Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

A. GII THIU Nm l sinh vt khng th thiu trong i sng, khng c nm chu trnh tun hon vt cht s b mt mt mt xch quan trng v c th gii s ngn ngang nhng cht b hu c phn hy. Nm cn em li ngun thc phm giu m, y cc acid amin thit yu, hm lng cht bo t v l nhng acid bo cha bo ha. Do nm tt cho sc khe, gi tr nng lng cao, giu khong cht v cc vitamin. Ngoi ra, trong nm cn cha nhiu hot cht c tnh sinh hc, gp phn ngn nga v iu tr bnh cho con ngi, v hu nh cc loi nm n u c tc dng phng nga chng u bu. Nu mi tun chng ta u n nm t nht mt ln th c th s chm lo ha hn v ngn nga c nhng bnh nh stress, bo ph, x va ng mch, huyt p, ung th...

Ngoi ra, nhiu loi nm n cn c tc dng an thn, trn tnh, rt c li cho vic iu chnh hot ng ca h thn kinh trung ng. Gn y, nhiu nh khoa hc cn pht hin thy mt s loi nm n c tc dng phng chng AIDS mc nht nh, thng qua kh nng nng cao nng lc min dch ca c th. I. NM RM Nm rm c tn khoa hc l Volvariella volvacea. Phn b vng nhit i v cn nhit i, c bit Chu . Tai nm pht trin qua hai giai on chnh: dng bp v dng d. Khi cn non tai nm c bc trong lp v, c mu trng xm n en. Tai nm trng thnh m mi bung ln cao. Cung c bao gc v khng vng c. T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm Cc giai on pht trin ca qu th nm rm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Dng nt

Dng trng

Dng ko di

Dng trng thnh

Nm rm l loi nm nhit i v cn nhit i, nn nhit thch hp cho t nm tng trng v pht trin kh cao (30 35oC), m khng kh t 80 - 90%, nh sng cho tai nm pht trin l 600 2000 lux. Ngoi ra, nguyn liu trng nm ch yu l rm r v cc ph liu ca nng nghip. II. NM MO

Nm mo c tn khoa hc l Auricularia polytricha (nm mo c lng) v Auricularia auricula (nm mo khng lng). Phn b vng nhit i v cn nhit i. Tai nm c dng mt vnh tai, thng khng cung, mm mi khi cn ti v cng dn khi phi kh. Mt trn m c lng, mng hoc khng lng. Mu sc bin i t trng, cam, nu, tm v en. Nm mo l loi thc phm qu, ngoi ra cn l mt dc liu c th cha bu c, mu xu, tc bc sm. K thut trng nm mo ht sc n gin, d lm. Nhit thch hp cho nm mo pht trin t 28 32oC. m thch hp nht trong cht trng nm mo t 60 65%. m trong khng kh thch hp 90 95%. nh sng cho tai nm pht trin l 500 2000 lux. T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm III. NM BO NG

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Nm bo ng c tn khoa hc l Pleurotus spp. Tai nm dng phu lch, phin mang bo t ko di xung n chn, cung nm gn gc c lp lng nh mn. Tai nm c mu sc sm hoc ti, khi trng thnh c nu sng hn. Nhit thch hp cho nm bo ng pht trin l 27-32oC (ra t) hay 24-28oC (ra qu th). Cng chiu sng thch hp l 400-2000 lux. m nguyn liu t 40-50% v m khng kh t 70-90%. Gi th thch hp trng nm bo ng l g mc hay cc nguyn liu c cht x (mt ca,) IV. NM LINH CHI Nm linh chi c tn khoa hc l Ganoderma lucidum. Tai nm ha g, hnh qut hoc thn. Mt trn m c vn ng tm v bng lng, mu vng cam cho n m hoc nu en. Mt di phng, c nhiu l li ti, l c quan sinh bo t. Cung nm c v cng, sm mu v bng lng. Gi th t nhin l g mc hay cc nguyn liu c cht x (nh mt ca,). Nhit thch hp nui trng nm linh chi l khong 25-32oC. m nguyn liu t 40-60% v m khng kh t 70-90%. Chiu sng 500-1200 lux.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm B. QUY TRNH NHN GING NM C th biu din cc bc nh s v hnh sau:

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Qu th nm

Bo t nm
Phn lp v thun khit

Mi trng thch (PGA)

Ging gc
Cy chuyn 7-10 ngy

Mi trng thch

Meo thch
Cy chuyn 7-10 ngy

Mi trng la

Meo la
Cy chuyn 10-15 ngy

Mi trng cng (rm, thn khoai m)

Meo cng
Cy chuyn 10-15 ngy

Mi trng gi mi (rm, tru, mt ca)

Meo gi mi

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

C. THC HNH TRNG NM TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM I. V TRNG TRONG TRNG NM 1. V trng mi trng nui cy Nhm mc ch tiu dit cc mm nhim c trong mi trng dinh dng, dng c l ni hp p sut (autoclave) Cch tin hnh: Chm nc xp bch vo ni (theo hnh di, cch xp nh C hay D l tt nht). ng np nng nhit x hi ui khng kh (khi t n 0,5atm) tip tc nng nhit cho n nhit cn kh trng l 1210C, 1atm gi n nh nhit trn n khi ht thi gian kh trng tt in hoc ngun cung cp nhit cho p sut trong ni tr v khng hoc x hi tht chm m np ni 10-15 pht (cho sy kh giy gi hoc nt bng).

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Ngoi ra cn c th p dng cc phng php sau: X l nc vi (phng php ha hc): to ra mi trng kim, vi trung ha cc c cht trong nguyn liu, cung cp Ca cho nm. ng phn r bng vi sinh vt (phng php sinh hc): nc ngm u, x khun ln men, ng nng tiu dit vi khun. S dng hi nc dit khun (phng php vt l) ngn cn mm bnh gp phn tng nng sut nm trng. 2. V trng ni lm vic Bng cch dng cn 900 lau chi tht k ni lm vic Chn a im t c mm nhim hn ch thp nht kh nng nhim khun i vi nm trng v cc thao tc thc hin phi tuyt i an ton th mi t kt qu tt. V sinh ni lm vic, hn ch cc tc nhn gy nhim. 3. V trng thao tc V sinh dng c bng cn 900 v t trn ngn la n cn. V sinh mu vt ra tht sch di vi nc ang chy nh, sau lau li vi cn 900 ri a vo thc hin vi cc thao tc nhanh v an ton.

II. QUAN ST CU TO TAI NM 1. Mc ch Quan st cu to tai nm c th nhn dng v phn bit c mt s loi nm n thng thng, t c bin php bo qun hay la chn c tai nm t cht lng.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm 2. Hnh nh - Nhn xt

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Loi nm

Nhn xt

Nm bo ng trng

Tai nm mng, hnh phu lch, mu trng.

Tai nm cng, hnh thn, mu Nm linh chi nu, bo t bm trn b mt nh mt lp phn mn.

Tai nm mng, hnh tai, mu Nm mo nu. Mt di c lp bo t mu trng.

Qu th cn dng bp, mu Nm rm xm, trng hoc en.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm III. PHN LP GING NM

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

1. Mc ch Nui trng nm cn phi c meo ging v phi l meo ging tt. Meo ging nm phi m bo s n nh v hiu qu cho sn xut. 2. Nguyn tc To ging nm da trn kh nng sinh sn sinh dng ca nm, bng phng php nui cy m t bo. Ging thun c th thu nhn t nhiu ngun khc nhau, ch yu t bo t hoc t m tht nm. 3. Chun b mi trng Mi trng phn lp l mi trng PGA. Thnh phn ca mi trng c trnh by bng sau: Thnh phn Khoai ty ng glucose Thch Agar Nc pH Lng 200 g 20 g 20 g 1000 ml 6,5

Mi trng chun b xong c phn phi nhanh vo cc ng nghim (mi ng 3 5ml) y nt bng hp kh trng nhit 1210C / 30 40 pht ng nghim nghing 150 (so vi mt phng) to thch nghing. 4. Tin hnh a. Chn m nm nui cy: cy nm khe, khng qu gi cng

khng qu non, khng qu m (t nht 2-3 gi sau khi ti). Thn cng. Khng nhim cc loi nm khc.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm b. Cch tin hnh:

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Tt c cc thao tc c din ra trong iu kin v trng di ngn la n cn. Lm sch tt c thit b dng c, mt bn v lau tay bng cn 700 Cc loi nm c ra sch v c lau bng cn 700 Nm rm: chn tai nm rm dng bp ct b gc dnh rm r ra qua vi nc my lau nh m ngoi bng gn thm cn. Nm bo ng v linh chi khng cn phi lau ra. Dng tay x cy nm theo chiu dc Dng dao ct mt mu nh (2 x 2 mm) m nm - v tr gia m nm v thn nm. Ly gia, chc chn mu sch v khng nhim cc loi vi sinh vt khc H ming ng nghim quanh ngn la n cn, dng tay khc m nt bng trc n cn a mu va ct vo gia b mt mi trng PDA trong chai - khng chm mu vo thnh chai H ming chai mt ln na v y nt bng li - vn gn ngn la Dn nhn, ghi ngy thng, tn loi nm cy nui nhit thng cho t nm pht trin.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

10

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm 5. Kt qu Sau 4 ngy ta thu c kt qu nh sau:

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Cc ng nghim khng b nhim: t nm bt u pht trin, mc lan dn ra trn mi trng thch

Mt s ng nghim b nhim tp hoc khng pht trin (khng ra t). Nguyn nhn: c 2 nguyn nhn c th xy ra Do trong qu trnh cy iu kin v trng cha tt, hoc cy ngoi vng v khun ca n cn b nhim khun. Do trong qu trnh v trng dao cy di ngn la n cn dao cy vn cn nng m ct m nm m nm cht, khng pht trin

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

11

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm IV.

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

QUAN ST HNH THI SI NM V BO T 1. Mc ch

Quan st hnh thi si nm bit c kiu ngn vch v chia nhnh ca tng loi nm. Quan st bo t nm bit c hnh thi, mu sc ca bo t i vi tng loi nm khc nhau. 2. Nguyn tc Da vo c im sinh thi ca tng loi nm bit c bo t ca loi nm c sinh ra t u trn mi loi nm 3. Cch tin hnh Quan st hnh thi si nm: bng cch t trc tip ng nghim c t nm b trn thnh ln knh hin vi quan st, quan st vi vt knh X10. Quan st bo t nm: i vi nm mo: c quan sinh bo t l cc tuyn t ct ngang tai nm, sao cho lt ct tht mng t ln lamen, sau nh 1 git nc vo cho cc tuyn t ta ra ngoi ( d quan st) quan st di knh hin vi vi vt knh X40 i vi nm bo ng: c quan sinh bo t nm phin nm dng dao tch nh ly phin nm ra t ln lame quan st di knh hin vi vi vt knh X40. i vi nm linh chi: bo t bung ra v c nhiu di phin nm co nh bo t di phin nm cho vo lame nh 1 git nc vo quan st di knh hin vi vi vt knh X40.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

12

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm 4. Kt qu Tn loi nm T nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Bo t nm

Nm bo ng

Si t nm chia nhnh nhiu, cc Nhn xt nhnh c hnh dng, kch thc tng t nhau Bo t nm bo ng c hnh oval, mu trng

Nm rm

T nm phn nhnh t hn, cc nhnh mc ra c chiu di ngn. C Nhn xt th phn bit c nhnh chnh, nhnh ph.

Nhn bng mt thng ta thy hu bo t nm bo ng c mu (sau 1 tun nui ).

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

13

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Nm linh chi

T nm nh hn, c s phn nhnh. Nhn xt u mi nhnh c 1 bc nh mu en cha bo t Bo t nm linh chi c hnh oval, mu vng nu

Nm mo

T nm t phn nhnh, pht trin Nhn xt ln theo 1 chiu, trn u c nhng bc nh cha bo t

Bo t nm mo c hnh oval, mu en.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

14

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

V. CY CHUYN T MI TRNG THCH SANG MI TRNG THCH 1. Mc ch Cy chuyn nhm thun khit ging nm, trnh b nhim cc loi vi khun c hi, chn ra c ng ging tt nht. 2. Nguyn tc Khng cy chuyn trong mi trng thch qu 3 ln trnh gy thoi ha ging. 3. Chun b mi trng Mi trng thch PGA c chun b tng t nh khi phn lp ging nm. 4. Tin hnh Ly ng ging c phn lp bi trc, nhm cy 5 ng nm bo ng v 10 ng nm linh chi. Ct ming thch c t nm linh chi hoc nm bo ng (khong 1cm2)

Chuyn sang ng nghim mi trng thch khc

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

15

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm Nui nhit thng

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Lu : tt c cc thao tc tin hnh trong iu kin v trng (trong khng gian v trng ca ngn la n cn. Tt c cc dng c, thit b u c v trng v tay phi c lau bng cn 700). 5. Kt qu Sau khi cy 2 ngy thu c kt qu nh sau: S ng nhim Nm linh chi Nm bo ng 3 0 S lng ng khng nhim 2 10

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

16

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

VI. KHO ST HOT TNH ENZYME CELLULASE V AMYLASE 1. Mc ch Mi loi nm trong qu trnh pht trin u tit ra mt s loi enzyme cn thit thy phn c cht c trong mi trng nui cy (mi trng thch, mi trng la, mi trng cng, mi trng gi mi) nh enzyme cellulase thy phn cellulose, enzyme amylase thy phn tinh bt, Xc nh hot tnh enzyme bit c kh nng thy phn c cht ly cht dinh dng ca nm, t bit nm c khe hay khng. 2. Nguyn tc Cho enzyme thy phn mi trng cha c cht, o ng knh vng thy phn, t xc nh hot tnh enzyme. Vng thy phn c nhn ra nh s nhum mu ca lugol i vi tinh bt hay CMC c trong mi trng. Nu c enzyme cellulsae hay amylase th xung quanh khun lc s c vng phn gii rng (tng phn vi mu lam tm do iod tc dng vi tinh bt hoc CMC). 3. Chun b mi trng Mi trng kho st hot tnh enzyme amylase l Czapek Dox, thay ng bng tinh bt (15g/ lt). Mi trng kho st hot tnh enzyme amylase l Czapek Dox, thay ng bng CMC (15g/ lt). Thnh phn mi trng Czapek - Dox: Thnh phn NaNO3 K2HPO4 MgSO4H2O KCl FeSO4 T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2 Lng 3,5 gam 1,5 gam 0,5 gam 0,5 gam Vt Thnh phn Glucose Agar Nc va pH Lng 20 gam 20 gam 1000 ml 6,5

17

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Mi trng sau khi chun b c hp kh trng 121oC trong vng 30-40 pht v phn phi vo a petri mi trng ng cng li. 4. Tin hnh S dng nm ging bo ng v nm ging linh chi nui trn a petri hay trong ng nghim 5 ngy tui. Ct ming thch c t nm ging (khong 1cm2), t gia trung tm a petri cha mi trng thch Czapek Dox c tinh bt ( kho st hot tnh amylase) v a mi trng c CMC ( kho st hot tnh enzyme cellulase). Nui nhit phng cho n khi khun lc (t nm) t ng knh khong trn 4cm. 5. Kt qu Sau 3 ngy nui nhit thng, mang cc a nui cy ra v nh lugol ln ton b b mt thch. Kt qu nh sau:

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

18

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm NM BO NG

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang NM LINH CHI

Mi trng cha CMC

ng knh vng thy phn: 2cm. ng knh a: 10cm. Nhn xt

ng knh vng thy phn: 2,5cm ng knh a: 10cm

Nh vy kh nng thy phn c cht cha CMC ca nm linh chi tt hn nm bo ng.

Mi trng cha tinh bt

ng knh vng thy phn: 1cm. ng knh a: 10cm. Nhn xt

ng knh vng thy phn: 2cm. ng knh a: 10cm.

Kh nng thy phn c cht cha tinh bt ca nm linh chi cao hn nm bo ng. Tuy nhin, v mu nui cy b nhim tp nhiu, do c th nh hng n kh nng tit enzyme ca nm bo ng. Nm bo ng c kh nng thy phn mi trng cha CMC cao hn mi trng cha tinh bt Nm linh chi c kh nng thy phn mi trng cha CMC cao hn mi trng cha tinh bt.

Kt lun chung

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

19

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

VII. CY CHUYN T MI TRNG THCH SANG MI TRNG HT 1. Mc ch cho nm lm quen v thch nghi dn vi mi trng mi vi khi lng ln hn. ng thi c th tng sinh s lng mu nui cy v t mt ng nghim c th cy chuyn sang nhiu bch mi trng ht. 2. Nguyn tc Cy chuyn trong khng gian v trng ca ngn la n cn. Tt c dng c cy chuyn v tay ngi cy u phi v trng bng cn trc v sau khi cy trnh nhim tp vo mu cy. Mi trng ht phi cha cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho nm s dng v phi c hp kh trng. 3. Chun b mi trng la Mi trng meo ht (ht la): La hoc la ny mm ra sch (b tru) nu cho n khi nt nanh vt ra ngui o mt lp cm bp hoc cm go (cm bp c nhiu dinh dng hn cm go) cho vo ti nilon nh.

Lm nt, buc dy ming bch v em hp kh trng trong ni hp 1210C trong 1 gi 30 pht. T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

20

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm 4. Tin hnh

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

S dng nm ging

nui trn a petri hay ng nghim vi ngy khi t nm mc y. Dng mi dao cy

ct mt hoc nhiu ming thch c t nm mc chuyn sang bch ht buc cht li, nui nhit thng cho t nm pht trin. 5. Kt qu Sau vi ngy nui nhit 30-350C, t nm (mu trng) mc y bnh nui cy.

(nh tham kho)

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

21

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

VIII. CY CHUYN T MI TRNG HT SANG MI TRNG CNG 1. Chun b mi trng cng Mi trng meo cng khoai m: Thn cy khoai m, rc v, cht lng 10 12cm, ch nh, phi tht kh. Ngm nc vi 48 gi. Sau ra li bng nc, ro, thm cm bp vo trn u, sau cho vo dng c cha (chai hoc bao PP - polypropylen). Hp kh trng trong ni hp 1210C trong 2gi.

Thn cy m kh 2. Tin hnh

Bch mi trng cng sau khi c hp kh trng

S dng nm ging nui trong bch meo ht khi t nm mc y bch. T bch meo ht mc y t nm trt 1 t qua bn bch cng nui nhit phng. 3. Kt qu Sau vi ngy nui nhit 30-350C, t nm (mu trng) bm y trn cng m to thnh lp o mu trng.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

22

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm IX.

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

CY CHUYN T MI TRNG CNG SANG MI TRNG GI MI 1. Chun b mi trng gi mi Thnh phn Mt ca cao su Nc vi trong DPA Cm go MgSO4 Lng 12kg 140g vi + 14 lt nc 36g + 1lt nc 6% 1-2

S dng mt ca cao su lm mi trng. Trc khi dng phi sng b cc mnh g vn, vm bo hoc cc nhm mt ca th cn st li. mt ca ra bc. Ti nc vi trong 1.0% v ng trong 4-5 ngy (t nht 12 gi). Mc ch: Nguyn liu c iu kin thm u nc, ng thi nc trn vo c d s ng xung nn v ngm xung t. Cc nhm vi sinh vt c trong mt ca, nht l x khun, phn hy mt phn nguyn liu thnh n gin hn cho nm d s dng. Qu trnh phn hy lm trong ng sinh nhit (50-700C) s dit mt s mm bnh t nhin c sn trong nguyn liu. Kim tra m bng cch: dng tay vt mt nm mt ca trong lng bn tay, bp mnh nu thy nc rn ra tay th d nc, nu thy mt ca ri ra th thiu nc ( m cha t), nu khi th tay mt ca khng b bi ri l c. Nu lm quen ch nhn mt ca c th xc nh c m.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

23

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

D nc

Thiu nc

Va

Ti DPA 3 (phn N v P), khng c qu 5 v nu nhiu qu d lm ng c cho nm. Trong khi ti dng tay trn u. Ti n khi t m thch hp (nm mt ca khng ri, khng r nc). B sung cm go 6%, khng cho qu nhiu v cho qu nhiu d lm bch phi nm b nhim. C th b sung thm MgSO4 1-2. em ng trong 3 ngy Sau ng v bch (trung bnh 1 bch 1 kg) em ng trong 3 ngy (i vi mt ca cao su 3 ngy l tt nht). Sau ng v bch (trung bnh 1 bch 1 kg)

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

24

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm Cch v bch: Mt ca sau khi

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Cho v 1/3 bch ng cht Cho mt que g trn v gia bch Cho tip mt ca v y bch ng cht Gn nt nha Rt que g ra y nt bng Bc bo em i hp kh trng.

2. Tin hnh cy chuyn S dng nm ging (linh chi v bo ng) nui trong bch meo cng khi t nm bm trn cng m to thnh mt lp o mu trng. Dng kp gp 1 cng t bch meo cng cy sang bch mt ca. ng nt v nui nhit thch hp cho to nm pht trin. i vi nm bo ng: 27-32oC. i vi nm linh chi: 28-32oC.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

25

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

3. Kt qu Sau hn 1 tun nui cy nhit phng th kt qu nhm cy 5 bch th c: 3/5 bch nm ra t. 1/5 bch cha c biu hin. 1/5 bch c di. Gii thch: Cc bch mt ca u c chun b hp kh trng ng thi, do : 1 bch khng c du hiu pht trin ca t nm c th do bch mt ca sau khi hp kh trng cha ngui hon ton, dn n cht t nm. 1 bch b di c th l do thao tc cy cha tt, mu b nhim khi thao tc.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

26

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm X.

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

NH GI CHT LNG MEO GING

nh gi cht lng meo ging cng l mt khu quan trng trong ngh trng nm. Meo ging sau khi nui cy qua tng giai on tt hay xu s quyt nh nng sut ca vic trng nm, do cn bit c cht lng meo ging c bin php x l kp thi nu meo khng t yu cu. Ging tt T nm dy v trng u trn cc loi c cht mi giai an (thch, la, cng, gi mi). Ging xu B nhim tp: nguyn liu nhy nht, c mu c sa (nhim trng), c mu sc l (nhim mc). T mc tha, cun hoc ri bng. T nht mu thnh tng mng trn bch meo ging. T c gi ni thang, mt trong sut thi gian tng trng. T cn trng, mi trng cha kh. T ni nng v c nng chiu, t chy nc vng. Mi trng b kh, t nm b co li, nm st mt thch

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

27

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm XI.

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

MI TRNG TRNG NM L RM

Trng cc loi nm (nh nm bo ng, nm rm) ngoi vic s dng mi trng gi mi l mt ca, chng ta cn c th trng trn rm r. 1. Chun b rm Rm c lm m bng nc hoc nc vi 1%, sau 24 gi. Vi gip rm mm nhanh, ng thi kim ha mi trng, hn ch s sng ca vi khun, nm mc; ngoi ra vi cn gip kh c (nh gc Ca+). Nguyn liu c xem l chn khi rm tr nn sm mu, mi thm d chu, nc rm chy ra c mu c x x. 2. Cy chuyn Rm c cho vo ti ny lng ln (20x30cm) thnh tng lp 5cm, ri gieo meo ht ca loi nm cn nui trng ln trn, tip tc cho rm vo thm lp 5cm na, ri li cho meo ht vo, sau lm lp th 3, lp ny meo ging c gieo u khp b mt rm lm lp ph. Cui cng xp ming bao li trnh bi v ngun bnh ri vo. Nui cho t n y v em ra ti n nm.

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

28

Bo co thc hnh K thut trng nm XII. TI N NM

GVHD: Thy Nguyn Minh Quang

Sau khi t nm mc y bch phi th tin hnh rch bch hay m nt bch nm ra qu th. C th lm lnh trc khi rch bch kch thch nm ra qu th tt hn. iu kin nm ra qu th:

Nm rm Nhit (oC) nh sng (lux) m khng kh (%) 25 32 1200 2000 80 95

Nm bo ng 24 28 400 2000 70 90

Nm linh chi 27 28 500 1200 70 90

T 1 Nhm 4 Lp K14S2

29