Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Mc Lc
Li cm n........................................................................................................................6
Nhim v n tt nghip................................................................................................7
Li m u........................................................................................................................9
Danh mc cc hnh..........................................................................................................11
Danh mc cc bng.........................................................................................................12
Chng 1.TNG QUAN V CNG NGH SY LNH............................................13
1.1. Gii thiu phng php sy lnh.........................................................................13
................................................................................................................................
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1.5.2. Cc tc gi nc ngoi..................................................................................24
1.6. So snh phng php sy lnh vi phng php sy nng.................................27
1.7. nh gi v kt lun............................................................................................31
Chng 2. VT LIU SY LNH XY DNG QUY TRNH CNG NGH VT
LIU SY LNH...............................................................................................33
2.1. La chn vt liu sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti.............................33
2.1.1. S cng ngh sy rau qu..........................................................................34
2.1.2. nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng sn phm................................35
2.2. Cc c tnh ha l ca mt s rau qu giu vitamin ng dng phng php sy
lnh.......................................................................................................................37
2.3. L thuyt sy rau qu...........................................................................................39
2.4. Mt s phng php sy rau qu.........................................................................42
2.5. La chn phng php sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti....................42
Chng 3. TNH TON THIT K M HNH MY SY LNH S DNG BM
NHIT............................................................................................................44
3.1. Gii thiu bi ton thit k v m hnh thit k...................................................44
3.2. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy C rt............................................................46
3.2.1. Gii thiu vt liu sy....................................................................................46
3.2.1. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy C rt......................................................47
3.3. Xc nh cc thng s u vo ca vt liu.........................................................48
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3.11.5.2. ng ng ht...................................................................................91
3.11.6. Thit b hi nhit..........................................................................................92
3.11.7. Tnh ton tr lc v chn qut.....................................................................97
Chng 4. KHO NGHIM QU TRNH SY THC T TRN M HNH MY
SY LNH.......................................................................................................102
4.1. Mc ch............................................................................................................102
4.2. Phng php v phng tin.............................................................................103
4.3. Th nghim xc nh cc thng s qu trnh......................................................103
4.3.1. Th nghim xc nh vn tc tc nhn sy...................................................104
4.3.2. Xc nh m - nhit trung bnh (to, o) ca khng kh ......................106
4.3.3. Th nghim xc nh m u v m cui ca vt liu sy.................106
4.3.4. Xc nh R trung bnh ca vt liu sy v phng php ct lt vt lu.......106
4.3.5. Th nghim sy ch hi lu hon ton v ch thi b tc nhn......107
4.3.6. Cc kt lun rt ra t thc nghim...............................................................113
4.4. ng dng phn mm Labview vo nghin cu thc nghim............................113
4.5. Cc tnh cht nh hng n qu trnh sy........................................................117
Chng 5. TNH TON HIU QU KINH T.............................................................119
5.1. Ch ph nguyn liu, nhin liu .........................................................................119
5.2. Chi ph lao ng.................................................................................................119
5.3. Chi ph khu hao................................................................................................119
Chng 6. KT LUN V NGH............................................................................121
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
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6.1. Kt lun..............................................................................................................121
6.2. ngh...............................................................................................................121
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................123
Li cm n
Hc tp l mt qu trnh lu di, mi giai on ng mt vai tr quan trng trong
vic hnh thnh nhn cch, o c ca mi con ngi. T nhng ngy bc chn vo
ging ng i hc cho n lc hon thnh lun vn ny, em nhn c s quan
tm ch dn v gip tn tnh ca cc thy c. Qua qu trnh thc hin lun vn tt
nghip em xin by t long bit n chn thnh n:
Tp th ging vin Khoa Cng ngh Nhit Lnh trng i hc Cng Nghip TP
H Ch Minh.
c bit, em xin chn thnh cm n Thy trng Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh
Th.s Bi Trung Thnh trc tip theo di, tn tnh hng dn em trong thi
gian thc hin ti.
Tuy nhin, do hn ch v thi gian thc hin, ti khng trnh khi nhng thiu st.
Mong nhn c s ch bo ca qu thy c v gp ca cc bn.
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CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
NHIM V N TT NGHIP
H v tn:
MSSV:
Tn ti: Nghin cu cng ngh sy lnh, tnh ton, thit k, kho nghim v xc
nh mt s thng s nh hng n cht lng sy cho mt s loi rau qu giu
vitamin trn m hnh my sy lnh bng bm nhit ca khoa CN Nhit Lnh
I/ Thng tin thc hin ti:
13- S liu choo trc: M hnh sy lnh ca khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh
lnh.
2- Tm hiu k thut sy lnh trn mt s thc phm v rau qu trong nc v th
gii.
3- Trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh trong nc v th gii t trc n
nay.
4- La chn vt liu sy lnh, xy dng quy trnh cng ngh v x l vt liu trc
sy v sau sy lnh.
5- L thuyt v sy rau qu v thc phm.
6- Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit.
6.1 Gii quyt bi ton sy lnh l thuyt v sy thc theo ch thi b tc
nhn.
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
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Li m u
Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i c nhiu iu kin pht trin ngnh trng trt v
ch bin rau qu. Tuy nhin, t l tn tht sau thu hoch l rt ln 25-30% [20]. Nguyn
nhn chnh l do cng ngh ch bin v bo qun ca chng ta cn lc hu nn lm
cho rau qu ca Vit Nam c gi tr thp trong th trng trong nc cng nh xut khu,
iu ny nh hng trc tip n i sng ca ngi nng dn, v vy vic nghin cu
a ra cc quy trnh cng ngh cng nh ng dng trin khai chuyn giao cc kt qu
nghin cu, cc quy trnh cng ngh bo qun, ch bin rau qu, ng vai tr ht sc
quan trng trong chin lc pht trin ngnh rau qu.
Rau qu hin nay ch yu c s dng dng ti, nh bit rau qu l loi sn
phm c tnh thi v, thi gian thu hoch ngn, kh nng vn chuyn v bo qun hn
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
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thng sy lnh.
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Vi nhng c tnh u vit, cng ngh sy lnh ha hn s l mt cng ngh tin tin,
cho lnh vc sy thc phm giu vitamin, c th p dng rng ri vi quy m ln p ng
c v vn li ch kinh t v bo v mi trng.
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Danh mc cc bng
Bng1-1 nh gi so snh cht lng sn phm sy bng bm nhit sy lnh vi
phng php sy nng truyn thng v sy hng ngoi..................................28
Bng 3-1 Thng s trng thi cc im nt ....................................................................74
Bng 3-2 Thng s tiu chun ca cc im nt.......Error: Reference source not found88
Bng 3-3. Tn tht kh ng qua bung sy....................................................................98
Bng 4-1 Bng kt qu kho st vn tc tc nhn sy..................................................102
Bng 4-2 Bng kt qu thc nghim xc nh nhit v m mi trng..............103
Bng 4-3 Bng kt qu xc nh xc nh m u vo ca vt liu sy...................103
Bng 4-4 Bng kt qu bn knh R ca vt liu.............................................................104
Bng 4-5 Bng kt qu th nghim ch sy hi lu hon ton.................................106
Bng 4-6 Bng kt qu th nghim ch sy thi b tc nhn.................................108
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CHNG I
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH SY LNH
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Hnh 1-2. Hai phng thc trao i nhit thng qua bung sy.
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(1.1)
d 2 m d ( Ph / T )
=
, kg / m3 K - trao i s thay i, khng kh c lm lnh n nhit
dVdt
Rdt
im sng ts. Trn mt n v di quan h truyn nhit, truyn cht ny c th biu din
di dng:
d 2Q ' d 2m dV dT
=- c -r
.
, W/m
.
ddx
dV.dt dt dX
(1.2)
Trong
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kJ/m3K).
* r - Nhit ngng t (r=2500 kJ/kg i vi hi nc 00C).
d 2 m d ( Ph /T)
3
=
, kg/m3 K - l nc ngng theo ng = 100% (ng vi 1m
dVdt
R.dt
khng kh m khi nhit gim i 1K) v thay i nhanh qua nhit theo biu
thc:
d 2 m d(Ph /T)
=
, kg/m3 K
dVdt
R.dt
(1.3)
Trong :
-
Mt khc c th tnh nhit lng do khng kh truyn cho mi cht lnh tng ng vi
mi n v di ca thit b bay hi bm nhit:
d2Q
=k ( T-T0 ) , W/m
d.dx
(1.4)
X0
c' Ts -T0 (1.5) vi ' K.X
=- ' ln
K=
[J/m3K]
dV/d
X
K T1 -T0
L thng s c trng cho cng sut ca thit b bc hi ca bm nhit (thng khong
1kJ/m3K), X[m] l chiu su ca thit b bc hi, X0 [m] l khong cch t u thit b
vo thit b bc hi n im xut hin qu trnh ngng ng m, T s l nhit ng
sng, cc ch s 1 v 2 l k hiu u vo v ra ca khng kh qua thit b bc hi.
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
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Sy thng hoa thng c ng dng sy sn phm qu, d bin cht do nhit nh:
mu, vc xin, mt, nhn, vv
b. H thng sy chn khng
Phng php sy chn khng l phng php to ra mi trng gn nh chn khng
trong bung sy, ngha l nhit vt liu t < 0oC, p sut tc nhn sy bao quanh vt P >
610 Pa. Khi nhn c nhit lng, cc phn t nc trong vt liu sy th rn s
chuyn sang th lng, sau mi chuyn sang th hi v i vo mi trng.
u im: Phng php ny gi c cht lng sn phm, m bo iu kin v
sinh.
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
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u im
Nhc im
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gim.
b. Phng php dng bm nhit nhit thp
Trong phng php ny, ngi ta ch dng mt h thng bm nhit to ra mi
trng sy. Nhit mi trng sy c th iu chnh trong gii hn kh rng t nhit
xp x mi trng n nhit m, ty thuc yu cu ca vt liu sy. Khc vi cc thit
b nhit lnh khc, khi s dng bm nhit sy kh v ht m th c dn nng v dn
lnh u c s dng hu ch nn nng sut tiu th y c th c tn dng n
mc cao nht m nhit khng kh li c th ch cn duy tr mc nhit mi trng
hoc thp hn.
u im:
- Kh nng gi mu sc, mi v v vitamin u tt
- Tit kim nng lng nh s dng c nng lng dn nng v dn lnh, hiu qu
s dng nhit cao
- Bo v mi trng, vn hnh an ton.
- C kh nng iu chnh nhit tc nhn sy ty thuc vo yu cu v kh nng
chu nhit ca tng loi sn phm nh thay i cng sut nhit ca dn ngng
trong
- Cng sut kh ln
- Chi ph u t h thng thp hn so vi cc phng php sy lnh khc
- Vn hnh n gin.
Nhc im
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hp vi nhng sn phm cn gi trng thi, mu, mi, cht dinh dng v khng cho
php sy nhit cao, tc gi ln. Cc h thng ht m v c bit l cc h thng
sy lnh c cu trc lun thay i ph thuc vo c tnh ca vt liu sy, cu trc ca
dn lnh s dng, nn khng c mt cu trc chung cho tt c cc i tng sy, tuy
nhin vn c chung nguyn tc v phng php tnh ton thit k. Do , cn phi tip
tc nhng nghin cu c bn, y v cc qu trnh, cc gii hn k thut v cc vn
t ng iu chnh khng ch lin hon nhit v m ca tc nhn sy cng nh ca
vt liu sy.
1.5.2. Cc tc gi nc ngoi
Macio N. Kohayakawa v cc cng s [19] tin hnh nghin cu nh hng ca
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Phani K.Adapa, Greg J.Schoenau v Shahab Sokhansanj [19] tin hnh nghin cu
(1.7)
M = Me +( M0
(1.9)
Vi M0 : m ca v liu sy ti thi im t0 = 0
Phng trnh cn bng cht
G M
W
= p.
x
Ga y
(1.10)
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W = W0
GP M
.
.x
Ga y
(1.11)
(1.12)
Ta = Tg + a ( d / a).x .(T a 0 Tg
Trong :
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d = hcv + Ga .C pw.
a0
( (
) ).) Wx
h . T T Ga Lg + C pw C pl .Tg
Tg cv a g
=
y
G p . C pg + M .C pl
(1.13)
Tg =
1
( ( y y0 ) / h)
f + gTg 0 . e
g
(1.14)
y:
f = hcv .Ta 0 Ga .Lg .
W
;g=
x
h = G p . C pg + M .C pl
hcv+ C pw C
pl
W
.Ga .
x
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pr
2 h
= exp
po
po r
(1.15)
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- Ngun nng lng s dng cho phng php sy nng c th l khi thi, hi
nc nng, hay cc ngun nhit t du m, than , rc thi,...cho n in
nng.
- Thi gian lm vic ca h thng cng rt cao.
Nhc im
-
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B.d
0,621 + d
(1.16)
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Sy nng
Sy thng hoa
Sy lnh s dng
v chn khng
Ch tiu so snh
Cht lng sn phm (mu
Km hn
sc, mi v, vitamin)
rt nhiu
Gi thnh sn phm
Thi gian sy
Chi ph u t ban u
my ht m kt
hp my lnh
Tt hn
Bng nhau
Thp hn
t hn nhiu
t hn
Ngn hn
Ngn hn
Thng
thp hn
Thng r
hn
Ln hn hoc
bng
Cao hn nhiu
Cao hn
t hn nhiu
t hn
Kh hn
Kh hn
Tt hn
Bng nhau
Nh nhau
Km hn
Hp hn
Hp hn
tc nhn sy theo yu cu
Kh hn
cng ngh
7
Bo v mi trng
Phm vi ng dng
Thng
km hn
Thng
km hn
Rng hn
1.7. nh gi v kt lun
a) So vi sy lnh s dng my ht m chuyn dng kt hp my lnh
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Chng 2
VT LIU SY LNH XY DNG QUY TRNH CNG
NGH V X L VT LIU SY LNH
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Sy
Lm ngui
Ch
Ch p
Sy
C c
Lm ngui
C c
Sy
Phn loi
Phn loi
p bnh
Phn loi
Nghin nh
ng gi
ng gi
ng gi
Sn phm
Sn phm dng
Sn phm
dng nguyn
bn mng
41
dng bt
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b) nh hng n mi v
Nhit lm tht thot cc thnh phn d bay hi ra khi sn phm v vy phn ln
cc sn phm sy b gim mi v. Mc tht thot ph thuc vo nhit v m ca
vt liu sy, p sut hi nc v ha tan ca cc cht bay hi trong nc. Nhng sn
phm c gi tr kinh t cao nh vo c tnh mi v (nh gia v) cn c sy nhit
thp. Mt s sn phm c kt cu xp to iu kin cho oxi khng kh d dng tip xc
vi sn phm, gy ra cc phn ng oxi ha cht tan v cht bo trong qu trnh bo qun
lm thay i mi v ca sn phm.
Tc ca qu trnh gy h hng ph thuc vo nhit bo qun v hot ca
nc. Phn ln rau qu ch cha mt lng nh lipit. Tuy nhin, s oxi ha cc cht bo
khng no to ra cc hydroperoxit tham gia vo cc phn ng polime ha, phn ng tch
nc hoc oxi ha to thnh aldehit, Kenton v cc axit gy mi i thui kh chu.
c) nh hng n mu sc
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra s mt mu hay thay i mu trong sn phm sy, nh l:
S thay i cc c trng b mt ca sn phm gy ra s thay i phn x nh
sng v mu sc.
Nhit v s oxi ha trong qu trnh sy gy ra nhng bin i ha hc i vi
carotenoit v clorophyl, cng nh hot ng ca enzim polyphenoloxidaza gy
nn s sm mu trong qu trnh bo qun cc sn phm rau qu.
C th ngn nga c nhng thay i ny bng cc phng php chn hp hoc x
l tri cy bng axit ascorbic hoc SO2.
d) nh hng n gi tr dinh dng
Cc s liu v s tht thot cc cht dinh dng ca cc tc gi thng khng thng
nht, c th do s khc bit ng k trong cc qu trnh chun b sy, nhit v thi
gian sy, cng nh iu kin bo qun. rau qu, tht thot dinh dng trong qu trnh
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
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chun b thng vt xa qu trnh sy. V d, tht thot vitamin C trong qu trnh chun
b to sy (dng khi) l 8% do qu trnh ct gt, 62% do chn hp, 10% do qu trnh
nghin pu r v 5% do qu trnh sy.
Vitamin c ha tan trong nc khc nhau v khi qu trnh sy din ra, mt vi loi
(v d: vitamin B2 riboflavin) t trng thi bo ha v kt ta khi dung dch, nh vy
chng t b tn thng. Mt s khc, v d: axit ascorbic, ha tan ngay c khi m ca
sn phm h xung n mc rt thp, chng phn ng vi cc cht tan vi tc cng
lc cng cao hn trong qu trnh sy. Vitamin C cng rt nhy cm vi nhit v oxy ha.
V th trnh nhng tht thot ln cn sy trong thi gian ngn, nhit thp, bo qun
m thp v nng kh oxi thp. Thiamin (Vit B1) cng nhy cm vi nhit, tuy
nhin cc vitamin khc ha tan trong nc bn vi nhit v oxy ha hn v tn tht qu
trnh sy him khi vt qu 5-10%, ngoi tr tht thot do qu trnh chn hp.
S tn tht cc vitamin c th hn ch ng k hoc ngn nga hon ton khi s dng
cc phng php sy nhanh v n ha (nh sy phun), c bit bng phng php sy
thng hoa i vi cc nguyn liu nghin nt, nguyn cht dng ct nh.
Cc cht dinh dng nh cht bo (v d: cc axit bo khng thay th c v cc
vitamin A, D, E, K) phn ln cha trong phn cht rn ca sn phm v chng khng b
c c trong khi sy. Tuy nhin nc l dung mi ca cc kim loi nng, l nhng cht
xc tc ca qu trnh oxy ha cc cht dinh dng khng no. Khi nc b mt, cht xc
tc tr nn hot ng hn v lm tng tc oxy ha. Cc vitamin tan trong cht bo b
bin i mt i khi tip xc vi peroxit c sinh ra do s oxy ha cht bo. gim tht
thot trong qu trnh bo qun ngi ta h thp nng oxy, nhit bo qun v loi
tr nh sang tip xc vi sn phm.
e) nh hng n s hi nguyn sn phm (rehydration)
Sn phm sau khi sy khng th tr li tnh trng ban u khi lm t tr li. Sau khi
sy, t bo b mt p sut thm thu, tnh thm thu ca t bo b thay i, cc cht tan di
chuyn, polysacarit kt tinh v protein t bo b ng t, tt c gp phn vo s thay i
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
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- Prolamin c nhiu trong cc cy ha tho, c bit thnh phn protein cha trong
ht ng th nhm ny ch yu chim ti 50% l zein ca ng.
- Globulin c cha nhiu trong ht c du, ht cy h u nh u tng, protein
trong u tng. Protein trong u tng c 8 axit amin khng thay th.
- Glutelin cng l protein c trng ca ht cy ha tho, c bt ngi ta ch ti
gluten ca la m.
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
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Trong qu trnh sy, khng kh c th lu thng t nhin hoc cng bc. Trong cc
l sy, khng kh lu thng t nhin vi tc nh (nh hn 0,4m/s), do vy thi gian
sy thng ko di, lm cht lng sn phm sy khng cao. khc phc nhc im
ny, ngi ta phi dng qut thng gi cng bc vi tc trong khong 0,4 - 4,0
m/s trong cc thit b sy. Nu tc gi qu ln (trn 4,0 m/s) s gy tn tht nhit
lng.[20]
d) dy ca lp sy
dy ca lp rau qu sy cng nh hng n qu trnh sy. Lp nguyn liu cng
mng th qu trnh sy cng nhanh v ng u, nhng nu qu mng s lm gim nng
sut ca l sy. Ngc li, nu qu dy th s lm gim s lu thng ca khng kh, dn
n sn phm b " m hi" do hi m ng li. Thng thng nn xp lp hoa qu trn
cc khay sy vi khi lng 5 8 kg/m2 l ph hp.[20]
2.4. Mt s phng php sy rau qu
a) Phng php sy bng khng kh
Cng vic ny c tin hnh bng cch tri rau qu ln cc loi b mt ngoi tri
nhn nh sang mt tri trc tip. Tuy nhin, sn phm c cht lng km do kh
kim sot c vn v sinh, iu chnh m, nhit v tc sy.
Ngi ta ch to my sy dung nng lng mt tri nhm khc phc nhng nhc
im trn. Thit b ny s dng mt c cu rt n gin c tc dng tng cng nhit t
mt tri v bo v sn phm.
Cn ch phn bit gia sy trc tip v sy gin tip bng nng lng mt tri. i
vi sy trc tip, sn phm c t di nh nng mt tri v kt qu l s thay i v
mu sc, thnh phm vitamin. i vi sy gin tip, nguyn liu ny c bo v khi
nh sng trc tip t mt tri. phng php ny, ngi ta s dng mt phng ring
thu nhn nhit lng t mt tri v ti , khng kh c cp nhit ri thi qua phng
cha sn phm.
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My sy c hc dng nhin liu t nng khng k mt cch trc tip, thc phm
c sy bng kh t, hoc mt cch gin tip thc phm c sy bng khng kh nng
do kh t. Hai hnh thc ny u c kh nng kim sot tt hn so vi sy bng mt tri
v c th tin hnh c ngy ln m, khng ph thuc vo thi tit. Tuy nhin, chi ph
u t v vn hnh cho thit b ny kh cao. i vi cc sn phm c la chn phn
loi tt t nguyn liu ban u, cng on ra v x l cng quan trng nh cng on
sy.
b) Phng php sy lt
Phng php ny tin hnh sy mt hoc hn hp nhiu loi rau qu ( c x l
bng dioxyt sunfua nhm hn ch mt mu v vi sinh vt pht trin) dng lt mng.
Loi ny thng c dng nh thc phm n nh, c th tng ngt bng cch b
sung ng vo nguyn liu ban u hoc thay i thnh phn nh thm hnh nhn, da
no hay bt gia v.
c) Phng php sy b sung
V d nh chui c sy trc nhm loi b lp ng dnh tip tc c sy
b sung. Vic ng gi v bo qun sn phm sy kh i hi nhiu yu cu. Sn phm
sau khi sy cn c bo qun trnh nh sng mt tri, m v nhit nhm ngn
nga s gim hng v v h hng. Ngi ta thng dng dng c cha bng gm, thy
tinh, kim loi hay nha cho ti khi chng c ng hp. Gii php r nht l s dng ti
mng mng PE vi iu kin phi c ghp mng bng. Ni bo qun cn thong mt,
trnh xa nh sng mt tri, cn trng v loi gm nhm. a s, sn phm sy u n nh
cht lng trong nhiu tun.
2.5. La chn phng php sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti
T nhng c tnh u vit ca cng ngh sy lnh ta nhn thy rng cng ngh ny c
nhiu u im v hiu qu kinh t cao trong vic ng dng vo sy cc sn phm rau qu
c gi tr kinh t. Tuy nhin, t l thuyt n thc tin l mt qu trnh lm vic lu di
i hi qu trnh u t nghin cu t m. Cng ngh sy lnh c th gii quyt hn ch
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
50
n tt nghip
ca cng ngh sy nng trong cc quy trnh sy rau qu. Tuy nhin, vic ng dng cng
ngh sy lnh i vi cc loi sn phm rau c khc nhau cn phi nghin cu c lp, t
xy dng nhng quy trnh cng ngh chun cho cc loi hoc cc dng rau qu. T
yu cu thc t , cn thit phi tnh ton thit k mt m hnh thc t v kim tra thc
nghim i vi cc quy trnh cng ngh. Ni dung thc hin Chng III: Tnh ton
thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit s trnh by r ni dung ny.
51
n tt nghip
Chng 3
TNH TON THIT K M HNH MY SY LNH S DNG
BM NHIT
52
n tt nghip
53
n tt nghip
54
n tt nghip
* C rt c sunfit ha thi mng thnh lt, tri u trn khay sy m bo sao cho qu
trnh trao i nhit i lu ti u nht.
* C rt l loi rau c nhiu vitamin v cht dinh dng nn khng th tin hnh sy
55
n tt nghip
trong thi gian 6-8 pht
n m yu cu (12-14%)
ng gi bo qun
56
n tt nghip
57
n tt nghip
58
n tt nghip
Heat pump dryer, tc nhn sy sau kh i qua bung sy (trng thi 3 c qut ht
tr v theo ng ng hi lu, sau qua dn lnh gim nhit n nhit t4
(trng thi 4) v n nhit t1 (trng thi 1), ti y lng nc ngng t s c
dn ra ngoi. Tc nhn sy sau khi tch m tip tc i qua dn nng, nng nhit ln
t2 (trng thi 2), ri i qua bung sy, thc hin qu trnh sy. Qu trnh sy l thuyt
c trnh by trn gin I-d nh sau:
1-2: Qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy n nhit sy. im (2) l trng thi
59
n tt nghip
thi khng kh sau khi i qua bung sy c hi lu hon ton, im (4) trng thi
khng kh trong thit b bay hi, lc bt u gim m.
4-1: Qu trnh tch m. im (1) l trng thi khng kh cui giai on tch m.
4026, 42
Pb 0 = exp 12 235, 5 + t0
4026, 42
= exp
12 -235, 5 + 27 = 0, 03548 bar
* Dung m ca khng kh
d 0 =0,621
0 .Pb0
Pa -0 .Pb0
=0,621
0,74.0,03548
=0,0169 kg/kgkk
0,993-0,74.0,03548
60
n tt nghip
4026,42
4026,42
Pb1 =exp 12 =exp
12 =0,01072 bar
235,5+t
235,5+8
* Dung m ca khng kh
d =0,621
1
.P
1
b1
P - .P
a
=0,621
b1
1.0,01072
=0,00678 kg/kgkk
0,993-1.0,01072
* Entanpi
Thay cc thng s ca im 1 vo cng thc ta c:
I1 = 1,0048.t1 + d1(2500 +1,842.t1)
= 1,0048.8 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.8) = 25,1 kJ/kgkk
c) im 2 : Tc nhn sy c gia nhit (trng thi khng kh sau dn nng)
* Nhit : t2 = 400C (Nhit ci t trong qu trnh sy)
* Phn p sut bo ho
4026,42
4026,42
=exp 12P =exp 12=0,0731 bar
b2
235,5+t
235,5+40
61
n tt nghip
* Dung m
Do qu trnh 1-2 l qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy thng qua dn nng ca bm nhit
nn : d1 = d2 = 0,00678 kg/kgkk
* Entanpy :
I2 = 1,0048.t2 + d2(2500 +1,842.t2)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 57,64 kJ/kgkk
* m tng i
2 =
Pa .d2
( 0,621+d2) .Pb2
0,993.0,00678
= 0,621 + 0,00678 .0,0731 = 0,147 = 14,7 %
(
)
d) im 3
4026,42
4026,42
=0,0731 bar
=exp 12235,5+t 3
235,5+40
* Dung m:
d3 =0,621
*
3.P30
0,15.0,0731
=0,621
=0,011 kg/kgkk
Pa -3.Pb3
0,993-0,15.0,0731
Entanpy
I3 = 1,0048.t3 + d3(2500 +1,842.t3)
62
n tt nghip
Pa .d 4
0,993.0,011
Pb4 = 0,621+d . = (0,621+0,011).1 = 0,0173 bar
(
4) 4
* Nhit
4026,42
4026,42
235,5 = 15,3 0C
t4 = 12-lnP -235,5 =
12
ln0,0173
b4
* Entanpi
I4 = 1,0048.t4 + d4(2500 +1,842.t4)
= 1,004.15,3 + 0,011(2500 + 1,842.15,3) = 43,2 kJ/kgkk
63
n tt nghip
1=6,15+4,17.v=6,15+4,17.3,1=19,1 W/m K
J1b =1(t m -t b )
Vi tm - nhit tc nhn sy, tm = 400C
tb - nhit b mt vt liu tb=t = 280C [Xc nh da vo th I-d]
2
J1b =19,1 ( 40-28 )= 229,2 W/m 2 hay 825120 kJ/m h
J 2b =
J1b
r
J 2b =
J1b 825120
=
=340g/m 2h=0,34kg/m 2h
r
2429
Tc sy ng tc [1]
U=
100 J 2b
R 0
100J2b
100.0,34
=
=20,53 %/h
R 0 1,6.10-3 .1035
0 =
F0 R
64
n tt nghip
F0 chun s Fure .
q .R 3,92.1,6
=
=11,4
0,55
( U . )
q =3,6 k k 0,4
( 2.R )
0,6
( 2,8.1,128)
=3,6
0,4
( 2.1,6)
0,6
= 4,5, W/m2
t k -1 37,5-28
=
=0,9
t k -o 37,5-27
Vi: tk - nhit trung bnh ca tc nhn sy trong khng gian sy, tk = tm=37,50C;
Cv
65
n tt nghip
Trong : = 0,55 (w/m K), = 1035 (kg/m ), C = 3,87 (kJ/kgK) [Ph lc 6 /3/]
a=
0, 55
3,87.1035
=1,373.104
3 2
0, 6.(1, 6.10
)
=
1,373.104
0,=011 h
100
cb =k1 +0,435.k 2 .ln
100-
100
100-74
Ta c: cb =2,7+0,435.19,5.ln
cbk =
=8,4%
cbk
8,4
=
.100=9,1%
100-cbk 100-8,4
Vy thi gian sy ng tc
1 =
dk - kx
U
dk =
*
d
88,7
=
.100=785%
100-d 100-88,7
kx m ti hn ca vt liu m
1
785
kx = +cb = d +cb =
+9,1=445,2%
1,8
1,8
=
1
785-445,2
=16,5 h
20,53
66
n tt nghip
Vi dk = 785 %
2,3 kx -cb
ln
U 2k -cb
1
1
2 = +cb kx -cb =
2 =
Trong :
1,8
1,8
* = = 88,7 =0,0203%
d
13
2
* 2= 13 % 2k = 100- .100= 100-13.100=15%
2
1
2,3
2,3
2 =
.ln
=
0,0203.20,53 -
2k cbk0,0203.20,53
0,0203
ln
=11, 7 h
15-9,1
Lp vt liu sy liu c b tr nm trn cc khay sy bng kim loi sao cho dng tc
nhn sy c th d dng di qua b mt ca vt liu nhng ng thi phi m bo cho qu
trnh truyn nhit v truyn m ca tc nhn sy din ra thun li nht. Qua thc t kho
nghim khi tin hnh cc th nghim b tr vt liu trn khay sy ta rt ra t l tng
ng ca vt liu sy trn mt m2 khay sy l 4kg/m2. i vi mt m sy khi tin hnh
thc nghim ta tin hnh vi khi lng vt liu sy G1 =14,5 kg.
67
n tt nghip
* Lng m bc hi trong mt m sy
W=G1
1-2
88,7-13
=14,5.
=12,6
100-2
100-13
(kg/m)
Wh =
W 12,6
=
=0,447
28,2
(kg/h)
l0 =
*
1
1
=
=237 kgkk/kga
d3 -d 2 0,011-0,00678
qlt =
I 2 -I1
57,64-25,1
= 0,011-0,00678 = 7711 kJ/kga
d3 -d 2
Qk lt =
Qlt
97157
=
= 0, 96 kW
28,2.3600
68
n tt nghip
* Lng m ngng t
Q0 lt =
Qlllt 532022, 24
=
=0,53 kW
28,2.3600
69
n tt nghip
thi khng kh iu kin mi trng, im (1) l trng thi khng kh trong thit b
bay hi, lc bt u gim m. Khng kh ngoi mi trng c ht vo dn lnh
kh m.
1-2: Qu trnh tch m. im (2) l trng thi khng kh cui giai on gim m
Pa .d1
0,993.0,0169
Pb1 = 0,621+d . = (0,621 +0,0169).1 = 0,0263 bar
(
1) 1
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
70
n tt nghip
* Nhit
4026,42
4026,42
t1 = 12-lnP -235,5 = 12-ln0,0263 -235,5 = 22 0C
b1
* Entanpi
I1 = 1,0048.t1 + d1(2500 +1,842.t1)
= 1,004.22 + 0,0169(2500 + 1,842.22) = 65 kJ/kgkk
c) im 2 : Trng thi khng kh sau dn lnh (sau khi kh m)
Ta c: 2=100%, t2= 80C
* Phn p sut bo ho
Pb2 =exp 12
4026,42
4026,42
=0,01072 bar
=exp 12235,5+t2
235,5+8
* Dung m ca khng kh
d =0,621
2
.P
2
b2
P - .P
a
= 0,621
b2
1.0,01072
= 0,00678 kg/kgkk
0,993-1.0,01072
71
4026,42
235,5+t3
n tt nghip
4026,42
=0,0731 bar
=exp 12235,5+40
* Dung m: Do qu trnh 2-3 l qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy thng qua dn nng ca
3 =
Pa .d3
( 0,621+d3) .Pb3
0,993.0,00678
= 0,621+0,00678 .0,0731 = 0,147 = 14,7 %
(
)
e) im 4 : Trng thi tc nhn sy thi ra ngoi
V mt l thuyt qu trnh sy trong phng php sy lnh l qu trnh ng nhit,
t3=t4=40oC. m ca kh tc nhn sy sau khi qua bung sy 4=15%
* Phn p sut hi bo ha
Pb4 =exp 12
4026,42
235,5+t 4
* Dung m : d 2 =0,621
4026,42
=exp 12 =0,0731 bar
235,5+40
.P
2 b2
P - .P
a 2 b2
=0,621
0,15.0,0731
=0,011 kg/kgkk
0,993-0,15.0,0731
* Entanpy
I4 = 1,0048.t4 + d4(2500 +1,842.t4)
72
n tt nghip
W=G1
1-2
88,7-13
=14,5.
=12,6
100-2
100-13
(kg/m)
Wh =
W 12,6
=
=0,447
28,2
(kg/h)
l0 =
1
1
=
=237 kgkk/kg a
d 4 -d 3 0,011-0,00678
I3 -I2
57,64-25,1
= 0,011-0,00678 = 7711 kJ/kga
d 4 -d3
73
n tt nghip
QK lt =
Qlt
97157
=
=0,96 kW/h
28, 2.3600
* Lng m ngng t
Q0 lt =
Qll lt
119150
=
=1,17 kW/h
28, 2.3600
G1 = 14,5 kg/m
* Th tch hu dng
Vh =
G1
, m3
m .KV
Trong : m - Khi lng ring ca vt liu sy, m = 1035 kg/m3 [Ph lc 6 /3/]
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
74
n tt nghip
Vh =
14,5
=0,028 m3
1035.0,5
Q bs
L, I 1, d 1
(G 2C n
G vc. C vc .t
+WC m ).
m1
t m1
THIT B SY
Q5
L, I3' , d
3'
G2 .C m G cv. C vc .t
m2
.t m2
75
n tt nghip
(*)
Trong :
*
Qbs - Nhit lng b sung. Do khng dng thit b gia nhit cho khng kh sau dn
nng nn Qbs = 0
Ta c: q = q1 + q2 + qvc + q5 + qm
M
Hay
76
n tt nghip
Trong
* F - Din tch xung quanh ca bung sy, m2 . Bung sy l hnh hp c cc thng
s: L B H = 0,75 0,75 0,7 (m3). Ta tnh tng din tch xung quanh ca bung
sy: F = 2(L.B + L.H + B.H) = 2(0,75.0,75 + 0,75.0,7 + 0,75.0,7) = 3,225 (m2)
* t - chnh nhit bn trong v bn ngoi bung sy , 0C
t = tf1 - tf2 = 40 27 = 13oC
tf1
tw1
tw2
tf2
Gi thit tw1 = 39,1oC (nhit vch trong ca tng ), phng trnh cn bng nhit:
q = 1(tf1 -tw1) =
(t -t ) = 2(tw2 - tf2)
w1 w2
77
n tt nghip
0,003
= 39,1 16,05.
= 39,09 0C
46
Nhit nh tnh: t m =
t w2 +t 0 39,09+27
=
= 33 C
2
2
O
Gr =
9,81.0,7.0,753
=4.107
-6 2
(16,29.10 ) .(273+0,9)
- H s to nhit: 2 =
Suy ra
N u . 38,72.2,697.10-2
2
=
=1,39 W/m
K
l
0,75
- So snh q v q : q =
q q'
q
17,19 16,81
=
0,
= 022 2,
= 2% 5%
<
17,19
78
n tt nghip
1
K= 1 1
+ +
1
2
K=
Hay
1
= 1, 28 W/m 2K
0, 003
1
1
16, 05 + 46 + 1,39
q 5=
Q5 5451,624
=
=432 kJ/kga
W
12,6
1 = t0 = 27oC
2 = tf1 =40oC
q m=
Qm 95,6
=
=7,6 kJ/kga
W 12,6
79
n tt nghip
d) Nhit hu ch do m mang vo q1
q1 = - Cn.tm1
Trong :
Vy:
Ta c:
80
n tt nghip
trng hp sy thc t.
b) Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc t
Thng s ti cc im nt ca th
im 0, 1, 2
= (d3 d2)
l
81
n tt nghip
d3=
A+d 2
B-
C k (40-40)+(2500+1,842.40).0,00678+0,00678.350,3
=0,00891 kg/kgkk
(2500+1,842.40)-350,3
* Entanpi
I3 = 57,64 + 350,3.(0,00891-0,00678) = 58,4 kJ/kgkk
Pa .d 3'
0,993.0,00891
=
=0,192 = 19,2 %
3'
* m:
=
0,621+d 3' .P b3' ( 0,621+0,00891 ) .0,0731
im 4
*
m: 4 = 100%.
Pa .d 4'
Phn p sut bo ho: Pb4 = 0,621+d .
(
4' ) 4'
=
Nhit
0,993.0,00891
=0,014 bar
(0,621+0,00891).1
4026,42
t4 = 12-lnP -235,5
b4'
82
n tt nghip
=
4026,42
-235,5=12
12-ln0,0082
L tt
5915,5
=
= 0,06 kg/s
28,2.3600
I 2 -I1
57,64 25,1
=
= 15277 kJ/kga
0,00891 0,00678
d 3' -d 2
Q tt
192490
=
= 1,9 kW
28,2.3600
* Lng m ngng t
83
n tt nghip
Q0tt =
Q0tt
58806
=
=
28,2.3600
0,58 kW
84
n tt nghip
= (d4 d3)
l
85
n tt nghip
- B = 2500 +1,842t3
I4 I3 = A + Bd3 = ( d4 d3)
d4 =
d4=
A+d 3
B-
C k (40-40)-(2500+1,842.40).0,00678+0,00678.350,3
=0,00891 kg/kgkk
(2500+1,842.40)-350,3
* Entanpi
I4 = 57,64 + 350,3.(0,00891 - 0,00678) = 58,4 kJ/kgkk
* m:
4' =
Pa .d 4'
0,993.0,00891
= 0,192 = 19,2 %
=
( 0,621 +d 4' ) .Pb4' ( 0,621 +0,00891 ).0,0731
1
1
=
= 469,5 kgkk/kga
d 4' -d 3 0,00891-0,00678
L tt
5915,7
=
= 0,06 kg/s
28,2.3600
I3 -I 2
57,64 25,1
= 0,00891 0,00678 = 15277 kJ/kga
d 4' -d 3
86
n tt nghip
192490
tt
Qk tt = = 28,2.3600 = 1,9 kW/h
* Lng m ngng t
Q0tt
236036
=
=2,32
28,2.3600
kW/h
87
n tt nghip
88
n tt nghip
p0 = 4,983 bar
tk = 500C
pk = 19,395 bar
89
SVTH:
Nguyn
Anh Tun
NT:
Ngng t
n tt nghip
Nguyn l lm vic
Hi mi cht sau khi ra khi thit b bay hi c a vo thit b hi nhit, nhn
90
n tt nghip
th
Cc qu trnh:
o
d) Bng cc thng s ti cc im nt ca th
Tra bng cc tnh cht nhit ng ca R22 trng thi bo ha v bng cc tnh cht
nhit ng ca hi qu nhit R22 Ta c bng cc thng s nhit ng ca mi cht trn
th nh sau:
91
n tt nghip
Trng thi
P
bar
v.103
m3/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kgK
Hi bo ha kh x=1
4,893
46,98
405,27
1,751
Hi qu nhit
4,893
25
54,41
423,53
1,817
Hi qu nhit
19,395
97,4
15,71
462,85
1,817
19,395
50
0,8
263,3
1,208
Lng cha si
19,395
36,5
245,0
1,152
Hi bo ha m
4,893
0,5
14,1
245,0
1,165
T i3 v p3 ta c t3 = 36,5 0C
Nh vy qu lnh tql = 50 36,5 = 13,5 0C
e) Tnh ton chu trnh
92
n tt nghip
Qk =
Q ktt 1,9
=
= 2,7 kW
k 0,7
Q0 =
Q0tt 2,32
=
= 3,3 kW
0
0,7
Q0
3,3
=
= 0,02 kg/s
i1 -i 4 405,27-245
Qk
2,7
=
= 0,014 kg/s
i 2 -i3 462,85-263,3
Ta thy lu lng mi cht qua dn nng v dn lnh theo tnh ton khng bng nhau.
Do m bo cng sut ca ton h thng th ta chn lu lng ln nht. Tc l: G
= max(G0, Gk) = G0 = 0,02 kg/s.
* Cng sut nhit
Qk = Qk Qk = 4 2,7 = 1,3 kW
* Ph ti ca thit b hi nhit
93
n tt nghip
0,9
- ng knh trong
dtr = 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi
dng = 18 mm
- Bc ng
s1 = s2 = s = 34 mm
- Chiu di on ng
l = 0,5 m
94
n tt nghip
c = 0,3 mm
- Chiu dy
- Bc cnh
sc = 3,5 mm
- ng knh cnh
dc = 32 mm
Qk = 2,7 kW
Nhit khng kh vo dn
tkk = t1 = 8 0C
tkk = t2 = 40 0C
tk = 50 0C
G = 0,02 kg/s
= 3,1 m/s
Tc khng kh u vo ca dn
F=
Qk
Q
= k , m2
k.t k q kf
t max -tmin 0
, C
t
ln max
t min
95
n tt nghip
Trong :
Ta tnh c t tb = 22,30C
Xc nh h s truyn nhit k
Do ng c chiu dy mng (d2/d1= 1,2 <1,4) nn qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr
c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng. Lc h s truyn nhit k c th tnh theo
cng thc [5] :
k=
1
1
1
, W/mK
+ +
1 2 .c
c =1+
n c ( d2c -d22 )
2.d1 .l
l
0,5
=
= 143 cnh
sc 0,0035
96
n tt nghip
Fc1
F .d 2 +F .
2.n c
ng knh tng ng: dE =
1
1
F0 +Fc
h=
d c -d 2 32-18
=
= 7 mm
2
2
1
0
1
c
Trong :
F01 =
Fc1 = 2
Thay vo ta c:
dE =
d c2-d 22
2.3,14.(0,032 2-0,018 2).143
.nc =
4
4
0,0283.0,018+0,157.
= 0,157 m2
0,157
2.143 = 0,0226 m
0,0283+0,157
max =
3,1
=
= 7,1 m/s
d 2 2.h.c
0,018 2.0,007.0,0003
1- +
1- 0,034 + 0,034.0,0035
s
s
.s
1 c
1
97
n tt nghip
max .d E 7,1.0,0226
= 15,436.10 -6 = 10,4.103
Nu. k 46,8.2,622.10-2
=
= 54,3 W/m2K
dE
0,0226
H s to nhit ca cnh: c =
Fc1
H s to nhit tng ng ca pha ng c cnh: 2 =c 1 ( c + ) , W/m2K
F2
Trong :
- =
F01 0,0283
=
=0,18
Fc1 0,157
2 =54,3
0,157
0,95+0,18
(
0,1853
) = 52 W/m2K
1=1,2.N=1,2.0,728 (
3. 2 .g.r 0,25
)
, W/m2K
.t.d ng
Trong :
r = 154,03 kJ/kg - Nhit n ha hi ca mi cht;
=1085 kg/m3 - Khi lng ring ca mi cht lng trong dn ngng;
98
n tt nghip
3 . 2 .g.r
1 =1,2N =1,2.0,728.
.t .d
2,1.104 .1,7.0,018
Thay vo :
k=
0,25
= 4922 W/m2K
1
1
1
+ +
1 2 .c
1
k=
Khi :
0,0018
1
= 368,6 W/m2K
+
4922
714
52.7,67
+
F1 =
Qk
2,7.103 = 0,33 m2
=
k.t k 368,6.22,3
* S ng trong dn: n =
F1
0,33
=
= 14. Ta chn n=36 ng
.d1.l 3,14.0,015.0,5
99
n tt nghip
dtr = 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi
dng = 18 mm
- Bc ng
s1 = s2 = s = 36 mm
- Chiu di on ng
L = 0,5 m
Cnh: - Chiu dy
- Bc cnh
c = 0,35 mm.
sc = 3,5 mm.
100
n tt nghip
- Chiu di cnh
lc = 34 mm
4.l c
= 43,31 mm
Q0 = 3,3 kW
tk0 = 35 0C
tk0 = 8 0C
t0 = 0 0C
G = 0,02 kg/s
Gk = 0,06 kg/s
Tc khng kh u vo dn lnh
0 = 3,1 m/s
F=
2
Q0
Q
= 0 ,m
k.t 0 q0f
t max -t min 0
, C
t
ln max
t min
Trong :
101
n tt nghip
qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng. Lc
h s truyn nhit k c th tnh theo cng thc:
k=
1
, W/mK
1
1
+ +
1 2. c
Trong :
1 , 2 - H s trao i nhit bn trong v ngoi ng trao i nhit, W/m2K;
- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK. Tra bng ph lc 2 [Ti liu
l
0,5
=
= 125 cnh
s c 0,004
c =1+
n c ( d2c -d22 )
2.d1 .l
nc = 125 cnh
h=
dc -d2 43,31-18
=
= 12,66 mm.
2
2
F01.d 2 +Fc1.
Fc1
2.n c
F01 +Fc1
Trong :
102
n tt nghip
Fc1 = 2
d c2 -d 22
2.3,14.(0,043312 -0,0182 ).125
.nc =
= 0,61 m2
4
4
dE =
0,0247.0,018+0,61.
0,61
2.125 = 0,048 m
0,0247+0,61
Tc ti khe hp tnh theo cng thc
max =
3,1
2
d
1- 2 +
0,036
0,036.0,004
s
s
.s
1
1 c
7,07.0,048
max .d E
=
= 22,3.103
15,201.10 -6
Nu. k 75,8.2,602.10 -2
=
H s to nhit ca cnh: c =
= 41,1 W/m2K
dE
0,048
103
2 =c
n tt nghip
Fc1
( + ) , W/m2K
F21 c
Trong : - =
F01 0,0247
=
=0,0405
Fc1
0,61
1
1
1
- F2 = Fc + F0 = 0,0247 + 0,61 =0,6347 m2
0,61
( 0,95+0,0405) = 39,1 W/m2K
0,6347
0,5
.l , W/m2K
1 =A .
d tr
2,5
3
2,5
1,5 0,5.1,284.10
2
=
1,32
.[3,5
-0]
.
1
= 2712 W/m K
-3
15.10
Thay vo
k=
1
1
1
+ +
1 2. c
104
n tt nghip
1
0,0015
1
k=
= 452 W/m2K
+
+
2712
389
39,1.13,9
1
Khi :
q-q'
q
Q0
3,3.103 = 0,4 m2
F1 =
=
k.t 0 452.18,3
Tnh cc thng s c th ca dn bay hi
F1
0,4
=
S ng trong dn: n =
.d1.l 3,14.0,015.0,5 = 17 Ta chn s ng n=36 ng
Chn s ng trn mi hng l m = 9 ng ta s c s hng ng trong dn bay hi
l: z = n/m =4.
Kch thc ca dn
- Chiu rng dn B = z.s2 = 4.0,036 = 0,144 m
- Chiu cao dn
105
n tt nghip
pk 19,395
p0 = 4,983 = 3,89
- H s cp ca my nn:
Vtt
Vlt
106
n tt nghip
i =
P0 -P PK +Pd P0-Ph
-C
P0
P0
P
Chn :
* C = 0,05
* Ph = Pd =0,1 bar
i =
4,983-0,1
19,395+0,1 4,983-0,1
-0,05
=0,85
4,983
4,983
4,983
w' =
T0 273+0
=
=0,845
Tk 273+50
H s lu lng ca my nn
=iw= 0,85.0,845=0,72
Th tch chuyn di ca pittong
Vh =
V 1,09.10-3
=1,51.10-3 m3/s
=
0,72
i = w'+b.t 0=0,845+0,0025.0=0,845
107
n tt nghip
N a 0,78
=
= 0,923 kW
i 0,845
Cng sut ma st
Nm =Vh .Pm .102 = 1,51.10-3 .0,5.102=0,00755 kW (Chn Pm =0,5 bar)
Cng sut hiu dng
Ne =Ni +Nm =0,923 + 0,00755 = 0,99 kW
Cng sut trn trc my nn truyn ng trc tip
N = Ne = 0,99 kW
b) Tnh ton nng sut lnh tiu chun
Do cng sut lnh ca my nn ph thuc rt ln vo ch vn hnh nn ch vn
hnh khc so vi trong catalogue. chn my nn ph hp ta tin hnh quy i nng
sut lnh t ch vn hnh sang ch quy chun: Vi R22, ch tiu chun l: t0 =
150C; tqn = 15 0C; tk = 30 0C; tql = 25 0C. Ta lp bng thng s trng thi ca cc im nt
trn th:
Trng thi
v.103
m3/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kgK
P
bar
108
n tt nghip
Hi bo ha kh x=1
2,966
-15
77,29
698,38
1,7710
Hi qu nhit
2,966
15
106,15
719,7
1,8448
Hi qu nhit
11,908
85
25,183
759,315
1,8448
11,908
30
0,8515
536,51
1,1248
Lng cha si
11,908
25
515,19
Hi bo ha m
2,966
-15
515,19
T s nn:
pk
11,908
=
= 4,015
p0
2,966
ta c tc = 0,76
Nng sut lnh ring khi lng tiu chun
q0tc = i1 i4 = 183,19 kJ/kg
Nng sut lnh ring th tch tiu chun
q =
vtc
0tc
183,19
-3
77,29.10
=2370 kJ/m3
q vtc . tc
2370.0,76
=3,3.
=2,27 kW
q v .
3400.0,77
ta c i = 0,86
109
n tt nghip
Cng nn ch th
Ni =
N s 1,21
=
=1,4 kW
i 0,86
Nel =
Ne
td el
Nel =
Ne 1,41
=
= 1,56 kW
td el 0,9
CR18KQ-PFZ-280BM
Q0tc:
2,5 HP
S xi lanh:
in ngun:
220V/1Ph/50Hz
ng knh pittng: 42 mm
S vng quay:
48 vg/s
110
n tt nghip
4.Vd
4.0,314.10-3
=
= 0,006 m
.d
3,14.11
3.11.5.2. ng ng ht
* Lu lng th tch mi cht qua ng ht
Vd = G.v1 = 0,02.54,18.10-3 = 1,08.10-3 m3/s
* Tc mi cht trong ng ht
Tc dng chy thch hp vi mi cht R22, h=(712) m/s. Ta chn h= 8 m/s
* ng knh trong ca ng
dtd =
4.Vd
4.1,08.10 -3
=
= 0,0131 m
.d
3,14.8
111
n tt nghip
1- ng vo hi hi h p
5
1
2- ng ra lng cao p
3- ng vo lng cao p
4- ng ra hi h p
5- ng xon
6- ng tr kn
c) Nguyn l
Lng cao p chy bn trong ng xon trao i nhit vi hi h p chy bn ngoi ng
lm cho hi h p t hi bo ho tr thnh hi qu nhit. Lng cao p nh nhit cho hi
h p v c qu lnh mt phn. ng tr kn 2 u c nhim v hng cho dng hi i
qua ng xon v lm tng tc dng hi tng cng hiu qu trao i nhit. Bnh hi
nhit c bc cch nhit.
* Thng s thit k
- Cng sut thit b hi nhit
Qhn = 0,37 kW
tl = t3 = 50 0C
tl = t3 = 36,5 0C
- Nhit hi mi cht vo
th = t1 = 0 0C
- Nhit hi mi cht ra :
th = t1 = 25 0C
= 0,8 m/s.
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
112
n tt nghip
d1 = 2.
V
1,6.10-5
=2.
= 0,005 m
.
3,14.0,8
Theo kch thc tiu chun ca ng ng trong bng cc loi ng ng cho my lnh
Freon ta chn d1 = 6 mm. Khi , ng knh ngoi l: d2 = 8 mm.
ng knh ca vng xon: Chn Dx = 30 mm
= 3,14
2
-2.0,008)
= 0,00177 m2
Lu lng th tch ca mi cht
V 9,4.10-4
=
= 0,53 m/s
F 0,00177
113
n tt nghip
F=
Qhn
, m2
k.t tb
Trong thc t, nhit trong thit b ngng t gim t t 2 xung tk, gi nguyn tk trong
qu trnh ngng t nhng li gim khi qa lnh. Nhng khi tnh ton c th coi nhit
trong thit b ngng t l khng i v bng tk. chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh
theo cng thc:
t tb =
t max -t min
0
t
ln max , C
t min
1
1 1
, W/mK
+ +
1 2.
114
n tt nghip
* Xc nh h s to nhit 1
Nhit trung bnh ca mi cht lng: ttb = 0,5(t3 + t3) = 0,5(50 +36,5) = 43,250C.
Re =
Pr
Trong : A - H s k n nh hng ca chiu dng nhit: A = f
Prw
Coi tf = tw nn A = 1
1 - H s k n chiu di ng 1 = 1;
R - H s k n nh hng khi un cong;
R = 1 + 1,77
d1
0,006
=1+1,77
R
0,5.0,008
= 3,65
115
n tt nghip
Thay vo ta c:
Nu = 0,021.(1,64.104)0,8.3,8570,43.1.1.3,65 = 322,5
Vy:
1 =
Nu. k 322,5.7,53.10-2
=
= 4101 W/m2K
d1
0,006
* H s to nhit 2
0,65
0,33
Nuf = 0,26.Ref .Prf .A. s
Pr f
Vi: A - H s k n nh hng chiu dng nhit: A =
Prw
0 , 25
.Coi tf = tw A = 1
0,15
0,15
0,035
=
0,008
= 1,25
Re =
Nu. k 339.0,0913
=
= 3869 W/m2K
d2
0,008
116
n tt nghip
k=
1
1
=
1 1
1
0,001
1
= 1981 W/mK
+ +
+
+
1 2 4101 389 3869
F=
Qhn
370
=
= 0,01 m2
k.t tb 1981.18,7
* Chiu di l ca ng xon: l =
F
,m
.d tb
F
0,01
=
= 0,455 m
.d tb 3,14.0,007
l 0,455
=
= 4,8; Chn n = 6 vng
l1 0,0942
Trong :
V , m2
Chn
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
117
n tt nghip
0,06
kk
V = =1,137 = 053 m3/s
Vy:
F=
V 0, 053
=
=0,1325 m2
ng knh ng dn khng kh
d=
4F
4.0,1325
=
= 0,41 m
3,14
118
n tt nghip
Trong :
, mmH2O
- H s tn tht ma st;
l - Chiu di ng. l = 3,5m;
d ng knh trong tng ng ca ng, d = 41m;
- Tc khng kh trong ng. = 4 m/s;
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh ti nhit 37,50C; =1,137
kg/m3; =16,72.10-6 m2/s.[ph lc 3/1/]
Khi : Re =
4.0,41
.d
= 16,72.10 -6 =0,98.105
119
n tt nghip
l. 2
3,5.1,137.42
. =0,018.
= 1,4 mmH2O
d 2
0,41.2
Tn tht cc b Pcb
- H thng ng ng gi gm c:
* 1 van iu chnh gi tit din hnh ch nht. D/D0 = v gc nghing = 00 ta
c = .
* 4 ct tit din hnh ch nht theo khung ca bung sy ta c = 1,37.
* Tr lc khi i qua cc khay sy xp song song ta c = 0,5.
Tn tht cc b c tnh theo cng thc
Pcb=.
. 2
1,137.4 2
= 74,3 mmH2O
= (0,19+4.1.37+5.0,5)
2
2
. 2
, mmH2O
2
P2 = 167,6 mmH2O
120
n tt nghip
Bng 3-3. Tn tht kh ng bn trong h thng sy
V tr
1,3,4,6
2
5
7
8
9
Dng tn tht
Tr lc cc b trn cc co 900
Tr lc cc b khi i qua cc khay sy
Tr lc cc b khi i qua bung x l khng kh
Tr lc cc b khi i qua van iu chnh gi
Tn tht ma st khi i qua bung sy
Tr lc cc b khi i qua li lc
Tng tn tht tr lc ca h thng
Tn tht (mmH2O)
49,9
22,7
164
1,73
1,40
3,57
243,3
d) Chn qut.
Ta c cng sut ca qut
N=
9,81.Vtb .P
; kW
1000.
9,81.0,06.3600.1,137.243,3
1000.0,4.3600
= 0,4 kW/h
121
n tt nghip
*
* p sut 2383 Pa
* Cng sut 0,22 kW
Hnh 3-9. S c tnh k thut ca qut APCR0502AA10/10
122
n tt nghip
Chng 4
KHO NGHIM QU TRNH SY THC T TRN M HNH
MY SY LNH
4.1. Mc ch
Cc kt qu tnh ton v mt l thuyt hai ch hi lu hon ton v ch thi b
tc nhn v c bn ph hp vi nguyn l ca phng php sy lnh. Tuy nhin, cn thit
phi kim nghim tnh chnh xc ca phng php tnh la chn. T vic xy dng m
hnh trn l thuyt n thc t i hi phi tin hnh thc nghim nghin cu t m m
hnh xy dng xc nh cc ch sy ti u nht. Vic kho nghim thc t m
hnh my sy xy dng t tnh ton thit k l vic kim tra cc thng s nh hng n
ch sy t tm ra ch sy ti u i vi cc vt liu khc nhau.
4.2. Phng php v phng tin
a) Phng php
- Da vo cc kin thc cn bn v k thut sy ca cc tc gi - chuyn gia u ngnh
cng vi nhng ti liu mi chuyn v sy lnh do gio vin hng dn hng dn cung
cp.
- Phng php gii tch: S dng cc cch tnh ton gii tch c hc v b sung
nhng cng thc t ngun ti liu c thm.
- Phng php thc nghim: T thc nghim tm ra cc thng s b sung cho qu trnh
tnh ton cng nh kim nh li cng thc l thuyt.
b) Phng tin
Sy C rt bng phng php sy lnh l mt k thut cn mi nn quy trnh cng
ngh chun cha c xy dng mt cch y . Cn phi tin hnh cc th nghim
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
123
n tt nghip
M hnh my sy lnh
124
n tt nghip
Vn tc tc nhn, m/s
2,93
3,30
3,35
3,05
3,01
3,12
125
n tt nghip
Nhit , 0C
24
27
32
33
25
23
27,3
m, %
77
73
70
69
75
74
73,6
126
n tt nghip
m vt liu u vo, %
88,56
87,93
87,93
89,76
88,84
88,65
m u ra ca sn phm, %
14,56
11,70
12,60
15,64
11,56
13,21
Kt qu o, mm
3,1
3,3
3,3
3,2
3,0
3,2
127
n tt nghip
1: My nn
5: Dn lnh
2: Dn nng
6: Qut
3: Khay liu
7: Tm chn
4: Bng iu khin
8: Khay ng nc ngng
T ngoai
troi
128
T khi
say
T buong
lanh
T xa
Lng
m ngng
n tt nghip
t, (kg)
4/16/2010
10:55
74.5
18,4
32.2
39.3
39.8
39.3
0.00
4/16/2010
11:10
74.5
18,4
32.2
41.9
34.8
40.9
0.00
4/16/2010
11:25
74.4
18.4
32.2
38.2
27.6
34.2
0.09
4/16/2010
11:40
74.4
18.6
32.2
38.7
27
36.7
0.10
4/16/2010
11:55
74.5
18.4
32.2
38.2
27
34.2
0.17
4/16/2010
12:10
72.8
18.6
32.2
38.7
27.2
36.7
0.22
4/16/2010
12:25
72.8
18.4
32.2
39.2
26.5
34.2
0.36
4/16/2010
12:40
72.0
18.6
32.2
39.7
27.5
36.7
0.50
4/16/2010
12:55
72.2
18.6
32.2
39.7
26.9
36.7
0.58
4/16/2010
13:10
10
70.3
18.6
32.2
38.7
27.2
36.7
0.62
4/16/2010
13:25
11
70.3
18.4
32.2
38.2
27.4
34.2
0.80
4/16/2010
13:40
12
70.0
18.4
32.2
38.2
26.9
34.2
0.98
4/16/2010
13:55
13
70.5
18.4
33.2
39.2
26.7
34.2
1.02
4/16/2010
14:10
14
70.5
18.4
33.2
39.2
27
34.2
1.10
4/16/2010
15
69.3
18.4
33.2
38.2
27
34.2
1.17
129
n tt nghip
14:25
4/16/2010
14:40
16
69.3
18.4
33.2
39.2
27.1
34.2
1.23
4/16/2010
14:55
17
69.3
18.6
33.2
39.7
27
36.7
1.36
4/16/2010
15:10
18
69.4
18.6
33.7
39.7
27.5
36.7
1.45
4/16/2010
15:25
19
69.3
18.6
33.7
39.7
27.9
36.7
1.50
4/16/2010
15:40
20
69.3
18.6
33.7
39.7
27.7
36.7
1.57
4/16/2010
15:55
21
69.3
18.6
33.2
39.7
27.5
36.7
1.63
4/16/2010
16:10
22
70.8
18.6
33.2
39.7
27.3
36.7
1.74
4/16/2010
16:25
23
70.8
18.4
33.2
39.2
27.6
34.2
1.84
130
n tt nghip
Rh ngoai Rh khi
Number
troi
say
T ngoai
troi
T khi
say
T buong
lanh
T xa
Lng
m ngng
t, (kg)
4/17/2010
9:00
75.5
21,4
32.2
39.3
35.8
39.3
0.0
4/17/2010
9:15
75.5
21,4
32.2
41.9
33.8
41.9
0.2
4/17/2010
9:30
74.4
21.4
32.2
34.2
27.6
34.2
0.4
131
n tt nghip
4/17/2010
9:45
74.4
21.6
32.2
36.7
27
36.7
0.7
4/17/2010
10:00
74.5
21.4
32.2
34.2
27
34.2
1,0
4/17/2010
10:15
74.8
21.6
32.2
36.7
27.2
36.7
1,2
4/17/2010
10:30
74.5
21.4
32.2
34.2
26.5
34.2
1,5
4/17/2010
10:45
73.0
21.6
32.2
36.7
27.5
36.7
1,7
4/17/2010
11:00
72.2
21.6
32.2
36.7
26.9
36.7
1,8
4/17/2010
11:15
10
70.3
21.6
32.2
36.7
27.2
36.7
2,1
4/17/2010
11:30
11
70.3
21.4
32.2
34.2
27.4
34.2
2,3
4/17/2010
11:45
12
71.0
21.4
32.2
34.2
26.9
34.2
2,4
4/17/2010
12:00
13
70.5
21.4
33.2
34.2
26.7
34.2
2,6
4/17/2010
12:15
14
70.5
21.4
33.2
34.2
27
34.2
2,8
4/17/2010
12:30
15
69.3
21.4
33.2
34.2
27
34.2
2,9
4/17/2010
12:45
16
69.3
21.4
33.2
34.2
27.1
34.2
2,0
4/17/2010
13:00
17
69.3
21.6
33.2
36.7
27
36.7
3,1
4/17/2010
13:15
18
69.4
21.6
33.7
36.7
27.5
36.7
3,4
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4/17/2010
13:30
19
69.3
21.6
33.7
36.7
27.9
36.7
3,6
4/17/2010
13:45
20
69.3
21.6
33.7
36.7
27.7
36.7
3,8
4/17/2010
14:00
21
69.3
21.6
33.2
36.7
27.5
36.7
3,9
4/17/2010
14:15
22
70.8
21.6
33.2
36.7
27.3
36.7
4,2
4/17/2010
14:30
23
70.8
21.4
33.2
34.2
27.6
34.2
4,5
4/17/2010
14:45
24
70.8
21.4
33.2
34.2
27.6
34.2
4,8
4/17/2010
15:00
25
70.8
21.4
33.2
34.2
27.6
34.2
5,1
133
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134
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135
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b) Cng c h tr lp trnh
- Tools palette: bao gm cc ch lm vic ca chut. Cc cng c c trong tools
palette c s dng son tho hoc chy chng trnh. truy cp vo tools palette
chn menu: Window>>Show Tools palette.
- Controls palette: L bng cha cc b iu khin v ch th c s dng trn front
136
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137
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cht cao phn t ... xy ra mnh v nhit cao hn na rau qu c th b chy. Rau
qu i hi c ch sy n ho (nhit thp). Nu loi rau qu t thnh phn protin
th nhit t nng sn phm c th ln n 80-90 oC. i vi sn phm khng chn
nh chui, u th c th sy nhit cao, sau gim dn xung.
Qu trnh sy cn ph thuc vo tc tng nhit ca vt liu sy. Nu tc tng
nhit qu nhanh th b mt mt qu b rn li v ngn qu trnh thot m. Ngc li, nu
tc tng chm th cng thot m yu.
b) m khng kh
Mun nng cao kh nng ht m ca khng kh th phi gim m tng i ca n
xung. C 2 cch lm gim m tng i ca khng kh:
-
138
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139
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Chng 5
HIU QU KINH T
Gi thnh in : /hWh
140
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c cng sut lnh tng t nh bm nhit tnh ton. Vi cng sut lnh ca dn lnh l
2,32 kW tng ng vi cng sut lnh l 8400 Btu/h. Ta chn my iu ha ca hng
Daikin c model l FXAQ25MAVE vi cc thng s:
+ Nng sut dn lnh 9900 Btu/h;
+ Cng sut in 815 W;
+ Dng in 3,94 A;
+ Mi cht s dng R22;
+ Ga tin 12000000 ;
Tnh thm khon u t ban u xy dng hm sy v mua qut, Vy tng vn u
t cho ton b bung sy c tnh t l, tng u t = 15000000
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh
141
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Chi ph ()
2540
45790
37890
42105
128235
Chng 6
KT LUN V NGH
6.1. Kt lun
Da trn cc kt qu tnh ton v thc nghim nghin cu qu trnh sy lnh rau qu
hai ch sy khc nhau trn m hnh my sy lnh ti Khoa Cng ngh Nhit
Lnh Trng i hc Cng nghip Tp H Ch Minh ta rt ra kt lun:
- Bc u xy dng c quy trnh cng ngh sy C rt trn m hnh my sy lnh
ca Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh, i hc Cng Nghip TP H Ch Minh, thng qua
hai ch sy tin hnh thc nghim.
142
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6.2. ngh
-
V thi gian thc hin ti hn ch nn vic tin hnh thc nghim m hnh vi cc
ch khc nhau v thng s vn tc tc nhn sy, cng nh cha tm c di nhit
sy ti u i vi cc vt liu, i hi phi nghin cu su hn xy dng nn m
hnh chun i vi nhiu vt liu sy khc nhau.
143
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144
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K Thut.
3. Hong Vn Chc (2006)Thit k h thng thit b sy- Nh xut bn Khoa
Hc v K Thut.
4. Nguyn Vn La (2006) - K Thut Sy Vt Liu - NXB i Hc Quc Gia
TP H Ch Minh.
5. Hong nh Tn Truyn Nhit & Thit B Trao i Nhit - NXB Khoa Hc v
K Thut.
6. Phm L Dn, PGS.TS Bi Hi (2004) - Nhit ng Lc Hc K Thut Nh
Hc v K Thut.
8. Nguyn c Li, Phm Vn Ty (1994) K thut lnh c s - Nh xut bn
Gio Dc.
9. PGS.TS V Ch Chnh (2000) Gio trnh iu Ho Khng Kh NXB Khoa
Hc v K Thut.
10.
Thut.
11.
Ch Minh.
12.
qu sy kh - (T Internet)
13.
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146