Late 4th2nd millennium ca.

1900 1700 1400 1600-1150 (ca) 1200 1200-1150 1100-750 750

8th-7th c 710 700-500 670s 632 621 594 561-527 6th C 560-546 546 (559-530 527-510 521-485 512 514 510-508 500-499 491

Cretan Civilization at peak First Greeks ("Mycenaeans") appear on mainland Destruction of palaces at Knossos and Phaistos End of Cretan supremancy Mycenaean period Sack of Troy Fall of Mycenean centers Dark Ages Homer, The Iliad and The Odyssey composed Major Colonization Alphabet and writing Pan-Hellenic Religious centers Olympic Games run Temple form of architecture created The Polis forms Coinage introduced (in Asia Minor) Sparta vs Messenia Unification of Attica Hesiod Age of Tyrants Lycurgan reforms, Sparta Cylon's attempted tyranny in Athens Draco publishes legal code at Athens Solon's Athenian reforms Pisistratus's tyranny in Athens Peloponessian League Croesus of Lydia conquers Asian Greeks Persians conquer Lydia Cyrus the Great of Persia) Hippias/Hipparchos succeed Pisistratus Reign of Darius Darius invades Scythia; Ionioan cities threaten to revolt; Darius subdues Thrace; demands tribute of King Amyntas of Macedonia Harmodius/Aristogeiton murder Hipparchos Cleisthenes institutes reforms in Athens Ionian Rebellion, led by Aristagorus Mardonius to Athens/Eretria to punish for help in Ionian revolt: defeated

490 485-465 485 484 480-479 480 480 479-478 460 461 464-429 454 450 447-432 446 445 441 440 439 438 431-404 430 429 426 422 421 418 415-413 411 407 405 404 404-403 401 399 404-394 381

Datis and Artaphernes invade Greece: Battle of Marathon Reign of Xerxes, of Persia Aeschylus writing Herotodus born Xerxes's invasion of Greece Battle of Thermopylae, Artemisium, and Salamis Euripides born Battles of Plataea and Mycale Athens' Delian League Thucydides born Cimon ostracized Periclean Athens, The Golden Age Athenian fleet destroyed in Egypt Treasury of Delian League to Athens Athenian building campaigns Parthenon Spartan Army invades Attica, to Eleusis Thirty years peace, Athens/Sparta Sophocles, Antigone Samnian Revolt Pericles suppresses Samnian revolt; democratic regime established Pheidias, "Athene" (later, "Zeus," Olympia) The Pelponnesian Wars Plague. Pericles dies Aristophanes Battle of Amphilopolis Peace of Nicias Battle of Mantinea Athenian invasion of Sicily Council of Four Hundred - Athens (June-September) Alcibiades back to Athens Aegospotami Athens surrenders to Sparta Thirty Tyrants at Athens Anabasis Death of Socrates Spartan hegemony Panegyric of Isogorus for Greek unity

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Thebans, under Epanimondas, defeat Sparta at Leuctra; end of Spartan hegemony 362 Battle of Mantinea: end of Theban hegemony 359-336 Reign of Philip II of Macedon 338 Battle of Chaeronea: Philip conquers Greece 338 League of Corinth founded 336-323 Alexander's reign 334 Alexander invades Asia 334 Battles of Issus, Granicus 332 Alexander to Egypt (Ammon Ra in Libya) 331 Gaugamela 330 Fall of Persopolis 327 Alexander to India 326 Alexander defeats Porus at Hydaspes 323 Alexander dies in Babylon 306-272 Alexander's generals, Antigonus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus assume royal titles. The Seleucids rule in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Iran; The Antigonids in Macedonia; The Ptolemies in Egypt; also The Atalids in Pergmamom 272-146 Hellenistic Civilization's peak 212-205 First Macedonia War Rome vs Philip V 213-211 Roman Seige vs Syracuse 200-197 Second Macedonia War Rome vs Philip V 191-188 Syrian Wars. Rome vs. Antiochus III 171-167 Third Macedonia War. Rome Vs Perseus 148-146 Fourth Macedonia War. Macedonia reduced to Roman province. Corinth razed. 30 Cleopatra dies; Egypt annexed by Rome