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The Final Year Projects Journal 2012 is a publication of the College of Engineering, Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan.

It is a Compilation of Abstracts of the Students Final Year Projects of the current school year. The Final Year Projects Display and Presentation is also a way of peer review and a venue for healthy constructive competition among students. Condensed Papers of each Departments Finalist are also included in this journal.

Final Year Projects Journal 2012 Committee


Dexter S. Lo Chairperson Meldy Grace M. Comandante Co-chairperson Text Editors: Jofferdale Q. Gallamaso Gratz Dale Noel G. Redoble Christian Aries A. Paye Rickey A. Frazier, Jr. Layout Artists: Rico M. Magallona Gaeza D. Lagar Christine May C. Creayla Michael Louis R. Ong Natazsha D. Lagar Logistics: Estrella L. Gadian Cherry O. Ricablanca Nadine Joy F. Ordiz Articles published in this journal are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Journal Committee and of Xavier University. For further information regarding the projects, please send them to the email addresses indicated by the authors.
For general inquires: Final Year Project Journal 2012 Committee c/o XU Engineering Resource Center 3rd Floor Engineering Building Xavier University Main Campus 9000 Cagayan de Oro City Philippines Tel. No: +63 88 858 3116 local 1208 / 1207 Email: d.lo@xu.edu.ph Web: www.xu.edu.ph

Xavier University - College of Engineering Final Year Projects Display and Presentation & Engineering Days 2012 Committees

Chair of 2012 Engineering Days: Chair of the 2012 FYPDP:

Edwin Richard R. Ortiz Joel Camilo M. Haos

Review and Recognition Chair: Co-Chair: Maria Isabel D. Tan Jolou F. Miraflor

Ways and Means Chair: Co-Chair: Marco Tehodore E. Escao Majiah S. Collado

Awards Chair: Co-Chair: Majiah S. Collado Ian Giovanni R. Pabillaran

Documentation/Secretariat/Food Chair: Co-Chair: Richel A. De Villa Estrella L. Gadian

Program Chair: Co-Chair: Megan M. Montuno Julie Ann I. De La Cruz

FYP Journal Chair: Co-Chair: Dexter S. Lo Meldy Grace M. Comandante

Logistics/Physical Arrangements Chair: Co-Chair: Franklin Rey A. Pacquiao Dondanon A. Bajarla, Jr.

FYPS Unit Coordinators CHE CE IE EE EcE ME Shierlyn S. Paclijan Anabel A. Abuzo Ma Lourdes M. Abao Dondanon A. Bajarla, Jr. Mary Jean O. Apor Elmer B. Dollera

FYP Display and Presentation: Past, Present, and Future


In the summer of 1990, fresh from their trainings at Portsmouth Polytechnic (now University of Portsmouth) in the United Kingdom, Engr. Jocelyn A. Mabaylan and Dr. Edilberto L. Tadulan, then faculty members of the College of Engineering, introduced the concept of exhibiting Final Year Projects to the public. The purpose of this activity is to inspire engineers and scientist to perfect existing technologies, as well as to engage partnership with industries on research and development. On February 14, 1994, with the efforts of two other trainees from Portsmouth, Engrs. Mary Jean O. Apor and Eliseo B. Linog, Jr. organized a display that showcased various projects and laboratory equipment of the Electrical, Electronics and Communications, and Mechanical Engineering units in celebration of the Power Engineering Day. Years later, as other units of the College advanced in research capabilities, then Dean Engr. Antonio C. Sevillano, Jr. institutionalized the showcasing of student projects as an annual activity of the College of Engineering. Consequently, with the spearheading endeavors of Engrs. Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban, Maria Isabel R. Dumlao, Shierlyn S. Paclijan and Dexter S. Lo, faculty members of the then combined Chemical-Civil-Industrial Engineering Department, the course Final Year Project Study (FYPS) was integrated to the curriculum of all engineering programs. Today, the FYP Display and Presentation is a way of a peer review of the completed Final Year Project Studies of the graduating seniors of the College of Engineering. It primarily showcases, promotes and exposes the atmosphere of healthy competition among the students and of constructive interaction between students and professionals from other institutions and industries. Several others are upshots of collaborative ventures between and among the local industries, the faculty, and the students. The objectives of the researches at the College of Engineering are: to create new knowledge in the engineering disciplines, to foster an active learning environment for students to acquire the tools for lifelong learning, and to make science and technology matter to the pressing needs of society. To date, many of the Colleges FYPS have garnered recognition outside the walls of the University. Many are continuously presented in various professional technical conferences and conventions in the local, national, and international arenas. To be sustained, the College has steadily collaborated with self-same industries, institutions, and agencies that stand firm with the academe in its pursuit toward the training and development of the Christian Engineer.

2012 Final Year Projects Display and Presentation Xavier University - College of Engineering

Contents
MESSAGES 2012 Best Project Finalists: 1. The Effect of Using Silica (SiO2) Ash as Filler and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) as Bleaching Agent in the Production of Dayawan Handmade Paper (DHP) in Villanueva, Misamis Oriental 2. Travel Time Determination of a Flood Wave: A Basis for the Proposed Flood A.L.E.R.T. (Automated Local Emergency Response in Real Time) System in Selected Residential Areas along the Iponan River 3. Micro-Hydro Power Generator Using Cross-flow Turbine for Individual Household Lighting in Kimaya, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental 4. Integrated Early Warning River Monitoring System in Cagayan de Oro City using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System 5. A Feasibility Study on the Development of Coconut Coir-and-Ash Based Cement Board 6. Medicine Transport Kit using Mini DC Rotary Compression System Disaster Risk Management: 1. Damage Assessment and Digital Flood Reconstruction of Isla de Oro: The Case of the Tropical Storm Sendong Flood 2. Drainage Assessment and Rehabilitation Study for Cagayan de Oro South Diversion Road 3. Early Warning System for Possible Occurrence of Flood 4. Earthquake and Fire Disaster Risk Assessment of Xavier University Main Campus: A Basis for a Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Plan 5. Forest Fire Detection and Ranging 6. GIS-Based Flood Risk Map of Barangay Zones Near Amoros River 7. Percentage of Debris Calculation and Monitoring System using the Concept of Flow Rate Detection in Rivers 8. Proposed Landslide Mitigation Plan for Sitio Zayas, Barangay Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City 9. Temperature and Humidity Monitoring Using GSM Technology in Malasag

2012 Final Year Projects Display and Presentation Xavier University - College of Engineering

Innovative Designs: 1. A Study of the Flow Characteristics of R-134a in a Miniature Condenser 2. A Study of the Flow Characteristics of the Mini Evaporator for Medical Purposes 3. CPU Cooling System under the Principle of Vapor Compression 4. Design of a Membrane Capacitive Deionization Equipment for the Desalination of a Saline Feed Solution 5. Design of a Tertiary Water Treatment Facility Using Powdered Moringa Oleifera (PMO) Seed Extract for Spring Water in Barangay San Antonio, Talakag, Bukidnon 6. Electronic Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature Monitoring System for the Vertical Garden of the College of Engineering 7. Face Recognition Module as CCTV Monitoring Feature 8. Flow Characteristics of Refrigerant R-134a in Small Diameter Capillary Tube 9. Mini Channel Evaporator for MAC System Laptop Cooler Renewable Energy: 1. Converting Kinetic Energy to Electrical Energy Using Flywheel and Wound Rotor Induction Motor 2. Extractive Distillation for the Purification of Bioethanol from Fermentation of Sargassum Seaweeds Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae 3. Small-Scale Hydro-Electric Power Generation using Lenz2 Turbine 4. Solar Powered Portable Water System for Remote Areas 5. Wave Current Power Generator for Single Household Electric Consumption 6. Wind Bridge Concept for Taguanao Bridge Resource and Waste Management: 1. Electrical Energy Audit of Xavier University Engineering Building 2. Evaluation of the Mechanical Strength of Waste Aggregates and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) Material on Concrete 3. Grey Water Treatment in Xavier University Canteen Using Bio-Filtration on Subsurface Constructed Wetland 4. Measuring the Concentration Levels of Carbon Monoxide of the Chicken Grilling Restaurants using the Developed Prototype Sensor or Carbon Monoxide 5. The Evaluation of the Mechanical Strength and Absorption Capacity of Pervious Concrete Pavement (PCP) with Fly Ash SPONSORS

THE EFFECT OF USING SILICA (SiO2) ASH AS FILLER AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) AS BLEACHING AGENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF DAYAWAN HANDMADE PAPER (DHP) IN VILLANUEVA, MISAMIS ORIENTAL
Cricislou V. Aboy, Nico N. Quisumbing and Karen Frances Remey A. Salva Chemical Engineering Department E-mail: cricsvega@gmail.com Edwin Richard R. Ortiz Faculty Adviser
ABSTRACT: This study determined the effects of Silica ash (SiO2) on the papers tensile strength, flammability, water-absorbance capacity and density. The effect of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) on the papers brightness was also identified. These were all in line with the general objective of the study which was to determine the effects of Silica ash and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) on the papers quality. Different proportions of Silica ash were added to the pulp mixture prior to the production of papers. These proportions were 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. On the other hand, a fixed volume of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide solution was added. Different testing methods were performed to verify the significant effects of each proportion of Silica ash, namely TAPPI T494, ISO 2470:1999, ASTM D1037, ASTM D1037-100 and ASTM D635 for tensile strength, brightness, density, water-absorption capacity and flammability, respectively. For the application of SiO2 ash as filler, it was evident that there was a direct relationship between the proportions of SiO2 ash, the density of the paper and the brightness caused by the application of H2O2. The densities and brightness of the papers increase with the increased percentage of SiO2 ash. Conversely, there was an apparent decrease of trend on the papers tensile strength, water absorption capacity as well as the papers flammability with SiO2 ashs increasing proportion. Hence, the greater is the proportion of SiO2 ash added to the paper, the less that it will become flammable, capable of absorbing water and better in its tensile strength. Furthermore, it was found out that the 30% proportion of silica ash was found to be the most effective based on the results obtained on the brightness, density, water-absorption capacity, and flammability tests. Meanwhile, 20% proportion of silica ash was found to yield the best result on the papers tensile strength.

KEYWORDS: Silica Ash, Hydrogen Peroxide, Abaca Fiber, Tensile Strength, Brightness

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 1.1 Introduction

The handmade paper industry is one of the main sources of income generating the Philippines. It is believed to be highly export-oriented as evidenced by the 96% export share of the total sales. Here in Mindanao, more specifically in Misamis Oriental, one known producer and exporter of such papers is the Dayawan Handmade Paper. It is a livelihood project of the San Roque Handmade Paper Products Multi-Purpose Cooperative, a non-stock, non-profit organization in the municipality of Villanueva, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. This study tries to develop the production of handmade paper by using Silica (SiO2) ash as filler. Also, this study uses Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) as an alternative bleaching agent. 1.2. Statement of the Problem Several studies were conducted and proved that Silica ash and Hydrogen Peroxide can be used as filler and bleaching agent respectively, but their usage in papermaking is still to be tested and verified. This is in line with the general objective of this study which is to determine the effect of Silica ash and Hydrogen Peroxide in the production of Dayawan Handmade Paper in Villanueva, Misamis Oriental. Thus, this study has the following objectives: (1) To determine the effect of Silica ash on the papers strength; (2) To identify which proportions of Silica ash (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%)has the best result; (3) To determine the effect of Hydrogen Peroxide to the paper according to its brightness. 1.3 Significance of the Study Because the DHP in Villanueva, Misamis Oriental is a livelihood project that exports paper products to other countries, this study hopes to help enhance the products tensile strength, brightness, density, water-absorption capacity, and flammability using Silica ash and Hydrogen Peroxide respectively. Silica ash, which will be used in replacement of commercial fillers such as Calcium Carbonate, comes from rice hull which is commonly regarded as waste material thus making it cheaper. Furthermore, Hydrogen Peroxide will be used because of its advantages over other bleaching agents such as chlorine-based substances which may be very harmful. It does not produce poisonous gases neither does it leave behind any kind of chemical residues that might be difficult or harmful for earths atmosphere to decompose. In addition, the disposal of Hydrogen Peroxide will not be a problem since it dissolves with water and does not prove toxic for the aquatic animals. Hence, this study aims to make an impact on the utilization of waste rice hull as converted into a cheaper Silica ash and the usage of a safer chemical as a bleaching agent to produce a good quality paper product. 1.4 Scope and Limitations This study concentrates only to the use of Silica ash and Hydrogen Peroxide in the determination of their effects to the papers strength and brightness respectively. The production of Silica ash will not be covered in this study but will only be provided by another group of researchers with Engr. Glenn B. Paclijan as their head. Hydrogen Peroxide samples, on the other hand, will be purchased by the researchers from the Chemistry Department of Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan. The handmade paper that will be studied herein as well as the method of papermaking will come from the

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

San Roque Handmade Paper Products Multi-Purpose Cooperative situated at Phase III San Roque Village, Dayawan, Villanueva, Misamis Oriental. The preparation of abaca fiber that will be used as raw material will not be part of this study. Furthermore, the papers aesthetic quality and art decorations will also not be part since this study focuses only on the strength and brightness of the produced paper. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This study focuses on the production of handmade paper using Silica ash as filler and Hydrogen Peroxide as bleaching agent. 2.1 Silica Ash as Filler According to D. Mittal (1997), Silica (SiO2) is one of the valuable inorganic multipurpose chemical compounds. It can exist in gel, crystalline and amorphous forms and it is the most abundant material on the earths crust. The amorphous silica obtained using this method has many applications, e.g. as filler in rubber products and paper, anti-sticking agent. This study tries to determine the significant effect of Silica Ash as filler on the papers strength. Several studies have proven the use of Silica ash from rice husk as filler in composites like cement. According to the study of H. Abu Bakar et. al. (2010), rice husk ash is found to be greater in supply compared to other supplementary materials like silica fume and fly ash. Due to its high pozzolanic activity, both strength and durability of concrete are enriched. Addition of rice husk ash to Portland cement not only improves the early strength of concrete, but also forms a calcium silicate hydrate gel around the cement particles which is highly dense and less porous. This may increase the strength of concrete against cracking. Another study that was able to test the effect of having rice husk ash as binder is the study entitled Use of Ultrafine Rice Husk Ash with High-Carbon Content as Pozzolan in High Performance Concrete. Rice husk ash (RHA) has been generated in large quantities in rice producing countries. This by-product can contain non-crystalline silica and thus has a high potential to be used as cement binder replacement in mortar and concrete. For all levels of cement alternatives, especially for the 20% Silica Ash by mass, the ultra-fine RHA concretes achieved superior performance in the mechanical and durability tests compared with the reference mixture. In the study, of Arayapranee, W. et al. (2005), however, the result was not as desirable as it should be. According to their study, RHA is characterized by a better resilience property than that of silica and carbon black. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the dispersion of RHA filler in the rubber matrix is discontinuous, which in turn generates a weak structure compared with that of carbon black and silica. Overall results indicate that RHA can be used as cheaper filler for natural rubber materials where improved mechanical properties are not critical. Fillers are particles added to material to lower the consumption of more expensive binder material or to improve the mixture. Formerly, fillers were used predominantly to lessen the cost of end products. Today, it has been proven that fillers are also able to enhance technical properties of the products. Among the 20 most important fillers, calcium carbonate holds the largest market volume and is mainly used in the paper industry and increasingly in the plastics sector. While formerly ground calcium carbonate was used, today precipitated calcium carbonate which is manufactured with the natural mineral is increasingly applied to enhance technical properties of the end product. Fillers that are dominantly applied in the paper are mostly minerals. Their use saves up to 40% fiber material and enhances

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

the economy of the paper industry in this way. In addition, they improve the surface smoothness and gloss of paper. The application of fillers also improves dimensional stability, papers appearance, etc. (Mollaahmad: 2008). Just like silica ash fills in the spaces between coarse cement particles, silica ash fills in the spaces between paper fibers. This function, called particle packing or micro-filling, refines the microstructure of paper, creating a much denser pore structure. Impermeability is dramatically increased, because silica ash reduces the number and size of capillaries that would normally enable contaminants to infiltrate the paper. Thus silica ash modified paper is not only stronger, it lasts longer, because its more resistant to aggressive environments (Norchem: 2011). 2.2 Hydrogen Peroxide as Bleaching Agent According to Maekawaet al. (2007), Hydrogen Peroxide is used on a large scale in the bleaching industries and as a substitute for chlorine-based substancesbleaching process using hydrogen peroxide in alkaline condition at high temperature is effective to attain high whiteness for the fabric. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), molecular weight 34.016 is a colorless liquid miscible with water in all proportions. Hydrogen peroxide is known as a strong oxidizing agent, which could cause chemical changes such as the formation of carbonyls. It is safe to use. It does not produce poisonous gases neither does it leave behind any kind of chemical residues that might be difficult or harmful for earths atmosphere to decompose. In fact Hydrogen Peroxide is considered a better purifier than chlorine compounds and the best part about using Hydrogen Peroxide as a purifier is that it forms Hydroxyl radicals that are quite strong as oxidants, in fact, even stronger than fluorine. (Caudill, et al.: 1992) 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Setting The experiments for the determination of the effects of Silica Ash as filler and Hydrogen Peroxide as bleaching agent in handmade paper was conducted in the Chemical Engineering Unit Operations (ChE-UO) Laboratory of Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan from June to October of 2011. 3.2 Sampling Procedure In the collection of raw materials for paper making, the delignified abaca fibers were obtained from DHP, Villanueva, Misamis Oriental. Silica ash was acquired easily from the study of Engr. Glenn Paclijan, et. al. The Hydrogen Peroxide was purchased from Harnwell Chemical Corp., Cagayan de Oro City. 3.3 Data Collection Procedure 3.3.1. Pulp Preparation for Abaca Fiber Fiber Cutting. The 100g of abaca fiber (Musa textilis) was washed thoroughly with running water until clean. Then, cut into lengths of about 1 cm each.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

Cooking. Cut fibers were boiled in a stainless vat (barrel) with water and caustic soda for three to six hours. Pulping. The boiled fibers were washed thoroughly, and were beaten with a blender until the consistency of the resulting pulp is uniform. 3.3.2. Addition of Silica Ash The silica ash was added in 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% proportion by weight to the abaca fibers, with each proportion having three runs. 3.3.3. Bleaching Hydrogen peroxide, 35% solution in water, was used to bleach the brown pulp with the amount of 5% on pulp at 65-80C for 1-2 hours (Goyal, et al: 2000). This solution was poured into the pulp that will be scattered in a container. When the color already lightened, the pulp was washed again so as to prevent pulp hardening. 3.3.4. Sheet Formation Molding. The pulp with water was placed inside a container. The mold/deckle which was also used in DHP was dipped into the container. It was shaken forward, backward, side by side with deckle to plain the paper surface. The pulp was lifted to form into a wet sheet. The mold was placed over a pan to catch the water as it drips while the air dried the paper. Couching. A cloth was used to cover its top surface. The mold was inverted to remove the paper from it. After 30 minutes, it was covered with a cheese cloth. Using a sponge, the excess water was dabbed from the paper. It was then pressed using a Plate and Frame Filter Press to flatten the paper and to remove the excess water present. Pressing. The couched pulp was pressed using a pressing machine to flatten the paper and to remove excess water present. Drying. The pressed sheets were dried by laying on smooth surfaces such as GI sheets under the sun for at least 24 hours. 3.3.5. Determination of Parameters The strength and brightness of the paper will be determined. TAPPI T494 Tensile Breaking Strength Test of Paper was used to measure the tensile strength of the paper. For measuring the brightness of the paper, ISO 2470:1999 was applied. Meanwhile, ASTM D635, ASTM D1037 and ASTM D1037-100 were used for the Flammability Test, Determination of Density, and Test for Water Absorption Capacity.

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4. PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS This study focuses on the papers tensile strength, density, water absorption capacity, flammability and brightness. These specific parameters are then tested differently according to their definite testing methods. The effects on papers density, water absorption capacity and flammability were identified based on their respective testing methods, namely, ASTM D1037, ASTM D1037-100 and ASTM D635. Alternatively for the papers tensile strength and brightness, samples of the produced paper with specified proportions of SiO2 were sent to Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI): Pulp and Paper Testing Laboratory situated at Narra St., College, Los Banos, Laguna 4031. 4.1 Tensile Strength According to the tests conducted by FPRDI, the results showed 15.79 Nm/g, 10.90 Nm/g, 11.03 Nm/g and 8.63 Nm/g for 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. As the proportion of silica ash is increased, the tensile strength of the paper decreases. Thus, the tensile strength property of the paper and the proportion of silica ash have an inversely proportional with each other. 4.2 Brightness The analysis carried out by FPRDI proved that there is a direct relationship between the brightness of the paper and the proportion of silica ash. This was confirmed by the results that showed 45.11% for 0%, 40.86% for 10%, 42.78% for 20% and 44.30% for 30% silica ash. 4.3 Determination of Density Based on the results obtained, the mean densities of the papers were found to be 0.0084 g/mL, 0.0112 g/mL, 0.0109 g/mL, and 0.0112 g/mL for 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% Silica ash respectively. As observed, there is a significant increase of trend as the proportion of Silica ash increases. However, the 20% proportion showed a remarkable difference. This was due to the fact that the Silica ash of this proportion was not thoroughly mixed with the pulp mixture. Hence, it affected the results obtained. 4.4 Water-Absorption Capacity Test The results showed that the average percent water absorption capacity of the paper with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% Silica ash are 484.01%, 457.03%, 283.12%, 225.06%. Based on the results obtained, the percent water absorption capacity of the paper was inversely proportional to the proportion of Silica ash added. Meaning to say, as the proportion of the Silica ash increases, the water absorption capacity of the paper significantly decreases. This is somehow logical because as the pulp mixture is added with Silica ash, the spaces between the fibers are being filled in. Hence, the greater the mass of the Silica ash added, the lesser for the paper to absorb water. 4.4 Flammability Test From the results obtained, the average flammability ratio of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% silica ash were 0.2260, 0.2202, 0.1752, and 0.1955 respectively. It was found out that there was a decrease in the flammability ratio as the increased proportion of silica ash. The greater the proportion of Silica ash added to the paper, the lesser will be its tendency to become flammable.

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Table 4. Summary of Results for the Different Tests

Figure 4. Graph of the Summary of Results for the Different Tests 5. CONCLUSION The results of the experiments show that silica (SiO2) ash as filler and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as alternative bleaching agent have significant effects on the papers tensile strength, water absorption capacity, flammability, density and brightness. For the application of SiO2 ash as filler, it is evident that there is a direct relationship between the proportions of SiO2 ash and the density of the paper. As the percentage of SiO2 ash increases, the density of the papers also increases. Conversely, there is an apparent decrease of trend on the papers

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

tensile strength, water absorption capacity as well as the papers flammability with SiO2 ashs increasing proportion. Hence, the greater is the proportion of SiO2 ash added to the paper, the less that it will become flammable, capable of absorbing water and better in its tensile strength. For the use of H2O2 as alternative bleaching agent, the results show that as the proportion of SiO2 ash increases, the effect of H2O2 on the papers brightness becomes more evident. Hence, there is a direct relationship between the proportions of SiO2 ash added and the effect of H2O2 on the papers brightness. The desired handmade paper need to have high tensile strength, low water absorption capacity, low flammability, high density and high percent brightness. Therefore, the best proportion based from the results obtained is found to be 30% proportion of SiO2 ash. REFERENCES Abu Bakar, H.B. et al. (2010) Malaysian rice husk ash improving the durability and corrosion resistance of concrete. http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=openurl&genre=article&issn=21801371&date=2010&volu me=1&issue =1&spage=6. Arayapranee, W. et al.(2005) Application of rice husk ash as fillers in the natural rubber industry.http:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.21004/full. Bajpai, P. (2010) Overview of pulp and papermaking processes. Environmentally Friendly Production of Pulp and Paper. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey. Caudill, V.E. et al.(1992) Polypropylene surface characteristics after exposure to hydrogen peroxide and heat processing.Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting, Vol. 8, 140-156. Cordeiro, G.C.et al.(2009) Use of ultrafine rice husk ash with high-carbon content as pozzolan in high performance concrete. Materials and Structures, Vol. 42,983992. Maekawa, M. et al.(2007) Effects of pH in Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching of Cotton Fabrics Pretreated with Ferrous Sulfate.Textile Research Journal, Vol. 77, 222-226. Mittal, D. (1997) Silica from ash - a valuable product from waste material.Resonance.http://www.ias. ac.in/resonance/July1997/pdf/July1997p64-66.pdf. Mollaahmad, M.A. (2008)Sustainable fillers for paper.http://epubl.ltu.se/1653-0187/2008/112/LTU-PBEX-08112-SE.pdf. Norchem, Inc. (2011) How does silica fume work in concrete? http://www.norchem.com/silica-fumeconcrete.html. Rowell, R.M.et al. (2000) Characterization and factors effecting fiber properties. Natural Polymers and Agrofibers Composites.

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Travel Time Determination of a Flood Wave: A Basis for the Proposed Flood A.L.E.R.T. (Automated Local Emergency Response in Real Time) System in Selected Residential Areas along the Iponan River
Danniele A. Sihay, Jumar G. Tablando, Pearl Angelie V. Mahusay, Stephanie C. Causon and Raquel U. Ortiz Civil Engineering Department E-mail: danyengsihay@yahoo.com Dexter S. Lo and Jan Taat Advisers
ABSTRACT: Risk knowledge has been one of the primary factors for disaster management, particularly in intense flooding events in Cagayan de Oro. For this reason, the researchers deemed it necessary to increase risk knowledge on disasters, focusing on the flood preparedness in a specific river in the city. This study estimated the travel time of a flood wave from an identified base station to selected residential areas along the Iponan River. This was used as a basis for an Automated Local Emergency Response in Real Time (ALERT) system to be proposed in the area. Primary data gathering pre-determined the study area which included Barangays San Simon, Pagatpat, Baikingon, Canitoan, Iponan and Barra. The study involved the determination of the specific vulnerable zones, through strategic points, of each barangay using Key Informant Interview (K.I.I.) and Geographical Information System (G.I.S.) mapping. Through secondary data, stream flow properties of the Iponan River established and identified the base station. The profile of the Iponan River at normal condition, through Hydrographic Surveying methods and the River Reach Survey (R.R.S), were also applied. The estimated travel time of a flood wave was obtained using the Monoclinical (Kinematic) Rising Wave Theory with assumed boundary conditions. Results identified five (5) strategic points, wherein point 1 had the time of 11minutes, point 2 with 50minutes, point 3 with 32minutes, point 4 with 48minutes and point 5 with 180minutes. The equivalent gage-height of every travel time per point was 4.63, 5.82, 4.76, 4.77 and 5.21 meters respectively. The RRS also showed that most areas along the river are poorly reinforced unless engineering modifications were present factors that may attenuate the travel time of a flood wave. These results led to the recommendation that an ALERT System can be feasibly proposed, provided with engineering improvements in the area.

KEYWORDS: Flood, Travel Time, Monoclinal Rising Wave, Disaster Risk Knowledge

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

1. INTRODUCTION Several times in a year, most parts of the Philippines experience excessive floods especially in areas located near bodies of water like rivers and tributaries. As the discharge of water in rivers and tributaries increase, so does the level of water and its velocity rate thereof resulting to lowland floods. The primary effects of floods include damages to structures, loss of properties, and loss of human life. Flood water can also worsen the accumulation of debris and toxic pollutants that can cause harmful effects to human health and the degradation of the environment. In this study, the researchers aim to estimate the occurrence of a flood wave, specifically its time of travel from an identified station to selected residential areas along the Iponan River. The selected areas are chosen based on the criteria which include the ground elevation with respect to the river, and flood susceptibility. Pertinent data regarding the rivers discharge, mean velocity and hydraulic properties, are gathered from different government and non-government institutions and on site. Primary data that affects the discharge and flow in the studied river are also collected. From these data, the time of travel of a possible flood wave is determined and will become the basis of the researchers recommendation on the appropriate Automated Local Emergency Response in Real Time (A.L.E.R.T.) System for the proposed selected areas. 1.1 Statement Of The Problem According to the DENR Rapid Flood-Hazard Assessment of the affected areas in Cagayan de Oro City, the most affected by the heavy and intense rainfall of Tropical Depression Auring in 2009 were the lowlying communities located along the banks of the Iponan River and in some coastal portions where the Bitan-ag Creek discharge towards the Macajalar bay. The Office of Civil Defense reports that about 16,000 residents in barangay Iponan and 2,000 in barangay Canitoan were affected by Auring causing 320 families to evacuate. Since there are no existing flood studies related to the Iponan River, therefore there is a need to conduct baseline study on this area, specifically, for an estimate of the travel time of a flood wave which will be necessary for an early warning system. Thus, the proponents of this study will try to answer the question: What is the estimated travel time of a flood wave from the identified station to the selected residential areas along the Iponan River? 1.2 Significance Of The Study Flood that affects human settlements and damages structures and properties is the motivation of the study. Provision for a basis of an ALERT system will considerably aide in preparing communities for possible flooding event and lessen the damages that floods bring. Promotion of early warning systems also encourages flood awareness to communities prone to flood. Risk knowledge is also reinforced in planning disaster mitigation plans since sound-scientific basis of such plans are made. The participation of the locals, especially the barangay officials, in the contribution of ideas and information which cannot be obtained from any other sources, was very critical in the study and showed that local-based schemes for disaster planning can be more efficient and can harness civic-consciousness to the people.

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1.3 Theoretical Framework The continuous movement between water on the Earths surface and the atmosphere is called the hydrologic/water cycle. This cycle has four distinct stages namely: storage, evaporation, precipitation and runoff. The natural water cycle along with other varying dynamics, such as the behavior and physical properties of the atmosphere, affect the process of the distribution of water on the Earths surface.As surface run-off flows into the rivers and exceed the channel capacity, water spills over to lowland areas, and results to flood. Watershed or river basin dynamics are attributed to the balancing of inflow, outflow, and volume of storage through the use of continuity equations and the storage-discharge relationship. Unsteady flows in rivers are caused by wave motion, one of which is called flood waves. 1.4 Scope And Limitations Of The Study The studys main purpose is to determine the estimated time of travel of a possible flood wave from the identified station to the selected residential areas along the Iponan River. This study also aims to propose an Automated Local Emergency Response in Real Time (ALERT) system, based from the flood wave travel time. This study also depends on the available database for the Iponan Rivers hydrographic properties and to the selected residential areas.Because of certain inaccessible parts of the river, certain approximations are made and the adaptation of idealized characteristics of the river depth, area and perimeter are applied in the calculation phase of the study. 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES With the information as to the effects of intense and rapid rainfall that have occurred in Cagayan de Oro City and the growing number of travel time studies which imply the development of more efficient flood early warning systems, the researchers deem it necessary to conduct a study on finding a sound scientific basis, specifically the estimated travel time of a flood wave, that will advance on the proposal of an ALERT system for the low-lying communities near the Iponan River. As stated, it is vital first and foremost to estimate the time that would take for a pre-determined flood wave that may develop and arrive in areas where there are significant number of people dwelling near flood prone areas. This will establish the primary principle of an ALERT being an FEWS which is risk knowledge. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design The research project is directive in purpose and analytical in approach. Investigation is descriptive and exploratory in nature. Data gathered is both quantitative and qualitative and is a product of both hydraulic and hydrologic analysis that describes the Iponan River and its essential properties.

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3.2 Data Gathering Procedure 3.2.1 Secondary Data Gathering The determination of barangays as study areas are based on the Landslide and Flood susceptibility map of Misamis Oriental province, Philippines prepared by the Lands Geological Survey Division of the DENRMGBX and the data report on the January 2009 flooding from National Disaster Risk Reduction CouncilX under the Office of Civil DefenseX. The sites within the chosen study areas that experience flooding events are identified as zones within the barangay. These residential areas or zones are also pre-determined through the initial information given by barangay officials. Secondary data such as gage height readings and stream flow at the San Simon Pagatpat Bridge, Barangay Territorial Jurisdiction maps, and data reports on flooding events are obtained from various government agencies (i.e. DPWHMQCH, GIS DivisonCity Hall and OCDX). The information obtained from Google earth satellite images also serve as guide for the selection of strategic points for engineering surveys. 3.2.2 Primary Data Gathering The primary data gathering phase consist of a Key Informant Interview (KII) using facilitated questionnaires with local residents living near the Iponan River and the actual hydrographic surveying of the main channel of the Iponan River. It also consists of an assessment of the current physical characteristics of the river channel and river banks along a certain reach using a River Reach Survey Manual specially made for this study. The length of this reach will depend upon the strategic points identified. This assessment is done in order to determine if any engineering modifications have been made on or along the river main channel. The basis for the hydrographic strategic points depend upon the Google earth satellite images, elevation, KII results, the suggestions of local guides, and accessibility. 3.2.2.1 Key Informant Interview Prior to the actual interview per household, the research team coordinated with the barangay officials of the study areas. The research team was accompanied by either a barangay police or health worker during every site visit as local guides. Upon arrival of the site, coordinates of the area was taken using a Meridian and Garmin Global Positioning System (GPS) that follows WGS 1984 coordinate system. A sample questionnaire (refer to Appendix) was used in the facilitated interview. The study made use of combined/mixed purposeful sampling in the selection of KII respondents. Interview subjects were determined through chain/snowball sampling and stratified purposeful sampling.

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3.2.2.2 Hydrographic Surveying 3.2.2.2.1 Cross Sectional Area Measurements In obtaining the measurements for the river-water and bank-full cross-sectional area, the researchers determined a reference point at each side of river bank and labeled it as Right Water Edge (RWE) and Left Water Edge (LWE). Level stadia alignment was done with the theodolite on the opposite bank. The river depthswere measured for 2-5 segments of the river section using the stadia. The number of segments depended upon river accessibility and widths were about five (5) meters in length. 3.2.2.2.2 Velocity Measurements The research study employed the use of floats to measure river velocity. A suitable straight reach with minimum turbulence was chosen after ocular survey.Marks were placed on the start and end point of the reach. The float was dropped into the upstream part of the first mark (upstream marker). The start of thetimer was done when the float crossed the first mark (upstream marker) and stopped when it crossed the second mark (downstream marker). The measurements were repeated at least three (3) times and the values were averaged for the calculations. 3.2.2.3 River Reach Survey The name of the river was first indicated followed by the name of the point (e.g. point 1,2,3) that was to be surveyed. The information sheet was filled up by the surveyor, which included the surveyors name, date, time and weather condition of the actual survey. Certain questions were answerable by a yes or a no especially on the visibility of some river parts. The condition of the river was also described in the survey. The surveyor marked certain tables that indicated the river type (e.g. Planform, cross profile and level of reinforcement). The location, which includedthe distance from the bridge, GPS (lat/ long) points and the slope, was specified including the channel dimensions.For the bank profile and protection, the surveyor marked all that was applicable. A manual guide was provided in determining the proper description. 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 4.1 Summary Of Results Table 1: Hydrographic Surveying Results, Iponan River

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Table 2: River Reach Survey Results, Iponan

Table 3: Travel Time of Flood Wave per Strategic Point

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5. CONCLUSION The study, entitled Travel Time determination of a Flood Wave: A Basis for the Proposed Flood A.L.E.R.T. (Automated Local Emergency Response in Real Time) System in Select Residential Areas along the Iponan River, whose main objective is to determine the estimated arrival time of a possible flood wave from an identified station to the selected residential areas was carried out using the methods that include Hydrographic Surveying, Key Informant Interview (K.I.I.) and Geographic Information System (G.I.S.) Mapping. The boundary conditions that were set for this study together with the Monoclinical (Kinematic) Flood Wave theory were utilized in obtaining the estimated Travel Time. The results show that among the strategic points, point 1 has the critical time of 11 minutes before the flood wave will arrive at the areas that represents point 1. This was followed by point 2 with a time of 50 minutes, point 3 with a time of 32 minutes, point 4 with a time of 48 minutes and point 5 with a time of 180 minutes. The equivalent Gage-Height that will indicate such travel times are 4.63, 5.82, 4.76, 4.77 and 5.21 respectively. 6. RECOMMENDATION In this study, the determination of the strategic sites was dictated by the data obtained from the K.I.I. and the suggestion of the barangay officials and guides. However, these points were also subjected to the accessibility of the areas which affected the placement of such points along the Iponan River, specifically the researchers decision to overlap the strategic points to some of the hydrographic points to maintain the uniformity of data. The researchers recommend extensive ocular inspection of the area and to delineate the strategic sites from specific hydrographic points. The selection of the Base Station was also subjected by the availability of data for the Iponan River. The length of the 1st strategic point was relatively close to the Base Station which yielded to the shorter time of arrival. The researchers do recommend determining first upstream structures that have a database for the Iponan River before it will be established. The variations of Gage-Heights that will indicate the arrival of the flood wave was due to the flood threshold condition which is the maximum storage capacity per strategic points. This may cause confusion on the residences as to the extent of the flooding with respect to the Gage-height value. The researchers do recommend determining a single Gage-Height value from the Base Point that will induce flooding in the strategic points. Lastly, from the travel time and RRS results, the researchers recommend that an ALERT System can be feasibly proposed and operated in the study area. However, improvements must be made in specific reaches within the Iponan River since these reaches are poorly reinforced. Also, for the 1st strategic point located in barangay San Simon with a critical time of eleven (11) minutes, the researchers recommend to lower down the initial flood threshold. This action may increase the travel time of the flood wave arrival in the area.

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REFERENCES Bedient, P.B., and Huber, W. C. (2002).Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis.Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 3rd Edition Chanson, H. (2004).The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow, Butterworth-Heinenmann, Oxford, Uk, 2nd Edition DENR X. (2009).Results of the rapid geohazard assessment of barangays in Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental.Cagayan de Oro City: Department of Natural Resources - X: Mines and Geosciences Bureau Eliasson, J; et.al. (2005).Large hazardous floods as translatory waves.Elsevier Ltd. Green, J.I., and Nelson, J.E. (2002).Calculation of time of concentration for hydrologic design and analysis using geographic information system vector objects. Journal of Hydroinformatics. IWA Publishing King, H.W., Wisler, C.O., and Woodburn, J.G. (1948).Hydraulics.John Wiley & Sons. New York, 5th Edition MGB X. (2009).Flood Suseptibility Map of Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental.Cagayan de Oro City: Department of Natural Resources - X: Mines and Geosciences Bureau MGB X. (2009).Rapid Flood-Hazard Assessment of the Affected Areas in Cagayan de Oro City and other parts of Misamis Oriental.Cagayan de Oro City: Department of Natural Resources - X: Mines and Geosciences Bureau Mujumdar, P.P. (2001). Flood Wave Propagation. Resonance RDCC X. (2009).Final Consolidation Report.Office of Civil Defense X: Regional Disaster Coordinating Council Reed, L.A., and Stuckey, M.H. (2002).Prediction of Velocities for a Range of Streamflow Conditions in Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania Department of Environment Protection. U.S. Geological Survey Romanowicz, R.J.; et.al. (2007).A State Department Nonlinera Approach to Flood Forecasting. Publs. Inst. Geophys. Pol. Acd. Sc., E-7 (401)

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MICRO-HYDRO POWER GENERATOR USING CROSS-FLOW TURBINE FOR INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD LIGHTING IN KIMAYA, JASAAN, MISAMIS ORIENTAL
Dan Lexter D. Baran, Rex Andrew N. Ajoc and Gaszer Uson Electrical Engineering Department E-mail: danlexterbaran@gmail.com Jolou F. Miraflor Faculty Adviser
ABSTRACT: In this study we explore the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of sustainable micro-hydro power system in Kimaya, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental specifically the individual residents in faustina pool and the business itself. Micro-hydro generator converts potential energy of water into electricity. It is a reliable energy technology to be considered for providing clean electricity generation. To produce electrical energy by small hydropower is a most efficient contribution to renewable energy. Hydro electric power plants generate from few kW to thousands of MW. This study can be classified as Micro-hydro power system for the generating capacity of less than 100kW. Micro-hydro can provide alternative renewable energy sources especially in areas with small rivers or stream flowing. Other renewable energy source, such as solar and wind, can be used to produce electrical power. The choice of energy source depends on several factors, including availability, economic, energy and power requirements. Micro-hydro power is almost always more cost-effective than any other form of renewable power. A hydropower plant can therefore make a sustainable solution for their electrification. The methods used in this study includes: assessing electricity demand, identifying potential hydropower sites, estimating water flow regime and conducting preliminary turbine design. In the end of the project, the proposed micro-hydro generator will work properly as designed and produce an output power that can be used for lighting and battery charge and also to ensure that all individuals and specified recipient can gain sustainable benefits.

KEYWORDS: Renewable, Sustainable, Cost-effective

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1. INTRODUCTION Micro hydro power was once the worlds prominent source of mechanical power for manufacturing. Micro hydro is making a comeback for electricity generation in homes. The prime mover of this project is water. The choice of energy source depends on several factors, including availability, economy, energy and power requirements. Micro hydro power is almost always more cost-effective than any other form of renewable power. Jasaan is a town in the Province of Misamis Oriental, Philippines. It is approximately 28 kilometres eastward from the capital city of Cagayan de Oro. Jasaan has gradually metamorphosed into a resort town. The entrepreneurs of the place have capitalized on the abundance of its spring water sources. The town has now spring resorts more than its local residents can dip into. People from neighbouring areas have been constant visitors of those spring resorts. 2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. What kind of turbine design that would fit and maximize the efficiency in accordance with the given important parameters (head and velocity of water) in the area? 2. Is it possible to produce enough electricity to power the lighting of a single dwelling unit in the area? 3. Does the implementation of the project provide a significant economic reward to the beneficiaries? 3. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The study is limited to the setting of Faustina Pool as the case study to provide electricity in the business itself and other individuals found in that area for their lighting only. The study does not cover the design for the appropriate turbine type and size in the actual source of the area and we just consider assuming values in accordance and with the similarities of the potential hydro-power system. The study is also limited in civil works using rigorous analysis in dealing with accurate measurement of the important parameters. 4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study is to produce electricity using renewable source of energy in order to provide clean, environmentally friendly electricity in the communities. This also aims at evaluating the small hydropower in the study area. Lack of adequate source of electrical energy in that area is one of a problem which hinders the development. The study has a number of significant aspects. It is significant in the following ways: 1. The study aims at contributing ideas on the existing knowledge on the subject and unfolding the unknown in the subject matter. 2. The research findings will help those who are concerned with the development of small hydropower plants. 3. No research has so far been carried out in Kimaya, Jasaan concerning evaluation of small hydropower potentials. This research intends to give use full information on development of small hydropower in similar setting in other cases in the world.

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5. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Renewable energy is from an energy resource that is replaced by a natural process at a rate that is equal to or faster than the rate at which that resource is being consumed. Renewable energy can come from a variety of sources. Renewable energy generally means solar, wind, water, wood or other biomass source of energy and geothermal energy. Hydro power is one form of renewable energy since it is naturally replenished. Hydropower uses the energy of flowing water, without depleting it, to produce electricity. Hydropower is the production of mechanical energy by passing water through a hydraulic machine that is rotated by the action of water and the machine in turn rotates an electrical generator to produce electrical energy (Wazed and Ahmed, 2008). In hydropower, the kinetic energy of the water depends on two aspects: head and flow. The head refers to the vertical distance the water travels and the flow refers to the volume of the water that passes through in the given amount of time. Hydropower plant can be classified according to the power they produce into the following large, medium, small, mini, micro and pico. 5.1 Types of Turbines

Figure 1: Head and Flow in crossflow turbine 5.2 Measuring of Flow Rate More water falling through the turbine will produce more power. The amount of water available depends on the volume of water at the source. Power is also directly proportional to river flow, or flow volume. Here are the following equations:

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5.3 Measuring of Potential Power The amount of power available from a micro hydro generator system is directly related to the flow rate, head and the force of gravity. Once we have determined the usable flow rate (the amount of flow we can divert for power generation) and the available head for our particular site, we can calculate the amount of electrical power we can expect to generate. This is calculated using the following equation:

6. METHODOLOGY 6.1 Data Collection (Site visit and survey) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Walk the site to understand the existing site layout. Take accurate measurement of all relevant levels across site. (limitation) Review all existing hydropower infrastructure. Identify most suitable grid connection point. Discussion with client on site potential and options for development.

6.2 Data processing and production of final report 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Specify most appropriate turbine type and size. Discuss most suitable location for the hydro system. Outline civil engineering works required. (limitation) Specify transmission and generator type. Calculate expected power output, annual energy production and value of electricity produced.

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7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

8. CONCLUSION The researchers conclude that in accordance to the given parameters in the area, that a cross flow turbine is the most suitable turbine to be used in this study and it is supported by the data gathered in the previous section. Given the previous data from testing and surveying the actual area, the researchers conclude that it is possible to power individual household lighting as well as for commercial use. The researchers conclude that the residents in Kimaya, Jasaan will benefit from this study, specifically those around the Faustina pool resort area. They will be able to have electricity that is generated from their own livelihood without having to worry about the interruptions from utility lines. 9. RECOMMENDATION Since the project utilizes low head, a cascading set up of generators is recommended to power multiple dwelling units (lighting only).The study was not able to cover the possibility of utilizing the waste water runoff of the swimming pool. The researchers recommend an additional study on the waste water runoff in swimming pools that is located in Kimaya, Jasaan to utilize additional potential energy. The researchers also recommend a survey on the sources of water and openness to the idea of micro-hydro power generation for their energy needs. Replace existing generators with a suitable generator set to increase suitable power output.

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REFERENCES Mockmore, C. A., Merryfield, F. (1994) The banki water turbine. Oregon State, USA. Verhaart, P. (1983) Blade calculations for water turbines of the banki type. Eindhoven, Netherlands. Calculation of Hydro Power (Mar 2008). Retrieved February 2012, from http://www.reuk.co.uk/Calculation-of-Hydro-Power.htm Wheldon, A. (2010) Micro Hydro. Retrieved January 2012, from http://www.ashden.org/micro-hydro Micro Hydro Pros-Cons (October 2006). Retrieved February 2012, from http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/micro-hydro-power-pros-and-cons/

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INTEGRATED EARLY WARNING RIVER MONITORING SYSTEM IN CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY USING ADAPTIVE NEURAL FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM
Prences Mae J. Sierra, Mark Christopher P. Tan and Jafe Alyssa M. Aquino Electronics Engineering Department Email: princessmae_sierra@yahoo.com Mary Jean O. Apor Faculty Adviser
ABSTRACT: Floods are hydrological events caused by high amounts of water input and rainfall. The automated flood warning system consists of rainfall and river level monitoring stations that automatically deliver real-time to a flood warning operator. The system employs text-messaging to transfer the data from the water level station and from the rain gauge station to the central station. A central station will collect and store all the data from the remote stations. It was premeditated to have a database designed in such a way that it could automatically access real time data from the sensors via SmartBro HUAWEI Mobile Broadband USB modem. The collected data will be used for testing the system for forecasting. Hence, the Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) approach was employed to investigate its applicability in predicting water level in Cagayan de Oro River. For modelling, rainfall data from PAG-ASA, Lumbia Station and calculated water level in Bubunawan River were provided as inputs and water level, with a certain lead time, as outputs. The amount of rainfall was predicted in the model for the generation of the alarm system. Hourly rainfall data, for two years, and water level, from January 2010 to December 2011, were used for modelling process. The model was tested using three different training sets (3, 6, and 12 months) and 4 lead times (5, 10, 20, and 25 days). The statistical performances of the model were reasonable. Several indices such as root mean squared error and coefficient of determination showed good performance. The results were compared in two different categories, including lead time and length of training period. Thus, the water level in Bubunawan River and the amount of rainfall last December 16, 2011 was modelled. The alarm can be presented, based on the developed model, by a graphical user interface.

KEYWORDS: ANFIS, Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy, Inference

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1. INTRODUCTION A flooding situation is not a daily occurrence. Aside from the direct damages brought by a flood there are also those cascading effects which follow in the wake of the calamity. Among the immediate problems caused by flood are the lack of basic utilities and essential necessities, particularly, food and potable water. Affected residents in the 2009 and 2011 Cagayan River flooding were caught by surprise as water rose to high level. Thus, whenever possible, the community must be warned ahead of time of possible occurrences of flood. The forecasting problem is one of the main environmental problems that need efficient software tools. Several methods based on artificial intelligence were proposed by taking into account that they can offer more informed methods that use domain specific knowledge and provide solutions faster than the traditional methods based on a mathematical formalism. The researchers will present the application of neural network-based forecasting methods, as well as their combination with fuzzy logic in flood forecast in a hydrographical basin. The research is looking at rainfall and river level forecast as a tool for assessing a better end in view of risk vulnerability with respect to affected communities. The study proposes to predict the possible occurrence of river flood in Cagayan de Oro City by developing a Rainfall-Runoff model to determine the relationship between the rainfall and water runoff to the river that provides the basis to alarm the beneficiaries. 2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The automated flood warning system consists of rainfall and river level monitoring stations that automatically delivers real-time to a flood warning operator. An effective early warning system requires a number of rainfall and water level measuring stations at key points of the catchment. Incoming data is stored and analyzed at a base station computer that is programmed to activate audio or visual alarms in the case of a river level or precipitation thresholds being exceeded. The rain gauges which are located in the remote stations are capable of measuring the rate of rainfall with the given time of the rainstorm and amount of rain measured depending on the capacity of the designed rain gauge. River water level sensors are to be strategically placed under the bridge of the selected tributaries that has GSM signal. The data acquired by these sensors are transmitted to the central station that performs data recording and analysis, which includes statistical computations for prediction of possible occurrence of flood and activate an appropriate warning. The central station uses an Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System to ascertain the relationship between the rainfall and water runoff to the river. The inputs of this system are rainfall data and water level data while the output is the predicted water level at a certain time. The output of the system shall be displayed in a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for visual representation of the results. And when the system predicts the possible occurrence of flood, it will automatically render an alarm that will prompt the attention of everyone which is classified accordingly based on the rainfall- runoff model developed.

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3. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study focuses on the concern of flood caused by the river. Other causes of flash floods due to the unproper management of drainage, garbage, and the likes are no longer factors in this study. It focuses on developing the model Adaptive Neural-Fuzzy Inference System and develops visual and audible alarms classified according to the model developed. The model will only predict the water level of the river and the amount of rainfall for a specific number of days. The water level in Bubunawan River is solved theoretically using the amount of rainfall acquired from PAGASA Lumbia Station. Given that the results present a critical condition, an alarm goes off sending warning to the community that there is a possibility of flood occurring. 4. METHODOLOGY Automation for gathering data for monitoring the behaviour of Cagayan de Oro River and measuring the reliability of Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System in forecasting the possible occurrence of flood of the said river are employed in the study.

Figure 1: Detailed System Diagram Figure 1 presents the detailed process diagram of the system where inputs gathered by rain gauges and water level sensors send data to the central station. The Central Station that collects and stores all the data from the remote stations is premeditated to have a database designed in such a way that it could automatically access real time data from the distributed sensor via Smart Bro HUAWEI Mobile Broadband USB modem and messages were then extracted using Ozeki Message Server and store the data to My SQL database. Data will be fed to ANFIS for prediction and automatically renders an alarm if necessary and the results were displayed graphically in the graphical user interface (GUI). Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used in the study to forecast the possibility of flood occurrence. Using ANFIS, inputs have to undergo 5 processes. First, the inputs are to be fuzzified; passing through an inference process (layer 1 and layer 2) where rules are generated and applied, calculating output for each corresponding rules in layer 4 and the summation of all outputs in layer 5 to get one final output. ANFIS main objective is to determine the optimum values of the equivalent fuzzy inference system parameters by applying a learning algorithm using input-output data sets.

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In this study, basic model is constructed by 2 inputs and 1 output. The inputs are rate of rainfall data and water level data while for the output is predicted water level at a certain lead time. The basic model then varied in 2 components, which are 4 different lead times and 3 different training periods. The amount of rainfall will also be predicted. For computational purposes, some Matlab programming codes have been developed. To verify the accuracy of ANFIS, the group gathered 2 years (2010-2011) of hourly (6 hours interval) rate of rainfall data from PAGASAs rain gauge at Lumbia station. There are 2,920 sets of data gathered. Data from year 2010 was used as training data and data from year 2011 was used for the testing data. Cagayan de Oro basin has a total land area of 137,933.77 hectares which comprises of 8 subwatersheds. Among those 8 sub-watersheds, Bubunawan River has an area of 26,875.89 hectare which is located in Baungon, Cagayan de Oro City. Water level of this river is considered as one of the inputs of this system. Rain gauge station located at Lumbia that measures the rate of rainfall with 6 hours interval is also one of the inputs. The output of this system is the advanced water level reading of the Bubunawan River. 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Results in Model Performances of Forecasted Water Level Figure 2 summarizes the comparison between the numbers of lead time with respect to corresponding training sets in terms of reduced mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (COD). The blue bar indicates the three months training period, the maroon and the green indicates the six and twelve months training period. Among the four lead times (5, 10, 20, and 25 days) the best number of days to be forecasted is 5 days in any of the training sets because it was able to attain a better RMSE and COD. In six and twelve months both obtained statistical values that are approximately equal to the ideal 0 RMSE and 1 COD or R2 with 0.0000001955 and 0.9999 RMSE and R2 values. For 3 months training set it obtains 0.06778 and 0.9964 RMSE and R2 values. It also shows that among the training sets, six and twelve months period performs better compared to three months training period.

Figure 2: Comparison of the different lead times with different training period

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Results in Model of Forecasted Amount of Waterfall

Figure 3: Comparison of the Different Lead Times with Different Training Period Figure 3 summarizes the comparison between the numbers of lead time with respect to the corresponding training sets in terms of reduced mean square error and coefficient of determination. The blue bar indicates the three months training period, the maroon and the green indicates the six and twelve months training period. Among the four lead times the best number of days to be forecasted is 5 days in any of the three training sets with 0.0002949, 2.424e-007, 1.548e-006 RMSE and 0.9999 R2. Referring to the graphs above, it shows that among the training sets, six and twelve months period performs better compared to three months training period in terms of reduced mean square error and coefficient of determination which holds true with the results in forecasting water level. 6. CONCLUSIONS The study was able to evaluate the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and fuzzy logic models for prediction of a possible occurrence of flood based on the amount of rainfall and water level of the river. The application results showed a satisfactory behaviour of the prediction system and demonstrated that the model can actually predict the amount of rainfall and water level depending on the training sets. As the training time goes ahead, the model showed better results. Hence, it is more reliable and accurate to train the data for more than a year since ANFIS has an ability to capture a relationship from given patterns. Furthermore, the system is also capable of acquiring automatically the real-time data being gathered with the water level sensor and rain gauge which they send using SMS of GSM technology. The raw data would be automatically stored in the database and are used for the prediction model and the alarm system. Also, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) using any internet browser is used. 7. RECOMMENDATIONS With the water level sensors and rain gauge ready for installation, the researchers recommend that they be implanted on the tributaries of Cagayan de Oro River to fully utilize the capacity of the program to predict the water level and amount of rainfall based on the acquired data. This will provide a sufficient enough test to plan for a permanent system and replication of water level sensor and rain gauge to other tributaries of the river and a further test of the practicality and robustness of the system.

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Since the model developed needs MatLab software and an operator to manage the system, it will be more efficient if it has a stand-alone program that can be accessed automatically. With the success of the prediction model and the flood alarm, the graphical user interface can be uploaded to the internet to provide the beneficiaries an easier access to the flood monitoring system. It is also recommended to use another way of transmission other than GSM to ensure reliability and real-time transmission with lesser delays, since GSM usually have delays and not suitable in cases when the weather is not good and in time when disaster comes. The study can still be examined by varying the type of membership functions as well as the membership functions number. Epoch can be also increased to provide a more optimum model by reducing the training error. The constraints mentioned have not been established since it requires supercomputers with specifications that can carry large amount of data. It is also recommended to have training sets for at least more than a year to provide a better learning algorithm for ANFIS. Consequently, a need for greater random access memory is needed for MATLAB to process the said large amounts of data. REFERENCES Bustami, R., Bessaih, N., Bong, C., Suhaili, S. Artificial Neural Network for Precipitation and Water Level Predictions of Bedup River. Available from: http://www.iaeng.org/IJCS/issues_v34/issue_2/ IJCS_34_2_10.pdf. [Accessed 28 October 2010]. Bhuwana, V. (2008). Rainfall Runoff Modeling by Using Adaptive-Network-Based. Japan: Patent MEE09210. Fi-John Chang, Kai-Yao Chang, and Li-Chiu Chang. Counter-propagation Fuzzy-Neural Network for City Flood Control System. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0022169408002400. [Accessed July 17, 2011]. Oprea, M., Buruian, V., Matei, A. (2010). A microcontroller-based intelligent system for real-time flood alerting, International Conference on Computers, Communications and Control 2010. Bile Felix, Mai. Magsayo, K., Llausa, Y., Gomez, I., Boyles, M. (2011). Automated Monitoring and Early Warning System for Possible Occurrence of Flood using GSM. Victoria, N.J., Lumanlan, J.M., Ong, F. (2011). Water Level Monitoring System for Cagayan de Oro River. Tareghian, R. and Kashefipour, S. M. (2007). Application of Fuzzy Systems and Artificial Neural Networks for Flood Forecasting. Asian Network for Scientific Information.

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COCONUT COIR-AND-ASH BASED CEMENT BOARD


Ma. Christin Alaiza, Kent Bautista, Auravie F. Blanco, Charlton James R. Busa and Rosalyn G. Lugmay Industrial Engineering Department E-mail: blancs_auraviehexxa@yahoo.com.ph Glenn B. Paclijan Faculty Adviser
ABSTRACT: A Tropical country like the Philippines is rich with agricultural products of coconut and grain. The coconut husk is the fibrous material found in between leathery covering of the coconut fruit and the hard shell structure. Coconut fibres have the potential to be used in composites for different purposes. Rice hull is a processing by-product of rice millings and accounts for about 20% of the rice production. Approximately, 20 Kg of rice hull are obtained from 100 Kg of rice. Rice straw on the other hand is a field waste after harvesting the rice. Rice husk ash (RHA) and Rice Straw Ash (RSA) are obtained by the combustion of rice hull and straw. The most important property of RHA that made them a good alternate for cement is it contains high amounts of silica which is also present in cement. RHA blended concrete can decrease the total porosity of concrete and modifies the pore structure of the cement, mortar, and concrete. Rice straw ash is suitable for use in Portland cement replacement. RSA is also rich in silicon dioxide. Compressive strength of RSA concrete is slightly higher than ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and rice husk ash (RHA) concrete. The fibres were cut, boiled and sundried before it is ready for the preparation of the board. Different mixture ratio of cement-ash-fiber were proportioned to indicate which ratio does the coconut coir cement board yield the best performance. The ash percentages were 25% and 50%. Fibers were also proportioned to 10% and 15%. The higher the percentage of moisture content of the specimen, the higher it is to be prone to have lesser strength. The specimen proportion of 15% fiber and 25% RSA resulted with the highest degree of shrinkage.

KEYWORDS: Rice Hull ash, Rice Straw ash, Coconut Coir, Coconut-Coir Cement Board

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1. INTRODUCTION Philippines is a tropical country where coconut grows in abundance. From the outer shell of the coconut fruit is the coir that most of the time goes to wastes in the coconut industry. Another Philippine nature is its agriculture products specifically rice. The rice straw and rice hull after harvesting in the rice fields usually go to wastes that cause pollutants and disposal problems when managed improperly. Cement is one of the basic necessities in construction especially in the developing countries. However, there is a high and increasing cost of Portland cement. This study is conducted to address the present problem in the management of agricultural wastes from coconut coir, rice straw and rice hull. To make use of these agricultural wastes, rice hull ash and rice straw ash were use as replacement for ordinary Portland cement in 25% and 50% proportions of rice straw ash and rice hull ash. Coconut coir was used as an aggregate and reinforcement in the cementash mixture. Environmental and economic opportunities will be created for this study. With the increasing demand of concrete in construction especially in the developing countries, there is a need to use alternative materials especially for aggregates like gravel and sand. This study is focused on the use of coconut coir as an aggregate in the concrete and rice straw ash and rice hull ash as a partial alternative for Portland cement. Adding ash to the cement is proven to improve many of its structural characteristics such as its corrosion performance. 1.1 Statement of the Problem Rice Straw and Rice Hull Ash, has been immensely considered as two wastes that industries produce as residues. As a result, without properly disposing these ashes, different side effects can occur to the environment. This study will take action in disposing these ashes and will presume that the addition of Rice Hull ash and Rice Straw ash to the Coconut-coir based cement board will improve some of its properties. So this study aims to answer the following problems: 1. Would the development of coconut coir-and-ash based cement board be considered a solution in the disposal of these agricultural wastes? 2. Will the Coconut-Coir Cement board with Rice Hull Ash and/or Rice Straw Ash improve its Water Absorption? 3. Will the Coconut-Coir Cement board with Rice Hull Ash and/or Rice Straw Ash improve its Thickness Swelling? 4. Will the Coconut-Coir Cement board with Rice Hull Ash and/or Rice Straw Ash improve its Moisture Content? 5. Will the Coconut-Coir Cement board with Rice Hull Ash and/or Rice Straw Ash improve its Flexural Strength? 1.2 Objectives of the Study The principal objective of this feasibility study is to produce a fiberboard with the use of coconut fiber, rice hull ash, rice straw ash and cement in different proportions. This study will also create an initiative in reducing agricultural waste through the partial replacement of cement with rice hull and rice straw ash. The secondary objective of this study is to assess whether the use of rice hull and rice straw ash as an aggregate to cement is feasible in producing a quality coconut fiberboard and to determine which of the different proportion of ash has the better mechanical property.

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1.3 Significance of the Study This study is conducted to address the present problem in the management of agricultural wastes from coconut coir, rice straw and rice hull. To make use of these agricultural wastes, rice hull ash and rice straw ash were use as replacement for ordinary Portland cement in 25% and 50% proportions of rice straw ash and rice hull ash. Coconut coir was used as an aggregate and reinforcement in the cementash mixture. Environmental and economic opportunities will be created for this study. With the increasing demand of concrete in construction especially in the developing countries, there is a need to use alternative materials especially for aggregates like gravel and sand. This study is focused on the use of coconut coir as an aggregate in the concrete and rice straw ash and rice hull ash as a partial alternative for Portland cement. Adding ash to the cement is proven to improve many of its structural characteristics such as its corrosion performance and insulating properties. 1.4 Scope and Limitations The focus of this study is the product development of Coconut Fiberboard through the use of Rice Hull and Rice Straw Ash as an aggregate to cement which is the adhesive component of the fiberboard. The production of the fiberboard is performed manually due to unavailability of machines involved in the processes such as mixing, and pressing machine. In the testing methods wherein equipments required are unavailable and compliance of some specific process is difficult, an alternative/equivalent equipments and processes were applied to accomplish the testing. 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Coconut-coir. According to E.A Tejano (1985), Coir is a fibrous material found between the leathery covering and the shell of a coconut. The fibers are stiff coarse, resilient, pliable and quite resistant to bacterial attack. It is consist mainly of lignin and cellulose. Cellulose which is water soluble pectins and hemicelluloses make up the bulk in the ground tissue of the husk. Lignin, the other main fiber constituent, is responsible for the stiffness of the coir. It is also responsible partly for the natural color of the fiber. Coconut fibers are reported as most ductile and energy absorbent material. It is concluded that coconut fibers have the potential to be used in composites for different purposes. In civil engineering, coconut fibers have been used as reinforcement in composites for non-structural components. Coir fibers have higher tensile strength as compared to other natural fibers, as the coir does not break easily with hand. Coir has a high resistance against salt water. It also has good resistance against corrosion. Since it is a waste material, due to reaction with water and air it decomposes and due to which it produces bad smell, unhealthy air to breathe for human as well as for animals..(Domke, Deshmukh, Kene & Deotale, p554-562) Rice Hull/Husk Ash. Rice husk is an agro-waste material which is produced in about 100 million of tons. Approximately, 20 Kg of rice husk are obtained for 100 Kg of rice. Rice husks contain organic substances and 20% of inorganic material. Rice husk ash (RHA) is obtained by the combustion of rice husk. The most important property of RHA that determines the pozzolanic activity is its amorphous phase content. RHA is a highly reactive pozzolanic material suitable for use in lime-pozzolan mixes and for Portland cement replacement. RHA contains a high amount of silicon dioxide, and its reactivity

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related to lime depends on a combination of two factors, namely the non-crystalline silica content and its specific surface. The use of RHA in civil construction, besides reducing the environmental polluters factors, may bring several improvements for the concrete characteristics. (Tashima, Silva, Akasaki & Barbosa, p.781) Rice Straw Ash. Philippines is one of the agricultural countries that produce a large quantity of rice. With these, in most cases, agricultural wastes like rice hull and rice straw are causing pollution and disposal problems. Burning them to ash will turn them into useful lime-pozzolana mixes or as replacement for cement. Rice straw ash satisfies the minimum requirements of ASTM class N, F and C pozzolana and is suitable for use in Portland cement replacement. It was found that the compressive strength of RSA concrete is slightly higher than ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and rice husk ash (RHA) concrete. It can be seen that rice straw have about 15% ash after burn, thus for every 1000 kg of rice straw burnt 150 kg ash are produced, and about 82% silica content. The chemical composition of rice straw ash is similar to that of many common organic fibers, containing: Cellulose (C5H10O), a polymer of glucose, Lignin (C7H10O35),polymer of phenol, Hemi cellulose, a polymer of xylems and its composition is like xylem (C5H8O), and SiO2, the primary component of ash. The significant features in the production of cements based on RSA are the conversion of the straw to ash and grinding of the ash to a suitable practical size. This aspect is common to all processes currently in operation. In the conversion of rice straw to ash, the combustion process removes the organic matter and leave silicarich residue. However, such thermal treatment of silica in straw results in structure transformation that influences both the pozzolanic activity of the ash and its grinding. (El-Sayed & ElSamni, 2006) Cement. The chief physical properties of cement are lime, silica and alumina which compose 60 to 70 percent, 17 to 25 percent and 3 to 8 percent respectively. The fineness of cement has an important effect on its properties. The finer the cement the quicker the rate of hardening and the greater is the heat evolution at early ages. Fine ground cement is more liable to suffer from shrinkage cracking than coarser cement. An increase in the fineness of the cement increases the cohesiveness of the concrete mix and thus reduces the amount of water which separates to the top of the lift or by bleeding, particularly when compaction is effected by vibration. High lime content generally increases the setting time but gives a high early strength. Too little lime will reduce the strength of the cement. Silica and alumina are usually complementary; a reduction of one is the increase of the other. A high percentage of both prolongs the setting time but increases the strength. (Orchard, D.F.,1973). 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Materials Preparation The coconut fibers were boiled with distilled water for two hours. The boiled fibers were washed with tap water until the washed water becomes clear, then it was sifted to remove excess water. The boiled and washed fibers were sundried for 2 days. The fibers were cut into an approximately 1-6 cm length. Since the rice hull and straw ash obtained were ungrounded, the ash was sieved in a no. 200 (0.0029 inches) siever.

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The molder is made up of tin sheets formed into a 380mmx280mm rectangular shape. It was divided into two sections by placing a wood separator in the center to produce two samples in each molder. The molder was covered with plastic sheets for easy removal of the product. Given that the experiment was manually done due to limited resources, the proponents decided on utilizing an alternative means for the pressing machine by applying load on top of the molded mixture. 3.2 Cementbroad Preparation In this experiment, ten (10) specimens were made with different mixture ratio by weight. The fiber components were 10% and 15%. The remaining 90% and 85% respectively were composed of 25% and 50% ash proportions. Coconut Coir, Rice Hull and Straw Ash, Cement and Distilled Water were weighed separately according to their mixing ratio weight requirements. Table 1 shows the different ratio by weight of the different components. Table 1: Mixture Ratio of Coir Fiber, Cement and Ash

The weighed cement and rice hull and straw ash were then mixed and sieved in a no. 16 (0.0469 inches) siever. Weighed distilled water was mixed to the cement-ash mixture until it becomes homogenous. Coconut coir was combined thoroughly into the cement-ash paste. Afterwards, the mixture was set into the molder and was subjected to vibration for 10 minutes. The mixture was covered with plastic sheets and a board with similar dimension of the sample was placed on top. An applied load of 392.4N was maintained on top of it for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the samples were removed from the molder and stacked for 28 days of curing at room temperature. 3.3 Testing Methods The testing methods adapted in this experiment were based on the Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Flat Sheet, Roofing and Siding Shingles, and Clapboards (C1185-08) of the American Society of Tests and Methods (ASTM). Only four testing parameters for this type of product were considered and conducted due to the unavailability of testing equipments. These testing parameters are: 1) water absorption, 2) moisture content, 3) thickness swelling, and 4) flexural strength.

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Consequently, several modifications of the test methods were made to execute the testing. In addition Using a grinder the specimens were cut in proportion to the standards required dimension since the product samples dimensions made in this experiment does not conform to the standard. 3.3.1 Water Absorption Test Specimen: The test specimen has a size of 2 in. by 2 in. (50.8mmx50.8mm) Procedure: a. The specimen was dried in an oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 90 C and cooled in a desiccator at room temperature for 3 hours. b. The cooled specimen was weighed separately in a scale to obtain the dry mass. c. After weighing, the specimen was submerged in container with 1900 ml of distilled water for 48 hours at room temperature. d. The specimen was removed from the water and was wiped with damp cloth. e. Lastly, the specimen was weighed again to obtain the saturated mass. Calculation: Calculate the Water absorption value for each specimen through the use of the following equation: Water Absorption, mass % = [(Ws-Wd)/Wd]x100 Where: Ws = Saturated mass, (g) of the specimen Wd= Dry mass, (g) of the specimen. 3.3.2 Moisture Content Test Specimen: The test specimen has a size of 3 in. by 6 in. (76mm x 152mm) Procedure: a. The specimen was weighed separately on a scale to obtain the initial mass. b. It was dried on an oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 90C and cooled in a desiccator for 3 hours at room temperature. c. Then, the cooled specimen was weighed separately on a scale to obtain the final mass. Calculation: Calculate the Moisture Content value for each specimen as follows: (2) Where: M = Moisture content, % W = Initial Mass, (g) F = Final mass when oven-dry, (g) (1)

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3.3.3 Thickness Swelling Test Specimen: The test specimen has a size of 2 in. by 2 in. (50.8mm x 50.8mm) Procedure: a. The specimen was dried in an oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 90 C and cooled in a desiccator at room temperature for 3 hours. b. The thickness of the cooled specimen was measured using a vernier calliper to obtain the initial thickness. c. After measuring, the specimen was submerged in container with 1900 ml of distilled water for 48 hours at room temperature. d. The specimen was removed from the water and was wiped with damp cloth. e. The specimen was dried in an oven for 3 hours at a temperature of 50C and cooled in a desiccator for 3 hours at room temperature. f. The thickness of the cooled specimen was measured again to obtain the final thickness. Calculation: Thickness swelling value for each specimen was calculated through the use of the following equation: T, % = [(Tf-Ti)/Ti] x 100 Where: Ti = Initial specimen thickness, (mm) Tf = Final specimen thickness, (mm) 3.3.4 Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rupture) Test Test Specimen: The test specimen has a size of 3 in. by 6 in. (76mm x 152mm) Procedure: a. The set-up for this test was improvised based on the availability of the test equipments. As an alternative, the proponents used a compression/flexural machine with an applied load gage, wherein the ASTM (C947 03) set up was still adapted. b. Measure the specimen thickness, for the flexural test, at four points along the line of break for an average result. Calculation: Calculate the Flexural strength for each specimen as follows: (4) Where: R = Flexural Strength, (MPa), P = Maximum Load, (N), L = Length of span, (mm) b = Width of specimen, (mm), and d = average thickness, (mm) (3)

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Water Absorption Based from the water absorption test conducted in this experiment, it can be observed that the specimen proportions of 10% fiber with 50% rice-hull ash, 10% fiber with 50% rice-straw ash, 15% fiber with 50% rice-hull ash, and 15% fiber with 50% rice-straw ash have the highest percentage of water absorption values. From the graph presented in Figure 1, it can be observed that increase in coir fiber content in the mixture proportion results to an increase in water absorption. Also, considerable increase in water absorbed is noticeable in the addition of the ashes. Accordingly, among the mixture proportions with ash content, 25% ash content mixtures have the lower water absorbed values which indicate longer life span. However, in comparison to the control mixture which is the OPC there is a considerable difference with the mixture proportions with ash content. Thus, specimens with higher percentage of water absorbed have greater possibilities of deterioration and decomposition because the water absorbed could affect the internal bond of the cement, coir and ash.

Figure 1: Water Absorption Values of Different Specimen Proportions 4.2 Moisture Content Results of the moisture content in the graph below shows that the specimen proportions with the highest moisture content values are 10% fiber with 25% rice-straw ash, 15% fiber with 25 % rice-straw ash, 15% fiber with 50% rice-straw ash, and 15% fiber with 50% rice-hull ash. The higher the percentage of moisture content of the specimen, the higher it is to be prone to have lesser strength. This happens if the ash and the fiber content decompose due to the presence of moisture in the specimen. If this occurs, the board will be prone to breakage and could result to more rupture of the specified product. In the graph below, the 25%RSA-10%F contains the highest moisture content because RSA retains more moisture compared to RHA.

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Figure 2: Moisture Content of Different Specimen Proportions 4.3 Thickness Swelling The specimen proportion of 15% fiber and 25% RSA resulted with the highest degree of shrinkage as shown on the graph (Figure 3). This effect is because of the reaction of the cement and the silica content of the ash. The negative result in the thickness swelling, which is the product shrinkage, is due to the pozzolanic activity of the product especially upon addition of ash. It is one property of ash that when the product was subjected to water submersion for a long period of time and then subjected to heat, there is a tendency that the water absorbed will evaporate. The molecules of the product will have tighter bonds and occupy those spaces originally occupied by the water molecules making it more compact.

Figure 3: Thickness Swelling of Different Specimen Proportions

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4.4 Flexural Strength From the results of the test conducted, the specimen proportions with the highest flexural strength values are 10% fiber with 25% rice-straw ash, 10% fiber with 25% rice-hull ash, 15% fiber with 25% rice-straw ash, and 15% fiber with 25% rice-hull ash. The 25% RHA mainly resulted into a higher flexural strength. (See graph below) The setting time of these products is 28 days which resulted to the improvement of the specimens early strength. This is because silica which is present in coco fiber and ash, and alumina, which is present in cement, usually complement each other. According to D. F Orchard, a high percentage of both prolongs the setting time but increases the strength.

Figure 4: Flexural Strength of Different Specimen Proportions 5. CONCLUSION The possibility of the incorporation of the rice hull and rice straw ash to the coconut coir based cement board is the main purpose of the study. From the results of the experiment, considerable effect to the properties of the cement board can be observed in the integration of the ashes. However, between the two ashes used in this experiment, rice hull ash has the greater possibility as an additive to the cement board. The specimen proportions with 25% Rice Hull Ash regardless of coir content have better results as compared to other mixture proportions with ash. Comparison of the water absorption (WA), moisture content (MC), thickness swelling (TC), and flexural strength (FS) resulted in the identification of the best mixture proportion with ash, which is as follows: a. 10F - 25RHA: WA: 36.21%, TS: -2.78%, MC: 11.57%, and FS: 53.20MPa b. 15F - 25RHA: WA: 50.77%, TS: -0.18%, MC: 8.83%, and FS: 37.59MPa Hence, the development of coconut coir and ash based cement board is feasible. Further investigation, however, is recommended such as their durability and introduction into the local market.

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REFERENCES ORCHARD, D.F. (1973). Properties of Materials: Concrete Technology .Vol 1.(3rd Ed.). New York: Halsted. ASASUTJARIT A., et. al. (2005). Development of coconut coir-based lightweight cement board. 10DBMC International Conference On Durability of Building Materials and Components BANZON and VELASCO. (1982). Coconut Production and Utilization. p. 277. ROMUALDEZ, J.M. (1976). Processing and Utilization of Coconut. Paper presented at Coco. Ind. Res. Workshop. DAP, Tagaytay City. TEJANO, E. A. (1985). State of the Art of Coconut Coir Dust and Husk Utilization. Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies. TASHIMA, M.M., et. al. (2005). Influence of Rice Husk Ash in Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete. International ACI/CANMET Conference. American Concrete Institute. ISBN 85-98576-08-5. Paper XII.08 - p. 780-790. Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Flat Sheet, Roofing and Siding Shingles, and Clapboards (C1185-08). ASTM International. Pennsylvania, USA. www.astm.org EL-SAYED, M.A. and EL-SAMNI, T.M. (2006). Physical and Chemical Properties of Rice Straw Ash and Its Effect on the Cement Paste Produced from Different Cement Types. J. King Saud University, Vol. 19, Engineering Science (1), pp. 21-30, Riyadh.

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MEDICINE TRANSPORT KIT USING MINI DC ROTARY COMPRESSION SYSTEM


Winston Ivann F. Bacsarpa, Lucille Mara Michellina A. Escol and Earl Vergil P. Ordiz Mechanical Engineering Department Email: lucilleme@ymail.com Alfredo T. Buten Faculty Adviser
ABSTRACT: Refrigeration compressors powered by Direct Current (DC) electrical energy have been banished to mobile refrigeration systems, where batteries are the source of power. Mobile refrigeration and portable cooling have been re-energized creating new opportunities for innovative appliances that do not rely on grid power. These portable refrigeration systems may be applied to medicinal transport kits which have capabilities to cool vaccines. Vaccines are susceptible to heat and light. In this case, they require low storage temperature that would range between 2C to 8C. The primary aim of this study is to make use of a mini rotary compressor that can be accustomed to a medical transport kit which can cool certain vaccines within the manufacturers recommended temperature range in transit to remote areas. The compressor to be used is over 2.0 inches in diameter, 3.0 inches in height, and weighs 1-1/4 pounds. The compressor has a rolling piston design with a displacement of 1.4cc, and is powered by a high-torque brushless 24V DC motor. The design was intended to be very small, lightweight, and relatively high in cooling power. The compressor is connected to 2 units, 12-V battery in series as the source of power. The DC motor is controlled with 20K potentiometer to vary the rpm, and is easily adapted to variable speed operation up to 6,000 rpm for efficient performance. This compressor is fitted into a vapor compression cycle using R-134a as coolant. KEYWORDS: 24V compressor, mini compressor, mini rotary, portable refrigeration system

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1. INTRODUCTION Immunization is a highly effective way of protecting individuals and communities from infectious disease. However, to remain potent, vaccines must be stored within the temperature range recommended by manufacturers which is 2C to 8C.The failure to store vaccines correctly, can reduce vaccine effectiveness and cause vaccine failures. Having the vaccines transported to offsite locations may increase the risk of the reduction of potency. This reduction of potency of the vaccines in transit can be aided by a medical transport kit using a mini rotary refrigeration system. A mini rotary compressor is fitted to the system for a large space and weight savings. This makes the whole system portable which makes the transportation of the vaccines more convenient. The design of the compressor was intended to be very small, lightweight and relatively high in cooling power. Given its modest size and weight, the cooling is amazingly high. 2. METHODOLOGY We designed a set-up which would make everything as compact and portable as possible. Some of the parts were fabricated and was then assembled according to the design set-up. The data/parameters from the prototype were gathered at specific time intervals and then evaluated further. 2.1. Data gathering Parameters that would help the study prosper were gathered on time intervals. Each of which is enough to have a variation from the previous one. For the Coefficient of performances, condensers and evaporators temperatures were recorded in a one-minute time interval. 2.2. Computation for Annual Savings Aspen mini rotary compressor has 0.5hp motor. USING AC POWER SUPPLY: 0.5hp(746W/1hp)(1KW/1000W)=0.373KW If the medicine transport kit operates 24 hours a day: 0.373KW(24 hours)=8.952 KW-hr /day Considering the price/KW-hr(8.50php/KW-hr) 8.952KW-hr(8.50php/KW-hr)=76.092php/day For a month For a year 76.092php/day(24)=1,826.208php/month 76.092php/day(365 days)=27,773.58php/year

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3. DATA AND ANALYSIS

Figure 1.1 Time vs. COP for 1st capillary with 4000 rpm

Figure 1.2 Time vs. COP for 2nd capillary with 4000rpm

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Figure 1.3 Time vs. COP for 3rd capillary with 4000rpm

Figure 1.4 Time vs. COP for 3rd capillary with 5000rpm

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

Fig. 1.5 Temperature of evaporator vs. Time (2nd Capillary at 3000rpm) The Coefficient of performance is the ratio between the refrigerating effect and the work of compression. Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 shows, the coefficient of performance stabilizes with time. The desired coefficient of performance is around 4.5. Fig.1 shows that COP, which stabilizes at 5 to 5.5, is closed to the desired one. It operates using the 2nd capillary tube with 4000 rpm which is in the middle of the range of the compressors capacity. Table 1.4 shows that the duration is only 6 minutes. This is because the compressor discharges the refrigerant at very high temperature due to a high rpm using the 3rd capillary. The 3rd capillary tube has the biggest inside diameter among the three. Vaccines maintain its potency at a storage temperature of 2C to 8C. Fig 1.5 shows that the lowest possible temperature of the evaporator is -7C. The supplied air from the evaporator to the vaccines is 5 to 10C above to that of the evaporators temperature which concludes that using the Capillary 2 at 3000rpm is safe for the vaccines potency. 4. CONCLUSION The manufacturers recommended storage temperature for vaccines(2C to 8C) was attained using the 2nd capillary which has a commercial size of 0.036 at 3000rpm. Using this capillary would be safe for the vaccines even for a long period of time. As for the performance, this capillary also gave the nearest COP to the desired one which means that this capillary would be a good basis for both the performance and vaccine cooling expansion device. Also, the compressor having the same capillary at the same rpm is able to drop the temperature to almost 30 degrees below the ambient merely in one minute. Using this medicine transport kit without depending on the grid will make one save a lot of money. As computed in section 1.2, there would be a saving of 27,773.58php per year which is merely equal to a solar panel which can supply electricity to the battery connected to drive the compressor. This study is therefore a great help for vaccine and medicine transport with very less annual expenses which will include only the maintenance costs and other minimal miscellaneous expenses.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

REFERENCES Stoecker, W. and Jones, J.,(1982). Refrigeration and Air Conditioning second edition Notice to Readers: Guidelines for Maintaining and Managing the Vaccine Cold Chain, Oct.24, 2003, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5242a6.htm Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Chapter 5 The Pink Book: Course Textbook 12th Edition,2011, http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/vac-storage.pdf Wysk, R, (2009). New Mini Compressor, Could this be a game-changer, Malborough, MA USA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND DIGITAL FLOOD RECONSTRUCTION OF ISLA DE ORO:THE CASE OF THE TROPICAL STORM SENDONG FLOOD
Teddy C. Acedo, Rengie P. Bagares, Prince Kim C. Carampatana and Dwight Vincent A. Villarta Civil Engineering Department E-mail: abatud@yahoo.com Dexter S. Lo Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
A disaster is defined as a crisis situation that causes widespread damage and adverse effects to the physical, social and economic conditions of communities. Disaster risk refers to the expected loss from a particular hazard to a specific community in a particular period of time. Losses can be estimated in economic and social terms. Damage assessment is an initial onsite evaluation of the loss caused by an accident or natural event. This study estimated the total direct (structural and internal) and indirect (loss in wages and production) damages caused by the tropical storm Sendong flood to Isla de Oro, a sandbar islet along the Cagayan de Oro river. Results showed that the total direct damages amounted to Php 47,760,000.00; while indirect damages amounted to Php 2,377,112 per month. These estimates are helpful for various recovery and rehabilitation operations. This study also performed a digital flood reconstruction to spatially describe the nature of the flood as it happned in the area. Based from calculations, it is found out that at approximately 9:40 pm, Isla de Oro was already totally flooded. The digital reconstruction further revealed that between 8:00 to 9:00 pm, the floodwater rose up at an average rate of 0.01m per minute; but accelerated at around 9:00 to 10:00 pm at a rate of 0.06m per minute. Another item explored in this study is the validity of exising risk assessment models and parameters as they compare to actual impacts and damages. Results show strong correlations of pre-disaster estimates and post-disaster data. The results of the study also reinforce the governments proclamation of making Isla de Oro a no-build zone area due to high risk against flooding. KEYWORDS: Flood Risk Map, Damage Assessment, Digital Reconstruction, Sendong

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

DRAINAGE ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATION STUDY FOR CAGAYAN DE ORO SOUTH DIVERSION ROAD
Julius L. Amacna, Ever Mae S. Anno, Adrian G. Mainit, Marion Arlo R. Piquero and Kimson L. Saycon Civil Engineering Department E-mail: kimson.saycon@concentrix.com Anabel A. Abuzo Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
An efficient drainage system is essential in stabilizing and prolonging the service life of a road. A well designed drainage system will reduce the cost of maintenance and promote safety to passing vehicles. However, unmitigated factors can also damage these structures. The South Diversion Road in Cagayan de Oro City is becoming a threat to passing vehicles due to flooding of the drainage system during extended rain periods and typhoons which in turn deteriorate the road pavements, shoulders and drainage structures. The objective of this paper is to assess the condition of the drainage system along the South diversion road and to propose rehabilitation works for the damaged drainage system along the selected site. The methodology of this research includes the conduct of slope elevation, damage assessment, contour mapping and secondary data collection of actual drainage profiles (i.e, DPWH) and precipitation data (i.e., PAGASA) of the affected area. These variables were collected to generate the actual runoff discharge in the drainage area and to investigate the existing drainage systems discharge capacity. Rational Formula and Mannings Formula were used to validate drainage capacity for design purposes. Moreover, design manuals for drainage rehabilitation (local and foreign sources) were also used as references for evaluation. Results of the study revealed that the actual drainage capacity is insufficient for the actual environmental conditions of the area, thereof, road rehabilitation is necessary to remedy the situation. Rehabilitations along the South diversion road that include: bioremediation (i.e., erosion control), catch drains, scour checks and etc. were recommended. Supporting cost estimates of each alternative method in rehabilitating the drainage sections were also presented in the study to validate the design. KEYWORDS: Drainage, Discharge, Road Rehabilitation, Damage Assessment

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR POSSIBLE OCCURRENCE OF FLOOD


Jan Kevin P. Baculio, Clavel Martin B. Dullesco and Kim Drexel S. Prieto Electronics Engineering Department E-mail: dullesco_u@yahoo.com Mary Jean O. Apor Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
This study is concerned at developing a functional system that could provide early and reliable warning to the community for a possible occurrence of flood. Part of the said study is the basic construction of the water level sensors, the rain gauge, and the alarm system. The process is purely prototyping the devices made by the previous group in their study entitled Automated Monitoring and Early Warning System for Possible Occurrence of Flood. The testing and simulation is done for evaluation purposes and for possible modification and adjustment necessary to be applied into its system and structure. This system utilizes a micro-controller based sensor that could acquire and transmit data from the two different sensors using the GSM technology, specifically the SMS. The water level and rain gauge devices share similar process wherein for successful tips and certain rise of water level, the micro-controller will send a message to the assigned destination containing the present condition or status. The readings and the data provided by the sensors will now be classified by the alarm system as level 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on its intensity and strength.

KEYWORDS: River Flood Monitoring, Rain Gage, Water Level

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT OF XAVIER UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS: A BASIS FOR A COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENTPLAN
John Louis E. Banaynal, Jan Carlo P. Cabatuan, Nico Armand R. Caete and Raymond G. Doyog Civil Engineering Department E-mail: xhanlu@yahoo.com Dexter S. Lo Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Disaster risk does not only describe the vulnerability of structures when hazard strikes, but also on how vulnerable the community is. A Disaster Risk Management (DRM) plan is necessary to provide the population safety and preparedness strategies. An in-depth disaster risk assessment, the initial step of a DRM which focuses on determining the level of risk against earthquake and fire for this study, is necessary prior to information and awareness drives. The objective of this study is to come up with a comprehensive disaster risk assessment for the Xavier University Main Campus. The study underwent five stages: orientation, data gathering, campus assessment, data processing, and recommendations. The risk assessment for earthquake was done using a modified version of the FEMA 154; and another survey form was developed from the Fire Code of the Philippines for fire. Results show that for both earthquake and fire, the XU Gymnasium is at high risk; while the Haggerty Hall, RA Chapel, Physical Plant Office, Machine Shop, and ROTC Building are categorized as low risk. All the other nineteen buildings are at moderate risk. It should be emphasized that although the XU Gymnasium is found out to be at high risk, this is because of the massive population that can possibly be accommodated at a single event; but the said structure scored fairly well in terms of structural capacity and fire-resistant criteria. On the other hand, a low disaster risk index does not automatically assure that a building can totally withstand the stresses against hazards. The structures should be studied and if need be retrofitted or installed with necessary facilities to reduce the vulnerability. The results, because of its detailed assessment of which parameters influence the risk scores can serve as a solid basis for a comprehensive earthquake and fire DRM plan Xavier University. KEYWORDS: Disaster Risk Assessment, Earthquake, Fire, FEMA, University Campus

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

FOREST FIRE DETECTION AND RANGING


Monirih R. Abejuela, Dishan Pangan and Jose Raphael M. Maglunsod Electronics Engineering Department E-mail: monirih_a@yahoo.com Mary Jean O. Apor Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
The Forest Fire Detection and Ranging study is an integration of software to come up with a single system that would provide an updated visual representation and indication of the condition of forests. This project aims to forecast possible occurrences of forest fire with the manipulation of the temperature and relative humidity of the area, transmitted to the central station via Short Message Service (SMS). The central station extracts the SMS and tags the extracted values to their respective test point parameter readings. The extracted temperature and relative humidity, together with assumed degree of curing and wind speed, determine the possible occurrence of fire in the area using the McArthur Fire Danger Rating mathematical model. These parameters are varied to verify their relationship with the fire behavior. Experimentation results show that the fire behavior varies directly with temperature and varies inversely with relative humidity. Also, it was observed that the degree of curing and the wind speed directly affects the variations of the fire behavior. In this study, forest fire detection occurs when the result of the model is indicative of a possible occurrence of fire. The central station will not only show the result through a visual representation and an indication of the condition of the forest, but will also keep a logged data of the measured parameters that can be used for future references in relation to this study. The Forest Fire Detection and Ranging System easily locates the area where possible forest fire has occurred or might occur. It is also faster as compared to the traditional method of forest fire monitoring. Further development of the study, such as the inclusion of the degree of curing and wind speed in the monitored parameters and the comparison of results with other fire behavior mathematical models are recommended. KEYWORDS: Forest Fire Detection, Forest Fire Monitoring, Mcarthur Fire Danger Rating

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

GIS-BASED FLOOD RISK MAP OF BARANGAY ZONES NEAR AMOROS RIVER


Cris Anthony R. Bongas, Kevin Z. Nacalaban, Jay T. Pradia and Denmark John L. Tuya Civil Engineering Department E-mail: nabalacan19@yahoo.com Megan Magallona-Montuno Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
A community known to be less resilient against disasters and has less capacity of recovery when disasters strikes are classified as hazard prone areas. Among the communities that are at risk of disasters are the localities of Barangay Amoros and Barangay Molugan of El Salvador City, Misamis Oriental. In the border of Barangay Molugan and Barangay Amoros lies the Amoros River that overflows during heavy rains and typhoons. Risk will always be imminent in these areas where most residents reside near the riverbanks and some reside on the areas of low elevation on which river water can easily flood the community. Risk assessment is one of the main means to mitigate disaster risks brought by floods in the community. Flood risk assessment was conducted for the local Barangay of Amoros and Molugan and will cover flood risk mapping and socioeconomic evaluation. This study involves two parts: topographic survey for the risk due to topographic factor and the distribution of survey questionnaires. The topographic survey will identify flood prone areas. While survey questionnaires will be distributed for socioeconomic evaluation and for risk scoring of their respective exposure and vulnerability status. The data obtained will be profiled and scored individually per household. Risk estimation will then be used for checking vulnerability. Risk estimation will include some of the parameters such as measuring the ground elevation of each household, determining the number of people on each household whose ages are vulnerable against flood, evaluating each household based on the materials used in building the houses and determining their capacity to recover after a disaster by obtaining their average monthly income. This will then be plotted for risk mapping using GIS.

KEYWORDS: River Flood, Risk Analysis, Geographic Information System

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

PERCENTAGE OF DEBRIS CALCULATION AND MONITORING SYSTEM USING THE CONCEPT OF FLOW RATE DETECTION IN RIVERS
Joel B. Bilar, Arielcris Jan Chan and Ime L. Pore Electronics Engineering Department E-mail: saberslashcamiguinprovince@yahoo.com Mary Jean O. Apor Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
An experimental study was conducted to verify applicability of discharge principle as an indicative factor of the presence of debris piling in the sabo dam. A propeller-type water flow meter attached to a bicycle dynamo and along with a microcontroller was used for testing. The water from the main reservoir flows through the inlet of the tunnel that is then terminated to a single exit with a barrier varied from 5 % to 100 % opening. As the propeller rotates, the dynamo generates voltage in proportion to the propellers motion. For the entire experiment, the most significant change in speed happens when the amount of debris is 55% or more which considerably closes the opening of the dam by 45 % or more, respectively. The volume of the debris present is directly proportional to the water flow rate. The moment the amount of debris gradually increases the opening of the dam decreases, thus causing higher pressure on the downstream resulting to an increase in water speed. These findings have significant implications for the proposed Cagayan de Oro City project; the SABO dam technology. A future study is recommended so that the data gathered will be transmitted to the maintenance station relatively far from the location via SMS transmission. It appears that this would significantly help in any immediate actions to protect the dam and prepare it for the flood.

KEYWORDS: Sabo Dam, Water Flow Rate

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

PROPOSED LANDSLIDE MITIGATION PLAN FOR SITIO ZAYAS, BARANGAY CARMEN, CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY
Ahmad Junmal B. Lucman, Michael John M. Rivera, Mel Ian B. Tudas and Jerseld V. Varquez Civil Engineering Department Email: trishaarcnyd69@yahoo.com Anabel A. Abuzo Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Global warming and climate change has altered the natural cycle of the environment and brought natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, fire etc. Natural disasters such as these include landslides which are brought about by geological phenomenon from the outcome of gravity and soil instability made worst by floods and earthquakes. Landslide is the downward and outward movement of soil rock and vegetation, which cause imminent threat to vulnerable communities. Barangay Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City, landslides are evident in some zones, particularly in Zone 8, Zone 10 and Zone 12, known as Sitio Zayas.Events of landslide activities are prominent in this area and pose hazards to the community, thus the motivation of this study. The objective of this study is to design and propose a landslide mitigation plan for Sitio Zayas and identify specific locations of impending landslide threats. The study methodology employed observation method (Cornfort, 2005) to investigate the physical characteristic of the area and formulate specific mitigation plan. The conduct of topographic, slope and proximity, demographic and socio-economic, soil testing, and rainfall data survey were used for landslide profiling and mapping of the area. These were also used for the analysis and design of the mitigation plan. Results revealed that these three zones are nearest to the location of landslide prone areas among the 12 zones in Barangay Carmen. Overall, landslide risk analysis (i.e., hazard, population and vulnerability) also confirmed that these zones are at high risks for landslide. Thereof, the landslide mitigation plans for the selected areas are: Gabion walls for both Sacred Heart Village Elementary School (Zone 8) and Mother Ignacia Village (Zone 12), and Bioremediation for MUCO Carmen (Zone 10).

KEYWORDS: Landslide Mitigation Plan, Risk Analysis, Bioremediation, Gabion Walls

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY MONITORING USING GSM TECHNOLOGY IN MALASAG


Raul A. Cagas, Prince Allen E. Lolor and Shylyn G. Lu Electronics Engineering Department E-mail: george_allen07@yahoo.com Mary Jean O. Apor Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
This study is an improvement of the previous electronic system that provides early detection of possible occurrences of fire in Malasag Forest. The current team still utilizes temperature and humidity sensors interfaced to a microcontroller, which is then connected to a GSM modem. Major upgrades of the study are the additional two temperature and two relative humidity sensors to improve the range of its sensing capability.The calibration is done by comparing the data collected from testing the sensors and the data read by the weather station console of the Engineering Resource Center, making a linear regression model to best interpret the data. Data acquired through the sensors are then transmitted every two minutes via Short Message Services (SMS) to a central station. The researchers simulated a fire sensing test, positioning the sensors in linear and triangular (source at center) with respect to the heat source. Linear positioning of sensors provides best data acquisition as fire is concentrated at a particular point. Data acquired will then be logged in to the central station every two minutes for proper monitoring.

KEYWORDS: Forest Fire, Relative Humidity Sensing, Temperature Sensing

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

A STUDY OF THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF R-134a IN A MINIATURE CONDENSER


Julius Ceasar G. Beltran, Rocklyn-Jay L. Caceres and Neil Jay L. Tacastacas Mechanical Engineering Department E-mail: rocklynjay.caceres@gmail.com Elmer B. Dollera Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
The storage of vaccines and drugs has been an important concern in medicine. These vaccines and drugs must be maintained at its storage temperature to prevent them from degrading and losing its potency. The need for a miniature refrigeration system is important for maintaining its storage temperature when transported to far places especially rural areas. This research aims to design a heat exchanger, fabricate the heat exchanger, test and evaluate the flow characteristics of R-134a refrigerant in a mini-channel copper block condenser unit. Three condenser units will be designed, fabricated and evaluated with channel diameters of 1mm, 2mm and 3mm. These are connected to a vapour compression system with an R-134a refrigerant as the cooling medium. A wind tunnel system with a forced draft fan unit will be used for evaluating the heat transfer of each unit. Air will be introduced to the condenser unit using the forced draft fan and enter the wind tunnel to allow heat transfer to occur. Each condenser unit will be connected to mini-channel copper block evaporator unit with the same channel diameter as the tested condenser unit and a capillary tube with an inside diameter of less than 1mm. Data gathered will be the inside and outside pressure of the refrigerant in the condenser, inside and outside temperature of the condenser, ambient and outside temperature of air in the wind tunnel, and the flow rate of the refrigerant flowing in the system. The overall heat transfer coefficient as calculated based on the measured values of the thermodynamic parameters of the heat exchange was found to be suitable for the requirements of a portable medicine kit. KEYWORDS: Mini-Channel Condensers, Vapour Compression Cycle, R-134a, Heat Transfer

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

A STUDY ON THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MINI EVAPORATOR FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES
Jeremy P. Castardo, Sittie Halia A. Sabo and Gengelyn J. Wabe Mechanical Engineering Department E-mail: jerpcast@yahoo.com Elmer B. Dollera Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
The proper storage of the vaccines and drugs is one of the top priorities in medical practice. The storage at high temperature can quickly degrade the potency and stability of many medicines. The need to have at least a miniature refrigeration system is essential for proper storing and for transport of vaccines and drugs especially in rural areas where motorized transportation have no access. The primary objective of the research aims to design, fabricate and evaluate the flow characteristics of the refrigerant in a mini-channel copper block evaporator unit. The data gathered could evaluate if the evaporator design could advance medical capabilities particularly in storage and transportation of medical vaccines. Three 4cm x 7cm copper block evaporator with channel diameters of 3mm, 2mm, and 1mm were designed, fabricated and tested. The units were connected in a vapour compression cycle using an R-134a refrigerant as a cooling medium. Forced draft air is introduced to the evaporator in a wind tunnel system to generate heat transfer to the copper block evaporator. The evaporator is connected directly to a mini-channel condenser as well to further evaluate the performance of the evaporator with it not depending on the main system. The mini-evaporator and mini-condenser refrigerant is being bleed from the main dispenser unit. The expansion device used is a capillary tube with an inside diameter with less than 1mm in diameter. The data gathered are the inlet pressure and outlet pressure; the surface temperature before and after the evaporator and the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Data shows that the surface temperature of the copper blocks reached as low as minus five degrees Celsius (5 oC), which is a good indicative temperature to handle and maintain the condition of the vaccines in transport. KEYWORDS: Mini-channel Evaporators, Vapour Compression Cycle, R-134a, Heat Transfer

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

CPU COOLING SYSTEM UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF VAPOR COMPRESSION


Jameson Almedilla, Fraian B. Libao and Fredrick Mhar C. Talanda Mechanical Engineering Department Email: cool12prince@yahoo.com Rogelio C. Golez, Jr. Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Electronic devices and instruments generate heat that can cause serious damage and low efficiency towards its components. The heat that the different electronic elements and components emit can decrease both the efficiency and life capacity of the device or the instruments. With the increase of use of electronic devices in the industries and processes, heat in electronics should be taken into consideration. This study aims to develop a cooling system under vapor compression cycle. The prototype fabricated was designed for the cooling system of two CPUs (Central Processing Unit) which can be utilized and simulated as the electronic devices in industries. Though ventilation was present in the processing units, certain conditions to consider such as the surroundings can be of great deal. Therefore, the study aims to analyze the CPUs efficiency in relation to lower temperature conditions. The vapor compression system will be the main component for maintaining a suitable temperature inside the CPU. The study works like a centralized air-conditioning system, where the air from the surroundings will be cooled down by an evaporator in the vapor compression system. The cooled air will then be delivered to the CPUs with air ducting connections installed. Recording the CPUs efficiency using certain installed software, measuring of air conditions and computation of possible power consumption as well as economical considerations are where the data and results were gathered. The results from the testing and analysis were fair since certain parameters had not been able to attain. Based from the analysis of the results and the problem of error, the cooling system fabricated was not efficient enough to get the satisfactory results. Yet, recommendations of proper capacity of equipments should always be considered.

KEYWORDS: Vapor Compression Cycle; CPU Cooling System, CPUs Efficiency

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

DESIGN OF A MEMBRANE CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE DESALINATION OF A SALINE FEED SOLUTION
Janica Leshley R. Chaves and Don Tracyl C. Quintana Chemical Engineering Department E-mail: dn_tr@rocketmail.com Melba T. Mendoza Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
It is apparent that the world is endowed with a massive supply of seawater. However, it is unsuitable for important utilizations like drinking, cultivating crops, and so on. Techniques for desalinating seawater such as reverse osmosis and multi-stage flash distillation are known to be energy intensive and very expensive. It is in this content that the development of a relatively low-cost desalination technique has gained increasing attention. One confirmed low-cost but still effective technique is membrane capacitive deionization. This study aimed to design a membrane capacitive deionization equipment for desalinating a saline solution. This also determines the efficiency of the designed equipment. Carbon electrodes coated with membrane were fabricated. A mixture of analytical grade activated carbon and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) was used for the carbon electrodes and a mixture of 10 wt% of poly (vinyl) alcohol (PVA) and 15 wt% of sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) was used for the membrane. Runs are made to determine the saturation point of the electrodes and the final desorption point of the electrodes. A saline solution sample was introduced to the electrode set-up at 3ml/min for the adsorption phase. A potential of 1.5 volts was applied. Samples of the effluent were taken every 30 seconds and were tested for total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, and salinity using a WTW Multiline P4 Universal meter. For the desorption phase, the 1.5 volts potential difference was turned off and the same sampling procedure was done. The saturation point resulted to be at 555 seconds while the desorption point is at 403 seconds. The salt concentration records a lowest value of 823 ppm from the initial concentration of 1289 ppm. The efficiency of the electrode pair registered to be at 34% and 33% for the two pairs prepared. KEYWORDS: Desalination, Carbon Electrodes, Membrane Capacitive Deionization

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

DESIGN OF A TERTIARY WATER TREATMENT FACILITY USING POWDERED MORINGA OLEIFERA (PMO) SEED EXTRACT FOR SPRING WATER IN BARANGAY SAN ANTONIO, TALAKAG, BUKIDNON
Edgar C. Carrillo II and Leo D. Gido Chemical Engineering Department Email: leodgido@hotmail.com Shierlyn S. Paclijan Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Water is a primary need but the source of safe drinking water is diminishing. It is important to assure the safety of drinking water. Moringa Oleifera (MO) seed was studied as a disinfectant of pathogenic and all other bacteria that will cause waterborne illnesses. The main objective of the study was to use powdered Moringa Oleifera seeds to treat spring water to produce safe drinking water. Specifically, it aimed: (1) to determine the optimum concentration of MO (g/L) for maximum removal of total coliform in spring water; (2) to determine the retention time of the PMO seed extract for the removal of the total coliform in the water; (3) to compare if powdered Moringa oleifera seeds comparable to chlorination in terms of removal of total coliform at the determined optimum conditions; and (4) to design tertiary water treatment plant in the Barangay San Antonio, Talakag, Bukidnon. This study treated spring water from Barangay San Antonio with PMO extracts and GMO. It was found that at one minute retention time using the 5000 mg/L PMO extracts, total coliform in raw water was reduced from > 8.0 MPN/100 mL to <1.1 MPN/100 mL which is acceptable by PNSDW standards. Comparing PMO extract and chlorination in treating 1 L raw water, it was found out that for chlorination, 2 ppm is needed to treat raw water to give <1.1 MPN/100 mL.Based on the PMO extract needed to treat spring water, the designed water treatment plant facilities required an estimated total capital investment cost of 25,211,415.94, Php. The calculated net present value for a projected 5-year operation is Php 25,502,640.50. The payback period is approximately 3 years with an Internal Rate of Return of 51%. Keywords: Moringa Oleifera, Safe Drinking Water, Total Coliform, Pathogenic Bacteria, Retention Time

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

ELECTRONIC SOIL MOISTURE AND SOIL TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE VERTICAL GARDEN OF THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Jay Mark R. Alambatin, Glenn D. Badong, Jessie Belle L. Menil and Dorothy E. Seara Electronics Engineering Department E-mail: granger33_em@yahoo.com Franklin Rey A. Pacquiao Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Vertical Gardening is a method of growing plants in vertical spaces of any establishment. This aims to utilize vertical sides of buildings to have greener and cooler environment especially in urban areas. The vision to cool the classrooms of XU Engineering building prompted the researchers to create an Electronic Monitoring System for its 36 plant bed vertical garden. Instead of manually checking the demands of a large number of plants from second to fifth floors, our system is to electronically monitor soil moisture and temperature of the plant bed as indicators of the plants conditions. The corresponding needs of the plants can be attended when present soil conditions are known. Using published facts soil moisture and temperature for healthy plants, the system is designed to give the equivalent microcontroller readings of 372-444 for the ideal Soil Moisture value of 22-50% in water content unit, and different values for soil temperature. These values are to be maintained to ensure healthy condition of plants. The system was used to know the capability of the existing irrigation system to address the watering demands of plants at varying instances. In Gobetwino and MS Excel, the numerical outputs of the sensors attached on the Arduino microcontroller board are joined with corresponding word expressions indicating the caretakers response to a plants status. With the use of this system, plants are now given the right to express their conditions on a level that any human being can comprehend.

KEYWORDS: Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature, Plants Health

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

FACE RECOGNITION MODULE AS CCTV MONITORING FEATURE


Eureka L. Alberastine, Conrad Pantalioni B. Cuado Irish N. Selorico and Ian Joycer Y. Uy Electronics Engineering Department Email: eureka.alberastine@gmail.com Ian Giovanni R. Pabillaran Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a stand alone facial recognition system that can be used as an added CCTV feature for residential houses. The designed Facial Recognition prototype is composed of a camera module interfaced to a microcontroller and stored to an image data storage. The resulting eigenfaces from the captured images of both the logged in and enrolled pictures are used to determine the correlation of each log in picture. The average threshold level is then acquired by using Matlab to generate a plotted table to determine if the attempted log in image is a match or mismatch. The captured images are then generated using a C328 VGA camera by clicking the enrolling or Logging in button. The image is then processed to Matlab for the creation of eigenfaces to be used as training sets for the facial matching during log-in. The eigenfaces are then stored in the image data storage for future matching every log-in.

KEYWORDS: Face Recognition Module, CCTV

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF REFRIGERANT R134A IN SMALL DIAMETER CAPILLARY TUBE


Moshe J. Gamos, Leoniel T. Penaso and Marco Abril C. Roa Mechanical Engineering Department E-mail: emzgames@gmail.com Cyril G. Fabrea Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Pressure reduction in a refrigeration system can be accomplished by passing the liquid in a small diameter tube. At present this is accomplished by a capillary tube. With the current technological trends in going to nanotechnology for easy handling and less storage space, this study was conceived. The study aims to determine the flow characteristics of tetrafluorethane (R-134a) refrigerant in a small diameter tube. Specifically, it attempts to establish a relationship of between pressure drop and diameter for a given flow rate in a 900 mm long small diameter tube. Tests are conducted to determine the effect of varying internal tube diameter to pressure drop in a given flow rate. A copper tube with a diameter of 0.2 mm to 0.45 mm with an increment of 0.05 mm is used. Test points are located on six (6), 900 mm long tubes arrange in parallel for every given diameter. Each tube is marked with 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900. The markings represent the length of tube in millimeters, where test points are located. Pressure drop is measured using a compound pressure gauge with a rating of 0 200 psi. The result shows that there is a significant increase in pressure drop as the tube diameter decreases. The smaller the tube diameter, the more it is effective to give pressure drop for the whole refrigeration system. KEYWORDS: Tetrafluorethane, Pressure drop, Capillary Tube, Refrigeration

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

MINI CHANNEL EVAPORATOR FOR MAC SYSTEM LAPTOP COOLER


Jess Kendrick Y. Co, David Jon P. Mobida and Jester Lloyd E. Gamotin Mechanical Engineering Department Email: cdtcptmobida@yahoo.com Rogelio C. Golez, Jr. Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Electronic devices these days are going smaller and more compact, one example are laptop computers. Laptop computers are known for their compact features making its inner components smaller, which lead to overheating problems. With the advancement of technology, developers are going for more advance components to be able to run advance computer programs which also add more to the overheating problems. Overheated laptops will lead to slower laptop performance, failures, and even probable damage to its components. This leads to the development of laptop cooling methods. This study aims to develop a cooling system which involves a Mini Air Conditioning System (MAC System). For it to be called mini, the diameter of the tubes to be used must be at most 3mm. The key to this study is the fabrication of a mini channel evaporator of which has a size smaller than a laptop battery pack that has, at most, 3mm in inner diameter. The evaporator for this study was made from a copper block that was fabricated to produce fins and a groove for the refrigerant to flow too. Three evaporators were made for comparison, each with different inner diameters for the refrigerant to flow through: 1mm, 2mm, and 3mm. The overall heat transfer coefficient would be determined for each size. The study showed that the higher the pressure at the discharge line, the lower the temperature will be at the evaporator; and at constant pressure, the larger the diameter of the tube the lower the temperature. This will lead to a higher overall heat transfer coefficient which will lead to higher heat absorption. The higher the heat absorption, the cooler the evaporator will be and the cooler the laptop cooler will be, thus helping the laptop to avoid overheating problems and increasing the laptops performance. KEYWORDS: Mini Air Conditioning System (MAC System), Mini Channel Evaporator

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

CONVERTING KINETIC ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGYUSING FLYWHEEL AND WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR
Clint Patrick G. Erfe, Ramon P. Navato, Jr. and Karl Jason H. Thag Electrical Engineering Department E-mail: chuckie_erfe@yahoo.com Jolou F. Miraflor Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
With an explosive growth of todays population, we are now entering an era of declining accessibility of energy wherein the gap between the demand and production is increasing. Alternative energy sources are now being considered as one of the solutions to this power crisis. The primary aim of this study is to make a device that can produce energy to supply streetlights using the wasted kinetic energy from the increasing number of vehicles. The ramp operates by virtue of a number of articulated plates placed in the road. When vehicles weight is exerted on the plates, they are moved up and down which triggers the flywheel and by means of a specially designed mechanism, a generator is driven which is capable of producing alternating current. This energy produced is then stored in a battery to produce constant value of power to the streetlights. Using only a single ramp, it was able to produce an averaged voltage reading of 200V and an average revolution reading of 1600 revolutions per minute. The result indicates that the value of power gathered is sufficient enough to produce an alternative source of energy to supply streetlights. Adding multiple ramps to the design can significantly increase the work done by the device, which can then create a high value of power that can be applied to a larger scope. Implementing this study in the future will not only supply streetlights, but it can also be used as an alternative source of energy for households.

KEYWORDS: Ramp, Battery, Flywheel

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION FOR THE PURIFICATION OF BIOETHANOL FROM FERMENTATION OF SARGASSUM SEAWEEDS USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Rhea Angela D. Arancon, Jenesa Marie A. Duro and Kristina A. Patio Chemical Engineering Department E-mail: rhanarancon@gmail.com Ruena P. Magallanes Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
In this study, the aim is to purify bioethanol at 99.5% (v/v) by extractive distillation from fermentation of a marine biomass, Sargassum seaweeds, carried out at pH level (3.5 or 6.0) at which bioethanol yield is greater. The pH level of fermentation at 30C was maintained using citrate buffer (that can maintain pH at 3.0 to 6.2). FTIR/ATR Analysis of the seven samples (taken at every 12-hour interval from 0 hours to 72 hours) of fermentation at batch 1 (pH=3.50) and batch 2 (pH=6.00) revealed peak generations between 3300-3500 cm-1. At pH 3.50, sample1 (taken at 0hr) yielded bioethanol due to late start-up that resulted to premature fermentation. FTIR/ATR results showed the %transmittance and the absorbance of the samples. The higher the %transmittance, the greater the bioethanol yield concentration. At batch 1, the sample at which great bioethanol yield and shortest time was at sample 4 (taken at 36 hours) with the concentration of 2.953 mol EtOH/L solution, %transmittance of 63.700, and absorbance of 0.1959. On the other hand, at pH 6.00, sample 4 (at 36hr) gave the highest concentration of bioethanol, 2.984 mol EtOH/L solution, %transmittance of 63.725, absorbance of 0.1957 and the shortest time of fermentation. Evaluating the results of the two batches of different pH levels, researchers selected pH 6.00 as the better level of acidity for the fermentation to be used in bioethanol purification. In performing extractive distillation of the fermentation broth, ethylene glycol, added with the solvent-to-feed ratio of 0.3, was used as the entrainer to purify the bioethanol. A laboratory-scale simple distillation set-up was used. KEYWORDS: Fermentation, Bioethanol, Sargassum Seaweeds, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Extractive Distillation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

SMALL-SCALE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION USING LENZ2 TURBINE


Tristan Lou J. Belderol, Joe Marie Valcarcel and John Jefferson J. Caneja Electrical Engineering Department E-mail: jabbylang17@gmail.com Dondanon A. Bajarla, Jr. Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
There is a significant potential for kinetic turbine technology in the Philippines. An estimated power contribution of 2,950 MW that is identified from large, mini and micro-hydro potentials. Cagayan de Oro City is an ideal location for river turbines, and thus this study was conducted to demonstrate the turbines feasibility for hydro which is a new application since it is designed for wind. Furthermore, the output data of the turbine can contribute for its design development. An isolated area from the grid is a concern in the locale because it can affect their productivity and development, moreover in a greater impact to the community. Along with electrification concerns, a maximum of 100 W Lenz2 turbine was evaluated for its performance. Sources of power loss were quantified in this study. It was found that the turbines shaft and gearing system has contributed to significant losses of power generation. It was also observed that the design is self-starting in a flow of 2 m/s with a peak power coefficient of 0.15; producing reliable and consistent power.

KEYWORDS: Kinetic Turbines, Lenz2, Peak Power Coefficient

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

SOLAR POWERED PORTABLE POTABLE WATER SYSTEM FOR REMOTE AREAS


Neil Constantine Z. Salvaloza, Christine May C. Creayla and Denise Loren P. Salibio Electrical Engineering Department E-mail: jayr_neil@yahoo.com Jolou F. Miraflor Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
The Solar Powered Portable Potable Water (SPPPW) system aims to provide clean drinking water. Augmented by a renewable energy source, the system thus is a sustainable and low cost answer to sanitation and irrigation needs. It is powered by solar energy stored in a 12-volt car battery system coupled with a DC-AC inverter. The filtration process of water is constructed along with the use of Cyperus alternifolia (Papyrus), ceramic filter, a fabricated germicidal ultraviolet (UV) device and other locally available materials proven and implemented to provide drinking water. During the tests, we generated a maximum of 162 watts per hour producing 15 liters of water. The gathered samples after the water treatment process were tested and found to be potable with regard to the absence of coliform bacteria. This system can be deployed easily to remote and disaster-stricken areas where there is insufficient supply of potable drinking water and there is no source of electricity available.

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet, Inverter, Solar Power, Water Filter

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

WAVE CURRENT POWER GENERATOR FOR SINGLE HOUSEHOLD ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION


Ted Antony Caete, Michael Jay Maandig, Jan Vincent Sabelita and John Kerwin See Electrical Engineering Department E-mail: jvincent.sabelita@yahoo.com Jolou F. Miraflor and Gunnar Marc Shane C. Cabaraban Advisers

ABSTRACT
Wave energy is a renewable energy source derived from ocean waves. Since the invention of the first wave generator, it has been a priority of different companies to develop more efficient generator designs. Although wave power generation is currently not a widely used commercial technology there have already been developments since 1890. This wave generator study is an experimental type of research conducted in the Bonbon area, a barangay which is surrounded by the expanse of the sea. The focus of this preliminary study is on previous studies of wave power generation and aims to develop a new approach that could be attributed to the area. Before proceeding with the wave generator itself, a study to observe the force of the waves was first conducted. A contraption was made using two empty water gallon containers, rods and unidirectional sprockets. Two rods (preferably made of lightweight metal) are inserted in the water containers with the other ends connected to the teeth of the sprockets. The water containers serve as buoys which bob up and down as the waves of the ocean go for the shore, this action makes the sprockets rotate in one direction which in turn also rotate the generator. Based on theory, the mechanical rotation of the contraption is responsible for the power that can be generated. This study was conducted to determine the torque and power of a proposed wave generator for Bonbon as perceived by the local residents of the area for the school year 2011-2012. This study focused on determining the torque produced and power generated by the wave current. It does not extend to the environmental changes of the set up, the response of the residents in Bonbon, and the time it takes for power to be transmitted.

KEYWORDS: Wave Energy, Power Generation, Renewable Energy

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

WIND BRIDGE CONCEPT FOR TAGUANAO BRIDGE


JP Abner B. Akut, Augie Boy R. Canonigo and Fulbert V. Sumayo Electrical Engineering Department E-mail: augieboycanonigo@yahoo.com Jolou F. Miraflor and Gunnar Marc Shane C. Cabaraban Advisers

ABSTRACT
There have been a number of researches that investigated harnessing wind in power generation. It is not even new since there are countries that have been using wind for their needs. Bridges are generally exposed to the elements, meaning they generally get a nice rise of sunlight often coupled with some fairly strong crosswinds. For these reasons this Wind Bridge design would seem to make a lot of sense. The proposed design would obtain wind energy through wind turbines integrated into the spaces of bridge railings. The wind turbines between the railings would be used to generate electricity from the crosswinds. The wind that will continuously pass through these railings will be the driving mechanism of our wind generators. These generators have the capacity to produce AC electricity which can be directly used for any means of application. But since, the wind speed vary depending on time and weather the power that is being generated will be stored in suggested battery banks. The study is only limited to the structure of the turbine blade that will easily capture enough wind to drive the generator. It does not focus on the structural analysis of the motor that will move in even lesser velocity. It aims to provide renewable source of energy for the household near the radius of Taguanao Bridge. It is also a learning process for the community to know more about renewable energy sources especially wind power generation.

KEYWORDS: Wind Bridge, AC, Turbine Blade, Battery Banks

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

ELECTRICAL ENERGY AUDIT OF XAVIER UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING BUILDING


Larey Joseph S. Hinampas, Cyril Jason B. Madrid, and Amorlito D. Melicor, Jr. Electrical Engineering Department E-mail: ljsh91@gmail.com Dondanon A. Bajarla, Jr. Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
An energy audit is an assessment of how much energy an establishment consumes and a developmental plan to make an establishment more energy efficient. An energy audit can not only reveal ways to help conserve precious energy, it can also save significant amounts of money by maximizing energy efficiency in households. During an audit, an expert examines the building for energy leakages such as air leaks; as well as ways to maximize energy usage such as with more efficient lighting and heating/cooling systems. Descriptive-evaluative method was used in the design of the study to create strategies in resolving the problem and to arrive with the corresponding recommendations for the research implementation. It is descriptive since the study intends to show the present electrical energy consumption of the Xavier University College of Engineering Building and to establish the load profile. It is evaluative because the assessment of the gathered data was comparative to the actual consumption through electric bill with the calculated values. Identifying and minimizing wasted energy through an energy audit conserve the non-renewable energy resources, save energy and reduce running costs. In addition, the demand of power-generation requirement is decreased; hence burning of less fossil fuel, which contributes to the abatement global warming and consequently saves environment.

KEYWORDS: Energy Audit, Descriptive-Evaluative Method, Global Warming

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF WASTE AGGREGATES AND POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PETE) MATERIAL ON CONCRETE
Margaret Antoinette C. Macatol, Maville V. Nobleza, Bonn John S. Orquiza and Jaicel Mae G. Rosas Civil Engineering Department Email: margaret741_mac_innocence@yahoo.com Anabel A. Abuzo Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) plastic is a widely used material for consumer product packaging more commonly apparent in beverage or water bottles. This same material results to approximately 75% or 2.7million of waste materials in landfills. Waste materials from demolished buildings from construction sites (i.e. waste aggregate) are considered as solid waste. Construction wastes (i.e. waste aggregate) and plastic bottles (i.e. PETE bottles) wind up in landfills which results to environmental pollution. The motivation of this study is to lessen the volume of solid wastes by means of reusing them. The objective of the study is to utilize two waste materials namely, construction wastes and plastic bottles, for concrete application. In particular, this paper presents the experimental analysis and results of the mechanical strength of concrete with waste aggregates as alternative material for coarse aggregates and PETE materials as additives. A total of 144 samples were tested in accordance to four types of specimen (i.e. control and treatments) with three (3) samples each for mechanical testing (i.e., compressive and flexural) of concrete per curing days (i.e. 14, 21 28). The samples were then tested in compliance to the American Standard for Testing Materials, namely ASTM C293 for compressive strength and ASTM C873 for flexural strength. Results show that across all sample treatments, and using the control as the basis of comparison, higher compressive strength was observed. In contrast, lower flexural strength was observed for the initial assumption of ASTM C873 at 14MPa therefore it can only be used for structural members that are not reinforced for bending stress. These results lead to the recommendation that waste materials (i.e. waste aggregate and PETE bottles) can be utilize as an alternative material for construction. KEYWORDS: Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) Plastics, Reuse, Waste Aggregate

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

GREYWATER TREATMENT IN XAVIER UNIVERSITY CANTEEN USING BIO-FILTRATION ON SUBSURFACE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
Harriet G. Badilla and Jestle O. Joven Chemical Engineering Department E-mail: omnomz16@yahoo.com Maria Isabel R. Dumlao-Tan Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
The project is made to assess the possibility of providing Xavier University Canteen a waste management process that will treat the greywater to meet the environmental standards. The researchers would construct a subsurface wetland technology that would be used in waste management process. This wetland technology is composed of different filtration media: rocks in the first layer (about 3cm), white-sea pebbles at the second layer (about 5cm), gravel in the third layer (about 55-75cm), crushed charcoal in the fourth layer (about 1cm) and peaty soil (1 part loam: 1 part sand) in the 5th layer (about 5cm) planted with Tropiflora plant (Heliconia psittacorum x acuminate). The removal efficiencies are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), sulfates, oil and grease, pH, color, odor, and Total coliform for reusable water. From the start-up up to the final experimental feeding, the results were recorded and analyzed. The BOD, from the initial value of 2794 mg/L to its diluted concentration of 450 mg/L, reduced to an average of 3.07 mg/L gaining a reduction of 99.32%. The TSS, from the initial value of 818 mg/L, reduced to 5.3 mg/L gaining a reduction of 99.35%. The TDS, from the initial value of 1818 mg/L, reduced to 1110 mg/L gaining a reduction of 38.94%. The oil and grease, from the initial value of 321 mg/L, reduced to 22.7 mg/L gaining a reduction of 92.93%. The pH, from the initial value of 4.69, increased to 6.50, making it less acidic. The odor changes from being foul to no foul odor and the color changes from brown to transparent. Therefore, the constructed wetland is efficient. KEYWORDS: Greywater, Wetland technology, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

MEASURING THE CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF CARBON MONOXIDE OF THE CHICKEN GRILLING RESTAURANTS USING THE DEVELOPED PROTOTYPE SENSOR OF CARBON MONOXIDE
Mary Grace L. Bahian, Nikki P. Martinez and Neil Edward P. Mula Electronics Engineering Department Email: ureka_20072001@yahoo.com Ian Giovanni R. Pabillaran Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
The study is conducted primarily to develop an affordable prototype to detect measure and log the concentration levels of carbon monoxide of chicken grilling restaurants in the city. The prototype is composed of a sensor which is a technology of Figaro Engineering and is called Figaro TGS203 using an Arduino microcontroller which serves as the backbone of the sensing, display and logging circuit. The proponent aimed to design a simple and affordable microcontroller based sensing device that will detect, measure, and display and log the concentration levels of carbon monoxide in grilling restaurants. The data gathering procedure is to deploy the sensor to the grilling restaurant for three days with an 8 - hour duration of data gathering. The data were then tabulated and interpreted to determine the 8 - hour and 1 - hour average for comparison to the standards and guidelines provided by World Health Organization, National Ambient Air Quality Standards and Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. The comparison is in the form of percentage difference to show the rate of emission of the grilling restaurant. The results indicated that the developed prototype detected and measured the concentration levels of the grilling area located at Tiano-Garlean Streets, CM Recto Ave and CMR-Nazarene. Readings from the developed prototype was compared to the CO readings of Electronic Gas Analyser provided by the Bacharach technology to validate the sensor calibration. Because carbon monoxide is dangerous and major contributor to air pollution, further studies leading to the determination of its concentration levels are recommended.

KEYWORDS: Carbon Monoxide, Grilling Restaurant, TGS203

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

THE EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND ABSORPTION CAPACITY OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT (PCP) WITH FLY ASH
Luke Rigel C. Hebron, Jerome Nicolas L. Mora Jr., Shannon Dan P. Sanchez and Donnabelle M. Valmores Civil Engineering Department Email: wahehe192168@yahoo.com Anabel A. Abuzo Faculty Adviser

ABSTRACT
Paved surfaces delimit the infiltration of the excess runoff into soil surface so the water flows directly to the drainage systems that cant hold large volume of water that causes flood. This study deals with Pervious and Impervious Concrete Pavement (PCP and ICP). PCP is a mixture of hydraulic cement, coarse aggregates, admixtures and water, and less proportion of sand. In principle, less quantity of cement is utilized in PCP to ensure void spaces for absorption. For this reason, the absorption capacity of PCP is greater compared to ICP. PCP application is beneficial for controlling rainwater on-site and minimizing storm water runoff. Fly ash is composed of silicon, aluminium, and iron content which indicate its pozzolanic or cementitious nature. Moreover, fly ash is a waste material from coal-power plants which occupies a large area for disposal. In this study, fly ash will be used to replace a proportion of cement. The objective of this study is to determine the mechanical strength (i.e., compressive strength and flexural strength) of both conventional ICP and non-conventional PCP. The tests are performed in accordance with the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) namely ASTM C39 for compressive strength test and ASTM C78 for flexural strength test. The conventional ICP will be based upon the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH Material Manual Vol. 1 Page 63) design standard, whereas, non-conventional PCP will substitute cement with fly ash (i.e., proportion by weight: 15%, 25%, and 35%). The secondary objective is to investigate the absorption capacity of non-conventional PCP (i.e., PCP with fly ash) conforming to ASTM C642. KEYWORDS: Absorption Capacity, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Fly Ash, Pervious Concrete Pavement

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECTS JOURNAL 2012

CONGRATULATIONS!
Greetings from Xavier University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Parents and Faculty Association

Zone 5, Barra (National Highway) Opol, Misamis Oriental Tel. No. 735912 Bayantel: 3095789

Special Thanks To:


Dexter S. Lo, A.ASEP Director, Xavier University Engineering Resource Center for the Warriors Charm Award Gerardo P. Apor, M.ASEP Chair, Civil Engineering Department for the GPA Award

Special Thanks To:


Meldy Grace M. Comandante Xavier University Engineering Resource Center for the Apple of the Eye Award Megan M. Montuno Civil Engineering Department for the Kinaiyahan Award

Xavier University - College of Engineering Faculty and Staf f


XAVIER UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADMINISTRATION & STAFF Eliseo B. Linog, Jr. Dean Power System Distribution and Disaster Maria Isabel R. Dumalao-Tan Assistant Dean Environmental Engineering Richel A. de Villa Estrella L. Gadian Administrative Assistants Partricio G. Cabading Carl Angelo B. Fallares Johny Cherkie A. Daculan Laboratory Technicians CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Edwin Richard R. Ortiz - Chair Production Manufacturing Daisy B. Badilla Environmental Engineering Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban Solid Waste Management & Aerosols Hercules R. Cascon Fermentation & Biotechnology Marco Theodore E. Escao Entrepreneurial Engineering Ruena P. Magallanes Biotechnology Melba T. Mendoza Statistical Quality Control Rex Manuel P. Paayas General Chemical Engineering Shierlyn S. Paclijan Material Science & Operations Research CIVIL ENGINEERING Gerardo P. Apor - Chair Structures & Geotechnics Anabel A. Abuzo Transportation and Environmental Engineering Peter Daniel S. Akut Environmental Engineering Julie Ann I. Dela Cruz General Civil Engineering Joel Camilo M. Haos Construction Management & Hydraulics Eugene Victor C. Mamawag, Jr. Quantity Surveyor & Appraiser Megan M. Magallona-Montuno Structures XAVIER UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING RESOURCE CENTER Dexter S. Lo Director Disasters Risk Management & Structures Jan Taat Engineering Hydrology Meldy Grace M. Comandante Program Coordinator for High-Performance Computing & Warriors Weather Watch Jofferdale Q. Gallamaso Program Coordinator for Disaster Risk Management Eduardo S. Tangonan III Program Officer for Mindanao Urban Development Nadine Joy F. Ordiz Documentation Officer for Xavier Ecoville Project

Xavier University - College of Engineering Faculty and Staf f


ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Gunnar Marc Shane C. Cabaraban - Chair Renewable Energy & Power System Dondanon A. Bajarla, Jr. Industrial System Design & Computer-Aided System Analysis Ignacio B. Fabia Power System Jolou F. Miraflor Power Engineering ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Ian Giovanni R. Pabillaran - Chair Electronics Mary Jean O. Apor Digital Electronics & Signal Processing Majiah S. Collado Electromagnetism & Microelectronics Roel L. Galceran Electronics Law Safety Dennis Ian A. Pacquiao Instrumentation & Controls Franklin Rey A. Pacquaio Digital Communications & Electromagnetics Jessie de Toro, Jr. Broadcast Engineering & Acoustics Digital Control System Lolit M. Villanueva Communications INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Maria Lourdes M. Abao - Chair Methods Engineering, Ergonomics and Operations Management Glenn B. Paclijan Food Safety Management System, Occupational Safety & Health System MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Elmer B. Dollera - Chair HVAC & Renewable Energy Alfredo T. Buten Heavy Equipment & Steam Power Cyril G. Fabrea Thermal Power, HVAC & Refrigeration Rogelio C. Golez, Jr. Renewable Energy & Artificial Neural Network Nestor G. Ipanag HVAC & Refrigeration PHYSICS DEPARTMENT Glemmark A. Dal - Chair Optics Joseph L. Agnes Electromagnitism Henrilen A. Cubio Electricity Mary Grace C. Francisco Computational High Energy Physics Floramie J. Ortega Thermodynamics Edmund B. Salomsom Semiconductors & Electricity Rouielito Archie G. Malabanan Maximo V. Pabua Physics Laboratory Technicians

Living the Mission

(from the Directors Notebook) The lights went out; then phones screamed for help! But darkness swallowed every glint of hope. And the worst was yet to come by dawn... Dubbed as the most destructive and deadliest disaster to hit recent Philippine history, the Sendong Flood brought unprecedented volume of floodwaters and mud to Cagayan de Oro - leaving a stigma of fear, confusion, wrath, and desperation. But the Warriors were quick to absorb the shock. While many were still puzzled, immediately by daybreak the Warriors, with their personal capacity and generosity, geared up to rescue friends, neighbors, and strangers. By midday, XUERC instituted an emergency operation focusing on two themes: (1) rescue and relief; and (2) technical analysis of the disaster. The rescue and relief efforts were closely coordinated with the university-wide Tabang Sendong operation. Engineering faculty and students tracked every known acquaintance; many opened their homes to friends, more joined the caravan of relief distribution to assure survivors they are not forsaken. A few even stretched their energies and resources to clean up and repair a strangers home. While many are busy extending a helping hand, a select group of senior and junior engineering student volunteers were also immediately deployed for data gathering. By nightfall, a preliminary Flood Damage Map was made ready to guide many interest groups for various operations. A technical debriefing material was then prepared which became a major discussion point of local and international media; it was also extensively used as a reference material for many NGOs with global networks. More than two months later, requests for technical debriefing lectures continue to pile in the XUERC mailbox. At present, the Warriors are also extensively involved in the physical infrastructure planning and implementation of the Xavier Ecoville, a 5-hectare resettlement site for more than 500 surviving families. XUERC currently works closely with various government agencies and international donors, making sure that sustainable development practices are observed. XUERCs quick response to the recent disaster is actually reinforced by four existing programs run by the center: (1) Disaster Risk Management, (2) Warriors Weather Watch, (3) High-Performance Computing, and (4) Mindanao Urban Development. These were willingly instituted because of the foresight and mission of Xavier to engage in exemplary researches coupled with significant social outreach programs. The Warriors remain steadfast in providing science-based information and appropriate technologies to the university and community and beyond the campus walls.

2012 Engineering Days Banner The 2012 Engineering Days Banner portrays the passion of the Atenean Engineers (Warriors) to embrace the pressing technological challenges in the aftermath of a disaster. Tropical Storm Sendongs (Washi) path, as depicted in the map, traversed Northern Mindanao barely a week before Christmas of 2011. In Cagayan de Oro City alone, property damages escalated to billions, leaving thousands of homeless survivors, hundreds of casualties, and hundreds more perished without trace. This is where the Warriors are called to ingeniously, faithfully and immediately respond. The buildings, gears, atomic chains, power posts, communication towers, and chimneys are icons of this testament from each of the academic discipline in the XU College of Engineering (Civil, Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Electronics, and Industrial, respectively). The wave that meanders across and beyond the borders highlights the importance of rivers in the development of the region. Significant drivers are anchored along the rivers, including tourism, water supply, power generation, and mining. However, the wave is allegorized in multi strands to remind the natural metamorphosis of rivers that flow can expand incredibly, and even change course unpredictably. The fine grids in the background suggest that disasters can be studied. Typhoon paths, travel time of flood waves, early warning devices, fluvial geomorphology, and land use patterns, can be measured and modelled with cutting-edge tools of science and engineering. Thus, risk-sensitive plans can actually be generated, therefore building resilient communities. The peculiar icon of a scientific calculator (used by every engineer) is a special signature of the designer. It echoes the necessary synergy of various technical fields to engineer a better and resilient society.
Banner Design by: Rico M. Magallona Anecdote by: Dexter S. Lo and Meldy Grace M. Comandante

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