M.

E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design)

2011 COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS ...................................................................................... 2 VLES 5001 : Semiconductor Device Modeling............................................................................................ 4 VLES 5002 : Digital VLSI Design I - Frontend ........................................................................................... 6 VLES 5003 : Embedded Systems Software Design ..................................................................................... 9 VLES 5011 : Advanced Computer Programming ...................................................................................... 11 VLES 5012 : Advanced Computer Architecture ........................................................................................ 13 VLES 5013 : Designing with FPGAs ........................................................................................................ 15 VLES 5004 : Digital VLSI Design II - Backend ........................................................................................ 17 VLES 5005 : Embedded Systems Hardware Design .................................................................................. 19 VLES 5006 : Analog and Mixed Signal IC Design .................................................................................... 22 VLES 5014 : Protocols and Interfaces ........................................................................................................ 24 VLES 5015 : Design For Testability........................................................................................................... 26 VLES 5016 : Standard Cell Library and Memory Design .......................................................................... 28 VLES 5017 : RTOS, Kernels and Device Drivers ...................................................................................... 30 VLES 5018 : Wireless Technology for Embedded Systems ...................................................................... 32 VLES 5019 : Crosstalk and Noise .............................................................................................................. 34 VLES 5020 : Mobile Applications Development ....................................................................................... 36 VLES 5021 : Digital Signal Processing ...................................................................................................... 38 VLES 5022 : Image Processing .................................................................................................................. 41 VLES 5023 : Low Power Design-SOCs and Systems ................................................................................ 43 VLES 5024 : Technical Writing, Presentation and IP ................................................................................ 46

Ver 1.0

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD.

M.E (VLSI & EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGN)

2011 COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS

I Semester (Duration 20 weeks)
Code VLES5001 VLES5002 VLES5003 VLES5011/ VLES5012/ VLES5013 Group Subject L 3 3 3 P 3 3 3 Credits 3+2 3+2 3+2

Core Core Core Elective

Semiconductor Device Modeling Digital VLSI Design I Frontend Embedded Systems Software Design Advanced Computer Programming Advanced Computer Architecture Designing with FPGAs Total Credits (4 Theory + 4 Labs)

3 12

3 12

3+2 20

II Semester (Duration 20 weeks)

Code VLES5004 VLES5005 VLES5006 VLES5014/ VLES5015/ VLES5016/ Group Subject L 3 3 3 P 3 3 3 Credits 3+2 3+2 3+2

Core Core Core Elective

Digital VLSI Design II - Backend Embedded Systems Hardware Design Analog and Mixed Signal IC Design Protocols and Interfaces Design For Testability Standard Cell Library and Memory Design Total Credits (4 Theory + 4 Labs)

3 12

3 12

3+2 20

Ver 1.0

Summer Semester (Duration 16 weeks)

Code VLES5017/ VLES5018/ VLES5019 VLES5020/ VLES5021/ VLES5022/ VLES5023 VLES5024 Group Subject L P Credits

Elective

Elective

RTOS, Kernels and Device Drivers Wireless Technology for Embedded Systems Crosstalk & Noise Mobile Applications Development Digital Signal Processing Image Processing Low Power Design - SOC's and Systems Technical Writing, Presentation Skills and IP Total Credits (2 Theory + 3 Labs)

3+2

3 6

3 3 3 12

3+2 2 2 14

III Semester (Duration 20 weeks)

Code VLES6000 VLES6001 Subject

Project Phase I Seminar Total Credits

L -

P 3 4

Credits 14 2 16

IV Semester (Duration 20 weeks)

Code Subject VLES6000 Project-Phase II VLES6002 L P 3 Credits 14 2 16

Seminar Total Credits

Distribution of Credits
Subject 1st Semester L 12 P 8 Credits 20

2nd Semester Summer Programme 3 Semester 4 Semester G. Total

th rd

12 6 0 0 30

8 6 16 16 56

20 14 16 16 86

Each Lecture (L) is 60 minutes in duration. Each Practical (P) is 60 minutes in duration.
Ver 1.0 3

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5001 : Semiconductor Device Modeling
Objective : The main objectives of this course are to study the basics of semiconductor devices and their modeling. Understand technology and process flows for bipolar and MOS integrated circuits, operation principles, characteristics and computer models of the different types of semiconductor devices used in VLSI. In the process of the laboratory work, technological methods and process flows of devices and IC will be studied using appropriate software. Lectures : Unit I Review of Semiconductor Fundamentals Semiconductor materials. Energy bands of semiconductors, electrons and holes, doping, carrier densities and transport (mobility, diffusion, drift, and currents). Recombination and generation. Continuity equation. Unit II Devices based on PN Junctions P-N junction structure and principle of operation. Energy band diagram. Thermal equilibrium. The built-in potential. Forward and reverse bias. Voltage-current characteristics. Diffusion and barrier capacitances. The parameters and I-V characteristics of real P-N diode. General breakdown characteristics. Tunnel, avalanche, and thermal breakdown. Schottky diode. Review of BJT operation.

Unit III - Metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors Structure and principles of operation. MOSFET analysis. Accumulation, depletion and inversion modes. Parameters and characteristics. Threshold voltage calculation, the substrate bias effect. Performance limitations. Advanced MOSFET issues - channel length modulation. Short channel effects, sub-threshold current, field dependent mobility, punch-through, velocity saturation, bipolar action, oxide injection etc. SPICE models of MOS transistors . Unit IV Device Modeling
Ver 1.0 4

Introduction to Device modeling, numerical methods and meshing (fixed and adaptive). Numerical solutions, common methods Newton, Gummel. IV characteristics and Parametric extraction. Gate currents. Unit V - Integrated Circuits Technology Overview A historical review of integrated circuits (IC). Moores Law. Performance metrics for ICs (density, speed, power consumption, cost, reliability, and yield). Basic structures of MOS IC (P-MOS, N-MOS). CMOS technology and device structure. Silicon on insulator structures (SOI). Basic Processes of IC Fabrication Diffusion, Ion Implantation, Oxidation, Photolithography, Etching, Chemical Vapor Deposition. Introduction to process simulation. Lab: Tool used during laboratory works: HSPICE. Study of one-dimensional ion implantation profiles Study of thermally grown and deposited oxide layers

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of IC fabrication processes must be completed by the student. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: S.M.Sze, Semiconductor Devices : Physics and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Solid State Electronics Devices, Ben G. Streetman, ISBN 0-13-025538-6, Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2000). Silicon VLSI Technology - Fundamentals, Practice and Modeling" by James D Plummer et al. Pearson Education 2001. VLSI Fabrication Principles, Sorab K. Ghandhi, ISBN 0471-58005-8, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1994). Silicon Processing for the VLSI Era, S. Wolf, and R.N. Tauber, ISBN0-9616721-6-1, Lattice Press, Sunset Beach (2000). Introduction to Microelectronic Fabrication, R. C. Jaeger, ISBN 0-201-44494-1

Ver 1.0

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5002 : Digital VLSI Design I - Frontend

Objective: The study of IC design basics, levels, strategies, options, methods, styles, challenges, economics and trends especially front-end. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to study the main front-end IC design tools and to implement in the basic digital electronic circuits design. Lecture: UNIT I - Introduction - Levels of IC design Digital circuit fundamentals Concept of IC. IC structure, components, applications. History and evolution of the IC industry. Moores Law. Design economics - Nonrecurring engineering costs (NRE) & Recurring costs, Yield & Technology scaling. System level Design. Top down design. Bottom up design. Back end design. Design abstraction levels. Behavior Level. Register-Transfer Level (RTL). Logic Level. Circuit Level. Component level. Examples of Domains and its Abstraction Levels. CMOS logic gates, Combinational circuits, Sequential circuits, FSM UNIT II - Design Flow Design flow: Frontend Marketing Requirements, Design specification, Verification plan, RTL description, Functional verification, Synthesis. Backend Partitioning, Floor planning, Placement, CTS, Routing & layout generation, layout verification, Tapeout. Foundry - Fabrication Introduction to Testing Need for testing, manufacturing test, design for test, chip-level test, system-level test, test generation & fault models Introduction to System on chip (Soc) design - Soft cores, Firm cores, Hard cores. Study of AMBA AXI4 protocol. UNIT III - IC Design techniques & options, CAD design, Design challenges
Ver 1.0 6

Structured design techniques: hierarchy, regularity, modularity, locality. Design options: Programmable logic Design, sea of gates and gate array design, standard cell design, full-custom design. Study of FPGA tools. Using of CAD tools: Behavioral synthesis tool, RTL synthesis tool , logic optimization tool, structural to layout synthesis tool, layout synthesis tool, design capture tools, design verification tools, circuit extractor, design rule checker (DRC), electrical rule checker (ERC), layout vs. schematic. Design challenges Microscopic issues: ultra-high speeds, power dissipation, supply rail drop, importance of inter connect, noise, crosstalk, reliability, manufacturability, clock distribution. Macroscopic issues: time to market, design complexity, high levels of abstractions, reuse, IP, portability, tool interoperability. Sub-nm technologies: technology scaling, switching power reduction, leakage power control, process variations, die to die frequency variation, temperature variation. UNIT IV- Digital Design and Synthesis Verilog HDL. Concepts of Design planning, RTL design for Sequential & combinational circuits, State machines design & encoding. Simulation , waveform generation, coverage reports. Synthesis concepts, Technology libraries, Constraints, Netlist generation & optimization. UNIT IV Design verification using System Verilog & VMM System Verilog Verification guidelines, Data types, Interfaces, Assertions, Randomization, Coverage Concepts of verification, verification plan, test cases & testbench generation VMM Layered test bench architecture: Signal, Command, Functional, Scenario & Test layers Lab: Tools used during laboratory works: VCS & Design Compiler Study and implementation using VCS and Design Compiler Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of RTL design, Testbench formation and coverage must be completed by the student.

Ver 1.0

Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course.

References:

Synopsys recommended course material and lectures. N. Weste, K. Eshragyan. Principles of CMOS VLSI Design. Adisson Wesley, 1993 J.F. Wakerly. Digital Design - Principles & Practices, Prentice Hall, 2001 Digital logic design by Morris Mano Verilog HDL: A guide to digital design & synthesis, 2e by Samir Palnitkar System Verilog for verification, 2e by Chris Spear Springer IEEE Std 1364-2005 - Verilog LRM System Verilog LRM System Verilog Golden reference guide

Ver 1.0

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5003 : Embedded Systems Software Design
Objective: The study of embedded systems software, programming and relevant applications. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to use and study standard and emerging development kit platforms for application development. The focus of the course is not on lecture, but a study of a real system and application development using its resources. Lectures: UNIT I : Introduction to Embedded Systems, Growth of Embedded Systems, Embedded System Architecture and components including sensors, ADC, DAC, control and status units, communication interfaces, Types of embedded systems, Design constraints, Concept of compilers and debuggers, Need for prototyping, Prototyping using FPGA platforms. UNIT II : Introduction to Embedded C, Need for Embedded C, Difference between C and Embedded C, Embedded C fundamentals data types, functions, pointers, structures. UNIT III : Introduction to Keil C and Keil compiler, Simulating embedded applications, configuration settings, build, compile, link, debug, run commands, Interfacing input and output devices. UNIT IV: Microcontroller architecture and assembly language programming, Instruction set, types of instructions, branch, call, interrupt service routine, Programming using different types of MCUs. UNIT V:
Ver 1.0 9

Applications of embedded systems communication systems, automotives, home appliances, security systems, aviation. Lab: Tools used during laboratory works: Keil, Cypress PSoC, relevant FPGA or MCU kits. Study and implementation of compilers and debuggers. Study and implementation of applications on various platforms.

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: Product documentation from ARM (KEIL), Cypress, other FPGA/MCU vendors. William Hohl. ARM Assembly Language - Fundamentals and Techniques, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group 2009 Michael Barr and Anthony Massa. Programming Embedded Systems with C and GNU development Tools, OReilly 2007 Instructors may recommend additional textbooks or reference material the subject content is rapidly changing and an up to date text book at the time of the class may be recommended.

Ver 1.0

10

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5011 : Advanced Computer Programming
Objective: The study of data structures, algorithms, programming languages, compilers and operating systems.In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to use and study standard programming, compilation and debugging tools. Lectures: Topic 1 - Introduction Basic concepts of programming, data structures, algorithms, compilers, operating systems. Basics of Linux operating system usage and scripts in shell/perl languages. Topic 2 - C language re-cap Recap of C language programming and commonly used constructs. Use of gcc and gdb. Topic 3 - Data structures and Algorithms Data types, records/structures, arrays, linked lists, trees and graphs. Databases, Sort, search and traversal algorithms. Computing efficiency. P and NP computational problems. Topic 4 - Programming languages and compilers Regular expressions, LR(k) grammars, BNF grammars. Lex and Yacc. Compiler internals. Topic 5 - Operating Systems Basics of Operating systems and h/w-s/w interface. Study of Linux, Windows, Symbian. Device drivers. Scheduling and resource management.

Ver 1.0

11

Labs: Tools used during laboratory works: Linux, Perl, Gcc,Gdb. Study and implementation of Linux and Perl Study and implementation of Gcc and Gdb Study and implementation of data structures Study and implementation of algorithms Study and implementation of compilers Study and implementation of operating systems

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: C Programming Language (2nd Edition) by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie Alfred V. Aho, John Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman: Data Structures and Algorithms. Addison-Wesley 1986, Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey D. Ullman: Compilers: Princiles, Techniques, and Tools. Addison-Wesley 1986 Modern Operating Systems (3rd Edition) by Andrew S. Tanenbaum

Ver 1.0

12

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5012 : Advanced Computer Architecture
Objective: The main objectives of the course are To study the modern computer organization by following the examples of Pentium 4, Itanium 2, OpenSPARC T1 and T2, PowerPC and ARM processors To study the virtual memory (paged and segmented) and multilevel cache memory organization. To study the organization of instruction pipelining. To study the methods of input/output organization

Lecture: UNIT I - Introduction & Performance measurement in computer architecture Basic concepts of computer organization. The stored program model. Classes of computer architecture. Processor vs. System architecture. Elements of computer systems processors, memories, I/Os, disks, buses etc. Goals of computer architecture performance, throughput, latency, power, cost. Processor performance vs. system performance. Comparison of various platforms in terms of performance and efficiency. UNIT II- Processor Architecture Internal elements and architecture of processors. Instruction execution. Instruction set architectures, CISC vs. RISC architectures. Bus architecture. Multi Processor architecture. Memories and Caches. Cache coherency. Pipelining and data path elements. UNIT III - System and System on Chip architecture System architecture elements. H/W component selection and datasheet analysis. Bill of Materials. IP selection and System on Chip integration. Standard interfaces and I/Os. Analog and Mixed signal element integration. Reset and clocking elements. Multi processor system.

UNIT IV - Special processor/system architecutes

Ver 1.0 13

Application specific processors. Packet processing. Microcontrollers. Network controllers. DSP and Multimedia processors. GPU elements. UNIT V - Current Architectural survey An overview of the latest Intel, ARM, TI, SPARC and Power PC architectures as modern SOC architectural elements.

Lab : Tools used during laboratory works: Linux, Perl, Gcc,Gdb. Study and implementation of processor performance using opencores. Study and implementation of performance of openSPARC and ARM / ARC processors. Study and implementation of SOC architectures Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: V.C. Hamacher, Z.G. Vranesic, S.G. Zaky. Computer Organization. 5th Edition. Peter, 2003. 832p. David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy. Computer Organization and Design, Revised Printing, Third Edition, Third Edition: The Hardware/Software Interface (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer. Series in Computer Architecture and Design). Morgan Kaufmann; 3rd Edition. 2007. 741p. Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Structured Computer Organization Prentice Hall; 5th Edition. 2005. 800p. W. Stallings. Computer Organization and Architecture. Designing and Performance. 7th Edition. Prentice Hall. 2005. 792p. J.L. Hennessy, D.A. Patterson. Computer architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th Edition. Morgan Kaufmann, 2006. 704p. UltraSPARC T1 Supplement to the UltraSPARC Architecture 2005. Sun Microsystems. 2006 OpenSPARC T2 Core Microarchitecture Specification. Sun Microsystems. 2008
14

Ver 1.0

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5013 : Designing with FPGAs
Objective : The main objective of the course is to introduce digital design techniques using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This will be followed by discussing FPGA architecture, digital design flow using FPGAs, and other technologies associated with field programmable gate arrays. The course study will involve lab projects to give students hands-on experience on designing digital systems on FPGA platforms. Lecture : UNIT I : Introduction to ASICs and FPGAs, Difference between ASICs, FPGAs and other programmable logic devices, Fundamentals in digital IC design, FPGA Programming Technologies, FPGA Logic Cell Structures, Basic FPGA technology (antifuse, RAM based etc) UNIT II : Basic FPGA Design Flow Design Entry : VHDL, Time model (Elmore delay), Area model, Energy model, Synthesis, Clustering, Placement, Routing UNIT III : Optimization for FPGAs : Architecting Speed, Architecting Area, Architecting Power, Clock Domains, Synthesis, Optimization, Optimizing Physical Design, PCB issues UNIT IV : FPGA Programmable Interconnect and I/O Ports, FPGA Implementation of Combinational Circuits, FPGA Sequential Circuits, Timing Issues in FPGA Synchronous Circuits, Introduction to Verilog HDL and FPGA Design flow with using Verilog HDL,
FPGA Arithmetic Circuits

Ver 1.0

15

UNIT V : FPGAs in DSP Applications, FPGA High-level Design Techniques, Programming FPGAs in Electronic Systems, Latest Trends in Programmable ASIC and System Design Lab : The lab work will focus on relevant FPGA tools and will require students to use FPGA technology to implement arithmetic circuits and for DSP applications.

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References : Wayne Wolf, "FPGA-Based System Design," Prentice Hall, 2004 Steve Kilts, Advanced FPGA Design, Wiley Inter-Science, Xilinx User Manuals and Application Notes

Ver 1.0

16

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5004 : Digital VLSI Design II - Backend
Objective: The study of IC design basics, levels, strategies, options, implementation methods, styles, challenges, and trends especially back-end. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to study the main IC design tools and to implement the basic digital electronic circuits design flow. Lecture: UNIT I Recap of Front-end flow and Logic Synthesis. Recap Units II and IV of Course Digital VLSI Design I Front-end. UNIT II Physical Design Setup and Floorplanning VLSI Design Cycle, Methodology of Physical Design, Simplified Cycle of Physical IC Design, Partitioning, Floorplanning, Placement, Routing, Compaction, Verification. Logical libraries, Physical Libraries, Timing Constraints, Database format, Logical data setup, Physical data setup, Technology Files, Interconnect delay models, tcl scripting for automation. Hierarchical Design Planning Flow, Pad Creation and Order Assignments, Core Area, Initializing the Floorplan, Timing Driven Placement, Placement with Hierarchical Gravity, Analyze placement and Color Modules, Post-initialization Macro placement controls, Large Macro Handling, Power Network Synthesis (PNS), Power Network Analysis (PNA). UNIT III - Placement Placement Methodology, Fast Iteration with Coarse Placement, Understanding the Congestion Calculation, Textual Congestion Report, Analyzing the Congestion Map, Global Route (GR) for Congestion Map, Strategies for Fixing Congestion Problems, Congestion-Driven Placement Options, Adjusting Cell Density, Timing and Power Optimization for Best QoR, Congestion-Driven Placement, Incremental Congestion Refinement, Refinement Flow, Incremental mode, Area Recovery, Timing Analysis.
Ver 1.0 17

UNIT IV Clock Tree Synthesis Design Status, Start of CTS Phase, Clock Tree Synthesis, CTS Goals, Define Clock Root Attributes, Stop, Float and Exclude Pins, Generated and Gated Clocks , User-defined or Explicit Stop Pins, Defining an Explicit Float Pin, Preserving Pre-Existing Clock Trees, Impact of Preexisting Clock Cells, Logical Design Rule Constraints, Non-Default Clock Routing, Specifying Non-Default Rules, Nondefault Rule Options, Effects of Clock Tree Synthesis, Incremental Placement / Optimization, Analysis using the CTS GUI , Clock Tree Optimization, Inter-Clock Delay Balancing, Post Route CTO. UNIT V Routing and Post Tapeout flow Design Status, Start of Routing Phase, Grid-Based Routing System, Routing over Macros, Pre-Route Checks, Routing Operations, Core Routing Strategy, Fixing DRC Violations, Crosstalk-Induced Noise, Crosstalk-Induced Delay, Crosstalk Prevention, Crosstalk Correction, Wire Sizing.

Labs : Tools used during laboratory works: Design Compiler and IC Compiler. Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of RTL coding, Synthesis and complete netlist to GDSII flow must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: Synopsys recommended course material and lectures. J.P. Uyenmura. Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems, J.Wiley & Sons, 2002. J.M. Rabaey, A. Chandrakasan, B. Nikolic. Digital Integrated Circuits - A Design Perspective, Prentice Hall, 2003. J.P. Uyenmura. Modern VLSI Design System-on-Chip Design, Prentice-Hall, 2002.

Ver 1.0

18

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5005 : Embedded Systems Hardware Design
Objective: The main objective of this course is to study and understand the concepts of embedded systems and its hardware. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary, using schematic simulator tool to simulate and check the circuits designed with respect to the laboratory task assignment, to draw and analyze steady-state characteristics and transient processes, analyze the impact of process and environment parameter variations on the circuit performance. Lecture: UNIT I: Introduction to Embedded Systems Definition and Classification Overview of Processors and hardware units in an embedded system Software embedded into the system Complex System Design Embedded Systems on a Chip (SoC) and the use of VLSI designed circuits UNIT II: Microcontrollers and Processor Architecture 8051 architecture, Input / Output ports and circuits, External memory, Counter and Timers, PIC Controllers, Interfacing Processor (8051, PIC), Memory Interfacing, I/O devices, Memory Controller and Memory Arbitration schemes
UNIT III: Introduction to PCB Fabrication

The importance of interconnects. The basics. History and evolution. Component selection. Bill of materials. Specification and classification of PCBs. Techniques of layout design. Artwork generation methods - manual and CAD. General design factor for digital and analog circuits. Layout and artwork making for SS, DS and ML Boards. Design for manufacturability. A review of specification design standards.

Ver 1.0

19

Introduction to PCB technology. Anatomy of laminates, resins, reinforcing materials. Phototool generation including screen preparation. Imaging techniques. PCB Fabrication techniques-single, double sided and multilayers. Drilling operation-manual and CNC. Etching: chemical principles and mechanisms. Plating operations manual and automated. Post operations-stripping, black oxide coating and solder masking. PCB component assembly processes. Environmental concerns in PCB industry. UNIT IV: PCB Layout Embedded Hardware & Firmware Design and Development Analog &Digital Electronic components, VLSI & Integrated circuit design, Electronic Design Automation tools , PCB layout Design and its fabrication .Embedded firmware design approaches , Board design theory and application, multi-layer PCB boards, signal integrity and noise handling, auto-routing, manufacturing. UNIT V: Hardware/Software Co-design Co-design Methodologies; Code Generation for Rapid Prototyping; Power Consumption Issues; Applications Lab Tools used during laboratory works: Encore or any other related tool. Study of creating package symbols (schematic and layout). Study of LVDS, SSTL PCB Layout guidelines. Selective system design Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: Rajkamal, Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design, TATA McGrawHill, First reprint Oct. 2003 Steve Heath, Embedded Systems Design, Second Edition-2003, Newnes, David E.Simon, An Embedded Software Primer, Pearson Education Asia, First Indian Reprint 2000.
20

Ver 1.0

Wayne Wolf, Computers as Components; Principles of Embedded Computing System Design Harcourt India, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, First Indian Reprint 2001 Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis, Embedded Systems Design A unified Hardware /Software Introduction, John Wiley, 2002.

Ver 1.0

21

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5006 : Analog and Mixed Signal IC Design
Objective : The main objective of the course is to study analog integrated circuits features, design and analysis methods of analog and mixed signal circuits. . Lecture: UNIT I Review of transistor operation, Single stage amplifiers, Differential amplifier MOS I/V characteristics. Transistor second order effects. Small signal analysis. Small signal model.Gain of common-source stage amplifier using small signal analysis. Common-source stage with resistive load, diode-connected load, current-source load, triode load, source degeneration. Source follower stage. Common-gate stage. Cascode stages.Single-ended and differential operation. Basic differential pair.Common-mode response. Differential pair with MOS loads. Gilbert Cell. UNIT II - Current Mirrors, Response of Amplifiers, Noise characteristics Basic and cascode current mirrors. Using active current mirrors as loads. The Miller theorem. Frequency response of source follower, common-gate amplifier, cascode stage, differential pair.Noise characteristics. Noise types: thermal noise, flicker noise. Representation of noise in circuits. Properties of feedback circuits. Feedback Configurations. Effect of loading in feedback. UNIT III - Operational amplifiers Operational amplifiers performance parameters. One-Stage Op Amps. Two-Stage Op Amp. Op Amps Gain Boosting. Op Amps Common-Mode Feedback. Op Amps Input Range Limitation: unity-gain buffer, extension of input CM range, variation of equivalent transconductance with the input CM level. Op Amps Slew Rate. Noise in Op Amps and Power Supply Rejection.Stability and Frequency compensation. UNIT IV - Bandgap References, Switched-capacitor circuits, Nonlinearity

Ver 1.0

22

Supply-independent biasing. Temperature- independent references: negative-TC voltage, positive-TC voltage, bandgap reference. PTAT current generation. Speed and noise issues. Continuous-time feedback amplifier using resistors, capacitors, switched-capacitor amplifier in sampling mode, amplification mode, transfer of capacitors charges. Sampling switches. Switched-capacitor amplifiers. Switched-capacitor integrator. Nonlinearity. Mismatch. Ring oscillators. LC oscillators. Voltage-controlled oscillators. Mathematical models of VCOs. UNIT V- Phase-locked loops, Data converters, charge-coupled devices (CCD) Simple PLL.Charge-pump PLLs.Non ideal effects in PLLs: PFD/CP non idealities, jitter in PLLs.Delay-locked loops.PLL applications. Analog versus discrete time signals. Sample and hold characteristics.ADC and DAC specifications.DAC architectures.ADC architectures. Sampling and aliasing, Quantization noise & Data converter SNR. CCD imaging and architecture.

Labs: Tools used during laboratory exercises are Custom Designer, WaveView and HSpice. Course Project: A project of suitable complexity including Analog design of a circuit, simulation and analysis must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: 1. R.J. Baker, H.W. Li, D.E. Boyce. CMOS. Circuit design, Layout, and Simulation (2nd Edition), 2005. 1038p. 2. P. Horowitz, W. Hill, Electronic Circuit Design: Art and Practice, 2001. 192p. 3. B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, 2000. 684p. 4. R.J. Baker, CMOS Mixed-Signal Circuit Design, 2002. 502p 5. B. Razavi. Principles of Data Conversion System Design. 1994. 272P

Ver 1.0

23

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5014 : Protocols and Interfaces
Objective: The study of architectural elements, performance metrics and system architecture of computer systems with a focus on interfaces and protocols. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to use and study standard and emerging architectures. Lecture: UNIT I - Introduction (Recap) Basic concepts of computer organization. The stored program model. Classes of computer architecture. Processor vs. System architecture. Elements of computer systems processors, memories, I/Os, disks, buses etc. UNIT II - Data Processing in Microcontrollers Programs based on data transfer, arithmetical, logical, branching, bit (Boolean) operation instructions. UNIT III - Organization communications of Microcontroller with the object of control Data Transfers between On-chip hardware Microcontroller and peripheral Units. Signal processing and conditioning. Timing Function conditioning. Software conversion of codes. Software support of A/D and D/A Converters. UNIT IV - Interfacing with Microprocessor Systems Organization communications of Operator with Microcontroller. Keyboard and Display interfacing. Input/ output enhancement mode

Ver 1.0

24

UNIT V- Protocols Types of memory interfaces SRAM, DRAM, Flash, EPROM/ROM and corresponding protocols. Types of Disk protocols SATA, IDE, SCSI Special memories Video RAMs, RDRAM, CAM Interrupt controllers, priorities and arbitration. ISRs and context saving architectures. Programmable interrupt controller PCI, USB, 1394, Ethernet, 802.11x, PCI Express, ACPI Bridge functions Storage area networks and protocols

Labs : Tools used during laboratory works: Linux, Perl, Gcc,Gdb, VCS

Study and implementation of interfacing exercises. Study and implementation of performance of memory systems and their impact on system performance Study and implementation of Standard interfaces

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course.

References: Computer Architecture, A Quantitative approach by D.Patterson and J. Hennessy Computer Organization by D. Patterson and J.Hennessy Bus Specifications PCI, PCIe, SCSI, IDE, USB, 802.11x, SATA

Ver 1.0

25

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5015 : Design For Testability
Objective: The main objectives of the course are to study the basics of VLSI design with embedded test circuits and to study the principles of design, analysis and simulation of self-testable digital IC. Lecture: UNIT I - Introduction The need for testing, Fabrication, Assembly and Test Process Flows. UNIT II Scan Testing Using additional primary inputs and outputs to improve controllability and observability, Scan-based testing. Design rules, Ways to overcome rule violations. Automated Test Pattern Generation for scan testing. Scan test protocol, Full-scan and partial scan, Automated scan design systems, Scan design flow, Scan design overhead: area, timing, power considerations. UNIT III - Built-in self testing (BIST) BIST architecture, Test compression methods, Random and weighted random pattern testability, BIST Pattern generator and response analyzer, Theory of Linear feedback shift registers (LFSR), Generating test vectors and Signature analysis, Scan-based BIST architecture, Built-in Logic Block Observation (BILBO), Test point insertion for improving random testability, Memory IC BIST and Built-In self repair. UNIT IV - Boundary Scan Testing Boundary scan technique. JTAG standard (IEEE 1149.1), Application of Boundary scan for PCB testing, Boundary scan instructions, Boundary Scan Description Language (BCDL), Boundary scan Test access port (TAP), TAP controller, Boundary scan instructions, Instruction register, Test data register. Boundary scan register, TAP controller state diagram, Testable design flow, Using Boundary scan TAP for IC internal circuit testing.
Ver 1.0 26

UNIT V : Boundary Scan Testing II Boundary scan instructions, Instruction Register, Test Data register. Boundary scan register, TAP, controller state diagram, Testable design flow, Using Boundary scan TAP for IC internal circuit testing Labs: The labs will include: Introduction to Design Vision Study of scan testing in DFT Compiler environment Test pattern generation in TetraMax ATPG

Tools used during laboratory exercises are VCS, Design Vision, TetraMax and DFT Compiler. Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: B. Friedman. Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design. Jaico Publishing House. 2005. 670p. M. L. Bushnell and V. D. Agrawal. Essentials of Electronic Testing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, 709p. M. Abramovici, M.A. Breuer, A.D. Friedman. Digital Systems Testing and Testable Designs. 1998. Neil H.E. Weste, K. Eshraghian. Principles of CMOS VLSI Design. Addison Wesley; 2 edition, 1994. 735p.

Ver 1.0

27

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5016 : Standard Cell Library and Memory Design
Objective: The study of IC standard cell elements, memory types, memory failures, memory and cell characterization and testing. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to study the main IC design tools and to implement electronic circuits in the form of standard cells and memories.
.

Lecture: UNIT I Introduction IC design flows. Use of standard cell elements vs. custom design and Gate array paradigms. Introduction to memory types and construction of memory elements. UNIT II - Standard cell library composition and usage Types of standard cell elements. Logical and functional elements, primitives and complex macros. Sequential elements and register files. (Flip flop and latch design). Data path elements. Library size vs. usage in standard flows. Drive strength and cell families. Layout of library elements single height, double height cells. Power Management cells. UNIT III - Standard cell characterization Usage of standard cells by various tools. Information needed at each stage of design flow. Characterization parameters, setup and runs across PVT corners. Library representation formats. (Gate level simulation, synthesis, timing, layout, timing, LVS, DRC) UNIT IV - Memory elements and array design. Volatile and Non-volatile RAM, ROM,EPROM, Flash (EEPROM), OTP elements and cell design. State retention volatile memories. Array design architecture, bitline/wordline optimization, sense-amps and mux/demux architecture. Memory banking, refresh cycle management. Multi-port memories. Cache memories. Special memories such as CAMs. UNIT V Memory defects, failures and testing, layout and characterization
Ver 1.0 28

Memory defects and repair. Temporal failures, Soft errors. Membist and other test techniques for memories. Memory layout and its impact on performance. Characterization of memories timing, area, power parameters. Layout views hard macro representation, keep outs and congestion impact.

Lab : Tools used during laboratory works: EDA tools using Synopsys EDK 90nm library. Study and implementation of standard cell library element Study and implementation of small register file from standard cell Study and implementation of memory element (SRAM 6 T cell) Study and implementation of memory array (SRAM)

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: Synopsys, ARM, TSMC standard cell and memory library documentation Synopsys 90nm EDK library

Ver 1.0

29

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5017 : RTOS, Kernels and Device Drivers
Objective: The study of embedded systems architecture, hardware-software abstraction, resource allocation, software stacks, Real time Systems and operating systems internals. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to use and study standard and emerging development kit platforms for OS development.

Lecture: UNIT I Introduction Embedded System Architecture fundamentals. Hardware and Software abstraction models. Operating Systems fundamentals. Real time OS overview. UNIT II- RTOS Fundamentals Study of Real time OS principles and requirements. Application specific requirements. Throughput and latency requirements. Schedulers, tasks and processes. Memory management. Code and footprint optimization. Study of current and emerging RTOS. UNIT III - OS internals and Kernels Internal components of Operating systems. Study, compare and contrast of various OS platforms. Unix/Linux kernel fundamentals. I/O devices, file systems and peripheral devices. UNIT IV - Device drivers Fundamentals of device drivers, device enumeration and configuration. Data transfer and management mechanisms.

UNIT V-- Device drivers II

Ver 1.0

30

Wired and wireless connectivity of devices. Power Management and its impact on device management. Compliance to protocols. Lab Tools used during laboratory works: Keil, Cypress PSoC, Windows Mobile, Linux, VxWorks, Symbian platforms. Study and implementation of RTOS Study and implementation of kernel modification Study and implementation of device driver development

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References:

Product documentation from ARM (KEIL), Cypress, Windows Mobile, VxWorks, Symbian. Bus Specifications Bluetooth, USB, 802.11x Standards specifications JPEG, MPEG etc. as required Instructors may recommend additional textbooks or reference material the subject content is rapidly changing and an up to date text book at the time of the class may be recommended.

Ver 1.0

31

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5018 : Wireless Technology for Embedded Systems
Objective : The main objective of the course is to enable students to understand the computing principles in emerging technologies and applications for embedded systems with special focus on wireless technologies and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The course addresses tradeoff considerations of bandwidth, cost and power among the three wireless technologies - Bluetooth, WiFi and ZigBee. Lectures : UNIT I : Review of C Programming, Data Structures , Introduction to UML , Software Life Cycle Models , Embedded Systems Design, Implementation and Testing , Overview of Networking and Packet Switching Concepts, OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Protocol Suite, LAN Protocol Suite UNIT II : Evolution of Wireless Communication - Radio architectures: TRF, single conversion, and dual conversion, and IQ; Modulation - AM, FM, SSB, TDMA, CDMA, OFDM, QPSK; PLL phase lock loops, Wireless Standards IS136, IS95, 802.11(a-g), GSM, 3G, WiMax, Antennas and Propagation with an introduction to the Smith Chart UNIT III : Embedded Systems Hardware, Software, Internet Access; Development and Debugging Tools - Simulators, ICE, C Compiler; RTOS System Services, Interrupt Handling, Real Time, Scheduling; Socket Programming Internet Architecture, UDP, TCP, client/server; Internet Application Protocols HTTP, FTP, SNMP, Audio/Video Applications UNIT IV :

Ver 1.0

32

Embedded systems hardware and software interfaces; Protocol Debugging & Testing Tools PING, Sniffers, Load Generators; Development tools SDK, simulators, debuggers; TCP/IP architecture, socket programming and debugging UNIT V : Wireless Technologies and Mobile Programming - Wireless LAN : 802.11 & WiMAX, RFID & Bluetooth, GSM & GPRS, Mobile Development Platforms (Android, Symbian, OpenMoko, J2ME), Bluetooth architecture, protocols, implementation, and programming API; WiFi architecture, protocols, implementation, and API; ZigBee architecture, protocols, implementation, and API Course project : A project of reasonable complexity that is relevant to Embedded Systems Design must be completed Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References : Embedded Systems and Wireless Technology: Theory and practical applications by Dr. Ral Aquino santos, MSc. Arthur Edwards Block (University of Colima, Mexico) Fundamentals of Mobile and Pervasive Computing by Frank Adelstein, Sandeep K.S. Gupta, Golden G. Richard III, and Loren Schwiebert, Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education, 2005, ISBN-10:0071412379, ISBN-13: 978-0071412377. Context-Aware Pervasive Systems: Architectures for a New Breed of Applications by Seng Loke, Publisher: AUERBACH, 1st edition (December 7, 2006), ISBN-10: 0849372550, ISBN-13: 978-0849372551 Cooperating Embedded Systems and Wireless Sensor Networks by Michel Banatre (Editor), Pedro Jose Marron (Editor), Anibal Ollero (Editor), Adam Wolisz (Editor)

Ver 1.0

33

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5019 : Crosstalk and Noise
Objective: The main objectives of the course are to study the transmission line theory and to study crosstalk and noise basics Lecture: UNIT I - Introduction High speed design. Signal representation. Rise time and circuit length. Conductive Path. The interconnect budget. UNIT II - Transmission line theory Ideal transmission line. Wave propagation. Transmission line parameters . Cross section of a micro strip transmission line. RLCG model. Characteristic impedance. Available twodimensional electromagnetic field solvers. Propagation Velocity, Time, and Distance. Nonideal line losses. Transmission line losses. Skin Effect. Serpentine Traces. Simultaneous switching noise. UNIT III -- Reflections Impedance and Reflections. Multiple Reflections. Lattice Diagram Analysis. Effect of Rise Time on Reflection. Multiple line impedances. Reflections from a Reactive Loads. Reflections from a Reactive Loads. UNIT IV - Crosstalk and noise Crosstalk configuration. Mutual Inductance and Mutual capacitance. Crosstalk-Induced Noise. Simulating Crosstalk . Crosstalk-Induced Flight Time and Signal Integrity Variations. Effect of Switching Patterns on Transmission Line Performance. Odd Mode. Even mode . Crosstalk Trends. Minimization of crosstalk. UNIT V - Clock Distribution Networks

Ver 1.0

34

Clock Distribution. Clock Skew. Clock Power. Clock Area. Technology Trends Labs: The labs will include: Lattice diagram analysis of transmission line system with multiple line impedance Dependence of crosstalk glitch from the number of segments in distributed RC line Dependence of settling time from the input signal slope Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References:

R.Singh. Signal Integrity Effects in Custom IC and ASIC Designs. J. Wiley, 2001. B. Young. Digital Signal Integrity. Prentice Hall, 2001. F. Moll, M. Roca. Interconnection Noise in VLSI Circuits. Kluwer, 2004. A. V. Mezhiba, E. G. Friedman. Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits Kluwer, 2004. M. Celik, L. Pileggi, A. Odabasioglu. IC Interconnect Analysis Kluwer, 2002. C-K. Cheng, J. Lillis, S. Lin, N. H. Chang. Interconnect Analysis and Synthesis J. Wiley, 2000. J. A. Davis, J. D. Meindl. Interconnect Technology and Design for Gigascale Integration Kluwer, 2003.

Ver 1.0

35

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5020 : Mobile Applications Development
Objective: The study of embedded systems architecture, mobile system constraints and application development. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to use and study standard and emerging development kits or developer suites for mobile platforms for OS development. Lecture: UNIT 1 Introduction Survey of prominent mobile platforms smart phones, camera/camcorder devices, Tablet devices, automotive. UNIT II Energy/Power Management in mobile systems. Mobile OS and developer packages overview. UNIT III Developer environments Study of iPhone, iPad, Windows Mobile (HTC), Android (Google, Motorola) platforms. UNIT IV Study of Automotive platforms. UNIT V Actual Application Development This course is focused on getting the students to actually develop an application on a target mobile device. The students must download the environment, develop and demonstrate an actual application on a mobile device.

Ver 1.0

36

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: iPhone/iPad developer manuals Android developer manual Standards specifications JPEG, MPEG etc. as required Instructors may recommend additional textbooks or reference material the subject content is rapidly changing and an up to date text book at the time of the class may be recommended.

Ver 1.0

37

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5021 : Digital Signal Processing
Objective: The goal of the course is to teach graduate students the concepts of digital signal processing, frequency domain representations of discrete-time signals using discrete-time Fourier transform, the discrete Fourier transform, fast Fourier transform and z-transform in a very practical manner The main objectives of the course are: To study digital filter design methods. To learn and use the Matlab program system for investigating and designing digital filters as a part of laboratory exercise.

Lecture: UNIT I - Signals and Signal processing Classification of signals; Examples of typical signals; Signal applications; Causality, Stability. Discrete time signals; The sampling process; Characterization of linear time-invariant systems; Convolution and its properties; Difference equations. UNIT II - The Discrete Fourier Transform The discrete-time Fourier transform; Discrete Fourier transform and its properties; Linear convolution; Fast Fourier transform; z-transform and inverse z-transform. UNIT III - Linear Time-Invariant Discrete Systems in the Transform Domain Finite dimensional discrete systems; Transfer function; Simple digital filters; Inverse systems; Linear phase filters; Chebyshevs theorem, Remez algorithm. UNIT IV - Digital Processing of Continuous-Time Signals Sampling of continuous-time signals; Paley-Wiener theorem; Nyquist frequency; KotelnikovShenons theorem; Analog low pass filter design; Design of analog high pass; Band pass and band shop filters; Analog - to - digital converter; Digital- to-Analog converter.

Ver 1.0

38

UNIT V - Digital Filter Structures Block diagram representation; Basic finite and infinite impulse response (FIR & IIR); Digital filter structures; All pass filters; IIR tapped cascaded lattice structure; FIR cascaded lattice structure; Digital sine-cosine generator. Preliminary considerations; Bilinear transformation method of IIR filter design; Design of low pass; High pass; Band pass; Band shop IIR digital filters; Spectral transformations of IIR digital filters; FIR filter design based on Windowed Fourier series; Design of FIR digital filters with least-mean-square error; Digital IIR filters design; Analog filters - Bessel, Butterworth, Chebyshev, elliptic filters.

Labs: Matlab/Octave/Python package tools are used and applied during laboratory exercises. Units include: Discrete-time IIR filter design Analog filter design (Butterwoth, Chebyshev, Elliptic Lowpass Filters) Analog-to-digital lowpass transformations Frequency-band transformations

Discrete-time FIR filter design Window design technique Optimal equiripple design technique for linear-phase FIR filters

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course.

Ver 1.0

39

References: Sanjit K. Mitra. Digital Signal Processing. 2nd edition. McGraw Hill. 2001. M.H. Hayes. Digital Signal Processing, Shaums Outlines. McGraw Hill. 1999. V.K. Ingle. J.G. Proakis. Digital Signal Processing using Matlab. Brooks/Cole. ThomsonEngineering; 2nd edition. 2006. L. R. Rabiner, B. Gold. Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing. PrenticeHall, New Jersey, 1975

Ver 1.0

40

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5022 : Image Processing
Objective: The study of Image processing principles and implementation in an IC or System. In the process of the laboratory work it is necessary to study the main Image processing standards, platforms and to implement algorithms either in an IC design or embedded system design. Lecture: UNIT I Fundamentals of Image Processing and Image Transforms Basic steps of Image Processing System Sampling and Quantization of an image Basic relationship between pixels Image Transforms: 2 D- Discrete Fourier Transform, Discrete Cosine Transform Wavelet Transforms: Continuous Wavelet Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transforms. UNIT II Image Processing and Image Compression Techniques Image Enhancement. Spatial domain methods: Histogram processing, Fundamentals of Spatial filtering, Smoothing spatial filters, Sharpening spatial filters. Frequency domain methods: Basics of filtering in frequency domain, image smoothing, image sharpening, Selective filtering. Image Segmentation Segmentation concepts, Point, Line and Edge Detection, Thresholding, Region Based segmentation. Image compression fundamentals - Coding Redundancy, Spatial and Temporal redundancy, Compression models: Lossy & Lossless, Huffman coding, Arithmetic coding, LZW coding, Run length coding, Bit plane coding, Transform coding, Predictive coding, Wavelet coding JPEG Standards. UNIT III Basic steps of Video Processing Analog Video, Digital Video. Time-Varying Image Formation models: ThreeDimensional Motion Models, Geometric Image Formation, Photometric Image Formation, Sampling of Video signals, Filtering operations.
UNIT IV 2-D Motion Estimation Ver 1.0 41

Optical flow, General Methodologies, Pixel Based Motion Esimation, Block- Matching Algorithm, Mesh based Motion Estimation, Global Motion Estimation, Region based Motion Estimation, Multi resolution motion estimation, Waveform based coding, Block based ransform coding, Predictive coding, Application of motion estimation in Video coding. UNIT V Commercial image acquisition and projection systems Study of OMAP, DLP, CCD and other devices in the market. emerging applications. Lab : Tools used during laboratory works: VCS, Design Compiler, ICC, Primetime, PrimePower, Matlab,TI or other Laboratory kits, gcc, gdb. Study and implementation of various algorithms and transforms. 3-D TV and other

(The implementation may be done either in VLSI domain or embedded systems domain. Student must choose a platform on which standard algorithms and transforms can be executed.) Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: TI documentation on DSP/OMAP platforms. Documentation manuals on DLP, 3-D TV and other projection systems Digital Image Processing Gonzaleze and Woods, 3rd ed., Pearson. Video processing and communication Yao Wang, Joem Ostermann and Yaquin Zhang. 1st Ed., PH Int.

Ver 1.0

42

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5023 : Low Power Design-SOCs and Systems
Objective: The main objectives of the course are to study CMOS low power IC designs, modeling and optimization basics and to understand the approach to power consumption estimation and to study different methods of reducing switching and leakage power. Lecture: UNIT I - Introduction The transistor revolution. Advances in IC technologies. Electronic technology today. Moores law. Die size scaling. Frequency scaling. Design challenges in deep submicron MOS.Power dissipation. Power density. Supply voltage scaling. Scaling impact on supply current. Supply voltage scaling impact on delay. Power consumption and battery capacity trends. Components of power: switching power, short circuit power, leakage power and static power.Switching power. Charging of a capacitor. Total energy per charging transition from power supply. Short-circuit energy per transition. Short circuit power versus capacitance. Rise time and capacitance. Technology scaling impact on short circuit current.The signs of crisis. Leakage definition. Leakage components. Pn junction reversebias current. Band-to-band tunneling current. Gate leakage. Subthreshold leakage UNIT II - Batteries to Low Power Design Low power circuit design importance. Application areas for low-power electronics. Power sources for low-power devices. Classes of batteries. Non-rechargeable batteries. Rechargeable batteries. Energy density of common fuels. Battery types classification of application. Classification of battery types by application. Non-idealities of batteries. Typical battery energies. Other power sources for low-power systems. Advantages of low-power design. UNIT III - Dynamic Power Reduction Techniques

Ver 1.0

43

Dynamic power reduction techniques: transition probability minimization, glitch reduction, supply voltage reduction, clock gating, multi-supply design, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling. Transition probability minimization: transition probabilities for some basic gates, inter-signal correlations, logic restructuring, input ordering.Glitching in static CMOS networks. Balanced delay paths to reduce glitching. Supply voltage reduction, power versus voltage, delay versus voltage. Clock gating. Multi-supply design: multiple VDD considerations, optimum numbers of supplies, dual-supply inside a logic block, level shifters, distributing multiple supply voltage: conventional and shared-well. Dynamic power management vs. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling. Choosing a frequency in DVFS. Total system energy variation in DVFS. UNIT IV - Leakage Power Reduction Techniques Leakage power reduction techniques: multiple threshold, transistor stacking, input vector control, sleep transistor, variable threshold technique.Multiple threshold technique, dual threshold CMOS, using multiple thresholds.Transistor stacking, self-reverse biasing, leakage control stacking.Input vector control: influence on subthreshold, gate, BTBT and total leakage.Sleep transistor technique: multi-threshold CMOS (MTCMOS), boostedgate MOS (BGMOS), sizing of the sleep transistor, super cut-off CMOS (SCCMOS), zigzag super cut-off CMOS (ZSCCMOS).Variable threshold technique: variable threshold CMOS (VTCMOS), VTCMOS versus MTCMOS, dynamic Vth scaling (DVTS), dynamic threshold CMOS (DTMOS), double gate dynamic threshold (DGDT) SOI CMOS. UNIT V - Low Power Logic Styles Advantages and disadvantages of static CMOS.Low-power logic styles: Pass-Transistor Logic (PTL), Complementary Pass-Transistor Logic (CPL), Pseudo-NMOS Logic, Dynamic Logic, Domino Logic, Adiabatic Logic.Pass-Transistor Logic. Ways to reduce leakage in PTL. Level restoration.CPL: Complementary Pass-Transistor Logic.PseudoNMOS Logic. Negative aspects of pseudo-NMOS.Dynamic logic. Characteristics of dynamic CMOS. Logic activity. Charge leakage. Problems with dynamic CMOS.Domino Logic. Selecting a logic style.Adiabatic Logic. Power saving and energy recovery. Charging with constant current, charge in N steps. Adiabatic dynamic CMOS inverter Quasi-Adiabatic Logic. Technology distribution. Power and area analysis

Labs: The labs will include: Study of how to build necessary files for a digital cell. Study and research of various modern power reduction techniques

Tools used during laboratory exercises are Hspice, CosmosSE, CScope, CGuid
Ver 1.0 44

Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: The field of VLSI and Embedded Systems is getting updated constantly and to keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: Chandrakasan, R. Brodersen. Low Power Digital CMOS Design. Springer; 1 edition. 2006. 428p. C. Piguet. Low-Power CMOS Circuits: Technology, Logic Design and CAD Tools. CRC. 2005. 440p. A. Bellaouar, M. Elmasry. Low-Power Digital VLSI Design: Circuits and Systems. Springer; 1 edition. 2006. 556 p. K.S. Yeo, S.S. Rofail, W.L. Goh. CMOS/BiCMOS VLSI: Low Voltage, Low Power. -Prentice Hall, 2002. 624p. K. Roy. Low-Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design. - John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2003. 320p. Low Power Methodology Manual, D. Flynn et al, Synopsys Verification Methodology Manual for Low Power, S. Jadcherla, et al. Synopsys

Ver 1.0

45

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD & SEER AKADEMI PVT. LTD. M.E (VLSI &Embedded Systems Design) VLES 5024 : Technical Writing, Presentation and IP
Objective: The main objective of the course is to teach technical and business writing, including skills for IC design documentation creation Lecture: UNIT I - Introduction Fundamentals of clear and concise writing. Analysis of technical documents, manuals etc. Overview of intellectual property. UNIT II - Comprehension and writing Book reports structure, protagonist, antagonist, plot, rising action and climax. Business writing grants, proposals, letters. Technical documentation definition of terms, indexing, structure and clarity elements. UNIT III - Presentation Skills Making concise and clear presentations. Speaking skill, grammar and pronunciation. Tone and eye contact. Handling friendly and hostile audience members. UNIT IV - Intellectual Property Patents, copyrights and trademarks. Process and Method patents. IP litigation case studies. Protecting a new ventures intellectual property and ethical handling of intellectual property. UNIT V-Technical Reading
Ver 1.0 46

Study of Data sheets,Technical Manuals,Product/Architecture Plan Labs: Study and implementation of book reports Study and implementation of presentations Study and implementation of technical manuals Study and implementation of patents

Tool used during laboratory exercises : OpenOffice.org or MS-Office. Course Project: A project of suitable complexity, comprising of program design, coding, compilation and debug must be completed. Course Material: To keep up to date with the latest research, technology and industry trends, Instructor for this course will decide and provide the course material. This could be a combination of slides or research material or text book references or any other relevant documentation depending on a) the nature of the curriculum and b) relevant skills to be imparted as outcome of the course. References: H. Solveig, J. Floyd. OpenOffice.org Resource Kit. Prentice-Hall PTR. 2003. 1040p. L. Gurdy, E. Finkelstein, M. Leete. OpenOffice.org for Dummies. Wiley Publishing. 2004. 361p. R. Whittle. Book design with OpenOffice. 2002.

Ver 1.0

47