Mn Tng Hp Hu C v Ho Du: ti:

Nhm 4 (l p chi u th 6) Bi Th M Tm Trng Trm Hng Phan Minh Sang Hunh Thin n Trn Th Thu Dung Hong Mnh Lng Phan Ph o Th Qunh Mai L Minh Tun

MC LC

I - Lch s hnh thnh:

T xa xa ngi ta bit s dng vt liu polymer t nhin nh si, t, si len, si gai lm qun o dy, giy da vit. Nm 1833 Gay Lusac tng hp c polyme u tin l polylactic, Braconnot iu ch c trinitroxenluloz, J.Berzliusa ra khi nim v hp cht polymer. Nm 1925 Saudinger a ra kt lun v cu trc ca phn t polyme, cho rng phn t polyme dng si v u tin danh t cao phn t c tha nhn v dng lm c s cho n ngy nay. Si tng hp l kt qu nghin cu su rng bi nhng nh khoa hc ci thin trn vic xy ra t nhin trn ng vt v cy ci. Ni chung, si tng hp c to ra bng vic

cng bc, thng qua s phun ra, cht x hnh thnh nguyn liu xuyn qua cc l (gi l nhng c quan nh t) vo trong khng kh, to thnh mt chui. Trc khi si tng hp c pht trin, nhng si c sn xut nhn to t cellulose, m xut pht t cy ci. Si nhn to u tin, tr nn c bit n l viscose (si vitc) khong 1894, v cui cng l rayon (t nhn to) vo nm 1924.

1. Si nylon:
_Nylon, si tng hp u tin, n khi u nc M nh l cht liu thay th cho t, vo thi im thiu thn trong Th Chin th hai. Cch s dng mi l l lm v di cho ph n che m nhng ng dng thc tin hn, nh l thay th cho la trong vi may d v nhng ng dng qun s khc. _Nylon l mt tn gi chung cho mt h nhng polymer tng hp c bit n chung nht nh l polyamides v c sn xut u tin vo 28/02/1935 bi Wallace Carothers ti DuPont. Nylon l mt trong s nhng polymer thng c s dng nht. _Sn phm thng mai u tin ca Nylon xut hin M vo nm 1939 do tp on E. I. du Pont de Nemours pht trin. N l si nhn to c dng nhiu th hai M sau polyeste.

2. Si polyester:
_Nhng nh ha hc Anh, John Rex Whinfield v James Tennant Dickson, nhn vin ca Calico Printer's Association of Manchester, c cp bng sng ch

"polyethylene terephthalate (c gi l PET ln PETE ) vo nm 1941, sau khi tip ni nghin cu ca Wallace Carothers. Cc nghin cu ca Carothers khng nghin cu nhng polyester hnh thnh t ethylene glycol v terephthalic acid. Polyethylene terephthalate l c s ca si tng hp nh l polyester, dacron, v terylene. Whinfield v Dickson cng vi nhng nh pht minh W.K. Birtwhistle v C.G. Ritchiethey cng to ra nhng si polyester u tin gi l Terylene vo nm 1941 (c sn xut u tin bi Imperial Chemical Industries hoc ICI). Si polyester th hai l Dacron ca Dupont. _Polyester sn phm thng mi u tin xut hin M nm 1953, l loi si nhn to c dng nhiu nht M. _Polyesters c lm ch yu t du m v c sn xut trong si, phim nh, v nha.

3. Si polyethylene:
_Polyethylene c tng hp u tin bi nh ha hc c Hans von Pechmann l ngi iu ch ra n ngu nhin vo nm 1898 trong khi ang t nng diazomethane. Khi nhng ng nghip ca ng l Eugen Bamberger v Tschirner Friedrich m t c trng l cht mu trng, ging sp m ng ta to ra. H nhn ra n c cha mch di -CH2- v gi n bng thut ng polymethylene. _Bi v phn ng c khi u bi du vt nhim bn oxy trong thit b ca h, th nghim xy ra nn kh ti sn xut. N khng c cho n nm 1935 mt nh ha hc khc ca ICI, Michael Perrin, pht trin tai nn ny vo s tng hp p sut cao c th ti to cho polyethylene m n tr thnh c s cho cng nghip sn xut LDPE bt u t nm 1939. _Bc ngoc k tip trong s tng hp polyethylene xoay quanh vic pht trin ca nhiu kiu cht xc tc m y mnh s trng hp ethylene ti nhit v p sut thp hn. u tin l mt cht xc tc trn nn chromium trioxide c khm ph vo 1951 bi Robert Banks v J. Paul Hogan ti mo du Phillips. Nm 1953 nh ha hc c Karl Ziegler pht trin mt h thng xc tc da vo titanium halides v hn hp organoaluminium lm vic ti nhng iu kin thp hn so vi cht xc tc Phillips. _Vo cui nhng nm 1950, C hai loi cht xc tc Phillips v Ziegler u c dng cho s sn xut HDPE. _Mt h thng cht xc tc th ba, n da vo metallocenes, c khm ph vo 1976 c bi Walter Kaminsky v Hansjrg Sinn. Cht xc tc Ziegler v h metallocene c chng 4

t l rt linh hot trong vic ng trng hp ethylene vi cc olefin khc v tr thnh c s cho hng lot nha polyethylene c gi tr ngy nay, bao gm polyethylene c t trng rt thp (very low-density polyethylene LDPE) v linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE ).

4. Si polypropylene:
_Khi propylen c trng hp ln u tin vo gia nhng nm 1930, sn phm l mt cht rn tan thp m khng c gi tr nh loi nha t nhng si tng hp c iu ch trc . Vo gia nhng nm 1950, nghin cu dn dt ti mt hnh thc iu ch mi ca polypropylene m c tt c hay hu ht nhm pendant methyl trong mt v tr bnh thng i vi trc chnh polymer. _S pht trin ca si polypropylene (PP) theo sau nhng si tng hp khc, nhng c pht trin kh nhanh chng. Vic sn xut si polypropylene c thng mi ha vo nm 1959. Sn phm dt nhiu nht ca polypropylen l dng lm gy thm (mt sau ca tm thm, phn khng c lng), ch yu lm t si ch ruy bng. Nm 1995, sn xut ca n vt tri hn aliphatic polyamides (PA) v polyacrylonitrile (PAN), nhng khng theo kp PET. _Poly propylen c sn xut thng mi M vo nm 1961 do tp on Hercules.

5. Si polyacrylic:

_Si acrylic l mt lp si tng hp ln c pht trin cng thi vi polyeste. Modacrylic l mt dng cht ng trng hp cha khong 35 85% acrylonitrile. Si acrylic cha t nht 85% acrylonitrile. Orlon l mt dng si acrylic c pht trin bi DuPon nm 1949; Dynel l mt dng si modacrylic c pht trin bi Union Carbide nm 1951. _Vi acrylic ln u tin c pht trin bi Dupont trong 1944 v n c sn xut thng mi ln u tin nm 1950. Ban u n c s dng cho cc mc ch ngoi tri nhng vi cc tin b cng ngh, acrylic i mt chng ng di, v gi y thng c s dng trong sn phm may v thm.

II - Quy trnh sn xut:

1.Quy trnh sn xut t du m n polymer:
1.1. Si nylon: Polyamit l polyme mch cacbon d nguyn t, c nhm chc [-CO-NH-] trong phn t. C rt nhiu polyamit c ng dng trong cuc sng nh Nilon -3; Nilon -6,6 ; Nilon -6; Nilon -6,10 ;Nilon-6,12; Nilon- 11; Nilon -12

* Nylon 6:

Nylon 6 l sn phm ca qu trnh polyme ha caprolactam. u tin monomer c trn vi nc , m vng lactam v cho w-amino acid:

O N Caprolactam

H2O

HN
2

CH

2 5

OH

w - Amino acid

S hnh thnh acid amin bng cch phn ng vi chnh n hay vi caprolactam nhit gn 250280C to thnh polyme :

O O HN
2

CH

2 5

OH

H N CH 2

O ht *
n

Kim sot nhit l rt quan trng, c bit l cho cc phn ng kh trng hp, lin quan trc tip ti t l gia nhit phn ng v hm lng nc . Ngoi ra c th tng hp Nilon- 6 bng cch trng ngng amino axit: aminocaproic

S cng ngh sn xut Nilon-6:

* Nylon 6,6: nhit thng Nilon 6,6 tn ti trng thi kt tinh mt phn, song s kt tinh ch c khi ko gin. O C NH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C O CH2 CH2 CH2 O C NH

CH2
0

CH2

17,2 A

Thc hin phn ng trng ngng axit adipic vi hexametylendiamin:

S cng ngh sn xut Nilon-6,6

to ra Nilon-6,6 ngi ta cn c th thc hin phn ng gia clorua axit vi hexametylen iamin. phn ng d dng xy ra th ban u nn cho thm mt lng nh axit lm xc tc cho phn ng. Khi phn ng xy ra s to ra HCl li l xc tc cho phn ng. 1.2. Si polyester: PET l sn phm trng ngng ca acid terephthalic v ethylene glycol. Thnh cng ca qu trnh c quyt nh bi s tinh khit ca monomer v s c mt ca hi m trong bnh phn ng.

* Sn xut monomer:
Bc t ph k thut cho php s polimer ha c hiu qu l s pht trin ca terephthalate acid (TA) tinh khit v chi ph thp ly t hn hp xylene, c thc hin bi cng

ty Amoco vo gia th k 20. Thay cho TA, Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) l s la chn trc khi c mt ca TA chi ph thp. Ester ha trc tip TA l phng php tng hp PET c a chung, song song phng php trao i ester gia DMT v ethylene glycol vn cn c tn dng mt vi c s sn xut a phng v DMT l 1 sn phm polyester ti ch t qu trnh tng hp methanol v glycol. Monomer th 2, ethylene glycol, c sn xut t qu trnh oxy ha ethylene, ct t ni i bi H2O. T l sn xut ln ca cc monomer PET m bo cho chi ph polimer thp v to s cnh tranh vi cc lai si khc.

* Polimer ha:
Giai an u tin ca polimer ha PET, v bn cht l s sinh ra bishydroxy ethyl terephthalate (BHET). Ester ha trc tip TA: HOOC-C6H4-COOH + 2HOCH2CH2OH HOCH2CH2OCO-C6H4COOCH2CH2OH +2 H2O Thc t, sn phm ca phn ng l hn hp lng thp BHET v a dng Oligomer PET. Qu trnh tch nc c tnh quyt nh n sn phm cui cng cho khi lng phn t cao. Giai an u ca qu trnh trao i ester cng xy ra nh trn. CH3OCOC6H4-COOCH3 + 2HOCH2CH2OH 2CH3OH HOCH2CH2OCOC6H4COOCH2CH2OH +

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1.3. Si polyethylene: Polyme ha ethylene l mt phn ng ta nhit ln. Cho mi gam ethylene b t chy, gii phng khong 3,5 kJ (850 cal).

n H2C

CH2

C C * H2 H2 n

ht

Khi ethylene c polyme ha , nhit phn ng nn c kim sot tt trnh qu trnh phn hy ca ethylene thnh cacbon, methan, v hydro:

H2C H2C

CH2 CH2

2C C

2H2

+ CH4

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) l sn phm ester ha ca terephthalic acid (TPA) v ethylene glycol hoc, thng thy l, bi qu trnh chuyn ho este dimethyl terephthalate v ethylene glycol . Cch ny thng c s dng v acid t do khng ha tan trong nhiu dung

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mi hu c. Phn ng ny xy ra trong 2 giai on. Methanol c gii phng giai on th 1 gn 200o C cng vi s hnh thnh ca bis (2 hydroxyethyl) terephthalate. giai on th 2 , qu trnh trng ngng xy ra, ethylene glycol tha s c a n 280oC p sut thp ( 0.01 atm):

O H 3C O O H OH 2 C H 2 C O

O O CH 3 O O CH 2CH2 OH O * O O CH2CH 2 O *

H O H 2 C CH 2 OH

2 C H3OH

+ HO

CH 2 OH
2

S dng lng tha ethylene glycol l bnh thng trong thc t v n dch chuyn cn bng v sn phm v trung ho cc nhm acid. Kt qu ny s dng trong polyme ha vi OH giai on cui . Khi acid t do c s dng (ester ha), phn ng l t xc tc. Tuy nhin , xc tc acid c s dng b cho s gim nng acid terephthalic khi phn ng ester ha gn kt thc.Trong iu kin xc tc, cht ph gia c thm vo tng cng mu sc v m c. V d, PET c lm mt bng bi cht ph gia titanium dioxide . Quy trnh Inventa AG sn xut polyethylene-terephthalate.

1.4. Si PP: Phng trinh phan ng

n H C HC 3 CH 2 xt
ht

CH CH3

CH 2 *
n

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Xc tc l nhm titan alkyl. i vi phn ng pha hi, nhit l 70 oC v 35 at.

Qu trnh pha kh sn xut polypropylen ca Union Carbide 1: Thit b phn ng, 2: my nn ly tm, 3: Thit b trao i nhit, 4: bn tho sn phm, 5: Thit b phn ng tc ng, 6: My nn, 7: Thit b trao i nhit, 8: Bn tho liu (copolyme tch khi kh phn ng)

1.5. Si polyacrylic: Polyacrylic c to ra bng phn ng ng trng hp acrylonitrile vi cc monomer khc nh l vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and acrylamide. Dung dch polyme ho cng c th c dng, trong nc l dung mi vi s hin din ca xc tc oxy ho kh. Gc t do hay cc cht mi anion cng c th c s dng. Polyme to thnh khng tan trong nc v kt ta. y l phn ng ca mt acrylonitrile oc kch hot bi cht t do:

CN I*

CH2

CH

CN

CH2CH *
n

ht

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Cc cht ng trng hp ca acrylonitrile nhy cm vi nhit v qu trnh ko si nng chy khng c s dng. Gii php l qu trnh ko si kh hay t c u tin, trong dng dung mi phn cc nh l dimethyl formamide. Trong qu trnh ko si kh th dung mi c cho bay hi v thu hi.

2. Quy trnh sn xut t polymer n si:

Bm

Loc

Keo si

X ly si

Hinh 1.1 Polyme nu chy (trong trng hp qu trnh ko si kh hay t, ko si rung) u tin c bm thng qua mt b lc, loi b bt k ht nh no m c th b kt trong nhng l se si nh. Sau , polyme b y xuyn qua nhng l nh ny thnh lp nhng si polymer nh lin tc hay si tng hp. Nhng dng kh lnh lm gim nhit ca cc si nh, lm chng c li v c mt dy truyn ng iu khin tc ko si ban u. K n, si c th tri qua giai on t nng v dui ra ha vi cc ph gia. Cui cng, si c qun vo nhng ng ch mt tc khng i, vi mt thit b iu khin cng si c bit kim sot nhp quay duy tr tc si ch.

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Vi:

-dt -khng dt

Si:

-si di -si ngn

Si: -thin nhin -tng hp

Si tng hp: -si carbon -Kevlar -Vi thun -Polyester -Nylon -Acrylic -T nhn to -Nomex

Sn xut si: -ko si lng. -ko si kh -ko si t

Hinh 1.2

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Danh sch si tng hp ny tp hp hu ht cc si quen thuc. Hu ht c lm t Polymers ngng t (condensation), mc d acrylic khng ch Acrylic, v si cc-bon c lm t vic thm nhng polymer bng mt bc nhit phn tch nguyn t hy-r.

Hnh 1.3 biu din s ca qu trnh ko si lng, v nh vy minh ha cho nhng phn t chnh c lit k trong hinh 1.1

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2.1. Bm: Trong phn ny, chi gii thiu hai thit b chnh s dng bm cht lng: my bm ly tm v bm bnh rng. -Cc my bm ly tm, mc ch chung l thit b c s dng di chuyn cht lng c nht thp vng quanh trong mt qu trnh. -Bm bnh rng c s dng bm cht lng c nht cao mt ch chy kim sot c. to thnh si tng hp,cht lng nht phi c bm bng bm bnh rng qua mt thit b lc v sau xuyn qua nhng l se si nh, c hai thit b s to nn nhng git p sut cao chy cng phng dng cht lng nht. Cui cng, tc chy cn phi c duy tr vi dung sai hp sn xut si tng hp c ng knh gn nh nhau. Bm bnh rng c s dng cung cp dng n nh c nht cao; mc du nhng bm bnh rng c th cng c dng tng p sut ln cao c th y vt liu qua thit b lc v thit b se si, n c s dng kt hp vi may ep thi ph bin hn cho muc ich nay. 2.2. Lc: Bt u mt dy chuyn ko si l mt qu trnh phc tp v ngi ta mun ti thiu ha quy trnh. N cng l vn tiu tn thi gian thay th cc a ko si v cc lp lc. Nhng mu tp cht, polyme thoi ho nhit hay mnh vn kim loi, c th dn n s khng hon ho dc theo si v nhng im tim n ni si c th b gy. T hn na, cc thnh phn ny c th b gi li cc li vo ca cc l se si nh v iu ny c th lm gim lu lng cho l v nh hng ng knh ca cc si thnh phm; cc si nh hn ny s lm ch khi nhum mu s khc nhau v kt qu l s khng ng nht s hin ra vi thnh phm.Vn khc t s tc nghn cc b l khi s tc nghn gn nh hon ton, dn ti ph v cc si, thng thng ch l vn nh; t lc c qu nhiu si b nh vy, mc d poyme chy c th thm t t qua cc l gn nh b bt kn th n vn c th tr thnh vn ln. N tr thnh mt vn ln bi v polyme, khi n thm ra cc l, dn dn s lan sang cc l ln cn v lm nh hng vo nhng si t cc l . Gii php duy nht cho vn ny l tt dy chuyn , tho d v lm sch cc a ko si.

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Khi m c th ln ti 1000 l trong mt a ko si, c ngha l vi s lng ln th qu trnh lc phi c hon thnh chnh xc theo tiu chun. Tng t nh vy, v ngi s dng mun vn hnh trong mt thi gian di gia hai ln ngng my, nn s dng mt b lc trung bnh, m c th th gi li mt s lng ln cc cht bn m khng gy ra s st p hoc bt cc l lc. N l phn u tin ca qu trnh lc, quyt nh gia lc mn chn v thit b by nhng ht nh. 2.3. Ko si: Nh cp trc , si c hnh thnh do phun nhng polyme tan chy hoc ko si rung thng qua nhng l nh trong tm se si. Mt tm nh vy c th cha ng 1000 l hay hn. Dt si l tng i n, v vy ng kinh ca l c th c ch l mt vi mils (1 mill la 0.001 inch hoc 25,4m). Vi mt s l do, ngnh cng nghip si thng qua thut ng (n v) Denier v Denier trn mt si, dpf, biu th kch thc si. 1 dpf tng ng vi khi lng 1g trn chiu di 9000 m. Nu khi lng ring ca polymer l 1g/cm3, th ng knh s l 1,2.10-3cm hoc khang na mill. Thng thng, si dt trong phm vi 3 n 15 dpf. Nh rng, 1g khang 1/30 Aox. Trong ko si chy, nhng si bnh thng s c ko xung, hoc dui ra, ch xui dng nhng l se si. S cng ra t 2 n 3x, nn cc l se si c th ln hn 50 70% ng knh si khi n c lm ngui ln u. Tuy nhin, b sung sau khi hnh thnh dui cng c th c s dng ng knh cui cng ca si c th c mt na hoc t hn so vi ng knh ca cc l ko si. Cc l ko si thng ch hi di hn chiu rng, mt phn gim thiu p lc th vo tm. Nhng nhng tm vn phi c mnh chng c p lc ca dng ngc. V l do ny, phn tan chys i qua khu vc hnh nn mt phn trc khi i n l se cui cng, v vy m cc tm c th c tng i dy (xem Hnh. 2.3). S gim p sut xuyn qua khu vc hi t ny rt kh tnh ton cho nguyn liu trng hp ny. bi v m rng lung rheology thng l khng c c trng. C th d hnh dung, s sp thnh hng nhng phn t plime trong

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khu vc hi t, ni m plime tri qua mt s cng. B qua p lc mt mt ny, cho chng ta ch tp trung vo chnh cc l ko si.

Hnh 2.3: a ko si. 2.4. X l si: bt u mt si dy chuyn ko si, cc b si phi c ko cng dc theo chiu di quy trnh. Giai on u ca qu ko si l theo chiu dc xung, do trng lc s c xu hng ko dng si xung. Dng si b gi li vi mt ng ht chn khng ln, gn nh ng thi, dng di ng b ct bng ko. Dng by gi c ht vo trong ng, vn hnh chnh xc nh mt my ht bi kiu hp nh ti nh, vi si y trong mt hp cha. S ht ti ng gi cc dng si cng ra. Sau dng c bng qua nhng cp trc truyn ng, ri nu cn thit c a qua nhng bc dui/nh hng. Cui cng, dng si c a n mt thit b cun m ti cc si c qun ln trn nhng ng (qun) si. duy tr tc qun mt cch ng u, tc quay trn ca nhng ng si phi c gim bt khi si qun trn n

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v ng knh trung bnh tng ln.Vic gim tc ny c kim sot bng cch gi nguyn s cng ca dng khi qun. S cng ny c nh hng bi bnh xe nh hng c t gia trc cui cng v my qun. Bnh xe nh hng ny c nm trn mt dng trc gii hn vng ca s cng dng si. V tr ca bnh xe, v theo l s cng ca dng si lun c gi n nh cch iu chnh tc ca vic qun si. Nhng trc truyn ng lun lun c t trn cc trc khng song song. Vic ny cho php dng si tin vo theo phng dc trc trn cc trc. Cc trc, m thng thng c bng lng cao, khng cho php s trt trn b mt v cc tm chn kp trn mi cp trc v s cng dng si. Bi v cc trc truyn ng cho php kim sot tt tc mi cp trc, c th, bng cch cho cp trc th hai di chuyn nhanh hn cun u tin, kim sot mc chu cng ca cc si gia hai cp cun. Vic ko cng ra, c th i t mt vi phn trm n 20 hoc 30%, gip nh hng n s nh hng mong mun ca cc phn t v theo l tnh cht c hc cho cc b si..i khi cn thit t nng b ti mt nhit trn Tg, nhit chuyn thu tinh, nhng di nhit nng chy to iu kin thun li ng k cho vic ko cng m khng b ko qu mc. Thng thng, s ko cng lm tng h s ( cng trn sc cng) ca si; hay cng, trong phng dc trc v bn cao; hay lc mnh ph v mt n v thit din ngang.

III - ng dng, c im cc loi si:

Mi loi si c rt nhiu ng dng, nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca n l lm vi dt.

1.Si nylon:
1.1. ng dng:

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_Vi nylon l mt polyamide lm t du m. Nylon ang c s dng rng ri nh may, ac ni tht, cng nghip dt may trong gia inh. _ Trong 1942, nylon c s dng trong d nhy, o cho phi cng, ng phc chin u, v s dng trong qun i. Ngy nay, nylon ang c s dung rng rai trn toan th gii bn canh bng va polyester. _Nylon ang c s dng rng ri trong ca sn phm qun o v lt cho ph n do c tnh s ko dn tuyt vi ca n. No cung c s dung trong th thao, ao jacket, qun ao. _Nylon c s dng trong vt liu thm v bc vi nh: thm tri sn, rm ca, mn r v khn tri ging c lm t loi vi ny. 1.2. c im: _T poliamit km bn vi nhit v km bn v mt ha hc (do nhm trong phn t d tc dng vi axit v kim). t thm nc, mm mi m c dng p hn t tm, git th mau kh. _Nylon phi trn kh tt. Vi nylon c trn vi cc si khc c tnh n nh, n hi tt, duy tr hnh dng, v thuc tnh chng mi mn tt. V nylon n hi rt tt, nn sau khi phi trn n gip loi tr vic t ca cc loi vi khc nh vi nhung. Nylon nh, mnh v bn. Loi vi ny cng d bay hi v kh mt cch nhanh chng. c tnh ca vi nylon: -Rt nh v chc. -Ko dn tt . 21

-C th xp np c. -Bn, mn. -Kh mt cch nhanh chng. -Lau chi d dng, bi khng bm. -Chng ko dn v ha cht. -N khng hp th m, v vy n c th nng trong mi trng nhit. Gm c hai loi nylon l nylon-6 v nylon-6,6: nylon6,6 c tnh dai, bn, mm ng mt, t thm nc, mau kh, km bn nhit, axit, kim. Dng dt vi, sn phm may mc. _Vi nylon cng c s dng nh l hnh l, cc gi kin hng, d, ti ng v lu .

2. Si polyester:
2.1. ng dng:

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-Qun o PE c bn cao v chng co gin, khng b hy hai di nh nng hay thi tit, c s dng lm mi lai qun o: m, o blouse, o khac, qun o th thao, o s mi -Si PE trong cc lai vt dng trong nh: thm, rm ca, drap gi -Si PE c sn xut vi nhng khi lng khc nhau v c dng nh cht lp y si trong gi m v vi bc. Trong vi bc, n c trn vi si chng phai.

Mt s si PE da trn TA:
* PBT: PBT c xem xt vo u nhng nm 1950 Chu u v M nh mt lai si dt. So vi PET, PBT cng c nhiu tnh cht hp dn. Khi l si, n c tnh cht n hi, bn v d phc hi t nhng bin dng nh. PBT d nhum vi thuc nhum phn tn nhit si, ch khng cn phi p sut cao nh PET. Si PBT c kh nng chng li s oxy ha ca nh sng mt tri v dng nh l mt ngnh thng nghip trin vng trong tng lai. Tuy nhin, PBT cha t c s thnh cng trong cng nghip dt nh PET v monomer 1,4 butanediol t hn nhiu so vi ethylene glycol. * PTT: PTT c ng dng lm si t rt sm v n c tnh nng n hi tt. N c xem l mt loi si dt l tung v c thng mi ha . Eastman Kodak gii thiu mt lai si mi c tn Kodel vo nm 1958. Mt diol mi c a ra l hn hp cis v trans- 1,4- cyclohexanedimethanol, to ra t qu trnh hydro ha n tn cng dimethyl terephthalate. Lai PE ny c nhit chuyn thu tinh Tg v im nng chy cao hn PET. Nhng n cng ch pht trin c mt th trng. Trong nhng nm gn y, PTT c tm thy ng dng lm thm PE. * High-performance PE: PEM PEN PE c dn xut t ethylene glycol v naphthalene- 2,6- dicarboxylic acid, pht minh bi ICI cui nm 1940. N c nhit chuyn thu tinh Tg cao hn nhiu so vi PET v cho si chc, ng sut cao. Tuy nhin, vn nan gii l s kh khn trong tng hp diacid. 2.2. c im:

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Vi PE l mt lai vi nhn to quan trng. N c tnh cht ni bt l chng nhn v d dng quay tr li dng nhn mn ban u. Mt s c tnh ca vi PE c lit k sau: -Chc, c th co gin v bn. -Khng nhn. -Khng co rt. -Khng mc -Chng x. -Khng b h hi bi nh sng mt tri v thi tit. -Nhanh kh, trng thi kh hay t u c kh nng n hi. -D git. Tuy nhin, tnh cht khng thm lm vi tr nn nng v m t khi mc khi thi tit nng.

3. Si polyethylene:
ng dng: Polyethylene cn c dng trong cng nghip dt vi sn phm l si ch

4. Si polypropylene:
4.1. ng dng:

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* Thm: sn phm thm si trn ton th gii l 2.1 triu tn trong nm 2002 v t l tng hng nm l 6.7%. Khong 80% thm si l ca Bc M v Chu u, trong o thm si polypropylene l 1.16 triu tn. Trong nm 2002, tng sn lng si polypropylene lm thm v c l trn 1.75 triu tn. S tiu th thm propylene Ty u khong 0.5 triu tn, khong 50% ca tng nguyn liu lm sn nh l 2.6 t sq.m. N ng th 2 sau nylon l 3.6 t sq.m, ngc li polyester ch s dng cho thm trong phng tm. Nguyn liu lm sn nh c s dng Ty u, thm chm l 60%. 25

* High-shrinkage polypropylene (si c co cao): ng vai tr quan trng trong s a dng ca si polypropylene. Gi Nobel v si High-shrinkage polypropylene c pht trin Czech t nm 1970. n nm 1990, cng ty AKZO and Hoechst v Shandong Institute of Synthetic Fibers ca Trung Quc c gng tm kim v s co rt ca si (high-retraction). Si ny c tnh dn nhit thp dng cch nhit. Si high-retraction mt nh nhung. Loi si ny c s dng rng ri lm lp ph, sn phm cotton, da tng hp, vi khng nhum, dt, vi an len. C 2 loi high-shrinkage polypropylene ch yu l: cotton v len. Cotton in hnh c 13 tex =filament v di 38 mm. Si len in hnh c 0.39 tex=filament v di 60 mm hoc di 90 mm. Si high-shrinkage polypropylene c pha vi si polypropylene thng sn xut ra vi mn mt. T l pha trn ph thuc vo s s dng cui cng. Di y l mt s t l pha khc nhau: (1) 40% si high-shrinkage polypropylene vi 60% si polypropylene bnh thng. (2) 40% si high-shrinkage polypropylene vi 60% len. (3) 40% si high-shrinkage polypropylene vi 60% si viscose. (4) 40% si high-shrinkage polypropylene vi 60% si polyester. (5) 40% si high-shrinkage polypropylene vi 30% len v 30% si viscose. (6) 35% si high-shrinkage polypropylene vi 65% si polyacrylonitrile _Vi a k thut c ch to t nhng sn phm ph ca du m, t mt hoc hai loi polymer (polyamide) sau polyester; polypropylen. Hu ht cc sn phm c mt ti Vit Nam u c ch to bng Polyester v polypropylen.Gm ba loi: Dt : vi a k thut loi dt polypropylen gm nhng si dc v si ngang dt li ging nh vi may Khng dt: vi a k thut khng dt c cu to t nhng si ngn (100% polypropylene hoc 100%polyester), Vi phc hp 4.2. c im:

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_Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t), kh cng vng, khng mm do nh PE, khng b ko gin di do c ch to thnh si. c bit kh nng b xe rach d dang khi co mt vt cach hoc mt vt thung nho. _Trong sut, bng b mt cao cho kh nng in n cao, nt in r. _C tnh cht chng thm O2, hi nc, du m v cc kh khc. _Sn phm c sn xut t vi dt PP c x l chng tia cc tm v cu trc dt c thit k m bo thm thu nc v cc tiu chun k thut khc nh khng t, gin di, xuyn thng _Vi len ca si high-shrinkage polypropylene, pha t n vi si polyester v si PAN s lm cho vi c tnh m p, thng gi, lm du mt c th. N chu c s tht nt v lm nm lt. Vi khng dt t trng cao s dng chm cu cha si high-shrinkage polypropylene. N l tng tng hp da giy. N cng lm tng s mm mt khi s dng trn thm polypropylene. * Nha PP c nhng u iem sau y: bn ho hc cao . Kh nng hp th nc t. T trng thp. Bn vi lc. Khng c hi. C th cn thnh bn mng lm container. Nh v cng: lm cc chi tit trong xe hi. C th ko si v gi r. * Nha PP c nhc im sau: kh phn hy gy mhim mi trng

5. Si polyacrylic:
5.1. ng dung: o len di tay, khn chong, qun o an, th thao v tr em.

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5.2. c im: Vi acrylic l mt dng vi tt, mm sang trng vi mt cht lng c th nng cao. N mang n s m p m khng nng. Vi acrylic mt dng vi thu/ng truyn thng vi mt s tng ng vi len. N nhum tt, cho mu sc p mt. Cc vi thong, n hp th v nh hi m mt cch nhanh chng. Khi mc cm thy thoi mi v d dng chm sc. N chng du v ha cht, v c s bc mu ngoi nh nng. Mt s tnh cht: Nh, mm v m Nhum mu sng v bn. N ht v nhn m nhanh, do y l dng vi mt. Vng chc, gi c hnh dng, chng nhn v co rt. N c v p linh hot nh len, nh vi bng hay nh c hai. Chng c nhy, du, ho cht v c nh mt tri lm bt mu. N c tnh in. Khng chu c ch xt hay p mnh.

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Tai liu tham khao:

Charles B. Weinberger; Synthetic Fiber Manufacturing; Dept. of Chemical Engineering Drexel University; 1996. A. C. Long; Design and manufacture of textile composites; CRC press Boca Raton; 2005 Ngy truy cp: 2/5/2009; http://www.thefreedictionary.com/synthetic+fiber Lewis Hatch; Chemistry of PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES - 2nd Edition; Gulf Publishing Company; 2000. Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D., ADVANCED POLYMER PROCESSING OPERATIONS; NOYES PUBLICATIONS, 1998. Ngy truy cp; 30/4/2009; http://www.fabriclink.com/University/History.cfm MENACHEM LEWIN; Handbook of Fiber Chemistry - Third Edition; CRC press Taylor & Francis; 2007 Ngy truy cp 2/5/2009; http://www.fabrics-manufacturers.com/polyester-fabric.html

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