Population: The entire collection of everything being studied. Parameter: Numerical measurement for some characteristics of the population.

Sample: A subset of the population. Statistics: Numerical measurement for some characteristics of the sample. Discrete Variable: Quantitative variable that is countable. Continuous Variable: Quantitative variable that has infinite number of possible values (measuring). Nominal Level of Measurement: Purely identifiable; the naming scheme does not allow for the values to be arranged in a ranked or specific order (qualitative). Ordinal Level of Measurement: Naming scheme allows for the values of the variable to be arranged in a ranked or specific order (qualitative: shows relationship, but not exact amounts). Interval Level of measurement: A value of zero in the interval level of measurement does not mean the absence of the quantity. Arithmetic operations can be performed (quantitative)(ex. Calendar dates). Ratio Level of Measurement: A value of zero in the ratio level of measurement means the absence of the quantity. Arithmetic can be performed (quantitative). Explanatory Variable: The independent variable. Response Variable: The dependent variable. Observational Study: Merely observational. Measures response variable without without trying to influence explanatory or response variable. Designed Experiment: Intentionally changes explanatory variable and records response variable. Counfounding: occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated. Lurking Variable: Explanatory variable that was not considered, but influences results or response variable. Random Sample: Every element of the population has an equal opportunity to be part of the sample. Completely random. Simple Random Sampling: Where every group of size N, from the population, has an equal chance of being sampled. Stratified Sampling: Break population into subgroups (strata) and randomly sample from each subgroup. Systematic Sample: select every Kth individual from the population. The first individual selected corresponds to a random number between 1 and K. Cluster Sample: Select all elements within randomly selected clusters of the population. Sampling Error: A Difference between statistics and the true population value (parameter). Frequency Distribution: lists each category of data and the number of occurrences for each category of data. Relative Frequency: The proportion (or percent) of observations within a category and is found using the formula Relative frequency = frequency/sum of all frequencies Histogram: is constructed by drawing rectangles for each class of data. The height of each rectangle is the frequency or relative frequency of the class. The width of each rectangle is the same and the rectangles touch each other. Class Width: The difference between consecutive lower class limits. Resistant: When relatively extreme values dont affect the value substantially. Z-score represents the distance that a data value is away from the mean in terms of the number of standard deviations. Standard Deviation is the average of the distance of all values from the mean?