and act are called A) manifest contents. B) fixations. C) projections. D) traits. 41. In one experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed A) no discrimination against either overweight men or overweight women. B) equal levels of discrimination against both overweight men and overweight women. C) greater discrimination against overweight men than against overweight women. D) greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men. 42. One facet of the positive psychology movement has been the introduction of a classification system designed to aid in the process of A) assessing human strengths. B) explaining psychological disorders. C) reducing current reliance on the DSM-IV-TR. D) shortening the time it takes to classify psychological disorders. 43. Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a(n) A) decrease in self-focused thinking. B) increased expectation of negative outcomes. C) increased externalization of blame. D) increased obsession with experiencing physical pleasure. 44. A token economy represents an application of the principles of A) operant conditioning. B) systematic desensitization. C) humanistic therapy. D) classical conditioning. 45. The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards is most clearly a characteristic of A) emotional intelligence. B) heritability. C) savant syndrome. D) divergent thinking.

46. The placebo effect typically leads people to ________ of the effectiveness of alternative therapies. Spontaneous recovery typically leads people to ________ of the effectiveness of alternative therapies. A) overestimate; underestimate B) underestimate; overestimate C) overestimate; overestimate D) underestimate; underestimate

47. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors. A) absence; absence B) presence; presence C) absence; presence D) presence; absence

48. Compulsive hand washing often increases in frequency because it relieves feelings of anxiety. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on compulsive behaviors. A) reinforcement B) linkage analysis C) observational learning D) stimulus generalization

49. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates A) social loafing. B) the chameleon effect. C) group polarization. D) social facilitation.

50. Unlike psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on the ________ more than the ________. A) present; future B) past; present C) present; past D) past; future