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Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip

GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 1 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh



NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
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Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 2 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
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Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 3 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

CHNG I : TNG QUAN V K THUT SY
1.1 Khi nim qu trnh sy
1.1.1 Khi nim
1.1.2 Phn loi phng php sy
1.1.3 Mc ch ca qu trnh sy
1.1.4 Nhng bin i c bn ca qu trnh sy
1.1.4.1 Cc dng dch chuyn v th dch chuyn m trong vt keo
1.1.4.2 Cc dng dch chuyn v th dch chuyn m trong vt xp mao
dn
1.1.4.3 Cc dng dch chuyn m trong vt keo xp mao dn
1.1.4.4 Dch chuyn m i lu trong vt liu sy
1.2 C cht thot m ra khi vt liu sy
1.2.1 Qua trnh khuch tn ngoi
1.2.2Qu trnh khuch tn ni
1.2.3 Mi quan h gia qu trnh khuch tn ngoi v qu trnh khuch tn
ni
1.3 Cc giai on trong qu trnh sy
1.3.1 Giai on nung nng vt liu
1.3.2 Giai on sy ng tc
1.3.3 Giai on sy gim tc
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 4 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

1.4 Cc phng php v thit b sy
1.4.1 Cc phng php sy
1.4.2 Thit b sy
1.5 Tng quan v sy nhit thp
1.5.1 Gii thiu cc phng php sy lanh
1.5.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng sy lnh
1.6 Cc thit b trong h thng sy lnh
1.7 Mt s kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc
1.7.1 Cc tc gi trong nc
1.7.2 Cc tc gi nc ngoi
1.8 So snh phng php sy lnh vi phng php sy nng nh my
1.9 nh gi v kt lun
CHNG II : TM HIU V CNG NGH SY HNH L
2.1 Vt liu sy v tnh l ha ca vt liu sy
2.1.1 S cng ngh sy rau qu
2.1.2 nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng sn phm
2.3 Cc c tnh ha l ca mt s rau qu giu vitamin ng dng phng php
sy lnh
2.4 L thuyt sy rau qu
2.5 Mt s phng php sy rau qu
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 5 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

2.6 La chn phng php sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti
CHNG III : KHO ST THC TRNG V LA CHN PHNG
PHP SY
3.1 Kho st my sy ti nh my
3.2 Nhim v thit k
3.3 Chn phng n thit k
3.4 Chon tc nhn sy v nng sut sy
CHNG IV : TNH TON THIT K M HNH MY SY LNH S
DNG BM NHIT
4.1 Gii thiu bi ton thit k v m hnh thit k
4.2 Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy hnh
4.2.1. Gii thiu vt liu sy
4.2.1. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy Hnh
4.3 Xc nh cc thng s u vo ca vt liu
4.4 Tnh ton l thuyt ch sy hi lu hon ton
4.4.1 Xc inh cc im nt trn th sy
4.4.2 Tnh ton tc sy v thi gian sy
4.4.3 Tnh ton nhit qu trnh
4.5 Tnh ton l thuyt ch sy thi b tc nhn
4.5.1. Xc nh cc thng s im nt trn th sy
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 6 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

4.5.2. Tnh ton nhit qu trnh
4.6. Xc nh kch thc bung sy
4.7. Cn bng nhit cho qu trnh
4.8. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch hi lu hon ton
4.9. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch thi b tc nhn
4.10. Kt lun v ch sy
4.11. Tnh ton thit k v la chn thit b ph tr
4.11.1. Cc thng s nhit ca mi cht lnh
4.11.2. Tnh ton chu trnh bm nhit
4.11.3. Tnh ton thit k cc thit b trao i nhit
4.11.3.1. Dn ngng
4.11.3.2. Dn bay hi
4.11.4. Tnh chn my nn
4.11.5. Tnh chn ng ng dn mi cht
4.11.5.1. ng ng y
4.11.5.2. ng ng ht
4.11.6. Thit b hi nhit
4.11.7. Tnh ton tr lc v chn qut
CHNG V : TRANG B T NG HA H THNG SY V TNH
TON GI THNH
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 7 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

5.1 Trang b in
5.2 Tnh gi thnh sn phm
5.2.1 Chi ph nguyn liu, nhin liu
5.2.2 Chi ph lao ng
5.2.3 Chi ph khu hao
5.3 So snh cht lng v gi thnh hnh l sy nng v sy lnh
CHNG VI : KT LUN V NGH
6.1 Kt lun
6.2 ngh
TI LIU THAM KHO









Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 8 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Li cm n
Hc tp l mt qu trnh lu di, mi giai on ng mt vai tr quan trng
trong vic hnh thnh nhn cch, o c ca mi con ngi. T nhng ngy
bc chn vo ging ng i hc cho n lc hon thnh lun vn ny, em
nhn c s quan tm ch dn v gip tn tnh ca cc thy c. Qua qu
trnh thc hin lun vn tt nghip em xin by t long bit n chn thnh n:
- Ban gim hiu trng i hc Nha Trang.
- Tp th ging vin Khoa Cng ngh Nhit Lnh trng i hc Nha
Trang.
- Qu thy c tn tnh ch dy chng ti trong thi gian hc tp ti
trng.
- c bit, em xin chn thnh cm n Th.s L Nh Chnh trc tip theo
di, tn tnh hng dn em trong thi gian thc hin ti.
Tuy nhin, do hn ch v thi gian thc hin, ti khng trnh khi nhng
thiu st. Mong nhn c s ch bo ca qu thy c v gp ca cc bn.

Nha Trang, thng 3, nm 2012
Sinh vin thc hin ti

Bi Vn Vnh




Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 9 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

TRNG I HC NHA TRANG CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh c Lp- T Do- Hnh Phc
NHIM V N TT NGHIP
H v tn: MSSV:
Ngnh: Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh Nin Kha: 2008-2012
Tn ti: Kho st v tnh thit k my sy bm nhit tng si sy hnh
ut khu nng sut kgm.
I Thng tin thc hin ti:
1- S liu choo trc: M hnh sy lnh ca khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh
Trng i Hc Nha Trang v kho st thc t h thng sy nng ti
Cng Ty thy sn Bc liu ( KCN. Sui Du )
II Ni dung ti:
1- Tm hiu cng ngh sy lnh, phng php sy, cc thit b trong h
thng sy lnh.
2- Tm hiu k thut sy lnh trn mt s thc phm v rau qu trong nc
v th gii.
3- Trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh trong nc v th gii t
trc n nay.
4- La chn vt liu sy lnh, xy dng quy trnh cng ngh v x l vt liu
trc sy v sau sy lnh.
5- L thuyt v sy rau qu v thc phm.
6- Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit.
6.1 Gii quyt bi ton sy lnh l thuyt v sy thc theo ch thi b
tc nhn.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 10 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

6.2 Gii quyt bi ton sy lnh l thuyt v sy thc theo ch hi lu
hon ton kh thi.
7- Tnh ton thit k v la chn cc thit b ph tr cho h thng sy.
8- Kho nghim m hnh my sy lnh xc nh li cc thng s k thut
ca m hnh.
9- Xc nh mt s yu t chnh nh hng n cht lng sn phm sy
lnh hai ch sy
10- So snh cht lng ca sy lnh v sy nng ti nh my
11- Kt lun rt ra t thc nghim.
12- Hiu qu kinh t
Xy dng gi thnh 1kg rau sy
13- Cc bn v thit k
III/ Ngy giao nhim v: 01/03/2012
IV/ Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 15/06/201

Nha Trang, thng 3 nm 2012
Gio vin hng dn

THS. L Nh Chnh






Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 11 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Li m u
Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i c nhiu iu kin pht trin ngnh trng
trt v ch bin rau qu. Tuy nhin, t l tn tht sau thu hoch l rt ln 25-30%
[20]. Nguyn nhn chnh l do cng ngh ch bin v bo qun ca chng ta cn
lc hu nn lm cho rau qu ca Vit Nam c gi tr thp trong th trng
trong nc cng nh xut khu, iu ny nh hng trc tip n i sng ca
ngi nng dn, v vy vic nghin cu a ra cc quy trnh cng ngh cng nh
ng dng trin khai chuyn giao cc kt qu nghin cu, cc quy trnh cng ngh
bo qun, ch bin rau qu, ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong chin lc pht
trin ngnh rau qu.
Rau qu hin nay ch yu c s dng dng ti, nh bit rau qu l
loi sn phm c tnh thi v, thi gian thu hoch ngn, kh nng vn chuyn v
bo qun hn ch, trong khi k thut bo qun rau qu ti vn ch da vo cc
kinh nghin c truyn, mang tnh th cng chp v. Cng ngh sy ng dng
trong ch bin rau qu kh c tin hnh t kh lu nhng cho n nay vn bc
l nhiu hn ch v cng ngh cha khc phc c cht lng u ra ca sn
phm, cha p ng c cc yu cu v c tnh ha l, mi, mu, thnh phn
dinh dng nn kh p ng cho nhu cu tiu th v xut khu trong v ngoi
nc. Vic u t nghin cu mt quy trnh cng ngh mi gii quyt nhng vn
ny l thc s cn thit. Cng ngh sy lnh c xem l mt cng ngh mi,
ra i t yu cu cp thit .
u im ca cng ngh sy lnh l c th xy dng c tng quy trnh cng
ngh sy hp l i vi tng loi rau, c, qu. Sn phm sy gi c nguyn
mu sc, mi v, hn ch ti a tht thot dinh dng (khong 5%) [20], t tiu
chun v sinh an ton thc phm ca Vit Nam v cc ch tiu k thut, cht
lng sn phm tng ng mt s nc khc trn th gii.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 12 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Vic pht trin cng ngh sy lnh c nhiu thnh tu. Tuy nhin, c mt
quy trnh cng ngh hon chnh, ti u vi cc thng s ph hp nht i hi
chng ta phi tin hnh nghin cu su rng hn. c s phn cng ti
Kho st v tnh thit k my sy bm nhit tng si sy hnh l xut khu
nng sut 100kg/m thc hin da trn c s tm hiu nhng nguyn l chung
nht ca cng ngh sy lnh t c th xy dng nn quy trnh sy i vi tng
loi rau qu khc nhau. gii quyt nhng vn , ti nghin cu nhng
ni dung chnh sau:
Tm hiu v cng ngh sy lnh, phng php sy v cc thit b trong h
thng sy lnh.
Tm hiu k thut sy lnh trn mt s loi rau qu giu vitamin, xy
dng quy trnh sy lnh i vi Hnh l ct nh.
Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit ch sy
hi lu hon ton v ch thi b tc nhn.
Tnh ton thit k my sy lnh v la chn cc thit b ph tr.
Thc nghim nghin cu trn m hnh thc t.
So snh hiu qu ca h thng sy lnh vi sy nng nh my.
Vi nhng c tnh u vit, cng ngh sy lnh ha hn s l mt cng ngh
tin tin, cho lnh vc sy thc phm giu vitamin, c th p dng rng ri vi
quy m ln p ng c v vn li ch kinh t v bo v mi trng.






Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 13 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

CHNG I
TNG QUAN V K THUT SY
1.1 Khi nim qu trnh sy
1.1.1 Khi nim
Sy l qu trnh tch m (hi nc v nc) ra khi VLS, trong VLS
nhn nng lng m t trong lng VLS dch chuyn ra b mt v i vo mi
trng tc nhn sy (TNS). Qu trnh sy l qu trnh truyn nhit, truyn cht
xy ra ng thi. Trong lng VLS l qu trnh dn nhit v khuch tn m hn
hp. Trao i nhit - m gia b mt VLS vi TNS l qu trnh trao i nhit v
trao i m i lu lin hp. Qu trnh bn trong VLS ch yu chu nh hng
ca dng lin kt m vi ct kh ca vt liu, qu trnh b mt VLS ch yu
chu nh hng ca c cu trao i nhit m v cc thng s ca TNS cng nh
VLS.
1.1.2 Phn loi phng php sy
Ngi ta phn bit 2 phng php sy :
- Sy t nhin : Sy bng khng kh khng dc t nng, phng php ny
thi gian sy di, kh iu chnh qu trnh v m cui ca vt liu cn
kh ln nht l nhng quc gia c kh hu nhit i nh nc ta.
- Sy nhn to : L qu trnh sy c s cp nhit t bn ngoi, ngha l phi
dng n tc nhn sy c gia nhit nh khi nng, khng kh nng hoc
hi



Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 14 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

1.1.3 Mc ch ca qu trnh sy
Sy khng ch l qu trnh cng ngh, trong cc tnh cht cng ngh
lun lun thay i. Tnh cht cng ngh ca vt liu gm: tnh cht ho l, tnh
cht c kt cu, tnh cht sinh ho.
Qu trnh sy nhm tng cng mt s c tnh cng ngh phc v
nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Khi sy sn phm gm th nhm mc ch lm bn
ca n tng ln tip tc gia cng; sy ht ging th phi lm t l v kh nng
ny mm cao ln; sy nng sn thc phm th gi c hng v, mu sc,
nguyn t vi lng m tng c thi gian bo qun, gim c gi thnh vn
chuyn, gim c th tch kho bo qun.
1.1.4 Nhng bin i c bn ca qu trnh sy
nghin cu v cng ngh sy, trc ht cn nghin cu v cc dng lin
kt m, cc dng dch chuyn m v th dch chuyn m trong VLS nhm hiu r
c ch dch chuyn m v nh hng phng php tc ng tng cng hoc
hn ch dng dch chuyn m phc v cc yu cu cng ngh. Theo dng lin kt
m vi ct kh ca vt, VLS chia thnh 3 nhm : vt keo, vt xp mao dn v vt
keo xp mao dn.
1.1.4.1 Cc dng dch chuyn v th dch chuyn trong vt keo
Lin kt m trong vt keo l lc hp th v lc khuch tn thm thu.
Do , mt dng m lng j
2k
t l thun vi gradient p sut thm thu
tt
p V .
Vi cha m thng thng ca vt trng n gii hn, p sut thm thu (
trng n ) l hm ca cha m M. Do ta c :
( ) M a M M / p D p D j
0 k 2 tt 2 p tt 2 p k 2
V = V c c = V = (1.1)
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 15 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Vt keo l vt c cu trc mao mch phn t qu trnh khng ng nhit dch
chuyn m lng dng mng c dng : gradient
t k M k j
0
t
m 2 o m 2 m 2
V + V = (1.2)
Dng m lng dch chuyn s bng :
( ) t k M k a j j j
0
t
m 2 o m 2 k 2 m 2 k 2 2
V + V + = + = (1.3)
Dch chuyn m dng hi c xc nh gn ng bi qu trnh khuch tn phn
t. Mt dng phn t j
1
t l nghc vi gradient ca ( ) T / p
1
. Vi p
1
l p sut
ca hi m. Trong qu trnh on nhit p
1
l hm ca cha m v nhit nn
dng j
1
s bng :
t a M a j
0
t
ct 1 0 ct 1 1
V V = (1.4)
Dng dch chuyn m tng ( lng v hi ) xc nh theo M V v t V trong vt keo
s bng :
t a M a j j j
0
t
mk 0 mk 2 1
V V = + = (1.5)
Trong :
m 2 k 2 ct 1 mk
k a a a + + = (1.6)
t
m 2
t
ct 1
t
mk
k a a + = (1.7)
1.1.4.2 Cc dng dch chuyn v th dch chuyn m trong vt xp mao dn
Dch chuyn lng mao dn (Khuch tn mao dn) trong vt xp mao dn,
c cc mch ln (r > 10
-5
), gn lin vi lin kt c l. Trong vt xp cu trc a
mao mch , dng m lng t l thun vi gradient th mao dn :
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 16 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


V =

k j
md 2

(1.8)
Th mao dn trong trng hp ng nhit t l thun vi cha m M.
Trong iu kin khng ng nhit, dng m lng khch tn mao dn j
2md
c
xc nh :
t a M a k j
0
t
md 2 0 md 2 md 2
V V = V =

(1.9)
a
2md
v
t
md 2
a l h s khch tn lng mao dn v h s khch tn nhit ca lng
mao dn. Ga tr ca chng ph thuc vo sc cng b mt, gc dnh t, nht
ca lng , bn knh mao dn.
Khi m ca vt vt gi tr ht m cc i th trong cc mao mch ln ca
vt xp cha y nc , dch chuyn lng lc ny l do chnh lch th mao dn.
Khc vi trng hp thm lng mao dn xy ra do vt tip xc trc tip vi cht
lng (do p sut thy tnh), th mao dn l khng ng nht, lng lng c
ht vo c gii hn v lng khng th in y ton b vt do b hn ch bi phn
ct kh ca vt. Th mao dn vi phn t mao mch bng :
|
|
.
|

\
|

o
=
2 1 2
r
1
r
1 2

(1.10)
Nh vy iu kin c th dch chuyn lng mao dn, gn vi s bay hi v ngng
t lng, l s khc bit bn knh ca mao mch, r
1
= r
2
.
Vi s tn ti ca qu trnh bay hi, dch chuyn hi m trong cc mao
mch ln (r > 10
-5
), c xc nh theo quy lut khch tn phn t. Cn vi cc
mao mch nh qu trnh ny xy ra theo quy lut chy trn. Ngoi ra, vi qu
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 17 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

trnh bay hi lng trong vt xp, cn tn ti dch chuyn m i lu v m c
gi l khch tn trt (hay l khch tn thy ng). Khi dng hi tng ng vi
p sut tng p=const s gm dng khch tn phn t j
1pt
, dng khch tn i lu
j
1dl
=
k 1
v . v dng chy trn j
1ct
. p sut bay hi p
1
l hm ca cha m v
nhit , p
1
=f(M,t). Vy nn, dng dch chuyn m c th th hin bng quan h :
t a M a j j j j
0
t
md 1 0 md 1 ct 1 dl 1 pt 1 1
V V = + + =
(1.11)
Vy dng m tng dch chuyn trong xp mao dn l :
t a M a j j j
0
t
Mmd 0 Mmd 2 1
V V = + =
(1.12)
Trong :
Mmd
a v
t
Mmd
a l h s khch tn m v h s khch tn nhit ca m
mao dn, vi :

md 2 md 1 Mmd
a a a + =
(1.13)

t
md 2
t
md 1
t
Mmd
a a a + =
(1.14)
Ngoi ra, cn c dch chuyn m lng v hi do lc thm mao dn (c nghin
cu trong l thuyt thm). Gi thit dng thm lng v hi c lp nhau, c th
vit :
i
i
i
i i i
p
) ( k
v j V

e
= = i=1,2
(1.15)
1.1.4.3 Cc dng dch chuyn m trong vt keo xp mao dn
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 18 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Qa trnh dch chuyn m trong vt keo xp mao dn c xc nh bng
cc hin tng dch chuyn khc nhau v c phn tch trong vt keo v vt mao
dn trn.
Nu b qua nh hng ca lc trng trng th s chuyn m trong VLS
do cc lc nhit ng khc nhau v cc lc nhit ng ny u l hm ca
cha m M v nhit t, do chng c th biu din qua t , M V V .
Dch chuyn m qua vt keo xp mao dn c xc nh bng cng thc :
) t M ( a t a M a j
0 M 0
t
M 0 M
V o + V = V V =

(1.16)
Trong :
M
a v
t
M
a l h s khch tn v h s khch tn nhit ca m, o l h
s khch tn nhit tng i,
t
M M
a / a = o .

mk Mmd
mk k Mmd md
t
mk
t
Mmd
t
M
mk Mmd M
a a
a a
a a a
a a a
+
o + o
= o
+ =
+ =

(1.17)
Cc h s khch tn m a
M
v o l hm ca cha m v nhit .
c trng cho s thay i ca h s a
M
vi cha m khc nhau c xc nh
theo dng lin kt m v dng dch chuyn m (lng v hi). Vi vt xp mao
dn in hnh , h s a
M
tng khi cha m tng, v vi cha m ln thi h
s a
M
khng i. Nu qu trnh l dch chuyn m lng th h s a
M
s tng hoc
khng i ph thuc vo ng cong phn b hang xp theo ng knh. H s
a
M
ca cc vt liu c xc nh bng thc nghim di dng bng s hoc cng
thc.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 19 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

1.1.4.4 Dch chuyn m i lu trong vt liu sy
Trong qu trnh sy cng cao, nu nhit ca vt liu sy ln hn
100
O
C th phn p sut hi nc bo ha p
1
s ln hn p sut khng kh ca
TNS. Khi , dng dch chuyn m do khch tn trong vt xp c thay th bi
dng dch chuyn m i lu.
Gradient p sut tng ) p (V xut hin khi nhit ca vt liu sy ln hn
100
O
C, tuy nhin nu qu trnh c thc hin bng vic t nng bn trong (v
d sy cao tn) th ) p (V xut hin ngay c khi nhit b hn 100
O
C
S tn ti ca ) p (V gy nn dng dch chuyn m i lu ca hn hp kh
hi trong mi trng xp , nn khi tnh dng nhit dch chuyn m ( lng, hi )
tng qut cn b sung dng dch chuyn ny. Mt dng hi dch chuyn bi
dng ny l :
p k p k v j
p 10 1 1
V = V = =
(1.18)
Vi = /
1 10
l nng tng i ca hi nc , k
p
l h s dng nng phn
t [17] :
) d 1 /( kd k k
10 p
+ = =
(1.19)
Vi d l dung m ca khng kh.
Dng m tn ti gradient p sut tng bng :
p k t a M a j
p 0
t
M 0 M
V V V =
(1.20)
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 20 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Biu thc (1.20) cha k n dch chuyn lng di tc dng ca lc trong
trng v gradient p sut thy tnh ( dng lng qua mi trng xp ). Cng
ca dng dch chuyn m thm i lu ln hn nhiu ln dng dch chuyn m
di tc ng ca lc mao dn v khch tn. Qa trnh ny thng c nghin
cu c lp vi qu trnh dch chuyn m trong VLS.
1.2 C cht thot m ra khi vt liu sy
Mun lm kh phi t nguyn liu trong mi trng khng kh m,
nc dch chuyn vo mi trng khng kh, c s chnh lch vt cht ( th vt
cht ). Hot ca nc trong nguyn liu phi m bo di hot ng ca vi
sinh vt hot ng.
Khi lm kh xy ra qu trnh nc tch ra khi vt liu : nc t b mt
nguyn liu dch chuyn vo mi trng kh. y l iu kin kin quyt qu
trnh lm kh xy ra. Ngoi ra lm kh phi c qu trnh dch chuyn m t cc
lp pha trong i ra cc lp b mt. s dch chuyn m t trong ra ngoi hnh
thnh khi m v nc t trung tm nguyn liu dch chuyn ra b mt v lp xung
quanh m bo m lp trung tm bng cc lp xung quanh.
Qu trnh thot m ra khi vt liu trong qu trnh sy c chia lm 2 giai
on :
1.2.1 Qua trnh khuch tn ngoi
L qu trnh dch chuyn m t lp b mt ca vt liu sy vo mi trng
khng kh xung quanh. ng lc ca qu trnh ny l do chnh lch p sut hi
trn b mt ca vt m v p sut ring phn hi nc trong mi trng khng
kh.
Lng nc bay hi :
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 21 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

(

)
Hoc (

)
(1.21)
Trong : P
s
: p sut ring phn hi nc trn b mt
P
h
: p sut ring phn khng kh
k : H s bay hi
F : Din tch b mt bay hi

: Gradient m
Lng bay hi trn mt n v din tch t l thun vi gradient chnh lch
m gia nguyn liu v mi trng xung quanh.
S chnh lch xy ra : nc t b mt dch chuyn vo mi trng xung
quanh lm m lp khng kh tng ln, ng thi lm lng m trn b mt
VLS gim i.
Gradient m gim , qu trnh bay hi chm li. Nu m b mt cn
bng vi mi trng khng kh th qu trnh ngng bay hi, nhng m ca hai
lp khng kh k tip chnh lch nn hm m ca khng kh th nht khch tn
sang lp th hai v m t trong VLS khch tn sang lp khng kh th nht.
Gradient m ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mi trng lm kh : nhit ,
p sut , s lun chuyn ca khng kh v ph thuc vo b mt nguyn liu :
nhn, hnh dng, kch thc b mt.
1.2.2 Qu trnh khuch tn ni
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 22 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

L qu trnh dch chuyn m t lp bn trong ra lp b mt ca vt m.
ng lc ca qu trnh ny l do chnh lch nng m gia cc lp bn trong
v cc lp b mt, ngoi ra qu trnh khch tn ni cn xy ra do chnh lch nhit
gia cc lp bn trong v cc lp b mt.
(

)
(1.22)
Trong : D : H s khch tn ni
F : Din tch khch tn

: Gradient m
H s khch tn ni (D) ph thuc ch yu v thnh phn, tnh cht nguyn
liu, gin tip ph thuc vo yu t mi trng.
Qua nghin cu ta thy rng m dch chuyn t ni c nhit cao n ni
c nhit thp. V vy, ty theo phng php sy v thit b sy m dng m
dch chuyn di tc dng ca nng m v dng m dch chuyn di tc
dng ca nhit c th cng chiu hoc ngc chiu vi nhau.
Nu hai dng m dch chuyn cng chiu vi nhau s lm thc y qu
trnh thot m , rt ngn thi gian sy. Nu 2 dng m dch chuyn ngc chiu
nhau s km hm s thot m, ko di thi gian sy.
1.2.3 Mi quan h gia qu trnh khuch tn ngoi v qu trnh khuch tn ni
Khch tn ni v khch tn ngoi c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau, qu
trnh khch tn ngoi l qu trnh khi u v quyt nh n giai on u ca
qu trnh sy v qu trnh khch tn ni l ng lc ca qu trnh khch tn ngoi.
Tc l qu trnh khch tn ngoi c tin hnh th qu trnh khch tn ni mi
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 23 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

c tip tc v nh th m ca nguyn liu mi c gim dn. Tuy nhin
trong qu trnh sy ta phi lm cho 2 qu trnh ny cn bng vi nhau, trnh
trng hp khch tn ngoi ln hn qu trnh khch tn ni. V khi s lm cho
s bay hi trn b mt xy ra mnh lit lm cho kh b mt, hn ch s thot
m, khi xy ra hin tng phi khc phc bng cch m ( sy gin on )
mc ch l thc y qu trnh khch tn ni.
1.3 Cc giai on trong qu trnh sy
c im ca qu trnh sy i vi vt th c m tng i cao, nhit
sy v tc chuyn ng ca khng kh khng qu ln xy ra theo ba giai
on l giai on lm nng vt, giai on sy tc khng i, giai on tc
sy gim dn. i vi cc trng hp sy vi iu kin khc th qu trnh sy
cng xy ra ba giai on nhng cc giai on c th an xen kh phn bit hn.
1.3.1 Giai on nung nng vt liu
Giai on ny bt u t khi a vt vo bung sy tip xc vi khng kh
nng cho ti khi nhit vt t c bng nhit k c. Trong qu trnh sy
ny ton b vt c gia nhit. m lng trong vt c gia nhit cho n khi t
c nhit si ng vi phn p sut hi nc trong mi trng khng kh
trong bung sy. Do c lm nng nn m ca vt c gim cht t do bay hi
m cn nhit ca vt th tng dn cho n khi bng nhit k c. Tuy vy,
s tng nhit trong qu trnh xy ra khng u phn ngoi v phn trong vt.
Vng trong vt t n nhit k c chm hn. i vi vt d sy th giai
on lm nng vt xy ra nhanh.
1.3.2 Giai on sy ng tc
Kt thc giai on gia nhit, nhit vt bng nhit k c. Tip tc
cung cp nhit, m trong vt s ha hi cn nhit ca vt gi khng i nn
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 24 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

nhit cung cp ch lm ha hi nc. m s ha hi lp vt liu st b mt
vt, m lng bn trong vt s truyn ra ngoi b mt vt ha hi. Do nhit
khng kh nng khng i, nhit vt cng khng i nn chnh lch nhit
gia vt v mi trng cng khng i. iu ny lm cho tc gim ca
cha m vt theo thi gian cng khng i, c ngha l tc sy khng i.
Trong giai on ny bin thin ca cha m theo thi gian l tuyn tnh.
m c thot ra trong giai on ny l m t do. Khi m ca vt t n tr
s ti hn U
k
= U
cbmax
th giai on sy tc khng i chm dt. ng thi
cng l chm dt giai on thot m t do chuyn sang giai on sy tc gim.
1.3.3 Giai on sy gim tc
Kt thc giai on sy tc khng i m t do bay hi ht, cn li
trong vt l m lin kt. Nng lng bay hi m lin kt ln hn m t do v
cng tng ln khi m ca vt cng nh. Do vy tc bay hi m trong giai
on ny nh hn giai on sy tc khng i c ngha l tc sy trong giai
on ny nh hn v cng gim i theo thi gian sy. Qu trnh sy cng tip
din, m ca vt cng gim, tc sy cng gim cho n khi m ca vt
gim n bng m cn bng vi iu kin mi trng khng kh m trong
bung sy th qu trnh thot m ca vt ngng li, c ngha tc sy bng
khng.
1.4 Cc phng php v thit b sy
Sy c th c chia ra hai loi: sy t nhin v sy nhn to.
- Sy t nhin: qu trnh phi vt liu ngoi tri, khng c s dng thit b.
- Sy nhn to: cc phng php sy nhn to thc hin trong cc thit b
sy.
C nhiu phng php sy nhn to khc nhau. Cn c vo phng php
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 25 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

cung cp nhit c th chia ra cc loi: sy i lu, sy bc x, sy tip xc, sy
thng hoa, sy bng in trng dng cao tn, sy in tr
1.4.1 Cc phng php sy
1.4.1.1 Phi v sy bng nng lng mt tri
Sy bng cch phi nng (khng c s dng thit b sy) c s dng rng
ri nht trong ch bin nng sn
Trong cc phng php phc tp hn (sy bng nng lng mt tri), nng
lng mt tri c thu nhn gia nhit tc nhn sy hoc s dng nng lng
mt tri sy trc tip.
1.4.1.2 Sy i lu
Nguyn l hot ng :
Khng kh nng hoc khi l c dng lm tc nhn sy c nhit ,
m, tc ph hp, chuyn ng chy trm ln vt sy lm cho m trong vt sy
bay hi ri i theo tc nhn sy.
Khng kh c th chuyn ng cng chiu, ngc chiu hoc ct ngang
dng chuyn ng ca sn phm. Sy i lu c th thc hin theo m (gin
on) hay lin tc. Trn hnh v di l s nguyn l sy i lu bng khng
kh nng.

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 26 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

1 Qut; 2 Caloriphe; 3 Bung sy
Hnh 1.1: S h thng sy i lu.
Sn phm sy c th ly ra khi bung sy theo m hoc lin tc tng ng
vi np vo. Caloriphe 2 t nng khng kh c th l loi caloriphe in,
caloriphe hi nc v.v...
Kt cu thc ca h thng rt a dng, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh : ch
lm vic, dng vt sy, p sut lm vic, cch nung nng khng kh, chuyn
ng ca tc nhn sy, s lm vic, cu trc bung sy...
i vi qu trnh sy chi ph nng lng l yu t chnh nh hng n hiu
qu kinh t sn xut, v vy khi thit k, cn ch n cc bin php lm gim s
tht thot nhit, tit kim nng lng.
V d :
- Cch nhit bung sy v h thng ng dn.
- Tun hon kh thi qua bung sy
- S dng thit b trao i nhit thu hi nhit t khng kh thot ra un
nng khng kh hoc nguyn liu vo.
- S dng nhit trc tip t la t kh t nhin v t cc l t c c cu
lm gim nng kh oxit nit.
- Sy thnh nhiu giai on (v d: kt hp sy tng si vi sy thng
hoc sy phun kt hp vi sy tng si).
- C c trc nguyn liu lng n nng cht rn cao nht c th.
1.4.2 Thit b sy
1.4.2.1 My sy thng quay
- Cu to: Gm thng hnh tr 1 t dc khong 6 8 so vi mt phng
nm ngang. C 2 vnh ai trt trn cc con ln ta 4 khi thng quay. Khong
cch gia cc con ln c th iu chnh c, thay i gc nghing ca thng.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 27 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Thng quay c nh lp cht trn thn thng, bnh rng 2 n khp vi bnh
rng 3 ni vi mt thng qua hp gim tc. Thng quay vi vn tc khong t 1
8 vng/pht. Bnh rng t ti trng tm ca thng.
My sy thng quay lm vic p sut kh quyn. Tc nhn sy c th l
khng kh hay khi l. Thng th vt liu sy hay tc nhn sy chuyn ng
cng chiu trnh sy qu kh v tc nhn sy khi mang theo vt liu sy
nhiu nh sy ngc chiu. Vn tc ca khng kh hay khi l i trong thng
khong 2 3 m/s.
Vt liu ut qua phu 10 ri vo thng u cao v c chuyn ng trong
thng nh nhng m chn 11. m chn va phn b u vt liu theo tit din
thng, va xo trn vt liu, va lm cho vt liu tip xc vi tc nhn sy tt
hn. Vt liu sy sau khi sy kh c a ra ca 6 nh vt ti 7 a ra ngoi.
Cn khi l hay khng kh thi ra c cho qua xyclon 8 gi li nhng ht vt
liu b ko theo ri thi ra ngoi tri qua ng khi. trnh cc kh thi chui qua
cc khe h ca my sy, lm nh hng n sc kho cng nhn, ngi ta t
qut ht 5 b sung cho sc ht ca ng khi v to p sut m trong my sy.
My sy thng quay c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho cht, thc
phm sy mt s ho cht, qung Pi-rt, phn m, ng cc ng
- u im:
+ Qa trnh sy u n v mnh lit, tip xc gia vt liu sy v tc
nhn sy tt.
+ Cng lm vic tnh theo lng m kh cao, c th ti 100 (kg/m
3
h)
+ Thit b cu to gn, chim mt bng nh.
- Nhc im: Vt liu d b v vn.
- Ch :
+ Nu sy bng khi l th dn khi l vo my bng ca 9.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 28 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

+ ng knh thng quay thng c qui chun ( D = 1,2; 1,4; 1,6m t l
gia chiu di v ng knh thng khong : 3,5 7)

Hnh 1.2 : My sy thng quay
1.4.2.2 Thit b sy kiu phun bi (sy phun)
a. Loi thp:
- Cu to: Gm c thp cao 5, nh thp c vi phun 3 c nh hoc quay.
Dung dch cha b 1 c nhit thch hp nh bm 2 bm ln nh thp v
phun qua vi thnh sng m.
- Sn phm ly ra y thp gin on hay lin tc.
- Thp c th cao n 60m.

Hnh 1.3: Thit b sy phun kiu thp.
b. Loi thng:
em chan
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 29 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

- Cu to: Gm mt thng hnh tr 1 c y nn. Np trn c t mt 2
ni vi u vi phun 3 c tc quay rt ln 2000 6000 vng/pht. Caloriphe
si 4 t nng khng kh. Sn phm thu hi xyclon 5, cn khng kh thi ra
ngoi nh qut 6.

Hnh 1.4: Thit b sy phun kiu thng.
c. C ch ca qu trnh, cc phng php phun bi v ng dng:
- C ch: Vic phun cht lng thnh bi m trong phng sy v qu trnh
tin hnh rt nhanh n mc cha kp t nng vt liu ln qu thi hn cho php
th vt liu kh. Sn phm thu c dng bt mn nn sau khng cn
nghin tn na.
Cng sy tng t l thun vi s tng ca b mt tip xc gia VLS v
TNS; tc l ph thuc vo phn tn ca cht lng thnh bi.
Cc phng php phun bi:
+ Ly tm: Cho cht lng i vo mt da quay nhanh khong 2000 6000
v/pht, c th phun huyn ph v cht lng nht thnh bi.
+ C kh: Nh vi phun, trong cht lng c y bng bm vi p lc
200 at.
- phun u v to tia nh, cc vi phun c c nhiu l nh vi ng knh
0,5 mm.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 30 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

- Loi ny khng thun tin i vi dung dch huyn ph v cc dung dch
nht.
+ Dng kh nn: Nh cc vi phun trong cht lng c y bng khng
kh nn vi p sut 2,5 6 at.
- Ch : Trong 3 loi trn, thng dng loi ly tm v n c hiu qu cao
nht nhng c nhc im l tiu hao nng lng nhiu nht.
- ng dng: My sy phun c dng sy cc dung dch nh : bt c ph,
ca cao, sa b,
1.4.2.3 Thit b sy tng si
- Cu to:


Hnh 1.5: Thit b sy tng si.
- Nguyn tc lm vic:
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 31 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Qut 1 a khng kh vo trn vi khi l (hay khng kh + khi l)
phng 2 ri vo bn di phng sy 3, qua li phn phi 4 ri tin hnh sy vt
liu.
Vt liu cho vo phu v nh vt ti 5 a vo pha trn bung sy. y
chng gp hn hp kh nng i t di ln v to thnh tng si. Vt liu kh
c thi qua tm chn 6 sang thng cha 7 ri ra ngoi. Cn nhng ht nh b
dng kh cun theo s c thu hi bi xyclon 8.
Tc nhn sy c th l khng kh, khi l hoc khng kh + khi l.
- u nhc im:
+ u im: Cng sy mnh lit, cho php sy nhit cao hn nhit
cho php v thi gian tip xc ngn. Hiu qu s dng nhit cao, c kh nng
iu khin t ng. Loi ny ang c s dng rng ri.
+ Nhc im: Khng sy c vt liu c m qu ln, cc to, d v.
+ Tr lc thu lc ln, thit b mau hao mn.
1.4.2.4 Mt s thit b sy khc
a. Thit b sy bng bng ti:
Gm mt phng hnh ch nht, trong c mt vi bng ti chuyn ng
chm nh cc tay quay. Cc bng ny ta trn cc con ln khi b vng xung,
bng ny lm bng si bng tm cao su, bng kim loi hay li kim loi v
chuyn ng vi tc khong 0,3 0.6 m/pht. Loi thit b ny c th dng
sy rau qu, ng cc, than
- Cu to:
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 32 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


Hnh 1.6: Thit b sy bng bng ti.
b. Thit b sy bng kh thi.


Hnh 1.7: Thit b sy bng kh thi.
- Dng sy vt liu dng ht nh hay tinh th.
- Vt liu vo my v c dng kh c tc 10 20 (m/s) cun theo ln
ng thng ng di t 10 20 (m/s). sau vo phng gim tc ri
vo xyclon thu hi sn phm.
- Thi gian sy rt ngn t 5 7 (s).
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 33 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

- u im: B mt tip xc kh ln, nn qu trnh sy rt mnh lit, thi
gian sy nhanh nn cho php sy nhit cao. Thit b cu to gn, n
gin.
- Nhc im: Kh iu chnh qu trnh, tn nhiu nng lng.
c. Sy bng tia bc x.

Hnh 1.8: Thit b sy bng tia bc x.
- Nng lng bc x tia hng ngoi pht ra c th truyn cho vt liu mt
lng nhit ln v t c tc bay hi m cao hn so vi sy i lu v tip
xc.
- Sy bc x thng dng sy b mt sn trong cng nghip ch to my,
sy hng dt, giy cht do, cc sn phm g, thc phm
d. Sy trc.
- C th gm mt hay hai trc. My sy c cng sy cao (c th 60 70
kg/m
2
h).
- Sy c cc vt liu nho, km bn vng nhit cao. Tit kim c
nhin liu v t mt nhit. Nhc im l m cui ca sn phm kh cao.
e. My sy chn khng.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 34 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

My sy lm vic chn khng c u im so vi my sy lm vic p sut
kh quyn l: sy c vt liu khng chu c nhit cao hay d b oxy ho,
vt liu d b bi hay vt liu thot ra dung mi qu cn thu hi v vt liu d n.
f. My sy thng hoa:
Ngi ta sy vt liu trng thi ng bng trong mi trng chn khng
cao 0,1 1 (mmHg). Mc ch l to s chnh lch nhit gia vt liu sy
v ngun nhit bn ngoi.
Ngi ta dng bm chn khng ht hi m v to chn khng. u im
ca loi my sy ny l sn phm thu c c cht lng cao. Vt liu sy khng
b bin cht, bo v vitamin nh lc ti.
g. Thit b sy kiu thng ng:


Hnh 1.9: Thit b sy kiu thng ng.
- Gm mt thng hnh tr t c nh, bn trong c mt trc gn nhiu da
quay v khong cch gia cc da bng nhau. S lng da v tc quay ca da
ph thuc vo vo tnh cht ca vt liu v yu cu k thut. Trn thnh thng c
gn nhng phu hng vt liu. Qu trnh sy ngc chiu.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 35 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

- Khng kh c qut chnh a qua caloriphe si ri vo thng sy t
di ln. Vt liu sy vo ca trn, ri xung da. Do da quay, vt liu vng ra
thnh thng ri li xung da di nh phu hng liu. C nh th, vt liu sy
v tc nhn sy s tip xc vi nhau khi ra khi my sy, vt liu kh t yu
cu. Tc nhn sy c qut ht ph a sang xyclon thu hi sn phm dng
bi nh. thu hi trit sn phm, ngi ta cho dng kh nng i vo thit b
thu hi t trc khi ra ngoi.
- Vic b tr hai qut l cn thit m bo cho tc nhn sy thng c tr
lc v lu thng trong ton h thng.
- Thit b sy kiu thng ng tn t nng lng hn my sy thng quay v
t chim mt bng hn.
- Nhc im l vt liu d b v vn nhiu.
1.5 Tng quan v sy nhit thp
1.5.1 Gii thiu cc phng php sy lanh
1.5.1.1 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca bm nhit
Bm nhit c qu trnh pht trin lu di, bt u t khi Nicholas Carnot
xut nhng khi nim u tin. Mt dng nhit thng thng di chuyn t mt
vng nng n mt vng lnh, Carnot a ra lp lun rng mt thit b c th
c s dng o ngc qu trnh l bm nhit. u nhng nm 1850,
Lord Kelvin pht trin cc l thuyt v bm nhit bng lp lun, cc thit b
lm lnh c th c s dng gia nhit. Sn phm bm nhit u tin c
bn vo nm 1952. T khi xy ra cuc khng hong nng lng vo u thp k
70, bm nhit li bc vo mt bc tin nhy vt mi. Hng lot bm nhit
mi kch c cho cc ng dng khc nhau c nghin cu ch to, hon thin v
bn rng ri trn th trng. Ngy nay, bm nhit tr nn rt quen thuc trong
cc lnh vc iu ha khng kh, sy, ht m, un nc
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 36 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh



Hnh 1.10 S nguyn l h thng bm nhit
1.5.1.2 Gii thiu cc phng php sy lnh
Trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta ra chnh phn p sut hi nc
gia vt liu sy v tc nhn sy bng cch gim phn p sut trong tc nhn sy
nh gim lng cha m. phng php sy lnh, nhit b mt ngoi nh
hn nhit bn trong vt, ng thi do tip xc vi khng kh c m v phn
p sut hi nc nh nn lp b mt cng c phn p sut hi nc nh hn pha
bn trong vt. Ni khc i, y gradient nhit v gradient p sut c cng
du nn gradient nhit khng km hm qu trnh dch chuyn m nh khi sy
nng m ngc li, n c tc dng tng cng qu trnh dch chuyn m trong
long vt ra ngoi bay hi lm kh vt. Khi , m trong vt liu dch chuyn ra
b mt v t b mt vo mi trng c th ln hn hay nh hn nhit mi
trng hoc cng c th nh hn 0
o
.
Qu trnh truyn nhit thc hin c thng qua s thay i pha lm vic ca
mi cht lnh. Mi cht lnh trong gin bay hi hp th nhit v bay hi nhit
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 37 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

thp v p sut thp. Khi hi mi cht lnh ngng t nhit cao, p sut
cao ti dn ngng t, n thi nhit p sut cao hn. Khi s dng trong qu trnh
sy, h thng sy s dng bm nhit lm lnh khng kh ca qu trnh n im
bo ha, v sau ngng t nc (kh m), do lm tng kh nng sy ca
khng kh. Trong qu trnh ny ch tun hon mc nhit thp (nhit hin v nhit
n) t khng kh. Cu trc ca dn bay hi v dn ngng t c b tr nh hnh
v (hnh 1.11)

Hnh 1.11 Hai phng thc trao i nhit thng qua bung sy.










Hnh 1.12 S qu trnh sy theo hai phng thc trao i nhit
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 38 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


Trong trng hp th nht (hnh 1.11 a), my sy lnh hot ng va nh
mt my kh m va nh mt b gia nhit khng kh. Trong cch b tr th hai
(hnh 1.11 b), dn bay hi c xen vo dng khng kh m trong khi khng kh
sch li c a ton b vo dn ngng t. Vic sp xp theo kiu ny, nhit n
(cng vi mt lng ln nhit hin) c hi lu bng cch kh m kh thi v
truyn cho tc nhn sy qu trnh thng qua dn ngng t. M hnh ny thch hp
khi khng kh mi trng kh ( m tng i thp), nhng n li khng kinh
t, bi v dng kh thi tng t nh khng kh bn trong. Trong c hai m hnh
trn, kh thi t bung sy c th c hi lu li i n dn bay hi ngha l
khng kh c th tun hon ton b hay tng phn. Ta c th qu trnh sy nh
hnh 1.12 tng ng vi hai trng hp b tr trn hnh 1.11
1.5.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng sy lnh
Khc vi phng php sy nng, trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta to
ra chnh phn p sut hi nc gia vt liu sy v tc nhn sy bng cch
gim phn p sut trong tc nhn sy nh gim lng cha m. phng php
sy lnh, nhit b mt ngoi ca vt nh hn nhit bn trong vt, ng thi
do tip xc vi khng kh c m v phn p sut hi nc nh nn b mt
cng c phn p sut hi nc nh hn pha bn trong vt. Ni khc i, y
gradient nhit v gradient p sut c cng du nn gradient nhit khng km
hm qu trnh dch chuyn m nh khi sy nng m ngc li, n c tc dng
tng cng qu trnh dch chuyn m trong lng vt ra ngoi bay hi lm kh
vt. Khi m trong vt liu dch chuyn ra b mt v t b mt vo mi trng
c th ln hn hoc nh hn nhit mi trng hoc cng c th nh hn 0
o
C.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 39 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Hnh 1.13 S h thng sy lnh
1.6 Cc thit b trong h thng sy lnh
Bm nhit l mt thit b dng bm mt dng nhit t mc nhit thp
ln mc nhit cao hn, ph hp vi nhu cu cp nhit. My lnh cng l mt
loi bm nhit v c chung mt nguyn l hot ng, cc thit b ca chng v c
bn l ging nhau. ch phn bit my lnh vi bm nhit mc ch s dng.
My lnh gn vi vic s dng ngun lnh thit b bay hi cn bm nhit gn
vi vic s dng ngun nhit thit b ngng t. Do s dng ngun nhit nn
bm nhit hot ng cp nhit cao hn.
a) Mi cht v cp mi cht
Mi cht v cp mi cht ca bm nhit c yu cu nh my lnh. Mt vi
yu cu c bit hn xut pht t nhit si v ngng t cao hn, gn ging nh
ch nhit cao ca iu ha khng kh, ngha l cho n nay ngi ta vn s
dng cc loi mi cht nh: R12, R22, R502 v MR cho my tuabin. Gn y
ngi ta ch n vic s dng cc mi cht mi cho bm nhit nhm nng cao
nhit dn ngng nh: R22, R113, R114, R12B1, R142
b) My nn lnh
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 40 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Cng nh my nn lnh, my nn l b phn quan trng nht ca bm nhit.
Tt c cc dng my nn ca my lnh u c ng dng trong bm nhit. c
bit quan trng l my nn piston trt, my nn trc vt v my nn tuabin. Mt
my nn bm nhit cn phi chc chn, tui th cao, chy m v cn phi c hiu
sut cao trong iu kin thiu hoc ti.
c) Cc thit b trao i nhit
Cc thit b trao i nhit c bn trong bm nhit l thit b bay hi v thit b
ngng t. My lnh hp th c thm thit b sinh hi v hp th. Ging nh my
lnh, thit b ngng t v bay hi ca bm nhit cng bao gm cc dng: ng
chm, ng lng ngc dng, ng ng v ng kiu tm. Cc phng php tnh
ton cng ging nh cc ch iu ho nhit .
d) Thit b ph ca bm nhit
Tt c cc thit b ph ca bm nhit ging nh thit b ph ca my lnh.
Xut pht t yu cu nhit cao hn nn i hi v tin cy, cng ngh gia
cng thit b cao hn. y cng l vn t ra i vi du bi trn v m kn
cc loi trong h thng.
Do bm nhit phi hot ng ch p sut v nhit gn st vi gii hn
ti a nn cc thit b t ng rt cn thit v phi hot ng vi tin cy cao
phng nga h hng cc thit b khi ch lm vic vt qu gii hn cho php.
i vi van tit lu, bm nhit c ch lm vic khc my lnh nn cng cn
c van tit lu ph hp.
e) Thit b ngoi vi ca bm nhit
Thit b ngoi vi ca bm nhit l nhng thit b h tr cho bm nhit ph hp
vi tng phng n s dng ca n. Thit b ngoi vi ca bm nhit gm mt s
loi sau:
Cc phng n ng lc ca my nn nh: ng c in, ng c gas, ng
c diesel hoc ng c givv
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 41 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Cc phng n s dng nhit thu dn ngng t. Nu l si m th c th
s dng dn ngng trc tip hoc gin tip qua mt vng tun hon cht ti
nhit, c th s dng sy, nu n, ht mMi phng n i hi nhng
thit b h tr khc nhau.
Cc phng n cp nhit cho dn bay hi. Trng hp s dng dn lnh
ng thi vi nng th pha dn bay hi c th l bung lnh hoc cht ti
lnh. Ngoi ra cng c th s dng dn bay hi t ngoi khng kh, dn bay
hi s dng nc ging l mi trng cp nhit. Cng c nhng phng n
nh dn bay hi t di nc, t di t hoc s dng nng lng mt
tri.
Cc thit b iu khin, kim tra t ng s hot ng ca bm nhit v cc
thit b h tr. y l nhng thit b t ng iu khin cc thit b ph tr
ngoi bm nhit ph hp vi hot ng ca bm nhit
1.7 Mt s kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc
Vic s dng bm nhit trong cng nghip cng nh dn dng sy,
si, ht m, iu ha khng kh, c nghin cu v ng dng rt nhiu
trn th gii. Sau y l tng quan mt s cng trnh nghin cu :
1.7.1 Cc tc gi trong nc
Tc gi Phm Vn Ty v cc cng s tin hnh nghin cu v ng
dng thnh cng h thng bm nhit sy lnh ko Jelly, ko Chew, Caramel,
ko Cng ti cng ty bnh ko Hi H [19].
Nm 1997, 1998 cc tc gi thit k ln lt hai h thng lnh theo nguyn
l bm nhit nhit thp kiu mun. sy ko Jelly vi nng sut 1100
kg/ngy v 1400 kg/ngy hin nay vn cn c s dng cho phng sy lnh s 2
v s 3 Nh my thc phm Vit Tr- Cng ty c phn bnh ko Hi H. Thng
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 42 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

s nhit khng kh bung sy 22-28
0
C, m 30-40%. S nguyn l h
thng nh hnh 1.14








Hnh 1.14 S nguyn l h thng bm nhit kiu mun
Mt h thng my ht m h tr cho dy chuyn sn xut ko Caramem
ca Cng Ha Lin Bang c ci to t my iu ha khng kh c cho phn
xng ko caramem v h thng bm nhit ht m cng sut lnh 120.000 Btu/h
s dng 4 my lnh Trane TTK 530 cng sut mi my l 30.000 Btu/h hin nay
ang s dng cho phng bao gi ko cng thuc X nghip Cng ty CP Bnh ko
Hi H c lp t t nm 1999. Qua thc t s dng, thy rng ngoi u
im r tin (gim khong 50% vn u t) v tit kim nng lng (in nng
tiu th gim gn 50%) so vi phng n dng my ht m, cc h thng ht m
v sy lnh ny hot ng n nh, lin tc v gim chi ph bo dng. Tuy
nhin, n cn c nhc im l cng knh, s dng nhiu qut v ng c xen k,
trong h thng nhiu bi bt nn phi bo dng ng c li phi thc hin trong
khng gian hp, kh thao tc.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 43 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

khc phc nhng nhc im trn nm 2005 nhm tc gi thit k
ch to my sy lnh cho phng sy lnh s 1 theo nguyn l bm nhit kiu
nguyn khi BK-BSH18A. So vi cng ngh dng cc bm nhit kiu m un th
BK-BSH18A c thit b x l khng kh c ch to dng t hp gn c th t
ngoi nh, trong nh hay trong bung sy v tc khng kh c th thay i
ph hp vi yu cu ca vt liu sy khc nhau.
Vic s dng bm nhit nhit thp ht m v sy lnh c nhiu u
im v rt c kh nng ng dng rng ri trong iu kin kh hu nng m ph
hp vi thc t ti Vit Nam, mang li hiu qu kinh t - k thut ng k. Bm
nhit sy lnh c bit ph hp vi nhng sn phm cn gi trng thi, mu, mi,
cht dinh dng v khng cho php sy nhit cao, tc gi ln. Cc h
thng ht m v c bit l cc h thng sy lnh c cu trc lun thay i ph
thuc vo c tnh ca vt liu sy, cu trc ca dn lnh s dng, nn khng
c mt cu trc chung cho tt c cc i tng sy, tuy nhin vn c chung
nguyn tc v phng php tnh ton thit k. Do , cn phi tip tc nhng
nghin cu c bn, y v cc qu trnh, cc gii hn k thut v cc vn t
ng iu chnh khng ch lin hon nhit v m ca tc nhn sy cng
nh ca vt liu sy.
1.7.2 Cc tc gi nc ngoi
Macio N. Kohayakawa v cc cng s [19] tin hnh nghin cu nh
hng ca cc yu t nh: vn tc gi V
ar
, chiu dy ca vt liu L n h s
khuch tn qu trnh sy D
ef
trong h thng sy xoi bng bm nhit. Mi cht
lnh s dng trong h thng l R22. H thng sy xoi s dng hai dn ngng
trong gia nhit cho khng kh. Nhit khng kh trong qu trnh th nghim
thay i t 40
o
C n 56
o
C. Vn tc gi thay i t 1,6 m/s n 4,4 m/s, chiu dy
vt liu sy thay i t 5,8 mm n 14,2 mm. Khi lng vt liu sy mi m l
300g, thi gian sy l 8h/m. Da vo cc quan h l thuyt tnh ton h s
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 44 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

khuch tn, s dng phng php quy hoch trc giao v kt hp vi s liu thc
nghim, cc tc gi xy dng c phng trnh hi qui xc nh h s khuch
tn D
ef
nh sau:
D
ef
=4,2625 - 0,61922.V
ar
+ 0,380538.V
ar
2
+ 1,012517.L 0,90343.V
ar
.L
(1.23)
Phng trnh (1.23) cho thy rng nh hng ng thi ca hai thng s cng
nh mc nh hng ca chng n h s khuch tn D
ef
. y, nh hng
ca tc gi V
ar
l ln nht, sau n chiu dy ca vt liu sy. Phng trnh
(1.23) cng cho bit nh hng ln nhau gia hai thng s thng qua mi lin h
cho nhau gia chng. Tuy nhin, phng trnh ny khng cp n nh hng
ca nhit , m sy mc d nh hng ca chng l ln n h s khuch tn.
iu ny cng c chnh tc gi khng nh trong nghin cu ca mnh. Do vy,
cn c nhng nghin cu nh gi v nh hng ca cc yu t ny.
Phani K.Adapa, Greg J.Schoenau v Shahab Sokhansanj [19] tin hnh
nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim qu trnh sy bng bm nhit i vi cc vt
liu c bit. Cc tc gi tin hnh thit lp cc quan h tnh ton l thuyt qu
trnh sy lp mng. Cc tc gi thit lp phng trnh cn bng nng lng,
cn bng cht, truyn nhit v truyn m gia vt liu v khng kh cho mt phn
t th tch vt liu sy nh sau:
Phng trnh truyn m

( )
e
M
k M M
t
c
=
c
(1.24)
Trong : M - m cn bng ca vt liu sy ti thi im t
M
e
- m cn bng ca vt liu sy, c xc nh bng thc nghim
t - thi gian sy, s
k - hng s sy [1/s], c xc nh nh sau: ( ) k=0,2865.exp 0,179.T
a
(1.25)
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 45 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Gii phng trnh (1.24) ta xc nh c m ca vt liu khi sy ti thi im
t nh sau:

( )
0
0
. .
kt kt
e e
M M M M e e

= + (1.26)
Vi M
0
: m ca v liu sy ti thi im t
0
= 0
Phng trnh cn bng cht

.
p
a
G
W M
x G y
c c
=
c c
(1.27)
Vi: W - cha hi ca khng kh
x - chiu dy ca vt liu sy
G
p
- lu lng vt liu sy chuyn ng qua bng ti, kg/m.s
G
a
- lu lng khng kh chuyn ng qua bng ti, kg/m
2
.s
y - qung ng dch chuyn ca vt liu sy, m
Gii phng trnh (1.27), thu c cng thc xc nh s thay i ca cha
hi W theo chiu dy vt liu sy (gi thit tnh cht ca vt liu sy l ng u
theo phng dch chuyn y):

0
. .
P
a
G M
W W x
G y
c
=
c
(1.28)
Phng trnh cn bng nng lng

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
. . / .
. .
cv a pw a g
a
a pa pw
h G G W x T T
T
x
G C C W
+ c c
c
=
c
+
(1.29)
Trong : T
a
- nhit ca khng kh sy,
0
C
T
g
- nhit ca vt liu sy,
0
C
h
cv
- h s truyn nhit th tch, kJ/m
3
.ph.K
C
pa
- nhit dung ring ca khng kh kh, kJ/kgK
C
pw
- nhit dung ring ca hi nc, kJ/kgK
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 46 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Gii phng trnh (1.29), xc nh c nhit khng kh ti u ra:

( )
( / ).
0
.
d a x
a g g a
T T a T T = +

Trong :

( )
. .
a pa pw
a G C C W = +


. .
cv a pw
W
d h G C
x
| |
|
\ .
c
= +
c

T
a0
- Nhit khng kh ti v tr ban u x
0
= 0,
0
C

)(

))(

)
) (1.30)
Trong : L
g
- nhit n ha hi ca nc trong vt liu sy, kJ/kg
C
pg
- nhit dung ring ca vt liu sy, kJ/kgK
C
pl
- nhit dung ring ca nc, kJ/kgK
Gii phng trnh (1.30) ta s tm c s thay i nhit ca vt liu sy :

((

)
(
(

)
) (1.31)
y:

( )
0
. . . ; . .
cv a g cv pw a a pl
W W
f h T G L g h C C G
x x
| |
|
\ .
c c
= = +
c c


( )
. .
p pg pl
h G C MC = +

1.8 So snh phng php sy lnh vi phng php sy nng nh my
Sy l qu trnh tch nc v hi nc ra khi vt. Tuy nhin, sy l mt
qu trnh cng ngh i hi sau khi sy, vt liu phi m bo cht lng cao,
tiu tn nng lng t v chi ph vn hnh thp. C hai phng php sy:
a) Phng php sy nng ti nh my
Trong phng php sy nng, tc nhn sy v vt liu sy c t nng.
Do tc nhn sy c t nng nn m tng i gim dn n phn p sut
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 47 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

hi nc P
am
trong tc nhn sy gim. Mt khc do nhit ca vt liu sy tng
ln nn mt hi trong cc mao qun tng v phn p sut hi nc trn b mt
vt cng tng theo cng thc:
=
o
r
p
p
= exp
)
`

r o
h
p
o 2
(1.32)
Trong P
r
- p sut trn b mt ct mao dn, N/m
2

P
o
- p sut trn b mt thong, N/m
2

- Sc cng b mt thong,N/m
2

h
- mt hi trn ct dch th trong ng mao dn, kg/m
3

0
- mt dch th, kg/m
3

Nh vy trong h thng sy nng c hai cch to ra chnh phn p
sut hi nc gia vt liu sy v mi trng:
Gim phn p sut ca hi nc trong tc nhn sy bng cch t nng.
Tng phn p sut hi nc trong vt liu sy.
Tm li, nh t nng c tc nhn sy v vt liu sy hoc ch t nng vt
liu sy m hiu s gia phn p sut hi nc trn b mt vt P
hb
v phn p sut
hi nc trong tc nhn sy P
h
tng ln dn n qu trnh dch chuyn m t
trong lng vt liu sy ra b mt v i vo mi trng.
Do , h thng sy nng thng c phn loi theo phng php cung
cp nhit:
H thng sy i lu
Vt liu sy nhn nhit bng i lu t mt dch th nng m thng thng
l khng kh nng hoc khi l. H thng sy i lu gm: h thng sy bung,
h thng sy hm, h thng sy kh ng.
H thng sy tip xc
Vt liu sy nhn nhit t mt b mt nng. Nh vy trong h thng sy
tip xc, ngi ta to ra chnh lch p sut nh tng phn p sut hi nc
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 48 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

trn b mt vt liu sy. H thng sy tip xc gm: h thng sy l, h thng
sy tng
H thng sy bc x
Vt liu sy nhn nhit t mt ngun bc x dn m dch chuyn t lng
vt liu sy ra b mt v t b mt vo mi trng. y ngi ta to ra
chnh phn p sut hi nc gia vt liu sy v mi trng bng cch t
nng vt.
H thng sy dng dng in cao tn hoc dng nng lng in t trng
Khi vt liu sy t trong mi trng in t th trong vt xut hin cc dng
in v chnh dng in ny s t nng vt.
u im ca phng php sy nng ti nh my
- Thi gian sy bng cc phng php sy nng ngn hn so vi phng
php sy lnh.
- Nng sut cao v chi ph ban u thp.
- Ngun nng lng s dng cho phng php sy nng c th l khi
thi, hi nc nng, hay cc ngun nhit t du m, than , rc
thi,...cho n in nng.
- Thi gian lm vic ca h thng cng rt cao.
Nhc im
- Ch sy c cc vt sy khng cn c cc yu cu c bit v nhit .
- Sn phm sy thng hay b bin mu v cht lng khng cao.
- V nh my dng in tr sy nn lng nhit ta ra l rt ln, qun tnh
nhit cao kh iu chnh nhit
- Chi ph in nng cao
- Sn phm sau khi sy cht lng khng ng u, xy ra tnh trng
nguyn liu b chy do qun tnh nhit ln cao.
b) Phng php sy lnh
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 49 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta to ra chnh p sut hi nc
gia vt liu sy v tc nhn sy bng cch gim phn p sut hi nc trong tc
nhn sy P
h
nh gim cha m d. Mi quan h c th hin theo cng
thc:
P
h
=
d
d B
+ 621 , 0
.
(1.33)
Trong B - p sut mi trng (p sut kh tri).
Khi , m trong vt liu dch chuyn ra b mt v t b mt vo mi
trng c th trn di nhit mi trng (t > 0
o
C) v cng c th nh hn 0

o
C.
c) So snh phng php sy lnh v phng php sy nng

tin hnh so snh thc nghim phng php sy lnh vi phng php
sy nng, cc loi rau c thc phm v dc liu nh c rt, c ci, hnh l, da,
mt, nhn, mng ct, hnh ty, hn hp dch p gng v bt avicel, c sy
th nghim vi khong thng s nhit sy t = 25
0
C n 40
0
C, tc gi
=2,2-4m/s . Kt qu sn phm sau th nghim c cc c im v mu sc, mi
v, hm lng cht dinh dng v trng thi vt sy c bo ton hn hn cc
cng ngh sy nng truyn thng, ngay c khi so snh vi k thut sy hin i
bng tia hng ngoi. iu chng t nhng c im u vit ca cng ngh sy
lnh trong vic ng dng sy nhng loi rau qu giu vitamin, c gi tr dinh
dng cao trong thc t [19].

Di y l bng so snh cc phng php sy khc nhau vi phng php
sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit ca Vin Cng Ngh Thc Phm, s Cng
Nghip H Ni da trn cc tiu ch v cht lng sn phm, gi thnh sn phm,
thi gian sy, chi ph u t, chi ph vn hnh v bo v mi trng, phm vi ng
dng, vv

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 50 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Bng1-1 nh gi so snh cht lng sn phm sy bng bm nhit sy
lnh vi phng php sy nng truyn thng v sy hng ngoi [Vin
Cng Ngh Thc Phm, s Cng Nghip H Ni]
Th
t
Phng Php sy

Ch tiu so snh
Sy nng
Sy thng hoa
v chn khng
Sy lnh s dng
my ht m kt hp
my lnh
1
Cht lng sn phm (mu
sc, mi v, vitamin)
Km hn rt
nhiu
Tt hn Bng nhau
2 Gi thnh sn phm Thp hn t hn nhiu t hn
3 Thi gian sy Ngn hn Ngn hn Ln hn hoc bng
4 Chi ph u t ban u thp hn Cao hn Cao hn
5 Chi ph vn hnh, bo dng r hn t hn nhiu t hn
6
Kh nng iu chnh nhit
tc nhn sy theo yu cu
cng ngh
Kh hn Kh hn Kh hn
7 V sinh an ton thc phm km hn Tt hn Bng nhau
8 Bo v mi trng km hn Nh nhau Km hn
9 Phm vi ng dng Rng hn Hp hn Hp hn

1.9 nh gi v kt lun
a) So vi sy lnh s dng my ht m chuyn dng kt hp my lnh
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 51 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit thp t ra u th vt tri v chi ph
u t ban u, gim tiu hao in nng. Vi iu kin ca Vit Nam th nn
dng phng php sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit thp. Trong thc t,
mt s nh my nhp dy chuyn cng ngh sy s dng my ht m chuyn
dng kt hp vi my sy khng t hiu qu v chuyn sang dng bm nhit
nhit thp.
b) So vi sy thng hoa v sy chn khng
Cht lng sn phm ca hai phng php ny thng tt hn sy lnh s
dng bm nhit nhit thp nhng cc ch tiu quan trong 2 v 5 li km hn
nn ch p dng hai phng php ny khi yu cu v cht lng sn phm cao
(ch tiu 1, 7), cn li nn s dng phng php sy lnh bng bm nhit nhit
thp.
c) So snh vi sy nng
Nhn chung, c mt s vt liu sy lnh khng c hiu qu nh sy g, cc
loi hoa qu c v dy th buc phi s dng sy nng. i vi cc vt liu cn
li, nu vt liu sy nhy cm vi nhit, d mt mu, d mt mi, cht dinh
dng, gi thnh sn phm c th trng chp nhn v thi gian sy khng i
hi phi nhanh th nn sy bng phng php sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit
thp.
Nh vy, phng php sy lnh bng bm nhit nhit thp t ra c hiu
qu, nht l i vi mt s sn phm c th (nhy cm vi nhit ) Do , ty
vo tng trng hp c th, xem xt cc ch tiu trong bng trn, ch tiu no l
quan trng th quyt nh phng php sy ph hp.
d) Kt lun
u im ca cng ngh sy lnh c th xy dng c tng quy trnh cng
ngh sy hp l i vi tng loi rau, c, qu. Sau khi sy, nng sn, thc phm
gi c nguyn mu sc, mi v, thnh phn dinh dng tht thot khng ng
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 52 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

k, t tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm ca Vit Nam v cc ch tiu k
thut, cht lng sn phm tng ng mt s nc khc trn th gii. Vit
Nam l mt nc c kh hu nng m, v th my sy lnh l cng ngh c bit
ph hp vi cc loi nng sn, thc phm, m bo c cht lng cng nh
hm lng dinh dng, mu sc, mi v cho sn phm. i vi cc sn phm nh
c c rt, th l, hnh hay cc loi ko chocolate, ko Caramen, Jelly... Mi
trng ch bin nhng sn phm ny yu cu v nhit khng c qu cao v
m phi nh hn 45-50%. Tnh mi ca cng ngh ny l qu trnh sy c
thc hin nhit thp, to mi trng nhit cng chiu vi mi trng
m tng cng sy. Ngoi ra, cng ngh ny c nhiu u im k thut
khc nh: ht m nhng khng lm tng nhit mi trng nh my ht m
thng thng, sy kh c cc sn phm khng cho php lm kh trong mi
trng nhit cao.














Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 53 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

CHNG II
TM HIU V CNG NGH SY HNH L
2.1 Vt liu sy
Tt c cc sn phm u chu bin i trong qu trnh sy v bo qun sau
. Yu cu t ra i vi qu trnh sy l bo v ti mc tt nht cht lng, hn
ch nhng h hi trong qu trnh sy, bo qun ng thi nng cao hiu qu kinh
t mt cch ti u nht. Xt v c bn nhng thay i trong qu trnh sy c th
chia ra :
- Nhng thay i l hc: st m, gy, v,
- Nhng thay i ha l: trng thi tnh cht ca nhng keo cao phn t b
thay i.
- Nhng thay i ha sinh: do s oxi ha ca cht bo, phn ng sm mu
phi enzim, phn ng enzim,
- Nhng thay i do vi sinh vt
Nhng thay i lm thay i cu trc mu sc mi v, gi tr dinh dng v
c nh hng n tnh hi nguyn ca sn phm sau khi sy. Cc phng php
sy khc nhau c nhng u im v nhc im trong qu trnh sy cc sn phm
rau qu. Trong , phng php sy nng p ng c cc yu cu v nng
sut, thi gian sy nhng li khng p ng tt cc i hi v cht lng sn
phm. Ngc li, i vi cc sn phm sy yu cu nhit thp i hi phi c
quy trnh sy ph hp hn. Cng ngh sy lnh l mt cng ngh mi c dng
gii quyt cc vn khng th gii quyt i vi cng ngh sy nng. T
nghin cu thc nghim chng minh nhng u im vt tri ca cng ngh
sy lnh trong qu trnh xy dng quy trnh sy i vi cc loi rau c qu c gi
tr kinh t.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 54 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

2.1.1 S cng ngh sy rau qu
Rau qu (phi thch hp cho qu trnh sy)
Lm sch (kh, t)
La chn phn loi (theo kch thc)
Gt sa
Ct, thi (ty theo yu cu)
Chn, hp (ty theo yu cu)
X l ha hc (nu cn)

Ch Ch p
Sy Sy C c
Lm ngui Lm ngui C c
Sy
Phn loi Phn loi Phn loi
p bnh Nghin nh
ng gi ng gi ng gi
Sn phm Sn phm dng Sn phm
dng nguyn bn mng dng bt

Hnh 2.1 S cng ngh sy rau qu

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 55 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

2.1.2 nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng sn phm
a) nh hng n cu trc
Thay i v cu trc ca cc vt liu l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan
trng lm gim cht lng sn phm. Bn cht v mc ca cc bin php x l
rau qu trc khi sy u c nh hng n cu trc ca cc sn phm sau khi hi
nguyn. Nguyn nhn l do s h ha ca tinh bt, s kt tinh ca xenluloza v
s hnh thnh cc sc cng bn trong do khc bit v m cc v tr khc
nhau. Kt qu la s to thnh cc vt nt gy, cc t bo b nn p vn vo vnh
vin, lm cho sn phm c b ngoi b co ngt, nhn nheo. Trong qu trnh lm
t tr li sn phm ht nc chm, khng th ly li hnh dng nh ban u.
Cc sn phm khc nhau c s dao ng v mc co ngt v kh nng hp
th nc tr li. Sy nhanh nhit cao lm cho cu trc b thay i nhiu hn
so vi sy vi tc va phi nhit thp. Trong qu trnh sy, cc cht ha
tan di chuyn theo nc t bn trong ra b mt ngoi ca sn phm. Qu trnh bay
hi lm c c cc cht tan b mt, kt hp vi nhit khng kh (c bit khi
sy tri cy, c, tht,) gy ra cc phn ng l ha phc tp ca cc cht tan b
mt ngoi nn lp v cng khng thm c. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng
cng v (case hardening), lm gim tc sy v lm cho sn phm c b mt
kh, nhng bn trong th m. V vy cn kim sot nhit sy trnh chnh
lch m qu cao gia bn trong v b mt sn phm. i vi k thut sy lnh
hon ton c th gii quyt c vn ny. H thng sy lnh c nhit tng
i thp cho nn qu trnh kh ca b mt vt liu s chm hn trong khi m
c ly ra nhiu bng s chnh lch phn p sut hi ngoi b mt v bn trong
vt liu sy.
b) nh hng n mi v
Nhit lm tht thot cc thnh phn d bay hi ra khi sn phm v vy
phn ln cc sn phm sy b gim mi v. Mc tht thot ph thuc vo nhit
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 56 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

v m ca vt liu sy, p sut hi nc v ha tan ca cc cht bay hi
trong nc. Nhng sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao nh vo c tnh mi v (nh
gia v) cn c sy nhit thp. Mt s sn phm c kt cu xp to iu
kin cho oxi khng kh d dng tip xc vi sn phm, gy ra cc phn ng oxi
ha cht tan v cht bo trong qu trnh bo qun lm thay i mi v ca sn
phm.
Tc ca qu trnh gy h hng ph thuc vo nhit bo qun v hot
ca nc. Phn ln rau qu ch cha mt lng nh lipit. Tuy nhin, s oxi
ha cc cht bo khng no to ra cc hydroperoxit tham gia vo cc phn ng
polime ha, phn ng tch nc hoc oxi ha to thnh aldehit, Kenton v cc
axit gy mi i thui kh chu.
c) nh hng n mu sc
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra s mt mu hay thay i mu trong sn phm
sy, nh l:
S thay i cc c trng b mt ca sn phm gy ra s thay i phn
x nh sng v mu sc.
Nhit v s oxi ha trong qu trnh sy gy ra nhng bin i ha hc i
vi carotenoit v clorophyl, cng nh hot ng ca enzim
polyphenoloxidaza gy nn s sm mu trong qu trnh bo qun cc sn
phm rau qu.
C th ngn nga c nhng thay i ny bng cc phng php chn
hp hoc x l tri cy bng axit ascorbic hoc SO
2
.
d) nh hng n gi tr dinh dng
Cc s liu v s tht thot cc cht dinh dng ca cc tc gi thng
khng thng nht, c th do s khc bit ng k trong cc qu trnh chun b sy,
nhit v thi gian sy, cng nh iu kin bo qun. rau qu, tht thot dinh
dng trong qu trnh chun b thng vt xa qu trnh sy. V d, tht thot
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 57 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

vitamin C trong qu trnh chun b to sy (dng khi) l 8% do qu trnh ct gt,
62% do chn hp, 10% do qu trnh nghin pu r v 5% do qu trnh sy.
Vitamin c ha tan trong nc khc nhau v khi qu trnh sy din ra,
mt vi loi (v d: vitamin B2 riboflavin) t trng thi bo ha v kt ta khi
dung dch, nh vy chng t b tn thng. Mt s khc, v d: axit ascorbic, ha
tan ngay c khi m ca sn phm h xung n mc rt thp, chng phn ng
vi cc cht tan vi tc cng lc cng cao hn trong qu trnh sy. Vitamin C
cng rt nhy cm vi nhit v oxy ha. V th trnh nhng tht thot ln cn
sy trong thi gian ngn, nhit thp, bo qun m thp v nng kh oxi
thp. Thiamin (Vit B1) cng nhy cm vi nhit, tuy nhin cc vitamin khc ha
tan trong nc bn vi nhit v oxy ha hn v tn tht qu trnh sy him khi
vt qu 5-10%, ngoi tr tht thot do qu trnh chn hp.
S tn tht cc vitamin c th hn ch ng k hoc ngn nga hon ton khi
s dng cc phng php sy nhanh v n ha (nh sy phun), c bit bng
phng php sy thng hoa i vi cc nguyn liu nghin nt, nguyn cht dng
ct nh.
Cc cht dinh dng nh cht bo (v d: cc axit bo khng thay th c
v cc vitamin A, D, E, K) phn ln cha trong phn cht rn ca sn phm v
chng khng b c c trong khi sy. Tuy nhin nc l dung mi ca cc kim
loi nng, l nhng cht xc tc ca qu trnh oxy ha cc cht dinh dng khng
no. Khi nc b mt, cht xc tc tr nn hot ng hn v lm tng tc oxy
ha. Cc vitamin tan trong cht bo b bin i mt i khi tip xc vi peroxit
c sinh ra do s oxy ha cht bo. gim tht thot trong qu trnh bo qun
ngi ta h thp nng oxy, nhit bo qun v loi tr nh sang tip xc vi
sn phm.
e) nh hng n s hi nguyn sn phm (rehydration)
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 58 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Sn phm sau khi sy khng th tr li tnh trng ban u khi lm t tr
li. Sau khi sy, t bo b mt p sut thm thu, tnh thm thu ca t bo b thay
i, cc cht tan di chuyn, polysacarit kt tinh v protein t bo b ng t, tt c
gp phn vo s thay i cu trc, lm tht thot cc cht d bay hi v y u
l
Nhit trong qu trnh sy lm gim kh nng hydrat ha tinh bt v tnh n hi
ca thnh t bo, lm bin tnh protein, gim kh nng gi nc ca chng. Tc
v mc thm nc tr li c th c dng nh ch s nh gi cht lng
sn phm sy. Nhng sn phm sy trong nhng iu kin ti u, t h hi hn s
thm t tr li nhanh hn, hon ton hn.
2.2 Cc c tnh ha l ca mt s rau qu giu vitamin ng dng phng php
sy lnh
Bt k mt loi nng sn phm no, trong thnh phn ca n u c cha
cc nhm hp cht hu c nh protein, gluxit, lipid, vitamin, axit hu c v cc
cht khong, cc sc t v.v vi t l khc nhau. Do mun bo qun tt tng
loi sn phm cn nghin cu k thnh phn ha hc v nhng bin i ca n
di tc ng ca cc nhn t bn ngoi. Thng thng trong thnh phn ca
chng c cha nhng hp cht sau:
a) Nc
Tuyt i a s nng sn phm u c cha mt lng nc nht nh, n
thay i ty theo hnh thi gii phu v trng thi keo a nc trong t bo sn
phm. C nhng loi cha nhiu nc nh rau qu ti cha 65-95% nc, ht
lng thc cha tng i t hn t 11-20%. Nhng nhn chung trong t bo cc
loi nng sn phm u c cha cc dng nc sau y: (theo phn loi ca vin
s P.A Rebinde)
Nc lin kt ha hc
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 59 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

c c trng bng quan h nh lng rt chnh xc gia sn phm v
nc. y l loi lin kt rt bn vng. V d: Na
3
CO
3
.3H
2
O. Nu mun tch
lng nc ny phi bng cch em nung ln hoc bng cc tng tc ha hc
khc.
Nc lin kt ha l
Kt hp vi vt liu khng theo mt t l nht nh. N bao gm c nc
hp th, nc thm thu, nc cu trc. Mun tch lng nc ny ra cn tiu
hao mt nng lng bin n thnh th hi. Dng nc ny km bn hn.
Loi ny kt hp vi sn phm khng theo mt lng nht nh, chnh l
lng nc t do trong sn phm y l dng km bn vng nht. N c
chuyn dch trong sn phm dng th lng. Mun tch ra phi bng cch sy
kh nhit 105
o
C.
Hm lng nc trong sn phm cao hay thp c nh hng ln n cht
lng v kh nng bo qun ca chng. i vi nhng sn phm c hm lng
nc cao, vic bo qun kh khn hn v nc chnh l mt mi trng thun li
vi sinh vt hot ng, lm cho cht lng sn phm b gim xung
b) Nhng hp cht c Nit v s bin i trong qu trnh bo qun
Protein l hp cht cha Nit ch yu trong nng sn phm v n l thnh
phn dinh dng ch yu ca nhng sn phm c ht. N c gi tr dinh dng
cao. Cc loi sn phm khc nhau, hm lng protein cha trong chng khc
nhau. La cha 7-10%, ng 10-12%, cao lng 10-13%, u H Lan 22-26%,
u tng 36-42%, crt 2% cc loi qu ch di 1% (Tt c tnh theo % trng
lng cht kh).
Trong thnh phn protein c mt y cc nhm: albumin, prolamin, glutein,
globulin.
Trong albumin c cha cc axt amin khng thay th
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 60 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Prolamin c nhiu trong cc cy ha tho, c bit thnh phn protein cha
trong ht ng th nhm ny ch yu chim ti 50% l zein ca ng.
Globulin c cha nhiu trong ht c du, ht cy h u nh u tng,
protein trong u tng. Protein trong u tng c 8 axit amin khng
thay th.
Glutelin cng l protein c trng ca ht cy ha tho, c bt ngi ta ch
ti gluten ca la m.
rau qu hm lng protein rt t, ch chim khong 1-2%, thng ch
yu cc loi rau cao cp nh supl, crt, khoai ty tuy vy n c gi tr dinh
dng rt cao. Trong qu trnh bo qun, ni chung Nit tng s hu nh khng
thay i hoc thay i rt t, nhng Nit protein ha tan thay i kh nhiu,
chng phn gii thnh cc axit amin lm cho hm lng axit amin tng ln. Do
lng Nit protein gim xung v Nit phiprotein trong qu trnh ny cng tng
ln mt cch r rt. Trong nhng cng trnh nghin cu ca Gasiorowski v ht
la m bo qun trng thi ti m trong cc kho kn hon ton, ng pht
hin thy s tng ln ca hm lng Nit phiprotein sau 15 tun l bo qun.
2.4 L thuyt sy rau qu
2.4.1 Quy trnh x l trc khi sy
Sy rau qu thng thng c thc hin 3 dng ch yu: dng nguyn
(hoc ming); dng bn mng v dng bt hoc nh tng. Tu theo dng sn
phm, cng ngh sy rau qu c s chung nh sau:
Rau qu ti sau khi ra sch c loi b phn khng tiu chun, c
phn c theo kch thc, lm sch, ct ming. Sau rau qu c chn (hp),
x l ho cht. Tip theo, cc hnh thc sn phm khc nhau c ch bin theo
cc s khc nhau.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 61 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

- Trong khi chn (hp), do tc dng ca nhit v m nn tnh cht ho l ca
nguyn liu b bin i c li cho s thot nc khi sy. ng thi vi sinh vt
b tiu dit v h thng enzim trong nguyn liu b mt hot tnh, hn ch ti a
kh nng bin mu trong khi sy rau qu v rt ngn thi gian sy. Ngoi ra qu
trnh chn lm gim ht m ca rau qu kh.
- Trong cng nghip sy rau qu, ngn nga qu trnh oxy ho lm bin mu
rau qu khi sy, ngi ta s dng cc cht chng oxy ho nh axit sunfur, axit
ascobic, axit xitric v cc mui natri ca axit Sunfur (nh sunfit, bisunfit,
metabisunfit, ...) x l ho cht cho rau qu trc khi sy.
2.4.2 . Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy
Yu t nh hng nhiu n cht lng sn phm rau qu kh l nhit
sy. Nu nhit sn phm trong qu trnh sy cao hn 60
o
C th prtin b bin
tnh. Nu loi rau qu t thnh phn protin th nhit t nng sn phm c th
ln n 80-90
o
C. Nu tip xc nhit trong thi gian ngn nh sy phun th nhit
sy c th ln n 150
o
C. i vi sn phm khng chn nh chui, u th
c th sy nhit cao, giai on u 90-100
o
C, sau gim dn xung.
Qu trnh sy cn ph thuc vo tc tng nhit ca vt liu sy. Nu tc
tng nhit qu nhanh th b mt mt qu b rn li v ngn qu trnh thot m.
Ngc li, nu tc tng chm th cng thot m yu.
b) m khng kh
Mun nng cao kh nng ht m ca khng kh th phi gim m tng
i ca n xung. C 2 cch lm gim m tng i ca khng kh [19]
* Tng nhit khng kh bng cch dng calorife.
* Gim nhit khng kh bng cch dng my ht m.
Thng thng khi vo l sy, khng kh c m 10 - 13%. Nu m
ca khng kh qu thp s lm rau qu nt hoc to ra lp v kh trn b mt, lm
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 62 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

nh hng xu n qu trnh thot hi m tip theo. Nhng nu m qu cao s
lm tc sy gim. Khi ra khi l sy, khng kh mang theo hi m ca rau qu
ti nn m tng ln (thng thng khong 40 - 60%). Nu khng kh i ra c
m qu thp th s tn nng lng; ngc li, nu qu cao s d b ng
sng, lm h hng sn phm sy. Ngi ta iu chnh m ca khng kh ra
bng cch iu chnh tc lu thng ca n v lng rau qu ti cha trong l
sy.
c) Lu thng ca khng kh
Trong qu trnh sy, khng kh c th lu thng t nhin hoc cng bc.
Trong cc l sy, khng kh lu thng t nhin vi tc nh (nh hn 0,4m/s),
do vy thi gian sy thng ko di, lm cht lng sn phm sy khng cao.
khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta phi dng qut thng gi cng bc vi
tc trong khong 0,4 - 4,0 m/s trong cc thit b sy. Nu tc gi qu ln
(trn 4,0 m/s) s gy tn tht nhit lng.[20]
d) dy ca lp sy
dy ca lp rau qu sy cng nh hng n qu trnh sy. Lp nguyn
liu cng mng th qu trnh sy cng nhanh v ng u, nhng nu qu mng s
lm gim nng sut ca l sy. Ngc li, nu qu dy th s lm gim s lu
thng ca khng kh, dn n sn phm b " m hi" do hi m ng li.
Thng thng nn xp lp hoa qu trn cc khay sy vi khi lng 5 8 kg/m
2

l ph hp.[20]
2.5 Mt s phng php sy rau qu
a) Phng php sy bng khng kh
Cng vic ny c tin hnh bng cch tri rau qu ln cc loi b mt
ngoi tri nhn nh sang mt tri trc tip. Tuy nhin, sn phm c cht lng
km do kh kim sot c vn v sinh, iu chnh m, nhit v tc
sy.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 63 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Ngi ta ch to my sy dung nng lng mt tri nhm khc phc nhng
nhc im trn. Thit b ny s dng mt c cu rt n gin c tc dng tng
cng nhit t mt tri v bo v sn phm.
Cn ch phn bit gia sy trc tip v sy gin tip bng nng lng
mt tri. i vi sy trc tip, sn phm c t di nh nng mt tri v kt
qu l s thay i v mu sc, thnh phm vitamin. i vi sy gin tip, nguyn
liu ny c bo v khi nh sng trc tip t mt tri. phng php ny,
ngi ta s dng mt phng ring thu nhn nhit lng t mt tri v ti ,
khng kh c cp nhit ri thi qua phng cha sn phm.
My sy c hc dng nhin liu t nng khng k mt cch trc tip,
thc phm c sy bng kh t, hoc mt cch gin tip thc phm c sy
bng khng kh nng do kh t. Hai hnh thc ny u c kh nng kim sot tt
hn so vi sy bng mt tri v c th tin hnh c ngy ln m, khng ph
thuc vo thi tit. Tuy nhin, chi ph u t v vn hnh cho thit b ny kh
cao. i vi cc sn phm c la chn phn loi tt t nguyn liu ban u,
cng on ra v x l cng quan trng nh cng on sy.
b) Phng php sy lt
Phng php ny tin hnh sy mt hoc hn hp nhiu loi rau qu (
c x l bng dioxyt sunfua nhm hn ch mt mu v vi sinh vt pht trin)
dng lt mng. Loi ny thng c dng nh thc phm n nh, c th tng
ngt bng cch b sung ng vo nguyn liu ban u hoc thay i thnh phn
nh thm hnh nhn, da no hay bt gia v.
c) Phng php sy b sung
V d nh chui c sy trc nhm loi b lp ng dnh tip tc
c sy b sung. Vic ng gi v bo qun sn phm sy kh i hi nhiu yu
cu. Sn phm sau khi sy cn c bo qun trnh nh sng mt tri, m v
nhit nhm ngn nga s gim hng v v h hng. Ngi ta thng dng
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 64 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

dng c cha bng gm, thy tinh, kim loi hay nha cho ti khi chng c
ng hp. Gii php r nht l s dng ti mng mng PE vi iu kin phi
c ghp mng bng. Ni bo qun cn thong mt, trnh xa nh sng mt tri,
cn trng v loi gm nhm. a s, sn phm sy u n nh cht lng trong
nhiu tun.
2.6 La chn phng php sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti
T nhng c tnh u vit ca cng ngh sy lnh ta nhn thy rng cng
ngh ny c nhiu u im v hiu qu kinh t cao trong vic ng dng vo sy
cc sn phm rau qu c gi tr kinh t. Tuy nhin, t l thuyt n thc tin l
mt qu trnh lm vic lu di i hi qu trnh u t nghin cu t m. Cng
ngh sy lnh c th gii quyt hn ch ca cng ngh sy nng trong cc quy
trnh sy rau qu. Tuy nhin, vic ng dng cng ngh sy lnh i vi cc loi
sn phm rau c khc nhau cn phi nghin cu c lp, t xy dng nhng
quy trnh cng ngh chun cho cc loi hoc cc dng rau qu. T yu cu thc t
, cn thit phi tnh ton thit k mt m hnh thc t v kim tra thc nghim
i vi cc quy trnh cng ngh. Ni dung thc hin Chng IV: Tnh ton
thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit s trnh by r ni dung ny.








Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 65 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


CHNG III
KHO ST THC TRNG V LA CHN PHNG PHP SY
3.1 Kho st my sy ti nh my
L mt doanh nghip chuyn ch bin tm xut khu sang th trng cc
nc trong khu vc, nm 2007, trc tnh hnh nguyn liu tm ngy cng c
nhiu bin ng v mt gi c, Chi nhnh Cng ty c phn thy sn Bc Liu ti
Khnh Ha chuyn hng sang ch bin nng sn xut khu. Bc i ny
khng ch mang v li nhun hng nm ln n 9 triu USD cho cng ty, gip th
trng tiu th hng ha n nh m cn gip Cng ty d dng hn trong vic ch
ng ngun nguyn liu phc v sn xut v xut khu.
Trong xu th cnh tranh ca nn kinh t th trng, cng vi l vn b
ng v ngun nguyn liu thy sn, thng xuyn nh hng n hot ng sn
xut ca doanh nghip, nm 2007, Chi nhnh Cng ty c phn thy sn Bc Liu
ti Khnh Ha mnh dn th nghim xut khu nhng l hng nng sn u
tin. Thi gian u, doanh nghip sn xut song song va ch bin tm va ch
bin c tm v u bp, sau nhn thy li nhun t nhng mt hng nng sn,
chi nhnh chuyn hn sang ch bin rau qu xut khu. Hin nay, ngoi c tm
v u bp, n v tng cng thm 3 mt hng rau qu khc l b ngi, t v
hnh l. Cng vi mt hng nng sn l cc mt hng kh, hin nay hnh l kh
ang c xut khu vi s lng ln qua th trng nht.
H thng sy ca nh my c u t ban u vi 12 bung sy mi
bung c cng sut 100kg/m, mi bung c din tch 4m
2

bn di c thit
k cc mt sng c cc l nh, vi 27 thanh in tr mi thanh c cng sut 6kW,
lng in ta ra do mi bung lm vic l rt ln. Hin nay my sy ti nh my
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 66 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

ch phc v cho vic sy hnh v mt s mt hng nng sn c nhu cu ca khch
hng v lng in ta ra l rt ln.
3.2 Nhim v thit k
Bn cnh vic nghin cu iu tra ngun nguyn liu ca nh my cung
cp cho h thng sy , vic phn b nguyn liu trong nm , phng thc vn
chuyn nguyn liu v ngun tiu th. Ngoi ra vic xc nh vic ngun nng
lng cung cp cho h thng, cui cng ta xc nh sn lng cn sy trong nm.
Trn c s ta xc nh cng xut thit b sy theo sn phm G
2
, kg/h. Bc
tip theo ta tin hnh nghin cu cc thng s ch yu ca vt liu sy, yu cu
v cht lng sn phm.
Da trn kt qu ta xc nh cng xut thit b sy G
2
, kg/h . m u
ca vt liu v m sau cng khi sy. Cui cng l cht lng ca sn phm v
so snh vi h thng sy ca nh my khi sy bng in tr.
3.3 Chn phng n thit k
Qua qu trnh kho st ta la chn phng n thit k l sy vt liu bng
bm nhit vi thit k l h thng sy tng si : rt ph hp vi sy hnh, di
tc dng ca TNS vi thng s thch hp VLS lun trng thi bay l lng. Qa
trnh sy lien tc s cho hnh c kh v nh phn trn ca lp si d dng
ly ra khi thit b sy
Trong h thng ny s truyn nhit v m gia tc nhn sy v vt liu sy
l rt tt nn trong cc h thng sy ln th sy tng si c cng xut ln , thi
gian sy nhanh v vt liu sy c cht lng rt u.
3.4 Chon tc nhn sy v nng sut sy
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 67 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Tc nhn ca h thng sy phi m bo y cc yu cu v nhit ,
m, iu kin v sinh Khng kh m y l tc nhn sy ph bin nht hin
nay dng cho hu ht cc loi sn phm v m bo v sinh cho sn phm.























CHNG IV
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 68 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

TNH TON THIT K M HNH MY SY LNH
S DNG BM NHIT
4.1 Gii thiu bi ton thit k v m hnh thit k
Cc loi rau qu rt nhy cm vi nhit cao, c bit l cc loi vitamin
v khong cht, nhit trn 60
0
C cc cht ny bt u phn hy, dn n lm
gim gi tr dinh dng cng nh gi thnh ca sn phm [20]. i vi cc
phng php sy nng, vic ly m t vt liu ch thc hin c bng vic t
nng vt liu hoc tc nhn sy ln n nhit cao, s khng p ng c cc
yu cu v cht lng. gii quyt vn ny, my sy lnh s dng bm nhit
ra i, l phng php sy m vic ly m t vt liu sy c thc hin bng
cch to ra s chnh p gia tc nhn sy v vt liu sy cho nn khng i hi
phi gia nhit tc nhn sy ln nhit qu cao. Cng cng nguyn l dch
chuyn m t bn trong nhn ra ngoi b mt vt liu sy nhng c th d dng
nhn thy rng, i vi phng php sy nng tc nhn sy nhit cao s lm
kh b mt vt liu nhanh hn do s cn tr qu trnh dch chuyn m. Hn
na, cc vt liu sy khc nhau c cu trc t bo v thnh phn ha l khc nhau,
vic s dng phng php sy lnh chng ta c th xy dng quy trnh cng ngh
i vi cc loi rau qu khc nhau. Bi ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s
dng bm nhit sy C rt c thc hin xc nh cc thng s qu trnh t
thc nghim.
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b
My sy lnh hot ng da trn nguyn l ca t sy, nhng tc nhn sy
c x l tch m trc khi vo bung sy. Nguyn tc tch m tc nhn sy
bng cch s dng dn lnh ca my lnh lm gim nhit ca tc nhn sy
di nhit im sng hi nc trong khng kh m ngng t thnh nc
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 69 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

v c ly ra ngoi. Phn tc nhn sy sau khi tch m c gia nhit li bi dn
nng ca my lnh rii tip tc a vo bung sy thc hin qu trnh sy.
Khng kh ngoi tri trng thi O (t
0,

0
) c a qua dn lnh. Khi my
hot ng mi cht lnh c my nn nn ln dn ngng t sau i qua van
tit lu ri v dn lnh trao i nhit vi khng kh ngoi tri c ht vo, qu
trnh lm lnh lm cho khng kh lnh tr nn bo ha nc ngng t thot ra
ngoi, lc ny khng kh ngoi tri c nhit l t
2
trng thi 2, sau tc nhn
sy tip tc i qua dn nng, nng nhit tc nhn ln n nhit t
3
trng thi
3. Tc nhn sy ny sau c dn qua cc khay vt liu sy thc hin qu
trnh sy tch m ng nhit. Qu trnh sy sau tip tc vi lng tc nhn hi
lu cha m vt liu sy.











Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 70 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh







Hnh 4.1 S nguyn l h thng v th qu trnh sy
4.2 Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy hnh
4.2.1. Gii thiu vt liu sy
Vng nguyn liu
Hnh l l loi gia v, khng th thiu trong cc ba n hng ngy, mc d
vn u t v cng lao ng cao hn cc loi rau gia v khc, nhng vn t hiu
qu kinh t cao.
Hnh thn tho, cy sng lu nm, c mi c bit. C 5-6 l, l hnh tr
rng, di 30-50 cm, pha gc l phnh to, trn u thun nhn. Hoa t mc trn
ng hnh tr, rng. Hoa t dng hnh xim, c ngn thnh hnh tn gi trng ta
hnh cu. Qu nang, trn. Hnh c trng khp ni, ch yu l lm gia v. ng
thi hnh cng l mt v thuc nam c dng cha nhiu loi bnh: thuc ho,
tr m, li tiu, st trng...
Hnh l l loi rau mu c bit l hnh kh, gia v ny v ang c
b con cc tnh nh Hi Dng vng ng Bng Sng Hng v b con BSCL
c bit l tnh Vnh Long trng vi din tch kh ln. Nu nh trc y loi cy
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 71 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

trng ny ch sn xut ri rc mt vi ni, th nay c trng nhiu a
phng. Thm ch cn hnh thnh nhng vng chuyn canh ln.
Vi gi tr kinh t cao hin nay hnh ang c thu mua vi s lng ln
dng ph v nhu cu trong nc v xut khu ra cc th trng ln nh Trung
Quc, i Loan c bit l Nht vi s lng ln.
c im v thnh phn ha hc ca hnh
Hnh ta tn khoa hc l Allium fistilosum Linn, thuc h Liliaceae.
Hnh ta l mt loi c sng nhiu nm, cao khong 50cm, c mi c bit.
Tp hnh mu trng hoc hi nu nu, khng phnh ln. L gm 5 - 6 l, 3 cnh
phi di, hnh tr, phn trn, rng, di 30 - 50cm ng knh 4 8mm, pha
gia phnh ln, u thun nhn. Trc pht hoa cao bng l. Tn hnh cu, 1 2 l
hoa, trng, mng. Phin hoa trng, 5mm, c sc xanh, qu nang, hnh trn, ng
knh chng 6mm. Ht hnh 3 cnh mu en.
Tinh du c mi c bit. Khng nh hnh ty v ti, thnh phn ha hc
ca hnh ta t c nghin cu su rng. Trong hnh ta c l c Alliin
(allylcystein sulfoxide) ging nh trong ti, nhng t hn. Alliin khi b thy gii
bng iu t alliinnase clora Allicin, acid pyruvic v amonia (xem thnh phn ha
hc ca ti). Allicin l mt cht khng an nh nn d b thy gii v phng thch
allyl bisulfide, c mi c bit.
4.2.2. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy Hnh
Chn nhng bi hnh tng i ng u, ng tui, sinh trng tt, khng b
nhim su bnh.
Ra sch v ro nc trc khi sy
Hnh sau khi ra c thi mng ty thuc vo yu cu ca khch hang sau
tri u trn khay sy m bo sao cho qu trnh trao i nhit i lu ti u
nht.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 72 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Hnh cha nhiu vitamin v cht dinh dng nn khng th tin hnh sy
nhit cao. Thng thng khong nhit thch hp sy Hnh trong
khong 40 -60
0
C [3]. Ta c s cng ngh sy c rt nh sau:
Hnh ti u vo ( m 92%)
Ra sch v ro nc
Phn loi hnh
Thi mng theo yu cu
Xp hnh vo thnh tng khay
Sy ( nhit 40-60
o
C) theo phng php sy lnh
n m yu cu (3 - 8%)
ng gi bo qun

Hnh 4.2. S cng ngh sy C rt
4.3 Xc nh cc thng s u vo ca vt liu
a) Thnh phn dinh dng ca vt liu sy
Gi tr dinh dng v thnh phn ha hc trong 100g hnh l : Nng
lng 32,1Kcal 1%, Carbohydrates 7,34g 6% , Protein 1,83g 3% , Tng s cht
bo 0,3g 3% , Cht x 2,6g 7% . Vitamin : Folates 64 g 16% , Niacin 0.525 mg
3% , Pantothenic acid 0.075 mg 1.5% , Pyridoxine 0.61 mg 5% , Riboflavin 0.080
mg 6% , Thiamin 0.055 mg 5% , Vitamin A 997 IU 33% , Vitamin C 18.8 mg
31%
Vitamin E 0.55 mg 4% , Vitamin K 207 g 172% . Electrolytes : Sodium 16 mg
1% , Potassium 276 mg 6% . Minerals : Calcium 72 mg 7 % , Copper 0.083 mg
9% , Iron 1.48 mg 18.5% , Magnesium 20 mg 5% , Manganese 0.160 mg 7% ,
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 73 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Phosphorus 37 mg 5% , Selenium 0.6 g 1% , Zinc 0.39 mg 3.5% . Phyto-
nutrients: Carotene- 598 g , Crypto-xanthin- 0 g , Lutein-zeaxanthin
1137 g.
b) Xc nh kch thc vt liu
S dng thc kp c chnh xc l 0,05mm c thang o t
0,054100mm. Kch thc ban u l kch thc ln nht ca cc lt hnh thi
mng c kch thc 3 5 mm
c) Xc nh m ca vt liu sy
m l mt thng s k thut quan trng v lm c s cho qu trnh sy.
Cn c vo m u v cui m chng ti c th tnh c thi gian sy l
thuyt cng nh thi gian bo qun. m u ca hnh c xc nh bng
phng php t sy
d) Phng php xc nh mu, mi
Bng cch nh gi cm quan ca nhiu ngi v mu sc ca nguyn liu
u vo v sn phm.
e) La chn ch sy
i vi rau qu ni chung cng nh Hnh ni ring nhit sy yu cu
khng qu cao. Thng thng i vi cc loi rau qu nhit sy khng qu
60
O
C, v nu cao hn c th lm tn thng cc thnh phn vitamin, cht dinh
dng v mu sc trong sn phm dn n lm gim gi thnh sn phm. y
ta tnh ton theo hai ch sy khc nhau, mt l ch sy hi lu hon ton
tc nhn sy v ch thi b tc nhn sy.
4.4 Tnh ton l thuyt ch sy hi lu hon ton
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 74 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Mc ch tnh ton nhit ca qu trnh l xc nh tiu hao khng kh dng
cho qu trnh sy L, kg/h v tiu hao nhit Q, kJ/h. Trn c s tnh ton nhit xc
nh cc kch thc c bn ca thit b. ng thi qua vic thit lp cn bng
nhit, cn bng nng lng ca h thng s xc nh c hiu sut s dng nhit
v hiu sut s dng nng lng ca h thng cng nh tiu hao nhit ring ca
bung sy v h thng.
My sy lnh da trn nguyn l ca t sy, nhng tc nhn sy c x l
tch m trc khi i vo bung sy. Nguyn tc tch m tc nhn sy dng dn
lnh ca my lnh lm gim nhit ca tc nhn sy di nhit im
sng bc hi nc trong khng kh m ngng t thnh nc v ly ra ngoi.
Phn tc nhn sy sau khi tch m c gia nhit li bi dn nng ca my lnh
ri tip tc a vo bung sy thc hin qu trnh sy.
C s ca phng php ny c thc hin bng cch gim m tng
i trong khng kh to ra s chnh lch p sut gia hi nc trong khng kh
v hi nc trong nng sn, thc phm. Bng cch ny m s tch ra khi
nng sn, thc phm, v i vo khng kh. Khi lm lnh khng kh trong thit b
trao i nhit xung thp hn nhit ng sng, hi bo ho m s ngng t
v tch ra khi khng kh. Khng kh sau i qua dn nng s sy kh vt liu.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 75 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh











Hnh 4-3. S nguyn l bm nhit s dng trong h thng sy lnh
Trng hp tc nhn sy hi lu hon ton Kiu sy hi lu hon ton s
dng Heat pump dryer, tc nhn sy sau kh i qua bung sy (trng thi 3
c qut ht tr v theo ng ng hi lu, sau qua dn lnh gim
nhit n nhit t
4
(trng thi 4) v n nhit t
1
(trng thi 1), ti
y lng nc ngng t s c dn ra ngoi. Tc nhn sy sau khi tch
m tip tc i qua dn nng, nng nhit ln t
2
(trng thi 2), ri i qua
bung sy, thc hin qu trnh sy. Qu trnh sy l thuyt c trnh by
trn gin I-d nh sau:




Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 76 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Hnh 4-4. th I-d ch sy hi lu hon
ton











1-2: Qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy n nhit sy. im (2) l trng
thi khng kh nng trc khi vo bung sy.
2-3: Qu trnh sy ng nhit, tc nhn sy c m thp c thi qua vt
liu sy s nhn m thot ra t vt liu v mang ra khi bung sy.
3-4: Qu trnh lm lnh tc nhn sy n nhit ng sng. im (3) l
trng thi khng kh sau khi i qua bung sy c hi lu hon ton, im
(4) trng thi khng kh trong thit b bay hi, lc bt u gim m.
4-1: Qu trnh tch m. im (1) l trng thi khng kh cui giai on tch
m.
4.4.1 Xc inh cc im nt trn th sy
a) im (Mi trng bn ngoi)
* Nhit t
0
= 26
0
C c chn theo nhit trung bnh ca khu vc Thnh Ph
Nha Trang. [Theo kt qu thc nghim chng 4]
* m tng i
0
= 81% [Theo kt qu thc nghim chng 4]
* Phn p sut hi bo ha ca nc
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 77 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

) (


)
* Dung m ca khng kh



(Ly gi tr P
a
= 0,993 bar)
* Entanpy ca khng kh m
I
0
= 1,0048.t
0
+ d
0
(2500 +1,842.t
0
)
= 1,0048.26 + 0,028(2500 + 1,842.26)= 97,465 kJ/kg.kk
* T cc thng s nhit v m khng kh ngoi tri, s dng th I-d ta
xc nh c t
s
=24
0
C (T im O (26
0
C, 81%) dng ng d= const ct
ng =100%, ta xc nh c t
s
)
b) im : Trng thi khng kh sau dn nh
* Nhit : t
1
= 8
0
C, theo [5]
* m tng i v tc nhn sy n dn lnh ngng t m nn tc nhn sy
trng thi bo ha nn chn
1
= 100%.
* Phn p sut bo ho

)
* Dung m ca khng kh



* Entanpi
Thay cc thng s ca im 1 vo cng thc ta c:
I
1
= 1,0048.t
1
+ d
1
(2500 +1,842.t
1
)
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 78 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

= 1,0048.8 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.8) = 25,1 kJ/kgkk
c) im 2 : Tc nhn sy c gia nhit (trng thi khng kh sau dn nng)
* Nhit : t
2
= 40
0
C (Nhit ci t trong qu trnh sy)
* Phn p sut bo ho

) (


)
* Dung m
Do qu trnh 1-2 l qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy thng qua dn nng ca
bm nhit nn : d
1
= d
2
= 0,00678 kg/kgkk
* Entanpy :
I
2
= 1,0048.t
2
+ d
2
(2500 +1,842.t
2
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 57,64 kJ/kgkk
* m tng i

( )

d) im 3
V mt l thuyt qu trnh sy trong phng php sy lnh l qu trnh ng
nhit, t
2
=t
3
=40
0
C. Vi m u ra ca tc nhn sy sau khi ra khi bung sy
chn =15 %.
* Phn p sut hi bo ha

) (


)
* Dung m:


* Entanpy
I
3
= 1,0048.t
3
+ d
3
(2500 +1,842.t
3
)
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 79 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

= 1,0048.40 + 0,011.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 68,5 kJ/kgkk
e) im 4
* m:
4
= 100%.
* Dung m: d
4
= d
3
= 0,011 kg/kgkk
* Phn p sut bo ho
P
b4
=
( )
4
4 4
a
P .d
0,621+d .
=
0,993.0,011
(0,621+0,011).1
= 0,0173 bar
* Nhit
t
4
=
b4
4026,42
-235,5
12-lnP
=
4026, 42
235,5
12 ln0, 0173

= 15,3
0
C
* Entanpi
I
4
= 1,0048.t
4
+ d
4
(2500 +1,842.t
4
)
= 1,004.15,3 + 0,011(2500 + 1,842.15,3) = 43,2 kJ/kgkk
4.4.2 Tnh ton tc sy v thi gian sy
Theo yu cu ca ti ta la chn vt liu sy l Hnh, Cc thng s vt
l ca Hnh.
- m u vo
1
=92% [Xc nh bng thc nghim chng 4]
- m cui
2
= 3% - 5%. y ta chn m trung bnh ca sn phm
2

= 4%. [Xc nh bng thc nghim chng 4]
- Khi lng ring

[Ph lc 6 /3/]
Tc sy ng tc: S dng dng c o tc gi khi tin hnh thc
nghim ta xc nh c vn tc tc nhn sy trong bung sy v = 3,1 m/s. Vn
tc tc nhn sy v =3,1m/s < 5 m/s. Theo ti liu [1] ta c h s trao i nhit
i lu:


Mt dng nhit [1]
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 80 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


m 1 1b b
J = (t -t )
Vi t
m
- nhit tc nhn sy, t
m
= 40
0
C
t
b
- nhit b mt vt liu

t
b
=t

= 27
0
C [Xc nh da vo th I-d]

( )

Hay 893880 kj/m


2
h
Cng bay hi m trn b mt vt iu
1b
2b
J
J =
r

r - nhit n ha hi (theo gi tr p sut) vi t
b
=27
0
C. Ta c: P=0,04517 bar.
Ta c: r=2429 (kj/kg)


Tc sy ng tc [1]
2
0
100
b
J
U
R
=

Vi:
o
- khi lng ring ca Hnh,
o
=
n
=944 (kg/m
3
) [Ph lc 6 /3/]
R - phn na kch thc vt liu sy
Theo thc nghim kho st ly R=2 mm



Thi gian t nng vt iu [1]
2
0
0
F R
=
a

F
0
chun s Fure .
- Xc nh chun s Bio nh s tng quan gia s trao i nhit trn b mt
v tnh dn nhit ca n:



Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 81 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Vi: R - bn knh vt liu, m;


- h s dn nhit ca vt liu, =0,35 W/mK; [Ph lc 6 /3/]

q
o - h s trao i nhit i lu;
Theo ti liu [3]

( )


()

()


Vi: U
k
- tc dng kh, m/s;

k
- khi lng ring khng kh ti nhit sy, kg/m
3
;
R - bn knh vt liu xc nh t thc nghim, mm;
- Chun s nhit
T
u xc nh i lng t nng vt liu ti 1 im bt k:
T
u =
1
o
k
k
-
37,5-28
= =0,9
- 37,5-27
t
t

Vi: t
k
- nhit trung bnh ca tc nhn sy trong khng gian sy, t
k
=
t
m
=37,5
0
C;

o
u - nhit vt liu a vo thit b sy,
o
u = t
o
;
u
1
- nhit b mt bay hi ca vt liu, u
1
= t

;
Tra theo th hnh 5.11 [Ti liu 3] ta tm c h s
0
0, 6 F ~

a - h s dn nhit ca vt liu:
v
a
C

=
Trong : = 0,35 (w/m
2
K), = 944 (kg/m
3
), C
v
= 3,47 (kJ/kgK) [Ph lc 6
/3/]


Thi gian sy ng tc [1]
Theo cng thc thc nghim Egorov [1]
1/2
1 2 cb
100
=k +0,435.k .ln
100-
| |
|
\ .

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 82 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Vi k
1
, k
2
- hng s thc nghim v c on nh trong nhng khong m
cn bng ht
cb
v m tng i khng kh . Vi m khng kh
0
= 81%
nm trong khong (80%< < 100%) ta c gi tr cc h s k
1
=4,5 v k
2
=30,5.
Ta c:



Vy thi gian sy ng tc
dk kx
1
-
=
U

*
d
m ban u cu vt liu
d
= 92%



*
kx
m ti hn ca vt liu m


Thi gian sy gim tc [1]
Vi
dk
= 1150 %
kx cb
2
2k cb
2 cb kx cb
-
2,3
= ln
U -
1 1
= + - =


Trong :



Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 83 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

0,011h
Tng thi gian sy:
=
0
+
1
+
2
= 0,022 + 22,9 +0,11 = 22,9 (h)
4.4.3 Tnh ton nhit qu trnh
a) Xc nh lng m bc hi
Lp vt liu sy liu c b tr nm trn cc khay sy bng kim loi sao cho
dng tc nhn sy c th d dng di qua b mt ca vt liu nhng ng thi phi
m bo cho qu trnh truyn nhit v truyn m ca tc nhn sy din ra thun
li nht. Qua thc t kho nghim khi tin hnh cc th nghim b tr vt liu trn
1 khay sy ta c khi lng vt liu sy G
1
=100 kg/m
* Lng m bc hi trong mt m sy





* Khi lng sn phm sau khi sy
G
2
= G
1
-W = 10091,66 =8,34 (kg/m)
* Thi gian sy = 22,9 (h) theo kt qu tnh ton trn
* Lng m bay hi trong 1 gi


b) Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg m
0
3 2
1 1
l = = =237 kgkk/kg
a
d -d 0,011-0,00678

* Lu lng khng kh kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
lt
= W.l
0
= 91,66.237 = 21723,42 kg
kk
/m
c) Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 84 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

q
lt
=
2 1
3 2
I -I
d -d
=
57,64-25,1
0,011-0,00678
= 7711 kJ/kg
a

* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp sy 1 m
Q
lt
= W.q
lt
= 91,66.7711 = 706790,26 kJ
* Nng lng tiu hao cho qu trnh sy


* Lng m ngng t
A
d
lt
= d
3
d
2
= 0,011 0,00678 = 0,00422 kg
a

d) Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
ll lt
= l
0
.(I
4
I
1
) = 237.(43,2 25,1) = 4289,7 J/kg
a

* Lng nhit dn lnh thu c
Q
ll lt
= W.q
ll lt
= 91,66.4289,7 = 393193,9 kJ
* Cng sut dn lnh ca qu trnh sy


4.5 Tnh ton l thuyt ch sy thi b tc nhn
Vi kiu sy khng hi lu, khng kh mi trng (trng thi 0; (t
0
,
0
)) c
qut ht qua dn lnh gim nhit n nhit t
1
(trng thi 1), v t
2
; ti y,
lng nc ngng t s c dn ra ngoi. Tc nhn sy sau khi tch m tip tc
i qua bung sy, thc hin qu trnh sy v thot ra ngoi (trng thi 4). Qu
trnh sy l thuyt c trnh by trn gin I-d nh sau:




Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 85 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Hnh 4-5. th I-d ch sy thi b tc
nhn








0-1 : Qu trnh lm lnh tc nhn sy n nhit ng sng. im (0) l
trng thi khng kh iu kin mi trng, im (1) l trng thi khng kh
trong thit b bay hi, lc bt u gim m. Khng kh ngoi mi trng c
ht vo dn lnh kh m.
1-2: Qu trnh tch m. im (2) l trng thi khng kh cui giai on gim
m trc khi i vo dn nng gia nhit.
2- 3: Qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy n nhit sy. im (3) l trng thi
khng kh nng trc khi vo bung sy.
3-4: Qu trnh sy tc nhn sy c m thp c thi qua vt liu sy s
nhn m thot ra t vt liu v mang ra khi bung sy(qu trnh sy ng
nhit). im (4) l trng thi khng kh sau bung sy thi b ra mi trng.
4.5.1. Xc nh cc thng s im nt
a) im 0 (Trng thi khng kh mi trng): tng t ch hi lu hon ton.
b) im 1: Trng thi khng kh trc u dn lnh
Ta c d
1
= d
0
=0,028 kg/kgkk,
1
=100%.
* Phn p sut hi bo ha

( )

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 86 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

* Nhit



* Entanpi
I
1
= 1,0048.t
1
+ d
1
(2500 +1,842.t
1
)
= 1,004.30,3 + 0,028(2500 + 1,842.30,3) = 102 kJ/kgkk
c) im 2 : Trng thi khng kh sau dn lnh (sau khi kh m)
Ta c:
2
=100%, t
2
= 8
0
C
* Phn p sut bo ho
2
b2
4026,42 4026,42
exp 12- =exp 12- =0,01072 bar
235,5+t 235,5+8
P =
| |
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m ca khng kh
2 b2
2
2 b2 a
.P
1.0, 01072
d =0,621 0, 621 0, 00678 kg/kgkk
P - .P 0, 993-1.0, 01072
= =
* Entanpi : Thay cc thng s ca im 2 vo cng thc ta c
I
2
= 1,0048.t
2
+ d
2
(2500 +1,842.t)
= 1,0048.8 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.8) = 25,1 kJ/kgkk
d) im 3 : Tc nhn sy c gia nhit (trng thi khng kh sau dn nng)
* Nhit : t
3
= 40
0
C
* Phn p sut bo ho
b3
3
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,0731 bar
235,5+t 235,5+40
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m: Do qu trnh 2-3 l qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy thng qua dn
nng ca bm nhit nn : d
2
= d
3
= 0,00678 kg/kgkk
* Entanpy
I
3
= 1,0048.t
3
+ d
3
(2500 +1,842.t
3
)
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 87 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

= 1,0048.40 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 57,64 kJ/kgkk
* m tng i
( )
a 3
3
3
b3

P .d
=
0,621+d .P

=
( )
0,993.0,00678
0,621+0,00678 .0,0731
= 0,147 = 14,7 %
e) im 4 : Trng thi tc nhn sy thi ra ngoi
V mt l thuyt qu trnh sy trong phng php sy lnh l qu trnh ng
nhit, t
3
=t
4
=40
o
C. m ca kh tc nhn sy sau khi qua bung sy
4
=15%
* Phn p sut hi bo ha
4
b4
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,0731 bar
235,5+t 235,5+40
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

* Dung m :
2 b2
2
2 b2
.P
0,15.0,0731
d =0,621 =0,621 =0,011 kg/kgkk
P - .P 0,993-0,15.0,0731
a

* Entanpy
I
4
= 1,0048.t
4
+ d
4
(2500 +1,842.t
4
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,011.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 68,5 kJ/kgkk
4.5.2 Xc nh nhit qu trnh

a) Lng m bc hi trn mt m sy
* Lng m bc hi trong mt m sy





* Khi lng sn phm sau khi sy
G
2
= G
1
-W = 10091,66 =8,34 (kg/m)
* Thi gian sy = 22,9 (h) theo kt qu tnh ton trn
* Lng m bay hi trong 1 gi
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 88 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


b) Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg
4 3
0
1 1
l = = =237 kgkk/kg
a
d -d 0,011-0,00678

* Lu lng khng kh kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
lt
= W.l
0
= 91,66.237 = 221723,42kg
kk
/m
c) Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
q
lt
=
3 2
4 3
I -I
d -d
=
57,64-25,1
0,011-0,00678
= 7711 kJ/kg
a

* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp sy 1 m
Q
lt
= W.q
lt
= 91,66.7711 = 706790,26 kJ
* Cng sut dn nng qu trnh sy


* Lng m ngng t
A
d
lt
= d
1
d
2
= 0,028 0,00678 = 0,02122 kg
a

d) Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
ll lt
= l
0
.(I
1
I
2
) = 237.(102 25,1) = 18225,3 J/kg
a
* Lng nhit dn lnh thu c:
Q
ll lt
= W.q
ll lt
= 91,66.18225,3 = 1670531 kJ
* Cng sut dn lnh qu trnh sy


4.6. Xc nh kch thc bung sy
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 89 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Cc kch thc c bn gm Chiu di L, chiu rng B, chiu cao H. Trong
, chiu di L xc nh theo thi gian sy v nng sut sy. i vi thit b sy
tng si chiu cao xc nh theo yu cu duy tr ch sy ng u v tn dng
c ti a nhit ca mi cht.
Qua qu trnh kho st nh my ta c cc thng s ca bung sy nh sau :
LBH = 222(m
3
)
y cng l thng s ph hp vi yu cu ca qu trnh tnh toan :
L thuyt :
* Nng sut bung sy: G
1
= 100 kg/m
* Th tch hu dng : V
h
=
1
.
m V
G
K
, m
3

Trong :
m
- Khi lng ring ca vt liu sy,
m
= 944 kg/m
3
[Ph lc 6 /3/]
K
V
- H s in y. K
V
= (0,40,5) [3]. Ta chn K
V
= 0,5
Thay vo ta tnh c


* Th tch ton b bung sy: V = V
h
+ AV, m
3

Trong : AV - Th tch ca cc khong trng ca knh gi v cc khng gian
t qut v cc thit b sy, m
3
. Theo kinh nghim ta chn AV= (30 40%)V
[3].
- Ta chn AV = 0,3.V = 0,3.0,21 = 0,064 m
3

- Vy th tch bung sy l: V = 0,274 m
3

Vi V tnh ton c, ta chn cc kch thc ca bung sy ph hp vi qu
trnh o c thc t : Di Rng Cao l :
LBH = 222 (m
3
)
4.7. Cn bng nhit cho qu trnh
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 90 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh











Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho thit b sy:
Q + Q
bs
+ WC
n
t
m1
+ G
2
C
m
t
m1
+ LI
1
+ G
vc
.C
vc
t
m1
= G
2
C
m
t
m2
+ Q
5
+ LI
3
+
G
vc
.C
vc
.t
m2

Q + Q
bs
= L(I
3
I
1
) + G
2
C
m
(t
m2
t
m1
) + Q
5
WC
n
.t
m1
+

G
vc
.C
vc
.(t
m2
t
m1
)
Q + Q
bs
= Q
2
+ Q
m
+ Q
5
+ Q
1
+ Q
vc
(*)
Trong :
* Q - Nhit lng cung cp gia nhit tc nhn sy
* Q
bs
- Nhit lng b sung. Do khng dng thit b gia nhit cho khng kh
sau dn nng nn Q
bs
= 0
* Q
1
= - WC
m
t
m1
- Nhit hu ch do m mang vo
* G
2
C
m
.(t
m2
t
m1
) = Q
m
- Nhit lng tn tht do vt liu sy mang ra
* Q
5
- Nhit tn
tht
ra mi trng theo kt cu bao che
* G
vc
.C
vc
.(
tm2
t
m1
) = Q
vc
- Nhit lng tn tht theo thit b vn chuyn
* Q
2
= L(I
3
I
1
) - Nhit tn tht do tc nhn sy
Chia 2 v (*) cho W v b qua Q
bs

L, I
1
, d
1
G
cv.
C
vc
.t
m2
Q
5
G
2
.C
m
.t
m2
(G
2
C
n
+WC
m
).
t
m1
THIT B SY
Q Q
bs
L, I
3'
, d
3'
G
vc.
C
vc
.t
m1
5
3' 1
5 3' 1
( )
w w w w w
( )
vc vl
v
vc v vl
Q Q Q Q L
q I I tC
q l I I q q q tc
= = + + +
= + + +
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 91 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh



Ta c: q = q
1
+ q
2
+ q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m

M q = l(I
3
- I
1
) hay q = l(I
3
I
1
) = l(I
3
I
1
) + q
v
+q
5
C
n
t
m1

Hay q = l(I
3
I
1
) = C
n
t
m1
- ( q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m
)

t C
n
t
m1
- (q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m
) = A - Tn tht nhit lm bay hi 1 kg m.
Suy ra l(I
3
I
1
) = A hay I
3
= I
2
+ A/l
= nhit lng b sung nhit lng tn tht chung
a) Tnh nhit tn tht qua kt cu bao che ra mi trng
- Nhit bn ngoi bung sy: t
f2
= t
0
= 26
o
C
- Nhit bn trong bung sy: t
f1
= 40
o
C
- Bung sy c tng lm bng thp c chiu dy o =3 mm. Tra bng ph lc 2
[5], ta c h s dn nhit = 46 W/mK
- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng c tnh theo cng thc Q
5
= K.F.At , (W)
Trong
* F - Din tch xung quanh ca bung sy, m
2
. Bung sy l hnh hp c cc
thng s: LBH = 222 (m
3
). Ta tnh tng din tch xung quanh ca
bung sy: F = 2(L.B + L.H + B.H) = 2(2.2 + 2.2 + 2.2) = 24(m
2
)
* At - chnh nhit bn trong v bn
ngoi bung sy ,
0
C
At = t
f1
- t
f2
= 40 26 = 14
o
C
* K - H s truyn nhit , W/m
2
K;
K =
1
2 1
1 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
o
o
o

o
1
, o
2
- h s to nhit t tc nhn sy n
vch trong bung sy v h s to nhit t
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 92 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

vch ngoi ti khng kh bn ngoi , W/m
2
K. xc nh o
1
, o
2
ta dng
phng php lp
Gi thit t
w1
= 39,1
o
C (nhit vch trong ca tng ), phng trnh cn bng
nhit:
q = o
1
(t
f1
-t
w1
) =
o

(t
w1
-t
w2
) = o
2
(t
w2
- t
f2
)
Vi tc tc nhn sy trong bung sy = 3,1 m/s (tc khng kh < 5
m/s) nn ta c: H s to nhit o
1
c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim
[1].
o
1
= 6,15 + 4,17.e = 6,15 + 4,17.3,1 = 19,1 W/m
2
K
Vy mt dng nhit truyn qua
q = o
1
(t
f1
- t
w1
) = 19,1 (40 39,1 ) = 17,19 (W/m
2
)
Nhit vch ngoi tng c xc nh theo cng thc
t
w2
= t
w1
- q.

o
= 39,1 17,19.
0, 003
46
= 39,09
0
C
Nhit nh tnh:


Tra bng thng s khng kh vi t
m
= 33
0
C ta c cc thng s sau:
= 2,697.10
-2
W/m
2
K; = 16,29.10
-6
m
2
/s; Pr = 0,7
- Tiu chun Grashoft :
Gr =
3
2
g..t.l

( )



Ta c Gr.Pr = 0,7.7,5.10
8
= 5,3.10
8
thuc khong (2.10
7
1.10
13
)
=> Ta c: C = 0,135 ; n = 0,33
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 93 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

- Cng thc tnh Nusselt:
Nu = C
( )
n1
Gr.Pr = 0,135.( 5,3.10
8
)
0,33
= 102
- H s to nhit:


Suy ra q

= o
2
(t
w2
- t
f2
) = 1,37.(39,09 -26) = 18 W/m
2
- So snh q v q

:

| |

| |


Sai s ny rt nh nn cc kt qu tnh trn c th chp nhn c
Vy, h s truyn nhit: K =
1 2
1
1 1 o
o o
| |
|
|
|
+ +
|
\ .

Hay


- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng trong 1giy l
Q
5
= 1,27.24.14 = 426,72 J/s
- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng trong qu trnh sy:
Q
5
= 426,72.22,9.3600 =35178795J =35178,795kJ
Vy


b) Tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang i q
m
Q
m
= G
2
.C
m
(
2

1
), kJ
Trong : C
m
= 3,87 kJ/kgK - Nhit dung ring ca Hnh [Ph luc 6 /3/]
Nhit vt liu sy vo:
1
= t
0
= 27
o
C
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 94 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Nhit vt liu sy ra:
2
= t
f1
=40
o
C
Vy nhit tn tht do vt liu sy mang i:
Q
m
= 8,34.3,87.(40 26) = 452 kJ
Suy ra:


c) Tn tht nhit lm nng khay sy q
vc
Khay sy c lm bng nhm c b dy = o 3,5 mm. Ta c thng s ca nhm
l: C
Al
= 0,86 kJ/kg;
Al
= 2700 kg/m
3
[Ph lc 2 /5/]. Vi din tch tnh ton, ta
chn khay sy c F = LB = 22 = 4 m
2
. S khay sy l n = 1 khay.
- Vy tng din tch khay sy
F
k
= F.n = 4.1 = 4 m
2

- Khi lng nhm lm khay sy
G
Al
= V.
Al
= F
k
..
Al
= 4.0,0035.2700 = 37,8 kg
- Nhit tn tht
Q
vc
= G
Al
.C
Al
(
2

1
) = 37,8.0,86.(4026) = 455 kJ
Vy



d) Nhit hu ch do m mang vo q
1

q
1
= - C
n
.t
m1

Trong : C
n
- Nhit dung ring ca nc, C
n
= 4,18 kJ/kg
a
K
Vy: q
1
= - 4,18.26 = -108,68 kJ/kg
a
Ta c:

=108,68 (384 + 4,93 + 4,96) = -285,21 kJ/kg
a
; < 0

4.8. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch hi lu hon ton
a) th sy lnh thc t theo ch hi lu hon ton
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 95 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Hnh 4-6. th I-d ch sy thc hi lu hon ton












im 0 - Trng thi khng kh ngoi tri.
im 1 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn lnh.
im 2 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn nng.
im 3- Trng thi khng kh sau thit b sy trong trng hp sy thc
t.
im 4- Trng thi khng kh trong dn lnh trong trng hp sy thc t.
1-2: Qu trnh gia nhit trong dn nng.
2-3: Qu trnh sy thc t trong thit b sy (qu trnh sy ng nhit)
3-4-1: Qu trnh lm lnh khng kh v ngng t m trong dn lnh trong
trng hp sy thc t.
b) Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc t
Thng s ti cc im nt ca th
im 0, 1, 2
Thng s ti cc im 0, 1, 2 khng thay i so vi qu trnh sy l thuyt.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 96 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

im 3
* Nhit : t
3
= t
3
= 40
0
C. cha m d
3
ca qu trnh sy thc
Da vo th qu trnh sy thc ta suy ra c
I
3
I
2
=
l
A
= A(d
3
d
2
)
I
2
= C
k
t
2
+ (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2

I
3
= C
k
t
3
+ (2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
I
2
I
3
= C
k
(t
2
t
3
) + (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2
(2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
Ta t - A = C
k
(t
2
t
3
) + (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2
- B = 2500 +1,842t
3

I
2
I
3
= A -Bd
3
= A(d
3
d
2
)
d
3
=
2
A+d
B-A

( ) ( )
( )


* Entanpi
I
3
= 57,64 + 285,21.(0,00847-0,00678) = 58,12 kJ/kg
kk
* m:

( )

im 4
* m:
4
= 100%.
* Dung m: d
4
= d
3
= 0,00847 kg/kg
kk

* Phn p sut bo ho: P
b4
=
( )
4'
4' 4'
a
P .d
0,621+d .

( )

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 97 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Nhit


* Entanpi: Thay cc gi tr t
4
, d
4
vo cng thc ta c
I
4
= 1,004.13 + 0,00847(2500 + 1,842.11,3) = 34,4 kJ/kg
kk

c) Tnh ton nhit qu trnh sy thc t
* Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg m


* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
tt
= W.l
tt
= 91,66.591,7 = 54236,6 kg/m
* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong 1 giy


* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
q
tt
=
2 1
3' 2
I -I
d -d
=



* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp sy 1 m
Q
tt
= W.q
tt
= 91,66.19254,4= 1764861,7 kJ
* Nng sut nhit dn nng cung cp sy


* Lng m ngng t
A
d
tt
= d
3
d
2
= 0,00847 0,00678 = 0,00169 kg
a

* Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
0 tt
= l
tt
.(I
4
I
1
) =591,7.(34,5 25,1) = 5562 kJ/kg
a

* Lng nhit dn lnh thu c
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 98 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Hnh 3-7. th I-d ch sy thc thi b tc nhn
Q
0 tt
= W.q
ll tt
= 91,66.5562 =509811 kJ
* Nng sut lnh dn lnh cung cp lm lnh


4.9. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch thi b tc nhn
a) th sy lnh thc t theo ch thi b tc nhn











im 0 - Trng thi khng kh ngoi tri.
im 1 - Trng thi khng kh trc dn lnh.
im 2 - Trng thi khng kh sau lnh.
im 3 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn nng
im 4- Trng thi khng kh thi trong trng hp sy thc t.
2-3: Qu trnh gia nhit trong dn nng.
3-4: Qu trnh sy thc t trong thit b sy.
b) Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc t
Thng s ti cc im nt ca th
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 99 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

im 0, 1, 2,3
Thng s ti cc im 0, 1, 2 khng thay i so vi qu trnh sy l thuyt.
im 4
* Nhit : t
4
= t
4
= 40
0
C. cha m d
3
ca qu trnh sy thc
Da vo th qu trnh sy thc ta suy ra c
I
4
I
3
=
l
A
= A(d
4
d
3
)
I
3
= C
k
t
3
+ (2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
I
4
= C
k
t
4
+ (2500 + 1,842t
4
)d
4
I
3
I
4
= C
k
(t
3
t
4
) + ( 2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
(2500 + 1,842t
4
)d
4
Ta t - A = C
k
( t
3
t
4
) +(2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
- B = 2500 +1,842t
3

I
4
I
3
= A + Bd
3
= A( d
4
d
3
)
d
4
=
3
A+d
B-A

( ) ( )
( )


* Entanpi
I
4
= 57,64 + 285,21.(0,00847 - 0,00678) = 58,12 kJ/kg
kk
* m:

( )

c) Tnh ton nhit qu trnh sy thc t
* Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg m


* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 100 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

L
tt
= W.l
tt
= 91,66.591,7 = 54235,2 kg/m
* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong 1 giy


* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
q
tt
=
3 2
4' 3
I -I
d -d
=



* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp sy 1 m
Q
tt
= W.q
tt
= 91,66.19254,4= 1764861,7 kJ
* Nng sut nhit dn nng cung cp sy
Q
k tt
=


* Lng m ngng t
A
d
tt
= d
1
d
2
= 0,0169 0,00678 = 0,01012 kg
a
* Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
0 tt
= l
tt
.(I
1
I
2
) = 591,7.( 102 25,1) = 45501,7 kJ/kg
a
* Lng nhit dn lnh thu c
Q
0 tt
= W.q
ll tt
= 91,66. 45501,7 = 4170688,57 kJ
* Nng sut lnh dn lnh cung cp lm lnh


4.10. Kt lun v qu trnh sy l thuyt hai ch sy
Da vo bi ton l thuyt hai ch sy ta thy rng :
* V vn v sinh ca sn phm, ta thy rng c hai ch sy u m bo
vn v sinh an ton thc phm, nhng nu s dng ch sy thi b tc nhn
chng ta phi trang b thm vo h thng sy mt b lc lc khng kh mi
trng trc khi i vo bung sy. Do , vi h thng ny khng ch i hi
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 101 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

thm phn chi ph u t m cn i hi qu trnh bo tr thay th thng xuyn
cc thit b lc.
* V mt kinh t qua kt qu tnh ton ta thy rng trong hai ch sy u c
chung nng sut gii nhit ca dn nng (Q
k
= 21,4kW) nhng v nng sut dn
lnh kh m tng th sy cho tc nhn ch sy hi lu hon ton t ra hiu
qu hn (Q
01
=6,19kW/h) so vi (Q
02
=50,6kW/h). N lm gim nng sut dn
lnh do hi lu hon ton tc nhn sy nn c th hi lu lun nhit hin ca tc
nhn sy lm gim nng sut lnh yu cu kh m so vi vic kh m khng
kh ngoi mi trng. Ch sy hi lu hon ton c th lm gim chi ph nng
lng cho qu trnh sy. Do ch sy hi lu ph hp vi nhng ni c
nhit mi trng v m khng kh tng i cao.
4.11. Tnh ton thit k v la chn thit b ph tr
4.11.1. Cc thng s nhit ca mi cht lnh
a) Nhit ngng t
Dn ngng ca bm nhit c nhim v gia nhit cho khng kh nn mi trng
lm mt dn ngng chnh l tc nhn sy.
Vi: t
w2
- l nhit khng kh ra khi dn ngng. Theo yu cu th t
w2
= 40
0
C

k
t - l hiu nhit ngng t yu cu
i vi dn ngng gii nhit bng gi,
k
t = (10 15
0
C).
Ta chn
k
t A = 10
0
C. Khi , nhit ngng t ca mi cht l:
t
k
= t
w2
+
k
t = 40 + 10 = 50
0
C
b) Nhit bay hi
Nhit si ca mi cht lnh c th ly nh sau:
t
0
= t
b
-
0
t
Vi: t
b
- nhit khng kh sau dn bay hi t
b
= 8
0
C
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 102 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


0
t - Hiu nhit ngng t yu cu. Hiu nhit ti u l
0
t = (8
13
0
C) . Ta chn
0
t =8
0
C. Nh vy nhit si ca mi cht lnh l: t
0
= 88 = 0
0
C.
c) Nhit hi ht
m bo my nn khng ht phi lng ngi ta phi m bo hi ht vo my
nn nht thit phi l hi qu nhit.
t
h
= t
0
+
h
t
Vi mi cht R22, ta chn
h
t = 25
0
C. Vy nhit hi ht
t
h
= 0 + 25 = 25
0
C
4.11.2. Tnh ton chu trnh bm nhit
a) Chn chu trnh
Vi nhit bay hi t
0
v nhit ngng t t
k
chn, tra bng tnh cht nhit
ng ca R22 trng thi bo ha ta c p sut bay hi v ngng t tng ng l:
t
0
= 0
0
C p
0
= 4,983 bar
t
k
= 50
0
C p
k
= 19,395 bar
Nh vy, ta c t s nn:

k
0
p
=
p
=
19,395
4,893
= 3,96
Vi 3,96 12 t = < nn ta chn my nn 1 cp.Mt khc, mi cht lnh s dng
y l R22 nn ta chn s my nn lnh 1 cp dng thit b hi nhit.
b) S , nguyn l lm vic






MN: My nn
TL: Tit Lu
BH: Bay hi
HN: Hi nhit
NT: Ngng t

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 103 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh



Nguyn l lm vic
Hi mi cht sau khi ra khi thit b bay hi c a vo thit b hi nhit,
nhn nhit ng p ca lng cao p tr thnh hi qu nhit 1. Hi qu nhit
ny c ht v my nn v c nn on nhit trong my nn t p sut bay
hi p
0
ln p sut ngng t p
k
. Hi cao p 2 i vo thit b ngng t, nh nhit
ng p cho tc nhn sy, ngng t thnh lng si 3. Sau , lng cao p 3 i
vo thit b hi nhit, nh nhit ng p cho hi h p tr thnh lng cha si
3. Lng 3 i vo van tit lu gim p sut xung p sut bay hi p
0
(im 4)
ri i vo thit b bay hi nhn nhit ca tc nhn sy va ra khi bung sy,
ha hi ng p ng nhit thnh hi bo ha m v chu trnh li tip tc.
c) Xy dng th v lp bng xc nh cc gi tr ti cc im nt
th
Cc qu trnh:
o 1-1 - Qu nhit hi mi cht trong thit b hi nhit
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 104 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

o 1-2 - Nn on nhit hi mi cht t p
0
n p
k

o 2-3 - Lm mt v ngng t ng p ng nhit trong thit bi ngng
t
o 3-3 - Qu lnh lng cao p trong thit b hi nhit
o 3-4 - Qu trnh tit lu ng Entanpi
o 4-1 - Qu trnh bay hi ng p ng nhit trong thit b bay hi
d) Bng cc thng s ti cc im nt ca th
Tra bng cc tnh cht nhit ng ca R22 trng thi bo ha v bng cc tnh
cht nhit ng ca hi qu nhit R22 Ta c bng cc thng s nhit ng ca
mi cht trn th nh sau:

Bng 3-1 Thng s trng thi cc im nt
im Trng thi
P
bar
T
0
C
v.10
3

m
3
/kg
i
kJ/kg
S
kJ/kgK
1
1
2
3
3
4
Hi bo ha kh x=1
Hi qu nhit
Hi qu nhit
Lng si, x=0
Lng cha si
Hi bo ha m
4,893
4,893
19,395
19,395
19,395
4,893
0
25
97,4
50
36,5
0,5
46,98
54,41
15,71
0,8
-
14,1
405,27
423,53
462,85
263,3
245,0
245,0
1,751
1,817
1,817
1,208
1,152
1,165

Nhit im 3 c xc nh theo phng trnh cn bng nhit trong thit b
hi nhit vi gi thit b qua cc tn tht. Ta c:
i
3
i
3
= i
1
i
1
Hay i
3
= i
3
+ i
1
i
1
= 263,3 + 405,27 423,53 = 245 kJ/kg
T i
3
v p
3
ta c t
3
= 36,5
0
C
Nh vy qu lnh
ql
t = 50 36,5 = 13,5
0
C
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 105 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

e) Tnh ton chu trnh
Lu lng mi cht tun hon qua h thng
Lu lng mi cht tun hon c xc nh da vo nng sut lnh ca dn
bay hi Q
0
v cng sut nhit Q
k
ca dn ngng t. chng 3 ta tnh ton
c (la chn nng sut lnh ln nht theo ch sy thi b tc nhn) ta c:
Q
0tt
= 50,5 kW; Q
ktt
= 21,4 kW.
Xem hiu sut ca dn nng v dn lnh bng nhau:
0 k
= = 0,7
- Vy cng sut dn ngng ca bm nhit: Q
k
=

kW
- Cng sut dn bay hi ca bm nhit: Q
0
=


Do mi cht tun hon trong bm nhit nn lu lng mi cht qua dn nng v
dn lnh bng nhau. Ta c:
Lu lng mi cht qua dn lnh:



Lu lng mi cht qua dn nng:



Ta thy lu lng mi cht qua dn nng v dn lnh theo tnh ton khng bng
nhau. Do m bo cng sut ca ton h thng th ta chn lu lng ln
nht. Tc l: G = max(G
0
, G
k
) = G
0
= 0,45 kg/s.
* Cng sut nhit
Q
k
= G(i
2
i
3
) = 0,45(462,85 263,3) = 89,8 kW
* Cng sut nhit s tha mt lng
Q
k
= Q
k
Q
k
= 89,8 30,5 = 59,3 kW
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 106 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

* Ph ti ca thit b hi nhit
Q
hn
= G.(i
1
i
1
) = 0,45.(423,53405,27) = 8,2 kW
* Cng tiu th ca my nn:
L = G(i
2
i
1
) = 0,45.(462,85 423,53) = 17,7 kW
* H s nhit ca bm nhit: Do s dng bm nhit nng lnh nn h s nhit
ca bm nhit c tnh theo cng thc:



4.11.3. Tnh ton thit k cc thit b trao i nhit
4.11.3.1. Dn ngng
a) Cng dng
Thit b ngng t ca bm nhit c cng dng gia nhit cho khng kh trc
khi vo bung sy t trng thi bo ha sau dn lnh n nhit v m yu
cu trong qu trnh sy. Vic s dng dn ngng ca bm nhit thay th cho
thit b gia nhit s lm gim chi ph in nng ca h thng, qua lm gim chi
ph lp t v vn hnh ca h thng sy dng bm nhit.
b) Phng php thit k dn ngng
Chn loi dn ngng
Ta chn loi dn ngng gii nhit bng khng kh i lu cng bc. Cu to
gm mt dn ng trao i nhit bng thp hoc ng ng c cnh nhm hoc
st bn ngoi, bc cnh nm trong khong 3 10 mm.
Chn ng cho dn ngng
Do mi cht l Freon R22 nn ta chn ng ng cnh nhm lm ng dn
mi cht trong dn ngng. Cc ng c cnh thng c thng s:
- ng: - ng knh trong d
tr
= 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi d
ng
= 18 mm
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 107 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

- Bc ng s
1
= s
2
= s = 34 mm
- Chiu di on ng l = 0,5 m
- Cnh trn: - Chiu dy
c
o = 0,3 mm
- Bc cnh s
c
= 3,5 mm
- ng knh cnh d
c
= 32 mm
Cc thng s cho trc
Cng sut ca dn ngng Q
k
= 30,5 kW
Nhit khng kh vo dn t
kk
= t
1
= 8
0
C
Nhit khng kh ra khi dn t
kk
= t
2
= 40
0
C
Nhit ngng t ca mi cht t
k
= 50
0
C
Lu lng mi cht qua dn ngng G = 0,45 kg/s
Lu lng khng kh qua dn G
kk
= 0,657 kg/s
Tc khng kh u vo ca dn e = 3,1 m/s
Tnh din tch trao i nhit [5]:
k k
k kf
Q Q
F= =
k.t q
, m
2

Trong : Q
k
- Ph ti nhit yu cu ca thit b ngng t, W;
k - H s truyn nhit, W/m
2
K;

k
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh,
0
K;
q
kf
Mt dng nhit, W/m
2
;
Tnh chnh nhit trung bnh
Khi tnh ton c th coi nhit trong thit b ngng t l khng i v bng t
k
.
chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh theo cng thc [5]:

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :

max
k kk'
=50-8=42 t -t t A =
0
C
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 108 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


k kk"
min
=50-40=10 t -t t A =
0
C
Ta tnh c
tb
t A = 22,3
0
C
Xc nh h s truyn nhit k
Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,2 <1,4) nn qu trnh truyn nhit trong
vch tr c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng. Lc h s truyn nhit k c
th tnh theo cng thc [5] :

c
1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Trong :
2 1
,o o - H s trao i nhit bn trong v ngoi ng trao i nhit,
W/m
2
K


- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK. Tra bng ph lc 2
[Ti liu 5] thng s vt l ca mt s cht rn ta c:
cu
= 389
W/mK.


- Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng
thc: =0,5(d
2
-d
1
) = 0,5(0,018-0,015) = 0,0015 m

c
- H s lm cnh. H s lm cnh c tnh theo cng thc:

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
c c 2
c
1
n d -d 143 0,032 -0,018
=1+ =1+
2.d .l 2.0,015.0,5
= 7,67
n
c
- S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
=
c
l 0,5
=
s 0,0035
= 143 cnh

Tnh h s trao i nhit bn ngoi
2
[5]
S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
= 143 cnh
Chiu cao cnh: h =
c 2
d -d 32-18
=
2 2
= 7 mm
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 109 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

ng knh tng ng: d
E
=
1
1 1 c
0 2 c
c
1 1
0 c
F
F .d +F .
2.n
F +F

Trong :
1
0
F - Din tch phn khng cnh ca ng.

1
0
F = t .d
2
.n
c
.s
c
= 3,14.0,018.143.0,0035 = 0,0283 m
2

1
c
F - Din tch phn c cnh.

1
c
F = 2t
2 2
c 2
d -d
4
.n
c
=
2 2
2.3,14.(0,032 -0,018 ).143
4
= 0,157 m
2
Thay vo ta c: d
E
=
0,157
0,0283.0,018+0,157
2.143
0,0283+0,157
.
= 0,0226 m
Tc ti khe hp tnh theo cng thc

2
c 2
c 1 1
max
= m/s
0,018 2.0,007.0,0003
+
0,034 0,034.0,0035
3,1
= =7,1
d 2.h.
1-
1- +
s s .s
| | | |
| |
|
\ .
\ .

Nhit khng kh trung bnh
t
tb
= 0,5(t
kk
+ t
kk
) = 0,5(8 +40) = 24
0
C
Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh nhit 24
0
C ta c:

k
= 1,19 kg/m
3
; v = 15,436.10
-6
m
2
/s;
k
= 2,622.10
-2
W/mK
Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc:
Re =
max E
.d

=
-6
7,1.0,0226
15,436.10
= 10,4.10
3
Khi h s Nu c tnh theo cng thc vi ng xp song song
Nu = 0,138.Re
0,63
= 46,8
H s to nhit ca cnh:
-2
k
c
E
Nu. 46,8.2,622.10
= =
d 0,0226
= 54,3 W/m2K
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 110 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

H s to nhit tng ng ca pha ng c cnh:
( )
1
c
c c 2 1
2
F
= +
F
,
W/m2K
Trong : -
1
0
1
c
F 0,0283
= = =0,18
F 0,157

-
1
2
F =
1
c
F +
1
0
F = 0,0283 + 0,157 =0,1853 m
2

-
c
q = 0,95 : Hiu sut cnh.
Vy:
( )
2
0,157
=54,3 0,95+0,18
0,1853
= 52 W/m
2
K
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn trong
1

Vi hi R22 ngng trong ng nm ngang ta c th dng cng thc [5]

1
=1,2.
N
=1,2.0,728
3 2
0,25
ng
. .g.r
( )
.t.d
, W/m
2
K
Trong :
r = 154,03 kJ/kg - Nhit n ha hi ca mi cht;
=1085 kg/m
3
- Khi lng ring ca mi cht lng trong dn ngng;
= 714 W/mK - H s dn nhit ca mi cht lng trong dn ngng;
t A = t
k
t
w
- chnh nhit ngng t v vch ng,
0
K;
= 2,1.10
4
Ns/m
2
- nht ng lc hc mi cht lng trong bnh ngng;
g Gia tc trng trng. g = 9,81 m/s
2
;
Cc thng s trn c ly ti t
k
= 50
0
C. Gi thit t
w
= 48,3
0
C, ta tnh t
w
theo
phng php lp. Thay cc thng s vo cng thc trn ta c:

0,25
3 2
N 1
t
. .g.r
=1,2 =1,2.0,728.
. .d
| |
|
\ .

= 1,2.0,728.
0,25
2 3
4
9,81.1085 .714 .154,03
2,1.10 .1,7.0,018
| |
|
|
\ .
= 4922 W/m
2
K
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 111 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Thay vo :
c 1 2
1
k =
1 1
+ +
.

k =
4922
1 0,0018 1
+
714 52.7,67
1
+
= 368,6 W/m
2
K
Khi : q = k.
tb
t = 368,6.22,3 =8220 W/m
2

q =
1
o (t
k
- t
w
) = 4922.1,7 = 8367,4 W/m
2

So snh q v q vi sai s cho php khng qu 5% ta c:

q-q' 8220-8367,4
= =
q 8220
= 0,0179 = 1,79% < 5%
Vy k = 368,6 W/m
2
K;
1
= 4922 W/m
2
K v t
w
= 48,3
0
C
Din tch trao i nhit bn trong [5]


Tnh cc thng s c th ca dn ngng
* S ng trong dn:


n=157,56 ta chn n =160 ng
Chn s ng trn mi hng l m = 16 ng ta s c s hng ng trong dn
ngng l: z = n/m = 10
* Kch thc ca dn
- Chiu rng dn: B = z.s
2
= 10.0,034 = 0,34 m
- Chiu cao dn: H = m.s
1
= 16.0,034 = 0,544 m
- Chiu di ca dn chn L = 0,5 m
4.11.3.2. Dn bay hi
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 112 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

a) Cng dng: Dn bay hi c tc dng nhn nhit ca khng kh chuyn ng bn
ngoi dn lm nhit khng kh gim xung di nhit ng sng tch mt
phn m ca khng kh trc khi vo dn bay hi ng thi ha hi mi cht chuyn
ng bn trong dn lnh t trng thi lng n trng thi hi bo ha.
b) Thit k dn bay hi
Chn loi dn bay hi: Dn bay hi y c tc dng lm lnh khng kh nn ta
chn loi dn bay hi lm lnh khng kh i lu cng bc. Cu to ca dn nh
hnh v trn. Do lm lnh khng kh n im sng nn dn bay hi c mng hng
nc ngng di. Cu to ca dn bay hi nh hnh v trn.
Chn ng cho dn bay hi: ph hp vi mi cht R22, ta chn ng ng cnh
nhm hnh vung lm ng dn mi cht trong dn. Thng s ca ng chn nh sau:
ng: - ng knh trong d
tr
= 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi d
ng
= 18 mm
- Bc ng s
1
= s
2
= s = 36 mm
- Chiu di on ng L = 0,5 m
Cnh: - Chiu dy
c
o = 0,35 mm.
- Bc cnh s
c
= 3,5 mm.
- Chiu di cnh l
c
= 34 mm
- ng knh tng ng ca cnh d
c
=
t
c
l . 4
= 43,31 mm
Thng s cho trc
Cng sut dn Q
0
= 72,3 kW
Nhit khng kh vo dn bay hi t
k0
= 35
0
C
Nhit khng kh ra khi dn t
k0
= 8
0
C
Nhit bay hi ca mi cht trong dn t
0
= 0
0
C
Lu lng khi lng mi cht trong dn lnh G = 0,45 kg/s
Lu lng khng kh qua dn lnh G
k
= 0,657 kg/s
Tc khng kh u vo dn lnh
0
e = 3,1 m/s
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 113 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Tnh din tch trao i nhit [5]

0 0
0 0f
Q Q
F= =
k.t q
, m
2
Q
0
- Ph ti nhit yu cu ca thit b bay hi, W;
k - H s truyn nhit, W/m
2
K;

0
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh, K;
q
0f
- Mt dng nhit, W/m
2
;
Tnh chnh nhit trung bnh
chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh theo cng thc

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :

k0' 0 max
t =t -t =35-0=35
0
C

0 min k0"
t =t -t =8-0=8
0
C
Thay vo cng thc ta c tnh c
tb
t = 18,3
0
C
Xc nh h s truyn nhit k : Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,2 <1,4) nn
qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng.
Lc h s truyn nhit k c th tnh theo cng thc:

c 1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Trong :

2 1
,o o - H s trao i nhit bn trong v ngoi ng trao i nhit, W/m
2
K;
- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK. Tra bng ph lc 2 [Ti liu
5] thng s vt l ca mt s cht rn ta c:

cu
= 389 W/mK;
o - Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng thc

o = 0,5(d
2
d
1
) = 0,5(0,018 0,015) = 0,0015 m
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 114 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
=
c
l 0,5
=
s 0,004
= 125 cnh

c
h s lm cnh. H s lm cnh c tnh theo cng thc

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
c c 2
c
1
n d -d 125 0,04331 -0,018
=1+ =1+
2.d .l 2.0,015.0,5
= 13,9
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn ngoi
2

S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
= 125 cnh
Chiu cao cnh: h =
c
2
d -d
43,31-18
=
2 2
= 12,66 mm.
ng knh tng ng: d
E
=
1
0 2
1 1
0
c
1
1 c
c
c
F
F .d +F .
2.n
F +F

Trong :
*
1
0
F - Din tch phn khng cnh ca ng
1
0
F = t .d
2
.n
c
.s
c
= 3,14.0,018.125.0,0035 = 0,0247 m
2

*
1
c
F - Din tch phn c cnh
1
c
F = 2t
2 2
c 2
d -d
4
.n
c
=
2 2
2.3,14.(0,04331 -0,018 ).125
4
= 0,61 m
2

Thay vo cng thc trn ta c
d
E
=
0,61
0,0247.0,018+0,61.
2.125
0,0247+0,61
= 0,048 m
Tc ti khe hp tnh theo cng thc

max
c 2
c
1 1
3,1
0,018 2.0,01266.0,00035
1- +
0,036 0,036.0,004

= =
d
2.h.
1- +
s s .s
| | | |
|
|
| \ .
\ .
= 7,07 m/s
2

Nhit khng kh trung bnh
t
tb
= 0,5(t
kk
+ t
kk
) = 0,5(35 +8) = 21,5
0
C
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 115 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh nhit 21,5
0
C ta c

k
= 1,199 kg/m
3
; v = 15,201.10
-6
m
2
/s;
k
= 2,602.10
-2
W/mK
Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc
Re =
E max
.d

=
-6
7,07.0,048
15,201.10
= 22,3.10
3

Khi h s Nu c tnh theo cng thc vi ng xp song song
Nu = 0,138.Re
0,63
= 75,8
H s to nhit ca cnh:
E
k
-2
c
Nu. 75,8.2,602.10
= =
d 0,048
= 41,1 W/m
2
K
H s to nhit tng ng ca pha ng c cnh
( )
1
c
1
2
2 c c
F
= +
F
, W/m
2
K
Trong : -
1
0
1
c
F 0,0247
= = =0,0405
F 0,61

-
1
2
F =
1
c
F +
1
0
F = 0,0247 + 0,61 =0,6347 m
2

-
c
= 0,95 : Hiu sut cnh.
Vy: ( )
2
0,61
=41,1. 0,95+0,0405
0,6347
= 39,1 W/m
2
K
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn trong
1


0,5
2,5 1,5 l
1
tr
.
=A .
d
| |
|
\ .
, W/m
2
K
Trong : - Tc chuyn ng ca lng R22 trong h thng, m/s. Vi R22:
= 0,4 1 m/s. Ta chn = 0,5 m/s. [6];

l
- Khi lng ring cu R22 lng ti 0
0
C:
l
= 1,284.10
3
kg/m
3
;
A - Ti 0
0
C, ta chn A = 1,32 ;
u = t
w
t
0
;
d
tr
- ng knh trong ca ng, m;
Do t
w
cha bit nn ta tm
1
o phng php lp:
Gi s t
w
= 3,5
0
C, ta tnh c:
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 116 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


1
o = 1,32
2,5
.[3,5 -0]
1,5
.
0,5
3
-3
0,5.1,284.10
15.10
| |
|
\ .
= 2712 W/m
2
K
Thay vo
c
1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.

k =
2712
1
1 0,0015 1
+ +
389 39,1.13,9
= 452 W/m
2
K
Khi : q = k.
tb
t A = 452.18,3 = 8271,6 W/m
2

q =
1
o (t
w
t
0
) = 2260.3,5 = 7910 W/m
2

So snh q v q vi sai s cho php khng qu 5% ta c:

8271, 6
q-q' 8271,6-7910
= =
q
= 0,0437 = 4,37% < 5%
Vy k = 452 W/m
2
K;
1
= 2712 W/m
2
K v t
w
= 3,5
0
C
Din tch trao i nhit bn trong


Tnh cc thng s c th ca dn bay hi
S ng trong dn:


n = 395,8 ta chn 396 ng
Chn s ng trn mi hng l m = 22 ng ta s c s hng ng trong dn bay
hi l: z = n/m =18.
Kch thc ca dn
- Chiu rng dn B = z.s
2
= 18.0,036 = 0,648 m
- Chiu cao dn H = m.s
1
= 22.0,036 = 0,792 m
- Chiu di ca dn chn L = 0,5 m
4.11.4. Tnh chn my nn
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 117 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Nhim v ca my nn lnh: My nn lnh l b phn quan trng nht ca cc
h thng lnh nn hi. My nn c nhim v:
* Lin tc ht hi sinh ra thit b bay hi.
* Duy tr p sut P
0
v nhit t
0
cn thit.
* Nn hi ln p sut cao tng ng vi mi trng lm mt, nc hoc
khng kh, y vo thit b ngng t.
* a lng qua van tit lu tr v thit b bay hi, thc hin qu trnh tun
hon kn ca mi cht lnh trong h thng gn lin vi vic thu hi nhit
mi trng lnh v thi nhit mi trng nng.
Chn loi my nn: Vi mi cht R22 ta chn loi my nn pittng na kn
a) Tnh ton chu trnh ch yu cu
Nng sut khi lng thc t: G = 0,45 kg/s
Nng sut th tch thc t. Tra bng cc tnh cht nhit ng ca R22 trng
thi bo ho vi nhit hi ht l 0
0
C ta c v = v
0
= 46,98.10
-3
m
3
/kg.
V
tt
= G.v = 0,45.46,98.10
-3
= 0,02 m
3
/s
- T s nn:
k
0
p
=
p
=
19,395
4,983
= 3,89
- H s cp ca my nn:
tt
lt
V
=
V

H s cp ca my nn l t s gia th tch thc t V
tt
v th tch l thuyt V
lt

ca my nn. H s cp v hiu sut ch th ph thuc vo t s nn, vi mi
cht R22, = 0,77.
- Th tch ht l thuyt
V
lt
= V
tt
/ = 0,02/0,77 = 0,026 m
3
/s
- Nng sut lnh ring khi lng
q
0
= i
1
i
4
= 405,27 245 = 160,27 kJ/kg
Nng sut lnh ring th tch
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 118 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

q
v
=
0
-3
1
q 160,27
=
v 46,98.10
= 3411,5 kJ/m
3

Th tch hi thc t ht vo xylanh
V= G.v
1
=0,45.54,41.10
-3
= 0,024 m
3
/s
H s ch th th tch
K 0 d 0 h
i
0 0
0
P +P P -P P -P
= -C -
P P P
| |
|
|
\ .

Chn :
* C = 0,05
*
h
P =
d
P =0,1 bar

)

H s tn tht khng thy c
0
w'
k
T
=
T
273+0
= =0,845
273+50

H s lu lng ca my nn

=
i

w
= 0,85.0,845=0,72

Th tch chuyn di ca pittong
h
V
V =


Cng sut on nhit
N
a
= G( i
2
i
1
) = 0,45.(462,53 - 423,53) = 17,55 kW
Hiu sut ch th:
w' 0 i
= +b.t =0,845+0,0025.0=0,845
(Vi R22 chn b= 0,0025)
Cng sut ch th
N
i
=
a
i
N


Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 119 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Cng sut ma st
N
m
=V
h
.P
m
.10
2
= 0,033 .0,5.10
2
=1,65 kW (Chn P
m
=0,5 bar)
Cng sut hiu dng
N
e
=N
i
+N
m
=20,76 + 1,65= 22,41 kW
Cng sut trn trc my nn truyn ng trc tip
N = N
e
= 22,41 kW
b) Tnh ton nng sut lnh tiu chun
Do cng sut lnh ca my nn ph thuc rt ln vo ch vn hnh nn ch
vn hnh khc so vi trong catalogue. chn my nn ph hp ta tin hnh
quy i nng sut lnh t ch vn hnh sang ch quy chun: Vi R22, ch
tiu chun l: t
0
= 15
0
C; t
qn
= 15
0
C; t
k
= 30
0
C; t
ql
= 25
0
C. Ta lp bng thng
s trng thi ca cc im nt trn th:
Bng 3-2 Thng s tiu chun ca cc im nt
im Trng thi
P
bar
t
0
C
v.10
3

m
3
/kg
i
kJ/kg
S
kJ/kgK
1
1
2
3
3
4
Hi bo ha kh x=1
Hi qu nhit
Hi qu nhit
Lng si, x=0
Lng cha si
Hi bo ha m
2,966
2,966
11,908
11,908
11,908
2,966
-15
15
85
30
25
-15
77,29
106,15
25,183
0,8515
-
-
698,38
719,7
759,315
536,51
515,19
515,19
1,7710
1,8448
1,8448
1,1248
-
-

Tnh ton ch tiu chun:
T s nn:
k
tc
0
p
=
p
=
11,908
2,966
= 4,015
H s cp: H s cp v hiu sut ch th ph thuc vo t s nn vi mi
cht R22 ta c
tc
= 0,76
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 120 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Nng sut lnh ring khi lng tiu chun
q
0tc
= i
1
i
4
= 183,19 kJ/kg
Nng sut lnh ring th tch tiu chun
0tc
vtc -3
1
183,19
=2370
77,29.10
q
q = =
v
kJ/m
3

Nng sut lnh tiu chun



c) Tn tht nng lng v cng sut ng c
Cng nn on nhit
N
s
= G(i
2
i
1
) = 0,45(759,315 698,38) = 27,42 kW
Hiu sut ch th. Da vo t s nn t ta c
i
q = 0,86
Cng nn ch th


Cng sut hu ch: N
e
= N
i
+ N
ms

* Cng tiu tn thng lc ma st: N
ms
= p
ms
.V
tt

Vi my nn R22 ngc dng: p
ms
= 19 34 kPa. Ta chn p
ms
= 25 kPa.
N
ms
= 0,02.25 = 0,5 kW
N
e
= 31,9 + 0,5 = 32,4 kW
Cng sut in tiu th: N
el
=
e
td el
N



td
- Hiu sut truyn ng. Vi my nn na kn:
td
= 1

el
- Hiu sut ng c in
el
= (0,8 0,95). Chn
el
= 0,9
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 121 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

N
el
=


Cng sut ng c in lp t: N
dc
= (1,1 2,1).N
el

Chn: N
dc
= 1,1.N
el
= 1,1.36 = 39,6 kW
My nn pittong ca hng BITZER Semi hermetic Recips Series ta chn my
nn c thng s sau:
- K hiu: 6G-30.2-40P
- Cng sut dn lnh : 58,6 kW
- Cng sut dn nng : 79,1 kW
- in ngun: 380V/1Ph/50Hz
- Lu lng mi cht : 0,37 kg/s
4.11.5. Chn ng ng dn mi cht
4.11.5.1. ng ng y
* Lu lng th tch mi cht qua ng y
V
d
= G.v
2
= 0,45.15,71.10
-3
= 7,07.10
-3
m
3
/s
* Tc mi cht trong ng y.
Tc dng chy thch hp vi mi cht R22,
h
=(815) m/s. Ta chn
h
=
11 m/s
* ng knh trong ca ng
d
td
=


ng ng cho my lnh Fren ta chn loi ng c thng s:
- ng knh trong: d
td
= 38 mm
- ng knh ngoi: d
nd
= 40 mm
4.11.5.2. ng ng ht
* Lu lng th tch mi cht qua ng ht
V
d
= G.v
1
= 0,45.54,41.10
-3
= 0,024 m
3
/s
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 122 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

* Tc mi cht trong ng ht
Tc dng chy thch hp vi mi cht R22,
h
=(712) m/s. Ta chn
h
=
8 m/s
* ng knh trong ca ng
d
td
=

-3
d
d
4.V
4.1,08.10
=
. 3,14.8
= 0,06 m
ng ng cho my lnh Fren ta chn loi ng c thng s:
- ng knh trong: d
td
= 60 mm
- ng knh ngoi: d
nd
= 63 mm
3.11.6. Thit b hi nhit
a) Cng dng
Thit b hi nhit c tc dng qu nhit hi ht v my nn trnh lt lng
vo my nn gy ra hin tng va p thy lc lm h hng thit b v qu lnh
lng cao p gim tn tht lnh do van tit lu.
b) Cu to







c) Nguyn l
Lng cao p chy bn trong ng xon trao i nhit vi hi h p chy bn
ngoi ng lm cho hi h p t hi bo ho tr thnh hi qu nhit. Lng cao p
nh nhit cho hi h p v c qu lnh mt phn. ng tr kn 2 u c nhim
1- ng vo hi hi h p
2- ng ra lng cao p
3- ng vo lng cao p
4- ng ra hi h p
5- ng xon
6- ng tr kn
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 123 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

v hng cho dng hi i qua ng xon v lm tng tc dng hi tng
cng hiu qu trao i nhit. Bnh hi nhit c bc cch nhit.
* Thng s thit k
- Cng sut thit b hi nhit Q
hn
= 4,1 kW
- Nhit lng mi cht vo t
l
= t
3
= 50
0
C
- Nhit lng mi cht ra t
l
= t
3
= 36,5
0
C
- Nhit hi mi cht vo t
h
= t
1
= 0
0
C
- Nhit hi mi cht ra : t
h
= t
1
= 25
0
C
d) Tnh chn ng knh ng
Vi lng R22 chy trong ng, tc mi cht nm trong khong (0,4 1) m/s. Ta
chn e = 1 m/s.
Lu lng th tch ca lng chy trong ng
V = G.v
3
= 0,45.0,0008. =3,6.10
-4
m
3
/s
ng knh trong ca ng:


Theo kch thc tiu chun ca ng ng trong bng cc loi ng ng cho
my lnh Freon ta chn d
1
= 20 mm. Khi , ng knh ngoi l: d
2
= 22 mm.
ng knh ca vng xon: Chn D
x
= 80 mm
Chn khe h gia ng xon vi v thit b l =10mm. Khi , ng knh
trong ca v l: D
v
= D
x
+ d
2
+2.o = 80 + 22 + 2.10 = 122 mm
ng knh ca phn li qun ng ( d lp t ta ly khong h gia ng
xon v li qun l
l
o = 5mm). D
l
= D
x
-
l
o - d
2
= 80 2.5 22 = 68 mm
Tit din t do ca hi trong thit b hi nhit
F =
( )
2
2
2 2
v v 2
v l
D -2 -(D -2-2.d )
D -D
-
4 4

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 124 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

=

()

()


Lu lng th tch ca mi cht
V = G.v
1
= 0,45.46,98.10
-3
= 0,02m
3
/s
Tc hi mi cht trong thit b hi nhit


e) Tnh ton din tch trao i nhit
* Din tch trao i nhit c tnh t phng trnh truyn nhit

hn
tb
Q
F=
k.t
, m
2
Vi: Q
hn
- Ph ti ca thit b hi nhit. Q
hn
= 4,1 kW;
k - H s truyn nhit, W/m
2
K;

tb
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh, K;
Trong thc t, nhit trong thit b ngng t gim t t
2
xung t
k
, gi nguyn t
k

trong qu trnh ngng t nhng li gim khi qa lnh. Nhng khi tnh ton c th
coi nhit trong thit b ngng t l khng i v bng t
k
. chnh nhit
trung bnh c tnh theo cng thc:

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :
max
t - Hiu nhit ln nht:
max 1' 1
t =t -t =25-0=25
0
C

min
t - Hiu nhit b nht:
3 3' min
t =t -t =50-36,5=13,5
0
C
Thay vo cng thc ta c tnh c
tb
t =18,7
0
C
* Xc nh h s truyn nhit k
Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,1 <1,4) nn qu trnh truyn nhit trong
vch tr c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng. H s truyn nhit k tnh theo
cng thc:
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 125 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Vi
2 1
,o o - H s trao i nhit bn trong v ngoi ng trao i nhit, W/m
2
K;
- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK;
cu
= 389 W/mK [5];
o - Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng thc
o = 0,5(d
2
d
1
) = 0,5(0,022 0,020) = 0,001 m
* Xc nh h s to nhit
1

Nhit trung bnh ca mi cht lng: t
tb
= 0,5(t
3
+ t
3
) = 0,5(50 +36,5) =
43,25
0
C. Tra bng ph lc 8 [5] tnh cht vt l trn ng bo ho ca R22
vi nhit 43,25
0
C ta c:
k
= 1117,4 kg/m
3
; = 2,16.10
-4
Ns/m
2
;
k

=7,53.10
-2
W/mK; Pr = 3,857.
Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc sau:


Re =
1 1
.d .d .
=

=


Nh vy dng chy trong ng l chy tng (Re>1.10
4
). Khi h s Nu
c tnh theo cng thc: [5]
Nu = 0,021.Re
0,8
.Pr
0,43
.A.
1
.
R
c c
Trong : A - H s k n nh hng ca chiu dng nhit: A =
0,25
f
w
Pr
Pr
| |
|
\ .


Coi t
f
= t
w
nn A = 1

1
c - H s k n chiu di ng
1
c = 1;

R
c - H s k n nh hng khi un cong;

R
c = 1 +

= 4,2
Thay vo ta c:
Nu = 0,021.(8,3.10
5
)
0,8
.3,857
0,43
.1.1.4,2 = 8567
Vy:
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 126 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh



* H s to nhit
2

Nu
f
=
s
0,65 0,33
f f
0,26.Re .Pr .A.
Vi: A - H s k n nh hng chiu dng nhit: A =
25 , 0
Pr
Pr
|
|
.
|

\
|
w
f
. Coi t
f
= t
w
A
= 1

s
c - H s k n nh hng ca bc ng. Coi chm ng c 2 dy ng song
song v bc ng s = R = 35 mm.


- Nhit trung bnh ca hi mi cht trong thit b
t
tb
= 0,5(t
1
+ t
1
) = 0,5(0 +25) = 12,5
0
C
Tra bng ph lc 8 [5] tnh cht vt l trn ng bo ho ca R22 nhit
t
tb
= 12,5
0
C:
k
= 1240 kg/m
3
; = 2,5.10
-4
Ns/m
2
;
k
= 9,13.10
-2
W/mK;
Pr = 3,3
- Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc sau v

v = :
Re =
2 2
.d .d .
=

=


Thay vo ta c: Nu = 0,26.(872960)
0,65
.3,3
0,33
.1.1,07 = 3000
Vy:



Thay vo cng thc trn ta c h s truyn nhit
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 127 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


- Din tch trao i nhit


* Chiu di l ca ng xon: l =
tb
F
.d
, m
Trong : d
tb
= 0,5(d
1
+d
2
) = 0,5(20 + 22) = 21 mm
Thay vo ta c:


* Chiu di l
1
ca 1 vng xon: l
1
= t .D
x
= 3,14.0,08 = 0,2512 m
* S vng xon: n =

chn n = 4 vng
4.11.7. Tnh ton tr lc v chn qut
a) Tnh ton ng ng dn tc nhn sy
Theo s b tr ca h thng, ta cn phi ch to h thng dn khng kh t qut
vo bung sy. Din tch mt ct c xc nh theo cng thc [3]:

V
F=

, m
2

Trong : - F : Din tch tit din ng ng dn, m
2

- V : Lu lng khng kh trong on ng, m
3
/s
- e : Tc khng kh trong ng, m/s
Chn e
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 128 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

la chn tc gi thch hp l mt bi ton kinh t k thut phc tp.
- Khi chn tc ln th ng knh ng nh, chi ph cho u t thp, tuy nhin
tr lc ca h thng ln v n do kh ng ca dng khng kh cao.
- Khi chn tc thp th ng knh ng ln, chi ph cho u t ln, kh khn
cho lp t nhng n gim. ph hp vi h thng ta chn tc gi trong
knh dn gi l 4 m/s.
Tnh lu lng khng kh: Trong chng 3 ta tnh ton c lu lng
khng kh tun hon trong 1 giy l G
kk
= 0,657 kg/s. Vi nhit trung bnh
trong bung sy l 37,5
0
C, tra bng ph lc 3 [1] Thng s vt l ca khng
kh kh ta c = 1,137 kg/m
3
. Khi ta c:


Vy:


- ng knh ng dn khng kh


Ta chn ng knh ng dn l d = 620 mm
Xc nh chiu di ng ng
Chiu di ton b ng ng l, m c xc nh da vo s b tr h thng.
Theo tnh ton s b th chiu di tng cng ng ng gi ca h thng t b x
l khng kh n ming thi vo bung sy khong l = 1,5 m.
* Tnh ton tr lc ca h thng
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 129 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh














Hnh 4-8. S tnh ton kh ng trong h thng my sy

Tn tht p sut trn ng ng gi
- Tn tht ma st: Tn tht ma st c tnh theo cng thc:

2
ms
l .
P = .
d 2
, mmH
2
O
Trong : - H s tn tht ma st;
l - Chiu di ng. l = 1,5m;
d ng knh trong tng ng ca ng, d = 0,62m;
e - Tc khng kh trong ng. e = 4 m/s;
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh ti nhit 37,5
0
C;
=1,137 kg/m
3
; =16,72.10
-6
m
2
/s.[ph lc 3/1/]
Khi : Re =
.d e
v
=

=1,5.10
5

Vi ng tn mng b mt trong lng, tit din trn v Re>10
5
th:
= 0,0032 + 0,221.Re
-0,237
= 0,0032 + 0,221.[1,5.10
5
]
-0,237
= 0,013
Vy:


Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 130 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Tn tht cc b
cb
P A
- H thng ng ng gi gm c:
* 1 van iu chnh gi tit din hnh ch nht. D/D
0
= 0,9 v gc nghing
u = 0
0
ta c = 0,19.

* 4 ct tit din hnh ch nht theo khung ca bung sy ta c = 1,37.
* Tr lc khi i qua khay ta c = 0,5.
- Tn tht cc b c tnh theo cng thc

( )


Vy tng tn tht trn ng ng gi:
AP
1
= AP
ms
+ AP
cb
= 0,35 + 56,12 = 56,47 mmH
2
O
c) Tn tht qua cc thit b ca h thng
- Tr lc ca thit b lc bi, bung x l khng kh, bung sy. Trong h thng
ny do mt bi khng nhiu nn ta chn thit b lc bi n gin l b lc bi
kiu li. Thit b lc bi kiu li th tr lc ca li lc nm trong khong 30
40 Pa. Ta chn tr lc ca li s dng trong h thng sy ny bng 35 Pa = 3,57
mmH
2
O
- Tr lc qua bung x l khng kh c tnh theo cng thc:


Ti y khng kh c x l s b nn ta chn
Vi e = 2,4 m/s ta c c tr lc qua bung x l khng kh l 1,64 mmH
2
O
Vy AP
2
= 5,21 mmH
2
O
Nh vy tng tn tht tr lc ca h thng l:
1 2
P=P +P = 61,68 mmH
2
O


Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 131 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Bng 4-3. Tn tht kh ng bn trong h thng sy
V tr Dng tn tht Tn tht (mmH
2
O)
1,3,4,6 Tr lc cc b trn cc co 90
0
49,9
2 Tr lc cc b khi i qua cc khay sy 4,55
5 Tr lc cc b khi i qua bung x l khng kh 1,64
7 Tr lc cc b khi i qua van iu chnh gi 1,73
8 Tn tht ma st khi i qua bung sy 0,35
9 Tr lc cc b khi i qua li lc 3,57
Tng tn tht tr lc ca h thng 61,68
d) Chn qut.
Ta c cng sut ca qut

9,81.V .
N= ;
1000.
tb
P
kW
q
A

Trong : V
tb
- lu lng nhit trung bnh ca tc nhn sy, m
3
/h

P A - tng ct p qut phi thc hin, mmH
2
O

q
q - hiu sut ca qut, ) 6 , 0 4 , 0 ( =
q
q Theo [1]. Chn q
q
=0,6

3
1,137 / kg m = - khi lng ring ca khng kh nhit trung bnh
TNS.
Thay s ta c:


Cng sut ng c: N
dc
= k.N= 0,9.0,74=0,666 kW (k=0,9 theo [1])
Qua qu trnh kho st ta c th la chn qut ti nh my vi
Cng sut ng c N : 1HP 0,75W
in ngun : 220v 380v

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 132 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

CHNG V
TRANG B T NG HA H THNG SY
V TNH TON GI THNH
Mc ch v ngha
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng sy, c nhiu cc thng s bin i do
nhng dng nhit khc nhau t bn ngoi hoc bn trong h thng v nhit ca
sn phm theo hng lot cc thng s ca ch lm vic thay i theo. Do
h thng lm vic n nh v an ton vi nhng bin c din ra trong sut qu trnh
sy. Nhm m bo s an ton v lm vic c hiu qu ca h thng. Cng vic
iu chnh cc ch lm vic ca h thng sy rt phc tp v gp nhiu kh
khn. Do vy cn phi trang b cc thit b iu chnh t ng thc hin cc
cng vic iu chnh h thng my v thit b lnh mt cch an ton, tin li v
hiu qu. Ngoi ra h thng iu chnh t ng cn bo ng kp thi v chnh xc
cc s c c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh nhm bo v cho h thng lun
lm vic ch cho php.
T ng ha qu trnh hot ng ca h thng c nhiu u im hn so vi
iu chnh bng tay v lun gi n nh, lin tc ch lm vic trong gii hn
cho php, thch ng vi tng giai on hot ng ca my trong sut qu trnh hot
ng ca my. iu ny ko theo hng lot cc u im khch nhau nh : m bo
an ton cho h thng, tng tin cy, tng tui th my, m bo cht lng ca
sn phm cn sy, gim tiu hao nng lng khng cn thit v quan trong hn c
l n m bo tnh mng ca con ngi trong qu trnh vn hnh.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 133 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Chnh v vy vic trang b in t ng ha cho my lnh l mt cng vic
ht sc quan trng v cn thit, n ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca x hi, ph
hp vi cng cuc cng nghip ha, hin i ha.
5.1 Trang b in iu khin cho HTS

Hnh 5-1 :S cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca
m hnh thc nghim Bm nhit


Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 134 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

5.1.1 Chc nng
Chc nng ht m
thc hin qu trnh ht m ta tin hnh m ca bung sy ra. Khng kh
trong phong c qut ht vo dn lnh , khng kh c lm lnh xung nhit
ng sng lm m trong khng kh ngng t thnh nc, bng tuyt c x
xung khay hng nc. Khng kh sau khi qua dn lnh c nhit thp v m
ln s c qut ht qua dn ngng. Ti y, khng kh c c t nong ng
dung m lm tng nhit , gim m tng i v c y ra ngoi qua ca
bung sy, thc hin qu trnh ht m trong phng.
Chc nng lm lnh
thc hin qu trnh lm lnh, ta ch cn ct ngung in cho van in t.
Lc ny, ton b hi mi cht sau khi nn ch i qua dn ngng t ngoi. My tr
thnh my lm lnh.
Chc nng iu ha khng kh
Chc nng ny c thc hin khi ta thc hin ni thm ng gi vo dn
ngng ngoi, ct ngun cung cp in cho van in t. Bm nhit tr thnh my
iu ha khng kh v ma h.
m bo cho my sy lm vic an ton v hiu qu ta thit k thm mt
h thng iu khin t ng ha, lp t cng vi cc dng c o kim, khng ch.
5.1.2 H thng iu khin
Trnh t bt my
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 135 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

vn hnh h thng, u tin bt cng tc chuyn mch sang v tr ON v
sau n nt khi ng START (Hnh 5.2). Lc ny mch iu khin c cp
in. Vic duy tr ngun nui mch iu khin c thc hin bi tip im
thng m DF5 ca rle trung gian DF5. Cc rle trung gian DF3, DF4 c
cp in nn cc tip im thng m ca chng s trng thi ng cn rle
trung gian DF2 cha c cp in nn cc tip im thng ng vn gi nguyn
trng thi. Rle thi gian TM1 c cp in v sau khong thi gian t l 1 pht
th tip im TM1 ng mch cp ngun cho rle trung gian DF_comp. Ngay lp
tc cng tc t K1 cng c cp ngun v cc tip im K1 ng mch ng lc
(Hnh 5.3), cp ngun cho ng c my nn hot ng.
iu khin thi gian chy my
Vic iu khin thi gian chy my c khng ch bi rle thi gian TM3.
Sau khong thi gian lm vic 1 ting th tip im thng ng TM3 ngt ngun
cung cp cho cng tc t K1, ct ngun cung cp cho ng c my nn, cn tip
im thng m TM3 th ng mch in cp ngun cho rle thi gian TM4. Sau
khong thi gian t 3,5 pht, tip im thng ng TM4 s ngt ngun cung cp
cho rle thi gian TM3, lm cho cc tip im ca rle thi gian TM3 tr v trng
thi ban u, tip im TM4 cng tr v trng thi thng ng. ng c my nn
c cung cp in tr li v rle thi gian TM3 lp li chu trnh m thi gian
ca n.
iu khin hot ng ca qut
Sau khi tip im thng m DF1 ng mch in cho cng tc t K2, tip
im t duy tr K2 ng. Lc ny hot ng ca qut khng cn ph thuc vo
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 136 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

DF1 m ch ph thuc vo hai tip im thng ng TM2 v DF2. Khi thc hin
ch x bng, tip im thng ng DF2 m ngt ngun cung cp in cho
cng tc t K2. Khi tt my tip im TM2 s ct ngun cung cp in cho cng
tc t K2, qut dng.
Trnh t tt my
Khi n nt STOP, rle trung gian DF1 v DF_comp s b mt ngun cung
cp in, my nn s dng ngay lp tc. Do b mt ngun cung cp in nn tip
im thng ng K1 s ng mch v n sng. Tip im DF1 cng tr v
trng thi ng, rle thi gian TM2 c cp ngun. Sau khong thi gian t
trc l 1 pht, tip im TM2 s m, ngt ngun cung cp in cho cng tc t
K2 v qut ngng chy.
iu khin ch x bng
Ch x bng c thc hin bi b iu khin nhit . Khi nhit
khng kh sau dn lnh l -5C, lp tc b iu khin nhit s ng kha K cp
ngun cho rle trung gian DF2. Cng tc t K3 c cp ngun ng mch in
cho in tr x bng E.
iu khin van in t
Vic iu khin van in t c thc hin bi b iu khin nhit
COSMO. Khi nhit sau dn ngng trong thp di gi tr t, ngay lp tc b
iu khin nhit s ng kha K cp ngun cho van in t.
iu khin p sut ngng t
Vic iu khin p sut ngng t c thc hin thng qua b iu khin
m. Khi m khng kh gim xung di 10%, lp tc n s ng kha K cp
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 137 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

ngun cho rle trung gian DF4, n vng 2 sng. Tip im DF4 ct ngun cp
in cho rle trung gian DF_comp, my nn dng hot ng.
S c p sut thp
Khi xy ra s c p sut thp, tip im LP ca rle p sut thp s ct in
cp cho rle trung gian DF3, tip im DF3 tr v trng thi thng m. Rle
trung gian DF_comp b mt ngun cung cp nn my nn ngng chy.
S c p sut cao
Khi xy ra s c p sut cao, tip im HP ca rle p sut cao s ng
mch in, cp ngun cho rle trung gian DF6 v n RL2 sng. Tip im
thng ng DF6 s trng thi m ct ngun cp in cho DF_comp, my nn
dng.






Hnh 5.2 S Mch in iu Khin H Thng
OCRRle nhit, SVVan in t, CompMy nn, TSB iu khin nhit ,
F Qut, HS-B iu khin m, E-in tr x bng, LP-Rle p sut thp,
DF-Rle trung gian, HP-Rle p sut cao, TM-Rle thi gian, K-Cng tc t,
RL-n ,YL-n vng, GL-n xanh, Cos-Cng tc chuyn mch.
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 138 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh


T
r

n
h

t


t
a
t

m
a
y
D
F
4
9
1
3
,
5

m
i
n
1
h
o
u
r
1
9
B A
G
L
3







Y
L
1







R
L
2
Y
L
3
S


c
o

a
p

s
u
a
t

c
a
o
H
P D
F
6
G
L
2







C
O
S
D
F
3
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Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 139 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

5.2 Tnh gi thnh sn phm
5.2.1 Chi ph nguyn liu, nhin liu
Cc thng s c:
* T l ti/kh = 12
* Nng sut sy : 8,34 kg/m
* Cng sut tng: 41 kW(My nn 39,6 kW v qut 0,66kW, chiu sng
0,74kW).
* Gi thnh in : 1000/hWh
* Gi thnh mt kg nguyn liu u vo 6000 /kg
Ta tnh c:
- Nng sut sy (kg/h) = Nng sut sy /thi gian sy mi m = 8,34/22,9 =
0,365 kg/h
- Chi ph nhin liu sy 1kg Hnh kh.
Chi nng lng (/kg) = Nng lng ng c (kWh)*gi nng lng(/kWh)/
nng sut sy (kg/h) = 41*1000/0,365 = 112328 /kg
5.2.2 Chi ph lao ng
* Tin nhn cng 1 ngi l: 140000 VN/1ngi
* S cng nhn phc v: 2 ngi chia lm 2 ca trn mt m sy
* Vy chi ph cho nhn cng l: 140000 x 2 =280000 VN/1m
* Chi ph lao ng cho mt kg thnh phm l: 280000/8,34= 33500 /kg
5.2.3 Chi khu hao
Gi s ta c th sy 24 gi mi ngy.
Nng sut sy mi ngy (kg) = Nng sut sy (kg/h)*24(h/ngy)
= 0,365.24 = 8,76 kg/ngy
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 140 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

Nng sut sy mi nm (kg) = s ngy sy mi nm* Nng sut sy mi ngy
(kg/ngy) = 365.8,76 = 3198 kg/nm
Vi cng sut lnh ca dn lnh l 50,6 kW tng ng vi cng sut lnh l
180000 Btu/h . Ta thit k vi h my c cng sut lnh 60KW c gi thnh
200.000.000
Tnh thm khon u t ban u xy dng hm sy v mua qut, Vy tng
vn u t cho ton b bung sy c tnh t l, tng u t = 250.000.000
Tui th ca h thng c th 20 nm. Do din tch t my sy khng nhiu nn b
qua khu hao nh xng.
Khu hao phn sy v ng c mi nm l:
Khu hao = tng u t / tui th
=250.000.000/20 = 12.500.000
=> Chi khu hao = khu hao mi nm/ Lng sy mi nm
= 12.500.000/3198= 3900 /kg
Bng 5-1. Tng hp cc thnh phn chi ph
Cc loi chi ph Thnh phn chi ph sy Chi ph ()
Chi ph c nh
Chi ph khu hao v sa cha 3900
Chi ph nguyn liu ti 72000
Chi ph vn
hnh
Chi ph nng lng ng c 112328
Khng tnh n chi ph vn hnh 33500
Tng cng chi ph c 1kg Hnh sy kh (/kg)
156928

5.3 So snh cht lng v gi thnh hnh l sy nng v sy lnh

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 141 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh



Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 142 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

CHNG VI
KT LUN V NGH
6.1 Kt lun
Da trn cc kt qu tnh ton v thc nghim nghin cu qu trnh sy lnh rau
qu hai ch sy khc nhau trn m hnh my sy lnh ti Khoa Cng ngh
Nhit Lnh Trng i hc Nha Trang ta rt ra kt lun:
- Bc u xy dng c quy trnh cng ngh sy Hnh trn m hnh my sy
lnh ca Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh, i hc Nha Trang, thng qua hai ch
sy tin hnh thc nghim.
- Xc nh c cc thng s qu trnh ca hai ch sy qua xc nh c
u nhc im ca mi ch , t xy dng c nhng quy trnh sy rau
qu ring bit.
- Vic s dng my sy lnh bm nhit sy cc loi vt liu i hi nhit
thp, vi cc yu cu kht khe v cht lng nh mu sc, mi v l rt kh thi.
Vic xy dng mt m hnh hon chnh c th ng dng vo qu trnh sn xut
thc t.
- i vi my sy lnh vic xc nh nng sut lnh ca dn lnh ng vai tr ht
sc quan trng trong vic xc nh ch sy ti u ca thit b, chi ph u t,
chi ph vn hnh thit b.


Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 143 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

6.2. ngh
- V thi gian thc hin ti hn ch nn vic tin hnh thc nghim m hnh
vi cc ch khc nhau v thng s vn tc tc nhn sy, cng nh cha tm
c di nhit sy ti u i vi cc vt liu, i hi phi nghin cu su hn
xy dng nn m hnh chun i vi nhiu vt liu sy khc nhau.
- Vic kt hp qu trnh sy lnh vi vic thu hi tinh du ca vt liu sy bay
hi ngng t dn lnh i vi mt s vt liu c nhiu tinh du cng cn c
nghin c pht trin.
- Cn phi ci tin my sy bm nhit c kh nng sy ph hp vi cc loi VLS
khc nhau tng kh nng lm vic ca my.
- Cn lp thm mch iu khin v mch bo v lm tng tnh t ng ha ca
thit b.
- Lp t thm b bin tn iu khin vn tc ca qut, qua c th iu khin
ch sy nhng vn tc khc nhau tm ra ch sy ti u.


Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. L Nh Chnh 144 SVTH: Bi Vn Vnh

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