MC LC

M u
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN..................................................................................................5
1.1. Du Thi.....................................................................................................................5
1.1.1. u im Ca Du Thi.....................................................................................5
1.1.2. Nhc im........................................................................................................5
1.2. M NHN:................................................................................................................5
1.2.1.nh ngha:..........................................................................................................5
1.2.2.Thnh Phn Ca M: .........................................................................................5
1.3. Phn Loi.................................................................................................................11
1.3.1 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cht Lm c........................................................11
1.3.2 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cng Dng ............................................................13
1.3.3. Phn Loi M Theo NLGI...............................................................................15
1.4. Cng Dng Ca M Nhn ......................................................................................17
1.4.1 Tc Dng Bi Trn B Mt Chi Tit ...............................................................17
1.4.2.Tc Dng Bo V B Mt Chi Tit...................................................................17
1.4.3 Tc Dng Lm Kn Cc Mi Lp Ghp :..........................................................18
1.5. nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c...............................................................................18
1.5.1 nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c........................................................................18
1.5.2. nh Hng Ca Cc Yu T Khc.................................................................19
1.6. Cc Ch Tiu Cht Lng Ca M Nhn...............................................................20
1.6.1 Tnh n nh Ton Din Ca M Nhn...........................................................20
1.6.2. Xc nh Kim T Do V Acid Hu C T Do (TBN v TAN)....................22
1.6.3 Sch Ca M Nhn.....................................................................................23
1.6.4.Mt S Tnh Nng S Dng Khc Nh M Nhn...........................................24
CHNG 2: M HNH THIT B...................................................................................27
2.1 M Hnh Thit B......................................................................................................27
2.2 Nguyn Tc Hot ng............................................................................................28
2.2.1.Cc Thng S Chnh Khi S Dng Thit b:....................................................28
2.2.2.Hot ng:........................................................................................................29
2.2.3. Mt S Vn Cn Ch Khi Vn Hnh Thit B.......................................29
CHNG 3. BI TH NGHIM........................................................................................30
3.1. Ngha M Nhn....................................................................................................30
3.2. Dng C Th Nghim...............................................................................................31
3.3. Quy Trnh.................................................................................................................32
3.4. Bo Co Kt Qu.....................................................................................................34
3.4.1 Nhn Xt...........................................................................................................34
3.4.2 Hiu Xut Ca Qu Trnh.................................................................................36
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................37

M U
Du m nhn c tm quan trng rt ln trong cuc sng. N c ng dng trong vic
bi trn cc chi tit chuyn ng, gim ma st, gim mi mn, n mn cc chi tit Du
bi trn c ng dng vi s lng ln, phm vi s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin n cn b
hn ch trong mt s iu kin lm vic nh bi trn cc trc c nhit rt cao , v tr
chu ti ln Ti cc v tr ny ngi ta thay th du bi trn bng m bi trn .Ngay nay
m bi trn cng c s dng vi s lng tng i ln , n b sung thm nhng tnh
cht, tc dng m du bi trn khng c. C nhiu ngun nguyn liu v phng php
sn xut cc loi m bi trn vi cc cng dng khc nhau.
Sn xut m bi trn t nht thi l mt quy trnh mi m cha c s dng rng ri
.Trong thc t quy trnh ny mi c lm th cng . Nht sau mt thi gian s dng b
bin tnh, gim cht lng v c thi ra .Lng nht thi ra l rt ln nu khng s l s
nh hng rt nhiu n mi trng , n cng c s dng trong mt s cng vic khc
,tuy nhin hiu qu cha cao . tn dng lng nht ny ngi ta nghin cu v a ra
quy trnh sn xut m nhn t nht thi. Tuy m c sn xut t nht thi cht lng
cha cao nhng n cng gp phn em li nhiu li nhun v tc dng khc.
Sau mt thi gian tm hiu,nghin cu quy trnh v c s hng dn ca cc thy
c chng em hon thnh v hiu bit thm v quy trnh ny.Do thi gian c hn, cha
c c st vi thc t ,kin thc cn hn ch ,y li l mt quy trnh mi m, nguyn
liu v mt s ha cht cn thit cha y nn quy trnh v sn phm chng em lm ra
cn nhiu sai st v cht lng cha cao.
Chng em rt mong c s ch dn thm v kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn!

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n.

Nhm sinh vin thc hnh

NHN XT
(Ca ging vin hng dn)
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NHN XT
(Ca ging vin phn bin hoc b mn)
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4

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

1.1. Du Thi
1.1.1. u im Ca Du Thi.
Nhit chy ln, gn vi nhit nng ca mazut l t (FO). Do c th thay th
hon ton du mazut trong cc l t trn x lang, tu thy hay trong cc l nung, vt liu
xy dng, l thi thy tinh th s
im ng c thp v loi b gn ht cc parafin rn c nhit ng c cao.
Nh c im ny, du thi t th vic bm ht d dng, tn t nng lng.
Hm lng S thp hn nhiu so vi cc loi mazut thng phm, thng chi cho vo
khong 0.4-0.8%, trong khi nhin liu ch cho php 3%. Nh vy nu dng du thi t l
s gim s nhim, gim tc hi n mn rt nhiu.
1.1.2. Nhc im.
Trong du thi c ln mt lng nhin liu v nc, do khng th s dng an ton
nu khng qua s l (v im chp chy ca du qu thp).
Cha cc tp cht kim loi, ng ch nht l ch.
Hm lng tro qu cao chim khong 0.8-1.5% trong khi du mazut thng phm ti
a ch c 0.15-035%, v th nu t bng du thi s to nhiu tro gy bn l.
Hm lng cn cng qu cao 4-7%
Trong gii php nhin liu, c th xem mt tn du thi ( gn lng v tch nc )
cho php tit kim 0.90-0.950 tn du th (hiu sut ny ty thuc hm lng cc cht cn
bn c trong du thi ) cc l t loi c c th s dng c nu pha thm vo du thi
mt lng mazut (FO). i vi l t loi mi, mun s dng du thi, phi thit k thm
mt vi b phn ph tr nh: b gom tro, b phn lm ch bay hi

1.2. M NHN:
1.2.1.nh ngha:
M bi trn l loi sn phm c nhiu dng t rn cho n bn lng do s phn b
ca cc tc nhn lm c cht bi trn dng dung dch v cc thnh phn khc c a
vo to nn cc c tnh ca m.
1.2.2.Thnh Phn Ca M:

1.2.2.1.Th Lng Lm Nhn:

Th lng lm nhn hay cn gi l thnh phn ch yu ca m (70-90%), n c nh
hng n tnh bi trn,lm nhn ca m.
5

a s cc loi m c pha lng c ch luyn t cc loi du nhn gc du m. Tuy

vy ,trong mt s trng hp vi mc ch nng cao cht lng m, ngi ta thng s
dng cc loi du tng hp ch luyn m.
Cc loi du nhn gc du m thng c s dng sn xut cc loi m thng
thng. du nhn c nht nh c s dng sn xut m s dng cho cc chi tit ma
st lm vic nhit thp, vng quay ln ti trng nh. Trong trng hp ngc li
ngi ta dng du nhn c nht cao. Du nhn c nht trung bnh c dng sn
xut m thng dng, s dng iu kin ph bin bnh thng nht, nhng loi m dng
ni c nhit cao trn 2000C ch c th sn xut c khi dng du nhn tng hp.
Trong thc t, cng ngh ha du khng sn xut du nhn chuyn dng cho mc ch pha
trn sn xut m. V th khi sn xut m ngi ta thng ly du nhn thng phm c
sn xut vi mc ch khc nhau: du bin th, du cng nghip, du truyn ng
Khi cn sn xut mt s loi m c tnh tr khi tip xc vi cc sn phm t du m
nh xng, nhin liu diesel, nhin liu phn lc, cc loi du nhnNgi ta phi s dng
du nhn c ngun gc t ng vt, thc vt lm pha lng nh du bng, du thu du,
du hng dng, du daLoi m ny khng tan vo cc hydrocacbon nn c tn gi
chung l m chu xng.
Khi sn xut cc loi m tr vi cc mi trng c tnh ha hc cao, n mn hoc
ph hy mnh nh acid, kim, mui v cphi dng cc hp cht lng ca flo, clo c
tnh bn vng ha hc rt cao. Thnh phn, cc tnh cht v cht lng ca cc loi du
nhn dng d sn xut m phi p ng y cc yu cu ra cho cc loi du nhn
cng cng dng c s dng trc tip cho cc my mc v cc loi thit b k thut.

1.2.2.2 Cht Lm c:
Cht lm c hay cn gi l pha rn, pha phn tn chim hm lng t 20-25%. Cht
lm c trong m to thnh khung c cu trc khng gian. Khung ny c lm thm
t bi pha lng l du nhn chnh n lm nn cc tnh do ca m. Du nhn lp y cc
khong rng, khe h hoc ch trng trong khung cu trc khng gian ca cht lm c v
b gi li ti c gi li nh lc ht mao dn. Cu trc ca m c 2 loi: cu trc th
v cu trc tinh. M c cu trc xuyn sut ton b dy ca m, cu trc ny chnh l
cu trc ca cc phn t nh nht ca cht lm c to nn. Do c tc ng c hc t bn
ngoi nh lc, kh bt, khuy trn lm cho th khi ca m b ph v, to ra cu trc
th. Cc ht n l hay cc s m trong cu trc th c th nhn thy bng mt thng hay
khi phng i ln mt cht. Chnh v th cu trc th ca m to ra hnh dng bn ngoi
ca m. Cu trc th ca m c 3 dng: dng ht, dng x v dng trn. Cu trc ca m
ph thuc vo thnh phn, cng ngh sn xut v gia cng c hc ca m. Bn cht t
nhin ca cht lm c ng vai tr chnh trong qu trnh hnh thnh cu trc m. Tuy vy
6

khng th b qua vai tr ca thnh phn ha hc v cc tnh cht ca du nhn, cn c vo

cht lm c ngi ta phn ra cc loi m sau: m x phng, m hydrocacbon, m v c
v m hu c.
Phn ln m ang s dng hin nay l m x phng( chim 80-90% s lng m
ang s dng). Loi m ny dng x phng lm c du nhn. X phng l mui ca
acid bo bc cao vi cc kim loi, sn xut x phng ngi ta ly acid bo ca m t
nhin, cc loi acid tng hp, cc acid bo n l c lm sch, c t 12-20 nguyn t
cacbon trong mi phn t, acid c li nht l loi mi phn t c t 16-18 nguyn t
cacbon, x phng l sn phm ca phn ng ha hc v x phng ha gia hydroxit kim
loi vi cc acid bo to ra x phng v nc hoc gia hydroxt kim loi vi
glyxerin( thnh phn chnh ca du thc vt v m ng vt).
nRCOOH + Me(OH)n (RCOO)nMe + nH2O
trong : R l gc hydrocacbon
Me l cation kim loi
V d : x phng natri
C17H35OOH + NaOH C17H35COONa + H2O
Nu m dng x phng c sn xut t du m t nhin th c gi l m bo, nu
dng x phng sn xut bng phng php tng hp th gi l m tng hp.
Nguyn t kim loi trong phn t x phng c nh hng rt ln n tnh cht ca x
phng v ca m ,nn ngi ta gi tn m theo tn kim loi c trong x phng. Thng
gp nht l m canxi,natri,canxi-natri,bari,nhm, mc t hn cn c m ch,bc
,kem.Ngy ny ngi ta cn dng x phng phc lm c du nhn,x phng dng
sn xut m phn ln c iu ch t acid bo tng hp. l sn phm ca qu trnh
oxi ha hdrocacbon thuc dy ng ng ankan(parapin).acid bo tng hp sn xut m
s tit kim c cc loi du thc vt,m ng vt qu him v t tin.
M dng x phng ca acid bo tng hp c phm cht thng km hn m bo v
tnh cht nht-nhit,tnh bi trn,d long,d ra v gii hn bn thp,khi gp lnh s b
ng cng,thi gian dng ngh khi ang s dng m ko di d lm cho m bin cht
hn.nguyn nhn ca nhng nhc im trn la do qu trnh sn xut ra acid bo tng hp
cn ln nhiu tp cht khng c li nh ankan cha b oxy ha,acid bo bc thp,acid v
c c nhiu sn phm khng c oxy ha khc,nu c lm sch tt,tuyn chn tt v
c nhit luyn tt th m tng hp s khng thua km m bo v mt cht lng.
Trong cc loi du t nhin thng hay dng nht sn xut m l du bng,du
thu du,du lanh,m ha hc v m cng nghip. sn xut m c cht lng

cao(chim khong 1.5%)ngi ta dng x phng ca acid n l nh acid

sterit(C17H35COOH),acid oleic(CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH).
X phng l hp cht tan khng tt trong du khong. iu kin bnh thng hoc
nhit cao hn,mt phn ln x phng trong m u dng keo hoc dng phn tn
th.do ch vi hm lng x phng khng nhiu (khong 10%) c th to ra m c
cc tnh cht in hnh ca cc cht do.
Trong s cc loi m x phng c s dng nhiu nht hin nay phi k n m
canxi. y l loi m i tr lu i v r tin nht,m canxi tng hp c sn xut t x
phng canxi ca acid bo tng hp.m canxi bo c sn xut t x phng canxi ca du
th hoc m ha hc.trong thnh phn ca m canxi nht thit phi c nc,v nc tham
gia to tinh th hydrat ca x phng canxi,cht c kh nng lm cao. Do , loi m ny
cn c tn gi l m hydrat ha .nh vy, nc trong m canxi to ra cu trc khng gian
ca m. nu loi ht nc th s ph v cu trc ca m, lm m t phn r thnh du
nhn v x phng. y nc ng vai tr l cht ph gia n nh th keo ca m canxi.
Nu hm lng nc di 0.5% th m c hin tng phn r, cn nu hm lng nc
ti 5%,tuy cao hn mc quy nh, nhng thc t cha gy nh hng g ti cc tnh cht
s dng ca m, hm lng nc trong m thch hp nht l t 1-3%. M canxi c u
im: gi thnh thp, tnh chng xc v chng mi mn cao, bo v kim loi tt, th keo
tng i n nh, mc chu nc p ng nhu cu theo yu cu m bo cho vic s
dng i tr. Nhc im ca m canxi l nhit nng chy thp nn phm vi s dng
ca n b hn ch. 100oC m b mt nc nn khung cu trc khng gian bt u b ph
hy v m bt u phn r dn. nhit cng cao tc phn r cang nhanh,nhit c
php s dng t 30-70oC. M canxi c tnh n nh c hc thp khi bo qun trong
kho,trong bao bi hay trng thi tra np m cc c cu tm dng lm vic trong thi gian
di. M canxi ch yu dng lm m chng ma st,ngoi ra cn c dng lm m bo
qun tng i tt v chu c nc,ma gi, hi m v nh sng nhng vi iu kin
mi trng khng qu 50oC.
M canxi phc hp khc vi m canxi thng l khc phc c nhng nhc
im ca m canxi thng. M canxi phc hp c sn xut t canxi x phng phc hp
ca acid bo bc cao v acid bo bc thp(stearic,acetic).M canxi phc hp khng tan
trong nc, c tnh n nh c hc cao.Tuy vy m canxi phc hp cn c nhc im l
trong m thng xut hin v tch t cc sn phm c tnh acid.
M natri gm c m bo v m tng hp .Trong thnh phn cu trc ca m khng
cn c nc,hm lng nc c trong m cn c hn ch hoc khng c, trnh tc
hi do nc gy ra . tan ca natri trong nc tng i cao ,nn chng khng c s
dng nhng v tr chu tc ng ca nc. m natri c kh nng hp th hi m,khi s
8

gim hng loi cc tnh cht quan trng nh:gii hn bn , tnh n nh c hc , nhit
nh git . Nu m tng tc vi mt lng nc va phi th s to vi nc th nh
tng,c th bo v b mt c bi trn chng tc nhn n mn tt hn m canxi. M
canxi c tnh n inh cao vi nhit nh git trn 103oC,nhit s dng hu hiu nht
i vi m natrio t 20 n 110oC.
M canxi natri l m x phng phc hp canxi-natri ,n bao gm c hai tnh cht
ca hai loi m kiu trn.N c s dng nhit <100oC,t nhy cm vi nc v
m so vi natri. Tuy vy loi m ny vn l loi tan tt trong nc v thng c s
dng nhng ni c tc vng quay ln.

M liti c sn xut nhiu do nhit nh git cao ,it tan trong nc ,t x phng
liti ngi ta s dng cc loi m dng nhit thp n cc loi m dng nhit
cao .Khong nhit m m liti c php s dng l t -60oC n 140oC ,m liti c tnh
n nh c hc v tnh n nh keo tt.
M xa phng nhm c sn xut t hn cc loi m trn,chng c sn xut t x
phng nhm ca acid stearic v leic vi du nhn c nht cao,y l loi m chu
nc ,bm dnh tt,tnh n nh c hc cao song tnh chu nhit km.Do vy dng bo
v cc b mt thng xuyn c tip xc vi mi trng c m cao hoc nc.
M bari c tnh cht tng t nh m liti nhng tri hn v mt chu nc ,chu
nhit . Loi m ny dng bi trn cc thit b tu ngm.
M ch c kh nng chu ti trong cao.Thng thng, m ch khng ch s dng ring
cho x phng ch lm pha rn m kt hp vi cc loi x phng khc hoc l vi cc
hydrocacbon,hay gp hn l m ch xerezin v m ch natri.
M gc sp l loi m dng cho cc hp cht hydrocacbon rn lm pha ca m la
xerezin,parafin v hn hp ca chng. L loi m c kh nng chu nc v bo v
tt,nhc im ca m ny l kh nng chu nhit v chu xng km. M gc sp chim
khong 10% lng m ni chung.
M hu c vi cht lm c l hp cht hu c ca flo , clo , cc loi polyme,
polyuretan, cc dn sut ure , este phc hploim ny c sn xut vi khi lng
khng nhiu, ch dung nhng trng hp c bit nh nhit cao ,nhit tht v mi
trng n mn mnh hoc cn phi c nhng tnh cht c bit nhng khng ph hy
cc cht kt cu , c tnh nht ,nhit c bit cao
M v c dng cht lm c l cc n cht hoc hp cht v c nh
silicagen,disulfit molipdat,tham grafit,t st...chng sn xut m c tnh cht c bit
m x phng v m hydrocacbon khng th c c. cc loi m ny c tnh cht rt tt
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nh c kh nng chu nhit ln ti 6000C. tuy nhin gi thnh ca loi m ny cn rt

cao(t hn cc loi m thng thng hng trm ln).

1.2.2.3. Cht Pha Thm:

M vi 2 thnh phn chnh: cht lm c v du nhn, cha th p ng v yu
cu cc tnh cht s dng, nn ngoi 2 thnh phn ny ngi ta cn cho tm vo m cc
cht c tnh cht c bit khc. Thnh phn ch yu ca cc cht cho thm ny rt khc
nhau, c trng hp chim ti 15% khi lng ca m, cc cht thm c tc dng lm cho
cu trc ca m tt hn, lm tng cng c chn lc nhng tnh cht s dng quan trng
ca m nh: tng cc tnh cht n nh nhit, n nh ha hc, n nh keo, tinh nng bi
trn, tng bm dnh, tng kh nng lm kn v nhiu tnh cht khc ty thuc vo iu
kin s dng.

Cht c ch

c im

Diphenylamine

R tin

Phenyl-alpha-napthylamine

Dng nhit thp

Chim 0,5-2% 200-260oC trong
m gc du silicone hoc diester

Dioctyldiphenylamine
Phenothiazine

Dng nhit trn 150oC

Polymerictrimethylldihydroquinoline

Dng nhit cao cho du tng

hp hoc du khong

2,6-di-tert-butyl-r-methylphenol

Dng nhit di 120oC

Dilauryl thiodipropionate citric,ascorbic

acids

Dng trong nghnh thc phm

Bng 1.1 c im Ca Cht c Ch

Tnh nng

% khi lng
10

Cht ph gia

Chu p sut cao

2-10

Dibezyl disulphide
vi chlorinated parafins

bn mng

0,1-5

di-isopropyl
dilauryl hydrogen

Chng r

0,5-5

Sodium petroleum
sulphonates,
barium
dinonylnapthalene
sulphonate

Kh hot tnh ng

0,05-1

2mercaptobenzothiazole

Ci thin nht

0,1-1

Polymethacrylates

Chng to ta

0,001

Du silicone

To dnh

0,5-2

Polymers

Chng mi mn

0,1-2

Tricresyl phosphate,

hoc

zinc
dialkyldithiophosphate
Tnh k nc

0,1-2

Oleic

To mu

0,05-0,5

Perfumes

Bo v mi mn

0,5-3

Nonylphenoxyacetic
acid,
ethylene-diamine
sulphonate,
barium
sulphonate

Bng 1.2 tnh nng ca mt s ph gia

1.3. Phn Loi.

1.3.1 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cht Lm c.

1.3.1.1 M Nhn Gc X Phng.

Nhm m ny c cht lm c l cc loi x phng. X phng dng trong m l mui
ca cc acid bo(c mch cacbon thch hp al2 t C12-C18) vi cc kim loi nh
Na,Ca,Al,Li c cng thc tng qut l: (RCOO)XMe
RCOO-: l gc ca acid bo v d nh: C17H35COO- ca acid stearic C17H35COOH,
gc C15H31COO- ca acid palmitic C15H31COOH.
Me+x: ion kim loi v d nh: Na+,Li+,Ca2+...
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x: l ha tr ca kim loi bng 1,2 hoc 3

cc loi x phng sau y thng c dng trong cng nghip ch bin m nhn:
a)x phng ca kim loi kim(Li,Na,K), trong s dng ph bin nht l m nhn
gc x phng liti,t s dng nht l m nhn gc x phng kali,m x phng gc Na c
nhit nng chy cao,chu c nhit nhng km chu nc .Ngay nay thay th bng m
gc x phng Li va chu nhit va chu nc.
b)x phng ca kim loi kim th (Mg,Ca,Ba...) M x phng gc Ca c nhit
nng chy trung bnh ,km chu nhit nhng chu nc tt.
c) x phng cc kim loi khc (zn, al,pb...).m gc x phng nhm c tnh chu nc
k c nc mn.
d) x phng hn hp ca hai kim loi nh m nhn x phng g c canxi-natri,m
nhn x phng gc liti v canxi.
ng thi nngi ta cn phn bit m nhn gc x phng thng thng v m nhn
x phng phc.

1.3.1.2 M Nh Gc Sp(Hydrocacbon rn).

Nhm m ny c tnh cht lm c hydrocacbon rn c nhit nng chy cao nh
parafin,serezin,perolatom,ozokerit,cc loi m sp t nhin hoc m sp tng hp khc
nhau. Sp dng trong m chia lm hai loi:
a)

loi thch lp( parafin rn ) c nhit nng chy thp

b)

loi a lp (ozokerit ) c nhit nng chy cao hn

M gc sp c tnh n nh tt nn thng c dng m bo qun. V d m pho

l sn phm ca Lin X (c),c sn xut nh cch lm c du khong bng
petrolatum(60-70%) v xerizin(5%) c cha 0.2% NaOH,nhit nh git khng di
50oC.
1.3.1.3 M Nhn Gc V C.
Nhm ny c cht Lm c l cht v c c phn tn cao. Ph thuc vo vic s
dng loi cht lm c v c no ngi ta phn ra cc loi m nh m nhn silicagen,m
nhn t set, m nhn bent/onit, m graphit ...Loi m ny khng b nng chy ,c n
nh cao,thng lm m bi trn chuyn dng trong mt s nghnh cng nghip nh ha
cht ,xi mng , snh s ,st thp c nhit lm vic ln ti 200oC.

1.3.1.4 M nhn gc hu c.
Nhm m ny c cht lm c l cc cht hu c rn, c b mt ring kh ln, chu
c nhit cao v khng nc tt. Trong nhm ny nhiu loi m c thnh phm l du
khong hoc du tng hp vi cc cht lm c khc nhau :
12

M trng hp c tnh cht lm c L polyme nh polyetylen ,polyprolylen

,polytrifroetylen...
a)m ureat c cht lm c l cc dn xut ankyl,axyl,arylv ure,c kh nng lm vit
trong khong nhit kh rng t-70n 2000C
b) m ureit c cht lm c l ureit ,sn phm tng tc gia cc polyizoxyanat
vicc amin ca acid abietc
c)m bt mu c cht lm c l bt mu nh phtalxyamin ,indrantren
,izovilantron ...loi m nay c tnh n nh cao ,rt chu nhit c kh nng lm vic trong
khong 250-3000C c khi ln ti 5000C .ngoi ra cn c m bitum ,m b hng ...
1.3.2 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cng Dng

1.3.2.1 Thnh Phn Loi GOST23258 Ca LIN X (c)

Da vo cng dng , c th chia cc loi m nhn thnh bn nhm sau :
a) M bi trn ch yu nhm chng ma st, b sung cho chc nng du bi trn, m
dng bi trn nng chi tit my m du bi trn th lng khng th thc hin c
chc nng bi trn.
b) M bo qun vi chc nng ch yu l bo v b mt kim loi ca trang thit b,
my mc chng tc dng ca khng kh,nc, cc cht n mn... b mt khng b han
r, h hi, m ny cn c tn l m bo v, c cc loi m bo qun lng, m bo qun
do...
c) M lm kn vi chc nng lm kn cc khp ni ren ca cc ng ng dn, cc
cm np bt, m lt v cc ch ni ca cc h thng bm v my mc, thit b...C cc
loi m lm kn khp ni ren, m lm kn my bm, m chn khng...
d) M cp l m chuyn dng cho vic chng n mn v mi mn ca cc h thng
cp nh: cp m, cp khoan, cp cn cu, thang my v cc loi my nng. C cc loi cp
in dng bi trn cc tm p tip xc v cc mi ni ray nhm bo m n in n
nh ca mi ni, loi m cp thp c kha nng lm vic trong khong nhit t -30 n
40oC dng bi trn cp trong qu trnh lm vic lun tip xc vi nc ca ngnh vn
chuyn g hay hng ha theo ng thy.
1.3.2.2 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cng Dng
Da theo kh nng s dng ca cc loi m nhn c th phn bit chng thnh hai
nhm l m nhn theo cng dng v m nhn chuyn dng:
a) M nhn thng dng l m nhn dng hu ht cc loi xe my vi phm vi
nhit d s dng t 50-200oC. Chng c phn bit theo nhit nng chy,gm ba phn
nhm:
13

M nhn nng chy thp : cc loi m nhn ny c nh git t 40-70 oC, dng cho
cc loi my mc c nhit lm vic thp, c cc loi m Chiatim 201,203,205 ca Lin
X c.
M chiatim 201,203 c pha thm ph gia chng oxy ha, chng mi mn tng
ng vi m Aeroshell 6B (hng shell) ,m beacon P290(hng Esso) dng cho cc thit
b cng sut nh ,nhit thp.
M chiatim 205 c cht lm c l xerezin, dng vng m chn du,mi ni ren
v cc thit b d hng lm vic mi trng n mn.
M nhn nng chy trung bnh :m ny c im nh git t 65-100oC, c th dng
khi nhit lm vic 80oC, thnh phm gm du nhn v x phng canxi.
nc ta trc y thng dng m YC-2 c nh git 75oC, xuyn kim 25oC
t 230-290mm,thch hp cho cc v m di gm t,cc cutsin ma st nh.Tng
ng vi YC-2 c cc nhn hiu
Hng shell c m Undergease2,Undergease3
Hng BP c m BP Grearse C2
Hng Castrol c m Castrol Heavy
Hng du ca Hunggary c m 90
Ngoi YC2- cn c YCC-A (cn gi l m ch),v c pha thm 10% bt grapht nhm
tng thn tnh bm dnh v chu lc c nhit nh git l 77oC v xuyn kim 25oC l
250mm, m ny dng lp xe,dy cp phanh,b phn chuyn ng my ko tng ng
c cc nhn hiu:
Hng shell c m loi Barbaria2,3,4
Hng du Hunggari c loi ZG-80
M nhn c nhit nng chy cao
Nhm m ny c nhit nh git trn 100oC, co1 thnh phn du nhn v cht lm
cc5 l x phng natri (hoc hn hp natri-canxi). Loi m ny chu nhit tt,chu nc
km.
nc ta trc y thng dng 2 loi m nhn thuc loi ny l YT-2 v m nhn
BYT (m 1-13), NK-50, m YT-2 c nhit ti thiu l 1500C, nhit s dng khng
qu 1300C, dng cho mt in, bi my ko v xe in, khng dng ni m t, nhn
hiu tng ng:
- Hng shell: m Natrita-3
- Hng esso: m Andox-C
14

- Hng du ca Hungari: m 100

Hin nay m c nhit nng chy cao ch bin ch yu t x phng liti. Loi ny
lm vic trong dy nhit kh rng t -30 n 1500C. v d nh cc loi m ca cc hng
du:
- Hng BP c BP Grease L, BP Energrease L21-M v L2-M, BP Energrease LS v
LS-EP..
- Hng Castrol c Castrol LM, Castrol Spheerol AP, Castrol Pheerol EPL, Castrol
MS-3..
- Hng Caltex c Starplex, Untra Duty Grease, Molytex Grease..
- Cng ty PVPDC c m PV Grease MU-2 Lithium EP-2
b) M nhn chuyn dng: l loi m ch dng cho b phn my mc no theo
ng quy nh ca ca nh thit k v ch to my m khng c thay th rng ri bng
cc loi m khc, thuc nhm m ny gm c: m hng hi, m ung st, m cng
nghip, m ng co my bay c nhng loi m cng nghip vi cht lm c l khong
st, bentonit, cht mu khng nng chy v rt bn vng, c dng trong cc loi my
mc cng nghip ha cht, snh s, gch ngi, xi mng, st thp vi nhit lm vic ln
ti 2000C.
- Hng BP c BP Energrease HTG-2, BP Grease BHT252..
- Hng Castrol Spheerol BN, Castrol Spheerol BSN
- Hng Caltex CPS Thermarex EP
1.3.3. Phn Loi M Theo NLGI
Vin du nhn quc gia M NLGI (Nation Lubribacating Grease Institute) phi
hp vi hip hi k s t-SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) v hip hi Hoa KASTM (American Society for testing and Materials) pht trin h thng cho vic ch
nh, m t, phn loi v c tnh ca m dng cho t (xem bng sau).
STT

Cp
NLGI

xuyn kim
ASTM 250C/0.1 ml

Dng ngoi

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

000

445-447

Na lng

00

400-430

Cc mm

355-385

Rt mm

310-340

Mm

256-295

Mm va

15

220-250

Rn va

175-205

Rn

130-160

Rt rn

85-115

Cc rn

1.3.3.1-Loi Phc V Cho Khung Gm

a) Cp NLGI LA Cho Khung Gm
in hnh cho nhng b phn ca khung gm v khp cacng trong xe khch, xe
ti v mt s xe khc ch di ti nh, c dng cho nhng loi xe t thay m trong
nhng ng dng khng quan trng. Nh mt ch s cp phc v, im nh git cho cp
NLGI LA ti thiu l 800C. c nhng th nghim khc xc nh r hn cp ny.
b)cp NLGI LB cho khung gm .
in hnh cho nhng b phn ca khung gm v khp cacng trong xe khch, xe
ti v mt s xe khc vi ti nh ti khc nghit, m c gp trong nhng hot ng di
nhng diu kin m c th bao gm nhng nh k thay m ko di, hoc ti cao, rung
ng mnh, h, nc v cc cht nhim bn d xm nhp vo. Nh mt ch s cp phc
v, im nh git cho cp NLGI LB ti thiu 1500C c nhng th nghim khc xc nh
r hn cp ny.

1.3.3.2. Loi Phc V Cho Trc Bnh Xe

a) cp NLGI GA chho trc bnh xe NLGI trong xe khch, xe ti v mt s xe khc
di ti nh, gp trong hot ng ca xe thay m thng xuyn trong nhng ng dng
khng quan trng. Nh mt ch s cp phc v, im nh git cp NLGI GA ti thiu
phi l 800C, c nhng th nghim khc xc nh r hn cp ny.
b) cp NLGI GB cho trc bnh xe.in hnh cho hot ng bc n trc bnh xe
trong xe khch, xe ti v mt s loi xe khc di ti nh ti trung bnh, c gp hu
ht cc x nghip hot ng trong thnh ph bnh thng, trn ng cao tc v phc v
cho cng trng, nh mt s cp phc v, im nh git cho cp NLGI GB ti thiu l
1750C, c nhng th nghim khc xc nh r hn cp ny.
c)cp NLGI GC cho trc bnh xe.
in hnh cho hot ng trc bnh xe trong xe khch, xe ti v mt s xe khc
di ti nh ti khc nghit, gp trong mt xe hot ng di iu kin a n nhit

16

cao ca bc n. iu ny bao gm nhng hot ng di ch dng,chy thng xuyn

hoc di ch phanh khc nghit, c nhng th nghim khc xc nh r hn cp ny.
c tnh
S
TT

Loi m
(cht lm c)

Nhit s
dng cao
nht (0C)

Nhit nh
git thp nht
(0C)

Kt cu

Kh nng
chu nc

X phng
Nhm

82

>80(*)

Nhn,mn

Tt

107

188

Mn

Tt

2 X phng Bari
3

X phng
Canci

77

82

Mn

Tt

X phng chc
Canci

150

260

Mn

Tt

X phng Liti

150

190

Nhn, si

Kh n tt

6 X phng Natri

120

170

Xu n tt

V c

120

Khng chy

Mn

Tuyt ho

Hu c

160

160

Nhn

Tuyt ho

Bng 1.3 c tnh ch yu ca cc loi m

1.4. Cng Dng Ca M Nhn

1.4.1 Tc Dng Bi Trn B Mt Chi Tit
Cng tng t nh du nhn, m to ra cc b mt lm vic, nh m lm gim
c h s ma st cng nh s mi mn.
Do c tnh bm dnh tt,nn m ch yu c s dng bi trn cc b mt lm vic
vi ph ti ln, nhit cao hoc nhng ni c tc dch chuyn gia cc b mt thp
Tt, hoc nhng ni lm vic s dng du nhn khng m bo : cc b mt h, nhng
v tr kh tip xc
Nh vy, tuy cng l cng c bi trn, lm nhn song m bi trn li khng trng lp
vi cng c bi trn, lm nhn ca du nhn m s b sung cho cng dng bi trn, lm
nhn ca du.
1.4.2.Tc Dng Bo V B Mt Chi Tit.

17

Vic s dng m bi trn cho php to ra trn cc b mt lm vic mt lp mng bo

v ngn cch s tc ng ca cc tc nhn gy n mn, oxy ha
So vi du nhn, tnh cht bo v ca m tt hn. Do vy n thng xuyn c s
dng bi trn, bo v cc b mt tip xc vi mi trng c m cao hoc cha cc sn
phm kh n mn.
1.4.3 Tc Dng Lm Kn Cc Mi Lp Ghp :
Do c tnh dnh bm tt, nn cc m c kh nng lm kn tt hn du nhn, m c
lm kn cc khp ni, ren
T 3 cng c trn trn ca m, khi so snh vi cng c ca du nhn, ngi tat rt ra
cc nt khc bit sau :
Do h c thng lu thng tun hon nn m khng thc hin c hai cng c lm
sch v lm mt.
Ba cng c lm nhn, lm kn v bo v khng trng lp vi cc cng dng ca du
nhn m l s b sung cho cng dng du nhn

1.5. nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c.

1.5.1 nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c.
Ch yu xem xt cht lm c l x phng, v n l loi m thng dng nht dng bi
trn cc ng c xe my, mi loi x phng c cu trc v tnh cht ring,do d tnh cht
m chu nh hng rt ln ca tnh cht x phng lm c c trong m.

1.5.1.1 nh Hng Ca Cation X Phng.

Cc cation x phng ca cng gc acid bo c nh hng ti kh nng lm c, tnh
chu nc v tnh nhit ca m.
Tnh chu nhit ca m nhn khi x phng c cng gc l acid bo stearic, c sp
xp theo chiu hng gim dn vi th t cc cation sau :
Li > Na > Ba > Ca > K > Zn > Pb
Tnh chu nc ca m c sp xp theo chiu hng gim dn ca dy sau:
Pb > Ca > Li > K > Na
nht v n nh c hc ca m gc x phng vi cc caton khc nhau c chiu
hng thay i nh sau
Li > Na > K > Al
Ch c x phng cc kim loi kim, nhm, canxi, magi, thy ngn, niken mi c kh
nng to thnh cu trc vi du nhn. X phng vi cc kim loi Pb, Zn t c kh nng to
18

m do s kt tinh x phng rt nhanh nn cu trc m nhn trong trng hp ny khng

to thnh nh mun.

1.5.1.2. nh Hng Ca Gc Acid Bo.

Bn cht gc acid bo trong x phng quyt nh ti kh nng lm c, tnh n nh
ha hc, n nh cu trc v n nh nhit ca m nhn.
n nh ca cu trc m nhn ph thuc ch yu vo tan ca x phng trong
du. tan ny ph thuc vo bn cht x phng v du nhn ha tan n. tan ca x
phng trong du nhn tng theo chiu di mch cacbon ca gc acid to ra x phng.
X phng vi gc acid bo c mch cacbon nh hn 16 kh c kh nng to m hoc
m ch c to thnh nhit rt cao. Nguyn do v cc loi x phng ny tan qu km
trong du nhn.
X phng vi gc acid bo c mch cacbon ln hn 18 tan tt trong du, nn c kh
nng to m tt, do mch cacbon qu di nn tnh n nh ha hc li km.
Kt qu thc t cho thy, x phng c gc acid bo c mch cacbon t 16-18 l thch
hp nht vi vic to thnh cu trc cho m v m bo cht lng cho m thnh phm.
Ngoi s nguyn t cacbon ca mch, cu to mch cacbon ca gc acid cng nh
hng ti tnh cht ca m, x phng gc acid no d lm c m, m to ra c n nh
nhit, n nh oxi ha tt, ngc li, x phng khng no( c lin kt i trong mch
cacbon) kh lm c m, m to ra c tnh n nh nhit v n nh oxi ha km. nh
gi tnh khng no ca gc acid bo ngi ta dng ch s it, ch s it cng cao th tnh
khng no cng mnh. Yu cu x phng lm c m c ch s it thp hn 70mg.
1.5.2. nh Hng Ca Cc Yu T Khc.

1.5.2.1. nh Hng Ca Du Nhn.

Du nhn chim t l cao trong hp phn ca m, do tnh cht ca du rt r rt
ti s hnh thnh v tnh cht ca m. Kinh nghim thc t ch ra cho ta thy rng:
Du nhn dng sn xut m cn c nht ng hc thch hp, trung bnh
khong 40 50cSt 500C. Du c nht qu ln hay qu b u kh to thnh khung
cu trc m, nn cht lng m to thnh khng tt.
Du nhn c gc parafin to ra m nhn c tnh n nh nhit, n nh oxi ha cao.
Du gc naphten v du nhn cn to ra m c cu trc km n nh. Du nhn c ch s
nht cao s to ra m mm v bng.
Ngoi ra cn yu cu du nhn c bm dnh, tnh chng n mn kim loi, tnh bi
trn cng tt th cht lng m to thnh cng cao.

1.5.2.2. nh Hng Ca Cc Cht n nh Cu Trc.

19

Vic thm vo h m nhn mt thnh no ca cu t th 3 vi vai tr n nh cu

trc l rt cn thit. Cc cht n nh cu trc thng dng l nc, ru, glyxerin v cc
phelolamin, cc cht ny c kh nng lm tng tan ca x phng trong du nhn do
lm bn lin kt gia x phng v du nhn, to ra mt cu trc tt cho m nhn. S c
mt cc cht n nh cu trc vi t l hp l c tc dng to ra cu trc m hon thin
nht nn m c cht lng tt nht. S dng cht no n nh cu trc cho mt loi m
v t l bao nhiu va phi l mt vn cn c kho st c th ch khng phi l mt
cng thc chung cho tt c cc loi m. V d vi lng x phng canxi vi lng di
3% khi lng c tc n nh cu trc m tt nht, nu vt qu 3% th tc dng lm km
i cu trc ca m. Ngc li nu cho nc vo m nhm th kt qu ngc li, cu trc
m s b ph hy hon ton.

1.5.2.3. nh Hng Ca Ph Gia Cht n.

Ngi ta thng pha vo m nhn mt s loi ph gia ci thin cht lng m.
Thng thng c cc loi ph gia chng oxi ha, chng nc, chng n mn, bo v b
mt kim loi, ph gia lm c v to cu trc, ph gia lm bin dng hoc iu chnh s
to cu trc m, ph gia chng to bt, c th dng ph gia ri hoc ph gia trn gi.
Vic dng ph gia trong tng trng hp phi tnh n nh hng ca chng ti tnh
cht ca tng loi m v la chn ph hp. i vi m c phn ng kim yu nn dng
hp cht amin lm ph gia chng oxi ha, cn i vi m c phn ng vi acid th phi
chn cc ph gia gc phenol. Ngoi ra hm lng ph gia phi ph hp. Hm lng ph
gia qu thp s khng c tc dng, cn qu cao s gy ph hy cu trc v gim hiu qu.

1.5.2.4. nh Hng Ca Lng Kim T Do V Acid Bo Khng X Phng Ha

Trong dng m gc x phng bao gi cng c mt lng kim t do (<0,2), tn ti
dng glyxerat, l cht n nh cho cu trc m nhn. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng acid bo
khng x phng cng l yu t quan trng quyt nh cht lng ca m nhn.

1.5.2.5. nh Hng Ca Cc Yu T Cng Ngh.

Xy dng c mt quy trnh cng ngh nu m hp l v m bo ng yu cu k
thu ph hp vi ngun nhin liu u vo s c nh hng ti cht lng m to thnh.
Thc t cho thy nu m trong ni kn di p sut cao s cho ra cht lng m cao hn
so vi nu m trong ni nh, ngoi thi gian nu m, nhit nu m, phng thc v tc
khuy trn... l nhng vn thit thc cn xc nh qua thc t cho ph hp, nhm
nng cao cht lng cc loi m thnh phn

1.6. Cc Ch Tiu Cht Lng Ca M Nhn

1.6.1 Tnh n nh Ton Din Ca M Nhn.
20

L biu hin kh nng ca m gi nguyn c cu trc ng nht dng na rn,

di tc ng ca nhit cao, ti trong ln v nhng iu kin khc nghit khc. C th
thm nh c tnh cht qua cc ch tiu cht lng di y.

1.6.1.1 Tnh n nh Nhit.

Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 2697-78, ASTM D566
Tnh chi nhit ca m nhn th hin o tnh nh git. Nhit nh git l nhit
m nhit ti git m u tin t chn m ri xung y ng nghim ( hay si m
chy chm xung y ng ) khi t nng m trong dng c chuyn dng do nh git.
nh git c xc nh theo ASTM D566 hoc TCVN2697- 78.
Da vo im nh git ca m ta c th chn c loi m ph hp. Thng thng
nhit s dng bao gi cng thp hn nhit nh git t 10-200C. T im nh git
chng ta cng phn on c cht lm c ca m, v d gc x phng natri c nhit
nh git ln hn 1000C, m gc x phng canxi v nhm 65-900C, m gc sp 60-900C...
Tuy vy nhit nh git ch ni ln phn no tnh nng s dng ca m nhn m
thi. nh gi ng hn v tnh n nh nhit ta cn kim nh kh nng gi vng kt
cu ban u v tnh cht ca m trong iu kin nhit gn vi nhit lc m lm vic.
Mun kim nh tnh cht ny ngi ta ly mt khi m theo quy nh cho vo t gi
nhit, trong mt khong thi gian v nhit xc nh. Sau khi kt thc th nghim nu
khi lng m khng b bin dng, tch du th chng t n chu c nhit , ngc
li nu m b bin dng, tch du th chng t tnh n nh nhit km, khng th s dng
nhit c

1.6.1.2 n nh Cu Th Hoc Tch Du:

Tiu chun xc nh ASTM D1742
Tnh biu hin cu th biu th kh nng bi trn m chng li nh hng ca nhit
v p lc, gi c cu trc ban u ca m.
nh gi tnh cht ny ngi ta xc nh tch du l lng tch du ra so vi
khi lng mu, trong iu kin c th ca th nghim.
Nguyn tc xc nh l kho st s tch du khi tng p. tch du c biu th
bng % khi lng du tch trong iu kin th nghim sau khi khuy m, gi nguyn
250c trong 24 gi. Khi xt on kt qu nu tch du qu mc quy nh th chng t
tnh n nh cu th ca mu khng t yu cu. Quy nh tch du khng qu 3-5%
khi th nghim tng p tch du. M nhn m tnh n nh cu th km khng dng vo
ni c nhit v ph ti cao, khng c kh nng tn cha lu.

1.6.1.3.Tnh n nh Oxy Ha.

21

Tiu chun xc nh ASTM D1402

Tnh n nh ha hc biu th tnh chng li qu trnh oxy ha ca m nhn trong lc
bo qun v s dng. nh gi tnh n nh ha hc theo tiu chun Lin X. Ngi ta
cho 20g m vo bnh thp khng r ri cho oxy ha 1000C p lc 8 atm trong mt khong
thi gian nht nh ca m a trn lng oxy ha b hp th v ch s acid tng ln ca
mu th nghim. Yu cu ca cc mu m ny khng c vt qu gii hn cho php
ASTM D492 xc nh tnh bn oxy ha bng phng php bom oxy ha v n v
xc nh ch tiu ny theo KG/cm2. Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc cho mt th
nghim vo bm nhit n nh l 990C c np y kh oxy p sut 110Psi. p
xut ca bm s c theo di v c ghi li trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. Ti
im p sut bt u gim c ngha l s oxy ha ca m xy ra. Quy nh ch tiu n
nh oxy ha ca cc loi m khng c thp di gii hn cho php.
ASTM D1402 xc nh hiu ng ca kim loi ng ti n nh oxy ha ca m
nhn o bng phng php bm oxy. C s ca phng php ny cng ging nh ASTM
D 942, ch khc l lng m th nghim c pht ln kim loi ng s oxy ha xy ra d
dng hn. Khi p sut oxy ha gim cng l lc s oxy ha bt u xy ra.

1.6.1.4. Tnh Bn i Vi Nc Ca M Nhn.

Tiu chun xc nh ASTM D1264
Tnh bn i vi nc ca m nhn biu th mc nh ca m nc, khi th
nghim ngi ta ly t m cho vo ng nghim c nc ct v lc mnh trong 2 pht v
yn trong 3 gi. Sau xem xt kt qu ha tan trong m xc nh nh ha. Nu m
tan nhiu trong nc: nh ha 4, nu m hon ton khng tan: nh ha 1, nh ha 23 l mc trung gian. M gc sp c nh ha 1 rt k nc, gc x phng canxi c d
nh ha 2, gc xa phng natri c nh ha 4 (c khi l 3) khng k nc. Da vo
nh ha la chn m thch hp cho nhng ni m t, tip xc nhiu vi nc, m c
nh ha 4 th khng th dng nhng ni c m cao.
ASTM D 1246 l phng php nh lng xc nh tnh bn ca m i vi nc,
m th nghim c pht trn mt qu cu v quay trn trong mt thit b chuyn dng vi
tc quay l 600 30 vng/pht, phun nc ln qu cu m vi t l 5 0.5 ml/sec. Sau
1 gi xc nh lng m b ra tri theo nc. T lng m ra tri suy on v kh
nng chu nc ca m th nghim, khi lng m ra tri cng t, chng t m cng bn
vi nc v ngc li
1.6.2. Xc nh Kim T Do V Acid Hu C T Do (TBN v TAN)
Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 2704-78, GOST 6307-60

22

Hm lng aicd ha tan trong nc c xc nh theo hng dn ca cc tiu chun

ca TCVN v GOST. C s ca phng php xc nh l cho cht ch th mu acid- baz
vo dung dich chic nng ca m nhn. Khi xc hin c lng acid hay kim ha tan, tin
hnh nh lng bng phng php chun vi th tch cht ch th mu hoc o in
th. Trong cc loi m gc x phng lun c mt lng kim qui i v NAOH.

1.6.2.2. Kim Nghim n Mn Mnh ng.

Tiu chun xc nh IP 112
M nhn c tc dng bo v b mt kim loi, chng n mn. Tuy nhin trong qu
trnh bo qun, s dng, m c th bin cht do qu trnh oxy ha, do cn nh gi tnh
cht ny bng kim nghim n mn mnh ng 250C. Trong vng 24 gi, theo quy nh
ca cc loi m khng c biu hin tnh n mn i vi mnh ng.
1.6.3 Sch Ca M Nhn.

1.6.3.1. Nc Trong M
Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 3183-79, ASTM D95
Nc c mt t l nht nh trong m nhn v iu cn thit cho vic to thnh
cu th ca m, nhng nu lng nc vt qu gii hn cho php th s nh hng
khng tt n tnh n nh c hc ca m, lm gim kh nng bo v kim loi ca m, gy
tc hi n mn. Ty tng gc m m lng nc cho php khc nhau theo % khi lng
so vi m.
- M gc x phng Canxi lng nc cho php l 1,.0 3.0%
- M gc x phng Canxi-Natri lng nc cho php l 0.3-0.5%
- M gc x phng Natri lng nc cho php l 0.5%
- M gc x phng sp khng cho php c nc.
ASTM D95 dng nh lng nc trong m cng nh cc sn phm du m khc
bng phng php chng ct.
TCVN 3183-79 dng xc nh nc trong m theo phng php nh tnh

1.6.3.2 Tp Cht C Hc.

Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 2696-78.
Cc cht rn khng tan trong hn hp cn etylic vi benzen v khng tan trong nc
nng gi l tp cht c hc ca m. Tp cht c hc c th c sn trong du v x phng l
nguyn liu ch bin m, cc tp cht c hc nh bi, mt kim loi ... c th t ngoi lt
vo m. Tp cht c hc c nh gi % khi lng so vi mu m. Yu cu chung l

23

m khng c cht tan cht c hc, ngoi tr m gc x phng canxi c php c mt

lng tp cht c hc 0.3-0.6% khi lng.
TCVN 2696-78 dng xc nh tp cht c hc trong m mt cch n gin l
dng dung dch HCL phn hy m ha tan trong dung mi, lc v sy kh ri cn lng
tp cht cn li trn giy lc. Cng c th dng c Solet ct chit m bng dung mi
thch hp.

1.6.3.3. Hm Lng Tro ( Ash)

Tiu chun ASTM D482
xc nh hm lng tro ca m cn t v nung nng m th nghim nhng
iu kin nht nh. Tip theo s nh lng cht cn rn cn li ( theo % khi lng).
cc loi m gc sp, hm lng tro rt thp, ch khong 0.02-0.07%, cn vi cc loi m
gc x phng th hm lng tro cao hn, c th ti 0.5-4%. Da trn c im c th
phn bit m nhn gc sp hoc gc x phng, phn bit gc x phng kim loi hoc loi
x phng ha hu c (m dng ny cng c hm lng tro thp nh gc sp).

1.6.4.Mt S Tnh Nng S Dng Khc Nh M Nhn.

1.6.4.1. Nht Ca M Nhn.

Tiu chun xc nh ASTM D 1092
iu kin lm vic khi tc dng ca ti trng di gii hn bn ca m, cu trc
ca m c bo tn, khi c kh nng bi trn ca m c nh gi theo nht biu
kin.
ASTM D1092 c s dng tin hnh xc nh nht biu kin ca m nhn
trong dng c o nht chuyn dng khong nhit t -53 n 37,80C.
iu kin lm vic, khi tc dng ca ti trng ln hn gii hn bn ca m, cu
trc ca m b ph v v m chayy3 lng nh m nhn bi trn. giai on ny tnh cht
ca m c c trng bng nht ng hc nh vi du nhn, tuy vy nht ca m
vn khc so vi du. nht ca m khng ch ph thuc vo nhit m cn ph thuc
vo tc bin dng, ch yu l v gia cc phn t cht lm c ca khung cu trc b
ph v lun lun c xu hng to lp li mi lin kt ca cu trc. S ph v cu trc lm
gim nht, cn s to lp cu trc li lm tng nht.
S ph thuc nht ca m vo tc bin dng biu hin ch, khi tc bin
dng tng th nht gim. Khi tc bin dng tng ti mt gii hn no th nht
ca m khng ph thuc vo tc bin dng na v lc cht lng Niutn. S ph

24

thuc nht m nhn vo gradien tc bin dng gi l nht tc (cn gi l

nht hiu dng).
S ph thuc nht m nhn vo nhit cng gi l tnh nht nhit ca m. S
khc nhau v nht gia du v m l ch nht m nhn t ph thuc vo nhit
nh nht dn nhn, c ngha l ch ch s nht ca m cao hn ca du.
Tnh cht nht ca m l kh quan trng i vi m. Cho php nh gi kh nng
khi ng ca cc my mc bi trn bng m nhn, kh nng bm chuyn m nhn theo
cc ng mm trong bo qun v trong cc ng dn m ti cc b phn cn bi trn cng
nh nh gi s tiu hao m trong cc b phn ma st.

1.6.4.2. Rn c Ca M Nhn
Tiu chun xc nh TCVN-5853-1995, ASTM D217
rn c ca m bi trn c nh gi qua xuyn kim. xuyn kim l ln
su ca chp nn kim kh c khi lng qui nh ri trong 5 giy vo mt khi m th
nghim c nho u, nhit 250C. Mi n v xuyn kim tng ng vi
ln su 0.1mm. Xc nh xuyn kim theo tiu chun TCVN-5853-1995 hoc ASTMD217 trong dng c chuyn dng.
xuyn kim nh l biu hin m rn c v ngc li. xuyn kim phn no ty
vo t l v c tnh ca cht lm c, t l cht lm c cng nhiu th xuyn kim nh
v ngc li. Loi m gc x phng ca acid bo c xuyn kim ln hn xuyn kim
ca m gc x phng acid khng no. xuyn kim cng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca loi
du dng ch bin m, du c nht ln th m c xuyn kim nh v ngc li.
Da vo xuyn kim lm c s chn m dng cho thch hp vi iu kin s
dng c th, nh ni c p lc ln th phi dng m c xuyn kim nh v ngc li.
Ngoi ra cn xc nh xuyn kim ca khi lng m chu 100000 ln chy gi,
ngha l m trng thi gn vi trng thi ca ng c. Ch tiu ny biu hin cho bn
lm vic ca m, ch tiu ny ca m cng thp chng t bn lm vic ca m cng cao
v ngc li. ng nhin xuyn kim nh vy cao hn xuyn kim xc nh theo tiu
chun ASTM D217.

1.6.4.3. Khuynh Hng Ca M Nhn.

Tiu chun xc nh ASTM D1263
Khuynh hng r r o bng khi lng (gam) hao ht i ca m dng bi trn v
lng xe t, trong iu kin th nghim bng thit b chuyn dng, iu kin chuyn
dng.

25

Khi lng m hao ht th nghim theo tiu chun ny khng vt qu gii hn cho
php, thng l 2gam.

1.6.4.4. Kh Nng Chu Ti Ca M Nhn.

Tiu chun xc nh ASTM D2596
Tiu chun ny dng phng php 4 vin bi kim nh kh nng chu ti (o bng
kg) ca mt loi m tin hnh thc nghim trong thit b chuyn dng, iu kin xc
nh. Ch tiu xc nh ny cng cao th kh nng chu ti ca m cng tt v ngc li.
Quy nh kh nng chu ti ca mt loi m khng c thp hn gii hn cho php.
- Ct hn hp loi nc vo du.
- Nghin, to bng, mn, ng nht.
- Loi kh.
- Lc.
- Bao gi sn phm.
Cc bc tin hnh c bn trn c s dng ch to ton b cc loi m. Trong
nhng quy trnh sn xut nht nh mt vi bc c th thc hin ng thi, trong khi
mt s quy trnh khc chng c phn chia theo th t c th tng bc.
Thit b chnh cho qu trnh sn xut m gm c thng np liu thch hp cho x
phng ha. Thng c thit k c b phn gia nhit v c gn cc b khuy trn. Thng
thng cc thng sn xut m c dng m. Tuy nhin khi sn xut mt vi loi m c th
dng thng kn hoc thng chu p y nhanh qu trnh x phng ha hay t c
phn ng theo yu cu.
Sau khi x phng ha m c lm mt cng nh khi chng gia nhit bng
phng tin lm mt l thng 2 lp. Tc lm mt sau khi x phng ha l rt quan trng
cho s hnh thnh cu trc tt ca nhiu loi m. Bi vy i hi vic khng ch nhit
mt cch cht ch.
Nh cp trn cu trc c th b bin i trong qu trnh nghin. Qu trnh
nghin c th vn tin hnh lin tc ng thi vi qu trnh lm mt hoc chng c th
thc hin ring l. Thng thng mc ch ca qu trnh nghin l ha cu trc dng si
hay ci thin phn tn ca x phng vo dung dch bi trn.
Trong qu trnh sn xut, m c th b sc kh. Nhn chung s sc kh khng lm
gim tnh nng bi trn ca m nhng chng nh hng ti hnh dng bn ngoi. ci
thin cc yu cu ca khch hng mt vi loi m gn y c loi kh.
Cng on cui cng l lc. N c thc hin vi cc b lc dng li hay cc dng
chuyn dng trn th trng.
26

Nhng vn nu trn l gii thiu vic sn xut m vi thit b dng n gin.

Rt nhiu loi m vn c ch to theo cch ny. Tuy nhin cc nh sn xut m ngy
nay s dng cc loi thit b mi hn v cc cng thc phc tp hn trong vic ch to
nhiu loi m.

CHNG 2: M HNH THIT B

2.1 M Hnh Thit B

27

1
12
13

4
5

2
7
9

10
11

1 - gia nhit nht

2 - bnh phn ng
3 - m t
4 - van
5 - ng h m thi gian
6 - ng h nhit u d
7 - cng tc b hin th 2 ng h
8 - cng tc bnh gia nhit
9 - cng tc bnh gia nhit
10 - cng tc m t
11 - phch cm ngun in vo
12 - dy ngun in vo m t
13 - u d nhit

2.2 Nguyn Tc Hot ng

2.2.1.Cc Thng S Chnh Khi S Dng Thit b:
Thit b s dng ngun in 220V.
Hot ng vi cng sut 500ml nht thi.
28

2.2.2.Hot ng:
Sau khi cho 500ml nht thi vo cc bnh gia nhit ( 300ml vo bnh gia nhit trn v
200ml vo bnh gia nhit di), ta tin hnh cho thit b hot ng.
Cm phch vo ngun in 220V, m cng tc gia nhit trn v di ng thi m
lun cng tc bng hin th. Lc ny ng h o thi gian cng bt u hot ng.
Ta tip tc cho vo bnh gia nhit di ( bnh khuy) cc thnh phn iu ch m nh
acid stearic, NaOH vi khi lng thch hp thc hin qu trnh x phng ha. ng
thi m lun cng tt khuy cho cnh khuy hot ng.
Ta iu chnh nhit trong bnh khuy ( qu trnh x phng ha) khong 1300C.
Bnh gia nhit trn c gi nhit n nh khong 1100-1300 ( gn vi nhit x
phng ha)
Sau khong 1h qu trnh to bt trong x phng ha c hn ch, lc ny ta m van
y bnh gia nhit trn cho ton b lng nht trong bnh chy xung bnh khuy.
ng thi ng cng tc gia nhit trn.
Ta nng nhit trong thng khuy ln 1800 v cho thit b hot ng ch ny
trong thi gian khong 1h.
Sau 1h ta tip tc cho cho vo bnh khuy cc ph gia cn thit nh glyxerol,
glyxerin tng hot tnh cn thit cho m v tip tc gia nhit thm 0.5h.
Thit b hot ng trong ton b thi gian khong 2.5h-3h th ta ngng hot ng dn
dn. u tin ta ng cng tt gia nhit v cho nhit trong bnh khuy gim dn (va
khuy va gim nhit), thc hin qu trnh lm ngui. Sau khi nhit trong bnh khuy
gim n mc thch hp ta ng tc c cc cng tt v tho phch cm in.
M np bnh khuy v ly sn phm.
V sinh thit b.
2.2.3. Mt S Vn Cn Ch Khi Vn Hnh Thit B
Nhit trong bnh gia nhit trn c gi n nh trong khong 1100-1300 bng
cch: dng nhit k xc nh nhit trong bnh, khi nhit trong bnh ln qu cao ta
tt gia nhit trn cn khi nhit gim xung thp ta m li gia nhit ( gia nhit trn).
Mi n v trn ng h o thi gian tng ng vi 6 pht.
Khng c dng sai lch khi lng cc cht tham gia qu nhiu v gia nhit qu
cao trnh hin tng tro bt ln np bnh khuy.
Nhit thch hp khi ly sn phm ra thng th gn vi nhit phng hoc cao
hn mt cht.
29

Dng mung ly sn phm.

Nn v sinh bnh gia nhit trn v bnh khuy bng cc loi giy mm v ra bng
nc khng th sch hon ton.

CHNG 3. BI TH NGHIM
3.1. Ngha M Nhn
-Tc dng bi trn b mt chi tit.
30

-Tc dng bo v b b mt chi tit.

-Tc dng lm kn cc mi lp ghp.

3.2. Dng C Th Nghim

-Thit b sn xut m nhn t nht thi.

-a thy tinh, mung ly sn phm

-Becher : 500ml,100ml
-Nhit k 300oC.
31

-Giy thm.

3.3. Quy Trnh

Tin hnh th nghim:
Chun b ha cht v cc cht ph gia gm 500 ml nht:
+

70 g axit steric

25 g NaOH 95%

ml Glycol

ml Glyxerin

ml Cylycol

ml SiO2 pha sn vi 10(g) SiO2 vi 10 ml nc ct .

25 g NaOH pha thm 5 ml nc ct cho ha tan xt hon ton.

Tin hnh th nghim:

Ly 500 ml nht chia lm hai phn:

Phn 1: 300 ml c cho vo bnh gia nhit pha trn.

Phn 2: 200 ml c cho vo bnh gia nhit ln pha di ri ta bt u gia

nhit cho bnh di vi nhit khong 100oC .
Khi nhit tng ln n 100oC th ta cho axit steric vo bnh ln di v tip tc gia
nhit 100oC bnh ln di trong thi gian 5 pht cho axit ha tan hon ton. Tip
cho xt t t vo v tnh thi gian t lc cho xt xong sao khong 10 pht th gia nhit
bnh nh trong thi gain 5 pht ,ri tho cho nht t bnh nh xung bnh ln. Sau khi nht
t bnh nh ht tip tc gia nhit 100oC trong thi gian 30 Pht cho x phng ha
hon ton v phn tn u vi nht. Sau 30 pht tng nhit ln . Gia nhit trong thi
gian 30 pht t 110oC 120oC 20 pht sau 130oC v sau 20 na ln 140oC ,sau 15 pht ln
150oC. Khi tng nhit ln 150oC th cho SiO2 vo v tip tc gia nhit t 150oC 108oC
.
Khi nhit ln n 180oC th bt u cho Glycol,Glyxerin,cylycol vo cho cylycol
cui cng v cylycol t u to bt nhng sau n li lm cho mt s si bt.

Lu khi cho cc cht ph gia vo th gim nhit t 180oC xung 105oC

Khi cho xong ri th li tng nhit ln 220oC.
Gia nhit 220oC 20 pht ri ngh.
Thi gian lm ngui vn cho khuy m cho u to s do ca m v h nhit
t t trong thi gian 30 pht ti 45 pht.
32

Nguyn liu v cc cht ph gia trong quy trnh sn xut m tin hnh trn 100 ml
nht:
Gm c.
-Dung dch NaOH 25 %
Glyxerin,Glycol,Cylycol,SiO2 pha vi nuc ct vi t l 1:3 vi 5 (g) SiO2 v 15(g)
nc.
Stt

NaOH

Axitstearic Nht
(ml)
8
100

Glyxerin
(ml)

Cylycol
(ml)

SiO2
(ml)

10

12

100

10

10

100

10

12

100

15

12

100

17

12

100

18

13

100

20

20

100

20

15

100

10

20

14

100

11

20

13

100

Glyco
l

Ch tiu im
nh git(oC)
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
Khng kim tra
c
150

>190oC

>180oC

Khng kim tra

c

1
1
1

Bng3.4 s liu cht ph gia:

i vi cc mu t 14 un ti nhit cao cho axit Stearic vo ri tip tc cho xt
vo thy xn bt v rt nhiu sn phm to thnh vn cc,m to ra c s sn ct ,khng
bng mn.
Mu 5 cng gia nhit v cho Axit Stearic vo nht nhit cao v cho st vo th
sn bt rt nhiu v sn phm c mu en, bng khng c, ng c km.
Mu 6 thay i khng cho axit vo m nhit cao m cho vo nhit thp
100oC, ri cho NaOH vo gia nhit nhit tng nhanh dn n sn bt nhiu ,sn phm
to thnh c ng c km,mu m ti hn sn phm 5. bng tt hn sn phm
5 do c ph gia Glyol,Cylycol.

33

Mu 7 lng axit v xt tip tc thay i dn v gia nhit ti 100oC ri cho xt vo

axit ha tan hon ton th cho st vo thc hin x phng ha nhit thp ta thy
lung bt gim i nhiu m to thnh c bng km, ng c tt hn sn phm 6,do
c ph gia Glycol,Cylycol,lm bng v sng m .
Mu 8 Tin hnh TN tung t sn phm to thnh c bng ,ng c tt hn
sn phm 7 nhng im nh li thp cho ph gia nh mu 7 v khng cho SiO2.
Mu 9 Tip tc tng cht lm ng c vi 15(g) Axit v 20 ml NaOH 25 % tin
hnh th nghim nh mu 7 sn phm to thnh c ng c tt, bng sng tt, im
nh git cao >190oC Cho ph gia nh mu 8 nhng them SiO2
Mu 10 ta gim lung Axit cn 14(g) v xt vn d nguyn 20 ml xt .Tin hnh
th nghim nh mu 7 v ph gia cho nh mu 9 nhng gia nhit tc hin qu trnh bay
hn thi gian nhiu hn mu 8 sn phm to thnh t , bng t do tt , ng
c tt ,im nh git nhit d l >180oC.
Mu 11 gim axit dn n ng c khng t m to ra c sng nhng
ng c km .

3.4. Bo Co Kt Qu
3.4.1 Nhn Xt
- m thnh phm c mu vng sng, bng, t mn cn thit, m khng qu mn
v qu cng.
Sau khi m c vt ra, nhit h xung nhit phng tin hnh ly mu em
i o cht lng:
- qu trnh kim tra cht lng da vo 2 thng s l ch yu
+ im nh git
+ xuyn kim
o im nh git ca m theo tiu chun ASTM D566. m trong bi thi nghim o
c nhit khong 2000C.
Xc nh nhit nh git (ASTM D 566)
Thit b o nhit nh git c m t trn hnh 2.2.
Trnh t xc nh:
Nhi y m vo cc, gt bng ming, ch khng to bt kh.
Ly que kim loi lun vo cc t di ln sao cho lp m ch dnh vo thnh cc.
34

 t cc v nhit k vo ng th, t ng th vo cc gia nhit. Nhit k c t

sao cho u nhit k chm 1/3 vo cc m.
Khuy bnh v gia nhit vi tc 4 7 oC/ pht. Khi t ti nhit thp hn
nhit nh git d on khong 17 oC th tc gia nhit khong 1 1,5 oC/pht. Nhit
gia nhit k trong v ngoi ng th chnh nhau khng qu 1,5 oC.
Nhit nh git c xc nh bng trung bnh cng s ch nhit ca hai
nhit k khi git m u tin nh xung.

Thit b xc nh nhit nh git

o xuyn kim ca m theo tiu chun ASTM D217

hoc theo tiu chun TCVN-5853-1995
Trnh t xc nh:
a m vo bung iu nhit nhit 25 0,5 oC.
Cho m vo ci gi m ri gi 60 ln (bng tay hoc
bng my).

Sau khi gi, nhi m vo cc m dng o

xuyn kim. ui ht khng kh khi cc bng cch p cc
xung nhiu ln. Dng dao gt bng mt cc m sao cho khng
c bt kh.
35

t cc m sao cho chp nn chnh gia v st b mt cc.

Th chp nn ri t do trong 5 0,1 s.

c ln kim trn bng ch s.

3.4.2 Hiu Xut Ca Qu Trnh

H=

Mtt
Mlt

Mtt: khi lng thc t

Mlt: khi lng l thuyt
Mlt= Mnht+Mxt+Macid+Mph gia
Mtt= khi lng m thnh phm

36

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.

inh Th Ng. Ha hc du m. NXB Khoa hc k thut H Ni 2000.

2. Phan minh Tn. Tng hp hu c ha du tp 1,tp 2. NXB i hc quc gia

TP.HCM 2002.
3. Kiu nh Kim. Cc sn phm du m v ha du NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut
H Ni 2000.
4.

Trn Vn Triu, Nguyn i L. Gio trnh nhin liu du m - NXB H Ni 2005.

5.
V Tam Hu, Nguyn Phng Tng. Hng dn s dng nhin liu du m - NXB
Khoa Hc V K Thut 2000.

37