Cu 1 :

1.1.1. Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng x l nh

a. Thu nhn v s ha hnh nh
- Thu nhn:
Camera (c th l camera tn hiu tng t - CCIR hay camera tn hiu s ha - CCD).
Sensor (b cm ng): thu nhn nh v tinh
Scanner
- S ha: nhm bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s (ri rc)gm hai qu trnh
ly mu v lng t ha.
b. X l v phn tch nh
Qu trnh x l v phn tch nh gm nhiu giai on: nng cao cht lng nh, trch
chn c im, hu x l (nhn dng phn lp hay cc quyt nh khc).
- Nng cao cht lng nh: lm ni bt mt s c im ca nh hay lm cho nh
ging nht vi trng thi gc ca n.
Xa nhiu: loi b cc i tng d tha trong nh (c th do cht lng ca thit
b thu nhn, do ngun sng
Nn chnh hnh hc: khc phc cc bin dng do cc thit b in t v quang hc
gy nn, c th khc phc bng cc php chiu.
Chnh mc xm: khc phc tnh khng ng u ca mc xm, thng dng
xa bt s mc xm ca nh.
- Trch chn c im: tin ti hiu nh
D bin, xc nh bin, phn vng. lm mnh, trch xng,...
- Nhn dng nh: 3 pha
M t i tng
Trch chn c im
i snh vi kt lun
c. Hin th, m ha, nn nh
- Hin th l a nh ra mt thit b ngoi vi no l qu trnh ngc li ca qu
trnh thu nhn nh bao gm: ti hin nh, in nh, a nh ra mn hnh.
- Nn nh (hay cn gi l m ha nh): l gim thiu khng gian lu tr, lng thng
tin sau khi nn thng nh hn d liu gc rt nhiu (cng c th l tng-suy bin).
1.1.2. Cc giai on chnh ca qu trnh x l nh
1.2. Cc vn c bn ca x l nh
1.2.1. Mt s khi nim
a. Picel (picture element - im nh): im nh c xem nh l c trng cho cng
sng hay mt du hiu no ti mt to nht nh trong khng gian v nh l tp hp
cc im nh.
b. Gray level- mc xm: l s gi tr c th c ca cc im nh ca nh. nh xm c 256
mc xm: 0 ->255.
1.2.2. Thu nhn v s ha hnh nh
Thu nhn v s ha hnh nh gm 2 cng on:
- Bin i nng lng quang thnh nng lng in ca mt nh, y l tn hiu tng
t - tn hiu nh, l mt hm lin tc.
- S ha hnh nh: =
1.2.3. X l - Phn tch nh
- Ci thin, nng cp, khi phc nh (tin x l preprocesing)
- Phn tch c trng ca nh: pht hin v tch bin, phn vng
- Biu din v x l c trng ca nh (nh phn ha, x l theo kiu nh phn, nhn
dng,...)
Thu nhn nh S ha nh Phn tch nh Nhn dng
H quyt nh
Lu
tr
Lu
tr
Camera
Sensor
scanner
S ha
nh lin tc
f(x,y)
x,y R
f(x,y)
nh s
f(m,n)
m,n [1,M]
f(m,n) [0,1,...L-1]
Hnh 1.1.2. Cc giai on trong x l nh
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 -1 -1
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 3 -3 * *

4 6 -2 * *

6 2 -2 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

17 3 1 * *

2 2 5 * *

-5 4 6 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

19 6 -2 * *

6 8 3 * *

1 6 4 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

Cu 2:
5.3. Lc tng cng nt, ci thin bin nh
Bin l cc im c bin thin nhanh v sng. Theo quan im v tn s tn
hiu th cc im bin s ng vi cc thnh phn tn s cao. Do vy, c th dng b lc
thng cao ci thin: lc cc thnh phn tn s thp, ch gi li thnh phn tn s cao. V
th, lc thng cao thng c s dng lm trn bin trc khi tin hnh cc thao tc vi
bin nh.
Cc mt n lc thng cao:
H(k,l) =
1
1
1
]
1

1 1 1
1 9 1
1 1 1
; H(k,l) =
1
1
1
]
1

0 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 0
B lc Gradient B lc Laplace
Cu 3:
Cu 3: Cho nh s I:
1. Hx, Hy l nhn chp Prewitt, vit Hx, Hy
2. Hy tnh Gx=Hx I v Gy=Hy I.
3. Hy tnh G = |Gx| + |Gy|.
Bi Lm
1. Hx, Hy l nhn chp Prewitt, vit Hx, Hy
y l k thut s dng 2 mt n nhp chp xp x o hm theo 2 hng
x v y l :
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 -1 -1
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 3 -3 * *

4 6 -2 * *

6 2 -2 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

17 3 1 * *

2 2 5 * *

-5 4 6 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

19 6 -2 * *

6 8 3 * *

1 6 4 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *


Hx =
Hy =
2. Hy tnh Gx=Hx I v Gy=Hy I.
Vi :




Gx=Hx I =

Gy=Hy I =
3. Hy tnh G = |Gx| + |Gy|.
G = |Gx| + |Gy| =
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 -1 -1
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 3 -3 * *

4 6 -2 * *

6 2 -2 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

17 3 1 * *

2 2 5 * *

-5 4 6 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

19 6 -2 * *

6 8 3 * *

1 6 4 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

Cu 4: : K thut pht hin bin Laplace
Phng php Laplace
Theo nh ngha:
y x
f f
f
2
2
2
2
2

Ta c:
[ ] y x f y x f
x x
f
x
f
x
, ( ) , 1 (
2
2
+

,
_

[ ] [ ] ) , 1 ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , 1 ( y x f y x f y x f y x f +

) , 1 (( ) , ( 2 ) , 1 ( y x f y x f y x f + +
Tng t:
) 1 , (( ) , ( 2 ) 1 , (
2
2
+ +

,
_

y x f y x f y x f
y
f
y
f
y
Do : ) 1 , (( ) 1 , ( ) , ( 4 ) , 1 (( ) , 1 (
2
+ + + + +

y x f y x f y x f y x f y x f f
T mt n nhn chp ca phng php Laplace c dng:
1
1
1
]
1

0 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 0
H
Trong thc t ngi ta dng mt n bin dng cho k thut Laplace:
1
1
1
]
1

0 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 0
1 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

1 1 1
1 8 1
1 1 1
2 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

1 2 1
2 12 2
1 2 1
3 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

1 2 1
2 4 2
1 2 1
4 H
VD:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
I
1) Dng k thut Laplace:
108 104 124 * *
141 186 136 * *
123 134 79 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
I
H
0 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 0 3
3 6 3 6
1
1) Dng k thut Laplace:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x H I
3 3 0 3
6 6 0 6
9 9 0 9
6 6 0 6
) (
;
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
y H I
3 6 9 6
3 6 9 6
0 0 0 0
3 6 9 6
) (
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
y H I x H I
6 6 9 3
9 12 9 0
9 9 0 9
3 0 9 12
) ( ) (
=> Phng php Laplace tt hn, vi mt n c dy l 3 th c bin c dy l 2.

Cu 5: Thuc tnh ca im nh v vng nh
Thuc tnh ca im nh v vng nh
5.1. Thuc tnh ca im nh
nh X = {p
i
}
- i vi nh n mu thuc tnh p
i
l gi tr mc xm v k hiu l X(p
i
) (thuc tnh
mt chiu)
- i vi nh mu (nh a ph) thuc tnh p
i
l mt vector thuc tnh, mt h mu
(RG B) (thuc tnh a chiu)
1
1
1
]
1

ib
ig
ir
i
x
x
x
p
- tng phn gia hai im nh s
1
v s
2
c nh ngha l:
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
108 104 124 * *
141 186 136 * *
123 134 79 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
1
) ( ) (
) , (
2 1
2 1

L
s X s X
s s C
Trong L l gi tr ln nht ca mc xm
H: Nu s
1
v s
2
thuc mt nh th C(s
1
,s
2
) l nh hay ln?
5.2. Thuc tnh ca vng nh
- ng u mc xm ca mt vng nh R:

k i
R p
k i
k
k
m p X
R card
R E
2
) ) ( (
) (
1
) (
vi:

k i
R p
i
k
k
R X
R card
m ) (
) (
1
- Hm v tr:

'

>

) ( \ 0
) ( \ 1
) (
k
k
k red
R E
R E
R P
l mt ngng no
ngha: ta cn phi phn chia vng R
i
cho ti khi cc vng con c P
red
(R
i
) = 1
vi ngng
Cu 6: Cho nh s v cc nhn chp sau:
1. B lc H
tc
thuc loi b lc g?
2. Kh nhiu nh I bng b lc Htc c nh Y. Tm nh Y
3. Hy bin i nh sau khi kh nhiu v nh nh phn (da vo lc xm).
Bi lm:
1. B lc H
tc
thuc loi b lc thng thp.
2.

Htc I =
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
108 104 124 * *
141 186 136 * *
123 134 79 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^66
Cu 7: Phn ngng t ng bng qu trnh hc (Thut ton ISODATA)
Phn ngng t ng bng qu trnh hc
Thut ton ISODATA
* Bt u:
- D on s vng N
c
- Chn gi tr ngng ban u ca cc vng theo cch sau:
min 0
) 0 ( l T
) 0 ( ) 0 (
0
min max
1
T
N
l l
T
c
+

) 0 ( ) 0 (
1
min max
2
T
N
l l
T
c
+

) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
min max
3
T
N
l l
T
c
+

* Bc lp: (T=1,2,)
- Thc hin phn lp cc ngng T
j
(t-1); j

[0,N
c
]
P
i

C
k
nu
] , 1 [ ), 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
1 c j i j
N k t T p X t T <
+
- Tnh gi tr trung bnh mc xm ca cc im nh ca mi vng C
k
:

k i
C P
i
k
k
p X
C card
t m ) (
) (
1
) (
- Tnh cc gi tr ngng mi T
j
(t):
2
) ( ) (
) (
1
t m t m
t T
k k
j
+
+

- Kim tra iu kin lp:

+ Nu T
j
(t) = T
j
(t-1) hoc m
k
(t) = m
k
(t-1) th dng
+ Nu ngc li thc hin bc lp t+1
* Bc cui:
T
j
= const
- Thc hin phn lp cc im nh theo T
j
-> R
k
- nh nh cc vng R
k
v hin th
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
- Da theo kt qu hin th hiu chnh li s vng N
c
hoc thc hin li thut ton
(nu cn)
* Nhc im: Nu on N
c
thi qu th thut ton lu hi t cng nh phi hiu chnh
nhiu.
* Nhn xt: Trn hai phng php 2 (on N
c
) v ISODATA (xc nh ngng)
- Qu trnh phn chia:
+ Phn chia lin tip thnh cc min k cho ti khi tho tiu chun ng u,
k , Pred(R
k
) = 1
+ Xy dng cy t phn ca nh
+ Tnh li sai s ca nh sau qu trnh chia:
2
1
)
) ) ( ( ) (
k
N
k R P
i i r
m p X R E
k i



vi N l s min sau khi chia
Cu 8: Trnh by phng php biu din nh s dng m loi di.
Cho nh nh phn I. Hy tm cc mch ca nh I theo cch biu in ca m lot di.
0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
S dng m lot di
Phng php ny p dng cho nh en trng thay v dng mt ma trn lu tr
th ta lm nh sau :
Bc 1: Vi mi im nh c to (i, j): chy sang phi m s lng cc im nh
c cng gi tr mu vi (i, j). Gi s s lng ny l n.
Bc 2: Lu tr on [ i, j] [ i, j+n] bng b [ i, j, n, I(i, j)]. Trong I[i, j] l gi tr
mu ti ( i, j ), bng 0 (trng) hoc bng 1 (en).
Bc3: Nu (n+j ) < W th lp li bc1 vi im xut pht mi ( i, j + n +1). Nu j + n
>= W v i<H th lp li bc1 vi im nh xut pht mi l ( i+1, 0).
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Cu 9: Trnh by phng php biu din nh s dng m xch.
Tm m xch biu din ng bin ca nh sau
S dng m xch
Dng biu din cc ng bin ca cc i tng trong nh
S dng 8 hng ca mt im nh m ho cc im bin:
3 2 1
4 p 0
5 6 7
Thut ton
Bc1: Xt im bin hin ti l p v p
0
= p
Bc2:
o Tm im bin tip theo p
1
( p
1
l 8 lin thng ca p)
o Xc nh hng to bi pp1, gi l DIR
o B sung hng DIR vo danh sch lu tr
Bc3:
o Nu p
1
= p
0
th dng
o Nu p
1
!= p
0
th lp li bc 2
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^6
Cu 10: Trnh by phng php biu din nh bng cy t phn.
V cy t phn cho nh sau vi ngng phn vng = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Biu din nh bng cy t phn
Phng php ny dng biu din cc vng nh
tng:
Bc1: Chia nh I(x, y) thnh 4 phn bng nhau k hiu l I1, I2,, I3, I4
Bc2: Vi mi vng IJ (vi j = 14). Kim tra tiu chun v thun nht ca vng.
Nu:
o Tho mn l vng ng nht (c duy nht mt mu hoc sai khc mu trong vng
nh hn ngng)
o Ngc li: th lp li bc 1
Cu 11: Trnh by HISTOGRAM (lc xm) ca nh.
V lc Histogram ca cc nh sau
4 3 2 1 7
9 6 7 9 8
11 11 10 9 4
10 9 8 7 3
10 8 4 3 2
1 4 8 5 7
Biu phn b mc xm (Histogram)
Ta c nh s X(m,n) => gi tr X(m,n)

[l
min
, l
max
]
4 3 2 1 7 1
9 1 8 9 8 1
11 11 10 9 4 10
10 9 8 7 3 7
10 5 4 3 2 8
1 4 8 5 7 2
8 8 6 9 2 9
Histogram ca X(m,n) c nh ngha l mt vector s liu m mi thnh phn h
i
ca n l: h
i
=
MN
n
i
, trong MN l tng s im nh n
i
l s mc xm c mc xm i

[l
min
, l
max
] [0,255]. th ca cc vector H[h
i
] gi l biu mc xm
VD: Cho nh s X(m,n) nh sau:
X(m,n) =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

3 1 1 5 6 8 9 8
1 2 1 7 8 8 9 9
1 2 2 8 9 9 9 9
3 1 2 7 7 9 9 8
2 1 1 9 9 9 9 8
1 1 2 1 7 9 8 7
1 1 1 1 7 9 9 8
1 2 2 1 1 1 7 9
Ta c:
* Nhn xt: im gn trc i s l bin nh hoc l im xut hin . Lc xm cung
cp nhiu thng tin v phn b mc xm ca nh. X l nh cho php phn tch khong
no phn b phn ln cc mc xm ca nh. Nu nh sng th lc xm nm bn
phi mc xm thp cn nu nh m th lc xm nm bn tri mc xm thp.
Thut ton xy dng lc xm c th c xy dng nh sau:
- Bc 1: Tm kch thc vector H v khi to cho cc phn t ca H bng 0
- Bc 2: To mng H[h
i
] vi mi im nh (x,y). Tnh ra h
i

for i: = l
min
to l
max
do
begin
begin
for m: = 1 to N do if X(m,n) = i then n
i
= n
i
+1
h[i]: = n
i
.
MN
1
end;
end;
- Bc 3: V th ca H[h
i
]
i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
n
i
19 8 2 0 1 0 6 9 16
h
i
19/64 8/64 2/64 0/64 1/64 0/64 6/64 9/64 16/64
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Cu 12: Trnh by php tng gim sng trong ci thin cht lng nh.
Cho nh I, thay i sng ca nh I vi C = 10.
Bi Lm :
Trnh by php tng gim sng trong ci thin cht lng nh.
Gi s ta c I ~ kch thc m x n v s nguyn C
Khi k thut tng gim sang c th hin
for ( i = 0; i < m; i++ )
for ( j = 0; j < n; j++ )
I [ i, j] = I [ i ,j ] + C;
Nu C > 0 : nh sang ln
Nu C < 0 : nh ti i
Cho nh I, thay i sng ca nh I vi C = 10.
Vy I c kch thc l 5 x 5 = 25 v c s nguyn C = 10
6 19 14 9 2
5 16 19 16 1
4 15 21 21 1
2 11 20 26 5
7 6 7 8 9
6 19 14 9 2
5 16 19 16 1
4 15 21 21 1
2 11 20 26 5
7 6 7 8 9
Vi C > 0 ,nh I sng ln. Ikp nh sau:
Ikp =
Cu 13: Trnh by php tng gim tng phn trong ci thin cht lng nh
Cho nh sau. Hy tng tng phn cho nh sao cho sau khi thc hin nh mi c lmin =
1, lmax = 15.
2 2 2 2 2
2 4 4 5 2
2 5 5 5 2
2 4 4 5 2
2 2 2 2 2
5.2. Bin i tng phn
Trc tin, ta cn lm r khi nim tng phn. nh s l tp hp cc im nh
m mi im c gi tr sng khc nhau. y sng mt ngi d cm nhn nh
song khng phi l quyt nh. Thc t ch ra rng hai i tng c cng sng nhng
t trn hai nn khc nhau s cho cm nhn khc nhau.
Nh vy, tng phn biu din s thay i ca i tng vi nn. Ni cch khc,
tng phn l ni ca im nh hay vng nh so vi nn.
nh c tng phn thp c th do iu kin sng khng hay khng u hoc
do tnh khng tuyn tnh hay bin ng nh va b cm nhn nh. iu chnh li to
tng phn ca nh l iu chnh li bin trn ton di hay trn di c gii hn bng
cch bin i tuyn tnh (hm tuyn tnh), bin u vo hay phi tuyn (hm m hay hm
logarit).
5.2.1. Bin i tng phn bng cc php ton im nh
16 29 24 19 12
15 26 29 26 11
14 25 31 31 11
12 21 30 36 15
17 16 17 18 19
0 3 3 6 6
0 0 3 3 3
6 0 6 9 0
3 0 0 0 0
Mi mc xm X(m,n) = x s c nh x sang mt mc xm y = f(x) = f(X(m,n))
Chng hn hm f c th chn nh
sau:

'

+
+

L x b yb b x
b x a ya a x
a x x
x f
\ ) (
\ ) (
\
) (

Cc dc , , xc nh tng
phn tng i, phi chn ln hn 1 trong
min cn gin.
L l s mc xm cc i.
Cc tham s a,b c th chn khi xem
xt lc xm.
Nu tng phn bng hm phi
tuyn ta c:

'

>
<

1 , ,
1 , ,



gin tng phn
Hm m hay dng gin tng phn c dng: f = [X(m,n)]
p
Vi cc nh dng ng nh p thng chn bng 2.
. Bin i lc phn b mc xm
a. Gin Histogram
nh ban u X(m,n) [s
1,
s
2
] nh sau php gin Y(m,n) [L
min
-> L
max
]
Y(m,n)=
y
y
b
y
a
a b L x
nh kt qu trng vi nh gc
co tng phn
0 3 3 6 6
0 0 3 3 3
6 0 6 9 0
3 0 0 0 0
Cu 14: B cm (yu cu vit thut ton)
B cm nh sau vi bunch_size= 3
B cm
K thut nhm gim bt s mc xm ca nh bng cch nhm li s
mc xm gn nhau thnh 1 nhm
Nu ch c 2 nhm th chnh l k thut tch ngng. Thng thng
c nhiu nhm vi kch thc khc nhau.
tng qut khi bini ngi ta s ly cng 1 kch thc
bunch_size
I [i,j] = I [i,j]/ bunch - size * bunch_size (i,j)
Ikq =
Cu 15: Cn bng histogram ca nh.
Cn bng histogram ca nh sau vi new_level = 4
2 0 4 6 9
1 8 5 3 2
1 7 7 2 7
4 4 8 1 0
0 3 3 6 6
0 0 3 3 3
6 0 6 9 0
3 0 0 0 0
Cn bng Histogram
* Cn bng Histogram: l bin i phi tuyn hnh dng ca Histogram nhm thu
c s phn b tng i u ca hai gi tr xm. Kt qu lm r cc chi tit nh ca nh,
tng tng phn.
* Cn bng l tng: nh I c gi l cn bng l tng nu vi mi mc xm g v
g` ta c: h(g) = h(g`).
Gi s nh I c kch thc m x n
new_level l s mc xm ca nh
TB =
level _ new
n * m
t(g) =

g
i
i h
0
) ( ; f(g)=Max(0, round( 1
) (

TB
g t
)
VD: new_level = 4
I = 5 * 4
TB =
4
20
= 5
I
kq
=
1
1
1
1
]
1

0 0 3 1 1
2 1 2 2 0
1 1 2 3 0
3 2 1 0 1
g 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
h(g) 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 2 1
t(g) 2 5 8 9 12 13 14 17 19 20
f(g) 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
g 0 1 2 3
h(g) 5 7 5 3
Thc hin cn bng Histogram ca nh sau vi s mc xm trong nh mi l 4
4 3 2 1 7
9 6 7 9 8
11 11 10 9 4
10 9 8 7 3
10 8 4 3 2
1 4 8 5 7
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Cu 16: Trnh by k thut tch ngng t ng.
Tm ngng t ng ca nh sau:
K thut tch ngng:
Ngng trong k thut tch ngng thng c cho bi ngi s
dng. K thut tch ngng t ng nhm tm ra ngng mt cch t
ng da vo histogram theo nguyn l trong vt l l vt th tch lm 2
phn nu tng lnh trong tng phn l ti thiu.
Gi s, ta c nh I ~ kch thc m x n
G ~ l s mc xm ca nh k kar khuyt thiu
t(g) ~ s dim nh c mc xm <= g

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$4Gio Trihf PDF trang 17######################
Cu 17: Trnh by k thut lc trung bnh (Lc tuyn tnh). Cho v d
. Lc trung bnh khng gian
Vi lc trung bnh mi im nh c thay th bng trung bnh trung ca cc im
ln cn
Y(m,n) =

k w l
l n k m X l k H ) , ( ) , (
VD: H(k,l) =
9
1
1
1
1
]
1

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
; X(m,n) =
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 1 6 7 5
1 7 5 7 5
3 8 1 6 6
1 7 1 7 5
1 7 2 7 4
;
Y(m,n) =
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

11 22 33 35 24
22 34 48 48 36
27 34 49 43 36
27 31 46 39 35
16 19 31 26 23
Cu 18: Trnh by k thut lc trung v (Lc phi tuyn). Cho v d.
B lc trung v l mt lc hng vi:

'

+

+

2
1
\ 0
2
1
\ 1
L
k W
L
k W
k
k
Thay vo ta c: Y(m,n) = a(
2
1 + L
) = median{a(k)} = median{X(m-k,n-l)}
Ca s nht nh l hnh vung. ty thuc vo nh hoc vng nh chn hnh dng
ca W.
15 15 16 17 17 17 18 20 78
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
15 17 18
16 78 17
17 15 20
Gi tr 17 c thay cho 78 tm ca ca s lc
B lc co gin (Erosion, Eroile)

'

1 \ 0
1 \ 1
k W
k W
k
k
Y(m,n) = a(1) = min{a(k)}
Cu 19: S dng k thut Prewit, K thut Sobel, K thut la bn pht hin bin cho
nh I vi ngng bin quyt nh im bin l =15.
3 3 8 9 9 2 3
3 2 9 9 9 3 3
3 2 8 8 8 2 2
2 2 9 9 8 3 2
3 2 8 9 8 2 3
a. K thut Prewitt
K thut nys dng hai mt n nhn chp theo hai hng x v y l:
1
1
1
]
1

1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
) (x H
;
1
1
1
]
1

1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
) ( y H
Cc bc tin hnh:
- Bc 1: Tnh I H(x), I H(y)
- Bc 2: Tnh I H(x) + I H(y)
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x H I 0 0 9
0 0 9
0 0 6
) (
;
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
y H I 0 0 0
0 0 0
9 9 6
) (
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
y H I x H I 0 0 9
0 0 9
9 9 12
) ( ) (
Hay (5 x 5):
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 1 0 1 2
2 1 0 1 2
2 1 0 1 2
2 1 0 1 2
2 1 0 1 2
) (x H
;
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
) ( y H
b. K thut Sobel
K thut nys dng hai mt n nhn chp theo hai hng x v y l:
1
1
1
]
1

1 0 1
2 0 2
1 0 1
) (x H
;
1
1
1
]
1

1 2 1
0 0 0
1 2 1
) ( y H
Cc bc tin hnh:
- Bc 1: Tnh I H(x), I H(y)
- Bc 2: Tnh I H(x) + I H(y)
c. K thut Labn
K thut ny s dng 8 mt n nhn chp theo 8 hng: 0
o
, 45
o
, 90
o
, 135
o
, 180
o
, 225
o
,
270
o
, 360
o
.
1
1
1
]
1

3 3 3
3 0 3
5 5 5
1 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

5 3 3
5 0 3
5 5 3
2 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

5 3 3
5 0 3
5 3 3
3 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

5 5 3
5 0 3
3 3 3
4 H
1
1
1
]
1

5 5 5
3 0 3
3 3 3
5 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

3 5 5
3 0 5
3 3 3
6 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

3 3 5
3 0 5
3 3 5
7 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

3 3 3
3 0 5
3 5 5
8 H
Cc bc tin hnh:
- Bc 1: Tnh I H
i
, i = 8 , 1
- Bc 2: Tnh

8
1
I H
i
6.2.2. Phng php Laplace
Theo nh ngha:
y x
f f
f
2
2
2
2
2

Ta c:
[ ] y x f y x f
x x
f
x
f
x
, ( ) , 1 (
2
2
+

,
_

[ ] [ ] ) , 1 ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , 1 ( y x f y x f y x f y x f +

) , 1 (( ) , ( 2 ) , 1 ( y x f y x f y x f + +
Tng t:
) 1 , (( ) , ( 2 ) 1 , (
2
2
+ +

,
_

y x f y x f y x f
y
f
y
f
y
Do : ) 1 , (( ) 1 , ( ) , ( 4 ) , 1 (( ) , 1 (
2
+ + + + +

y x f y x f y x f y x f y x f f
T mt n nhn chp ca phng php Laplace c dng:
1
1
1
]
1

0 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 0
H
Trong thc t ngi ta dng mt n bin dng cho k thut Laplace:
1
1
1
]
1

0 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 0
1 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

1 1 1
1 8 1
1 1 1
2 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

1 2 1
2 12 2
1 2 1
3 H
;
1
1
1
]
1

1 2 1
2 4 2
1 2 1
4 H
VD:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
I
1) Dng k thut Laplace:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
I
H
0 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 0 3
3 6 3 6
1
1) Dng k thut Laplace:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x H I
3 3 0 3
6 6 0 6
9 9 0 9
6 6 0 6
) (
;
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
y H I
3 6 9 6
3 6 9 6
0 0 0 0
3 6 9 6
) (
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
y H I x H I
6 6 9 3
9 12 9 0
9 9 0 9
3 0 9 12
) ( ) (
=> Phng php Laplace tt hn, vi mt n c dy l 3 th c bin c dy l 2.
Cu 20: S dng phng php Laplace pht hin bin cho nh I.
1) Dng k thut Laplace:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x H I
3 3 0 3
6 6 0 6
9 9 0 9
6 6 0 6
) (
;
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
y H I
3 6 9 6
3 6 9 6
0 0 0 0
3 6 9 6
) (
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
y H I x H I
6 6 9 3
9 12 9 0
9 9 0 9
3 0 9 12
) ( ) (
Cu 21: Thuc tnh ca im nh v vng nh trong phn vng nh
Thuc tnh ca im nh v vng nh
7.2.1. Thuc tnh ca im nh
nh X = {p
i
}
- i vi nh n mu thuc tnh p
i
l gi tr mc xm v k hiu l X(p
i
) (thuc tnh
mt chiu)
- i vi nh mu (nh a ph) thuc tnh p
i
l mt vector thuc tnh, mt h mu
(RG B) (thuc tnh a chiu)
1
1
1
]
1

ib
ig
ir
i
x
x
x
p
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 3 3 3 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
I
T
0
=T
min
T
1
T
2
T
max

- tng phn gia hai im nh s
1
v s
2
c nh ngha l:
1
) ( ) (
) , (
2 1
2 1

L
s X s X
s s C
Trong L l gi tr ln nht ca mc xm
H: Nu s
1
v s
2
thuc mt nh th C(s
1
,s
2
) l nh hay ln?
7.2.2. Thuc tnh ca vng nh
- ng u mc xm ca mt vng nh R:

k i
R p
k i
k
k
m p X
R card
R E
2
) ) ( (
) (
1
) (
vi:

k i
R p
i
k
k
R X
R card
m ) (
) (
1
- Hm v tr:

'

>

) ( \ 0
) ( \ 1
) (
k
k
k red
R E
R E
R P
l mt ngng no
* ngha: ta cn phi phn chia vng R
i
cho ti khi cc vng con c P
red
(R
i
) = 1 vi
ngng
Cu 22: Xc nh ngng da trn Histogram (trong phn vng nh). Ly cc v d.
Xc nh ngng da trn Histogram
* Phng php 1: Ngng tng th
Cc im nh trong nh xm c gi tr 0 255. Histogram l biu cho php nh
gi tn sut xut hin s im nh c xm tng ng vi cc mc xm khc nhau.
Ta s phi xc nh mt vector ngng T = {T
l
}, l 1 , 1 L vi L l s lp. Vic
xc nh cc T
l
bng da trn Histogram nh sau:
- Chia cc mc xm 0 255 thnh m mc, chng hn m = 5
- Chuyn nh v nh theo cc mc xm mi
- V Histogram ca nh m ho mc xm mi
0 (nn) mc 0
125 mc 1
2673 mc 2
74160 mc 3
160255 mc 4
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
T
0
=T
min
T
1
T
2
T
max

- L c chn l cc nh ca Histogram
- Ngng c chn l cc v tr thp ca Histogram
- Tin hnh phn vng
VD: Chng hn c nh c m ho mc xm nh sau:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0
4 3 3 3 3 3 4 0 0 0
3 3 3 3 4 3 3 1 0 0
3 3 4 4 4 2 0 2 0 0
3 2 4 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
) , ( ' n m X
L = 2, T
min
= 0, T
l
= 1
(25)
, T
max
= 4
(255)
Vng 1: l nhng im nh P
i
ng vi nn (1 25), X(p
i
) 25
Vng 2: l nhng im nh P
i
ng vi 25< X(p
i
) 255
* Phng php 2:
- V Histogram ca nh X(m,n)
- Chn ngng l T
min
= X(p
i
)
min
, T
max
= X(p
i
)
max
, ngng gia T
min
v T
max
l v tr
khe ca Histogram
g 0 1 2 3 4
h(g) 22 3 6 19 8
0 1 2 3 4 mc xm
22
19
8
6
3
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
T
0
=T
min
T
1
T
2
T
max

Cu 23: Phn vng nh sau bng phng php xc nh ngng da trn Histogram
Cu 24: Phn vng nh sau bng phng php phn ngng t ng bng qu trnh hc
(Thut ton ISODATA)
Phn ngng t ng bng qu trnh hc
Thut ton ISODATA
* Bt u:
- D on s vng N
c
- Chn gi tr ngng ban u ca cc vng theo cch sau:
min 0
) 0 ( l T
) 0 ( ) 0 (
0
min max
1
T
N
l l
T
c
+

) 0 ( ) 0 (
1
min max
2
T
N
l l
T
c
+

) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
min max
3
T
N
l l
T
c
+

* Bc lp: (T=1,2,)
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) , ( n m X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) , ( n m X
- Thc hin phn lp cc ngng T
j
(t-1); j

[0,N
c
]
P
i

C
k
nu
] , 1 [ ), 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
1 c j i j
N k t T p X t T <
+
- Tnh gi tr trung bnh mc xm ca cc im nh ca mi vng C
k
:

k i
C P
i
k
k
p X
C card
t m ) (
) (
1
) (
- Tnh cc gi tr ngng mi T
j
(t):
2
) ( ) (
) (
1
t m t m
t T
k k
j
+
+

- Kim tra iu kin lp:

+ Nu T
j
(t) = T
j
(t-1) hoc m
k
(t) = m
k
(t-1) th dng
+ Nu ngc li thc hin bc lp t+1
* Bc cui:
T
j
= const
- Thc hin phn lp cc im nh theo T
j
-> R
k
- nh nh cc vng R
k
v hin th
- Da theo kt qu hin th hiu chnh li s vng N
c
hoc thc hin li thut ton
(nu cn)
* Nhc im: Nu on N
c
thi qu th thut ton lu hi t cng nh phi hiu chnh
nhiu.
* Nhn xt: Trn hai phng php 2 (on N
c
) v ISODATA (xc nh ngng)
- Qu trnh phn chia:
+ Phn chia lin tip thnh cc min k cho ti khi tho tiu chun ng u,
k , Pred(R
k
) = 1
+ Xy dng cy t phn ca nh
+ Tnh li sai s ca nh sau qu trnh chia:
2
1
)
) ) ( ( ) (
k
N
k R P
i i r
m p X R E
k i



vi N l s min sau khi chia
Thut ton phn chia:
+ Bc u:
Rng buc kch thc nh M x N, R
1
= X cha tho mn tiu chun
ng u.
Tnh
) ( ) (
1
2
R R E
i r

Chn
C

, tnh Pred(R
1
)
+ Bc chia: thc hin qu trnh chia theo nguyn tc v tiu chun phn chia.
Kim tra iu kin lp, dng qu trnh phn chia khi Pred(R
k
) = 1, k
Thc hin qu trnh phn chia R
k
theo cu trc cy t phn.
Tnh Pred(R
k
)
+ Bc cui:
Xy dng cy t phn
Tnh sai s ca qu trnh chia
VD: Cho
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) , ( n m X
- C

64
1
2
1 1
2
)) ( ) ( (
64
1
) (
i
i
R m p X R
5 , 1
64
94
64
34 60
) (
64
1
) (
64
1
1

+


i
i
p X R m
25 , 0 64 . 5 , 0 .
64
1
) (
2
1
2
R
chn
2 , 0
c

(
c

: chia)

'

<

c
c
R E
R E
R ed

) ( \ 0
) ( \ 1
) ( Pr
Nu chn ngng chia
c

ln th khng chnh xc, ngc li

c

nh th lp nhiu
ln
- Chia nh thnh 4 vng bng nhau v tnh gi tr hm v tr
VD:
Vng k ) (
2
k
R Pred(R
k
)
R
11
0 1
R
11
0,25 0
R
11
0,25 0
R
11
0,11 0
Ta c qu trnh phn chia: Phn chia lin tip thnh cc min k cho n khi tho
tiu chun ng u: k , Pred(R
k
) = 1
X(m,n) = R
1
=
(OK)
R
11
(phi chia)
R
12
(phi chia)
R
13
(OK)
R
14
R
11
R
121
R
122
R
123
R
124
R
131
R
132
R
14
R
133
R
134
Vng k E(Rk) Pred(R
k
)
R
11
0 1
R
121
0 1
R
122

16
3
0,19 1
R
123

16
3
0,19 1
R
124
0 1
R
131
0 1
R
132
0 1
R
133
0 1
R
134
0 1
R
14
0,11 1
V cu trc cy t phn:
Tnh sai s:
2
1
)
) ) ( ( ) (
k
N
k R P
i i r
m p X R E
k i



= 3,25
0
0 0,75
0,75 0
0 0
0,75
0 0
Bi tp: Thc hin phn vng nh sau theo thut ton ISODATA v nhn xt kt
qu.6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8
9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1
9 9 9 1 1 1 1 2
9 9 9 1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) , ( n m X
Cu 25.
K thut pht hin bin Gradient
Phng php Gradient
X = R
1
O
R
11
O R
12
O R
13
O R
14
O
R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O
-1 0 1
-2 0 2
-1 0 1
-1 -2 -1
0 0 0
1 2 1
2 5 -5 * *

-2 8 -7 * *

12 4 -3 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

20 17 24 * *

2 4 5 * *

-2 6 5 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

22 22 19 * *

0 12 -2 * *

10 10 2 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

Theo nh ngha Gradient l vector c cc thnh phn bin th tc thay i gi tr
ca nh theo hai hng x v y. Ta c:

'

dy
y) f(x, - dy) y f(x,
f(y)
y
y) f(x,

dx
y) f(x, - dy) dx, f(x
f(x)
x
y) f(x,
Do lm dng ngn t, tuy ta ni l ly o hm ca nh nhng thc cht l m
phng v xp x o hm bng cc k thut nhn chp (cun theo mu, v nh s l tn hiu
ri rc nn o hm khng tn ti)
VD: dx = dy = 1
f(x) = f(x+1, y) - f(x,y)
f(y) = f(x, y+1) - f(x, y)
Mu ngang A =

,
_

1
1 -
, mu dc: B = ( ) 1 1 -
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

3 3 3 3 0
3 3 3 3 0
3 3 3 3 0
3 3 3 3 0
0 0 0 0 0
I
;
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x x x x x
A I
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
3 3 3 3 0
;
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

x
x
x
x
x
B I
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
x x x x x
x
x
x
x
B I A I
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 3
0 0 0 3
3 3 3 0
Cu 26. Cho nh s I:
1. Hx, Hy l nhn chp Sobel, vit Hx, Hy
2. Hy tnh Gx=Hx I v Gy=Hy I.
3. Hy tnh G = |Gx| + |Gy|.
Bi lm
-1 0 1
-2 0 2
-1 0 1
-1 -2 -1
0 0 0
1 2 1
2 5 -5 * *

-2 8 -7 * *

12 4 -3 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

20 17 24 * *

2 4 5 * *

-2 6 5 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

22 22 19 * *

0 12 -2 * *

10 10 2 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

9 -65 -2 * *
-13 227 -9 * *

8 12 -49 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

1. Hx, Hy l nhn chp Sobel, vit Hx, Hy
Hx =
Hy =
2. Hy tnh Gx=Hx I v Gy=Hy I.
Gx=Hx I =
Gy=Hy I =

3. Hy tnh G = |Gx| + |Gy|.
G = |Gx| + |Gy| =
-1 0 1
-2 0 2
-1 0 1
-1 -2 -1
0 0 0
1 2 1
2 5 -5 * *

-2 8 -7 * *

12 4 -3 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

20 17 24 * *

2 4 5 * *

-2 6 5 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

22 22 19 * *

0 12 -2 * *

10 10 2 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

9 -65 -2 * *
-13 227 -9 * *

8 12 -49 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

Cu 27. Cho nh s v cc nhn chp sau: (b H
tc
)
1. B lc H
tt
thuc loi b lc g?
2. Kh nhiu nh I bng b lc Htt c nh Y. Tm nh Y
3. Hy bin i nh sau khi kh nhiu v nh nh phn (dng k thut phn ngng)
Bi lm
1. B lc H
tt
thuc loi b lc thng cao.
2. Kh nhiu nh I bng b lc Htt c nh Y. Tm nh Y
Y =

3. Hy bin i nh sau khi kh nhiu v nh nh phn (dng k thut phn ngng)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^###############3
Cu 28. Phng php phn chia vng da trn phn lp
Phng php phn chia vng da trn phn lp
7.3.1. S phn lp
* Lp: l tp hp cc phn t c chung thuc tnh
* S phn lp: l phn loi cc phn t v cc lp theo cc tiu chun v thuc tnh.
7.3.2. Phn lp cc im nh trong khng gian thuc tnh 1 chiu (thuc tnh bin )
a. Tiu chun phn lp
p
i

C
k
nu
1
) (
+

j i j
T p X T
, vi T
j
v T
j+1
l ngng trn v ngng di ca C
k
Cn xc nh vector ngng T = {T
0
, T
1
,}
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
9 -65 -2 * *
-13 227 -9 * *

8 12 -49 * *
* * * * *
* * * * *

T
0
=T
min
T
1
T
2
T
max

b. Vn ngng xm
C hai phng php xc nh ngng:
- Da trn Histogram ch ngng
- T ng chn ngng bng qu trnh hc ISODATA (Interactive Self Orgamizing
Data Analysig), mng nron nhn to
c. Xc nh ngng da trn Histogram
* Phng php 1: Ngng tng th
Cc im nh trong nh xm c gi tr 0 255. Histogram l biu cho php nh
gi tn sut xut hin s im nh c xm tng ng vi cc mc xm khc nhau.
Ta s phi xc nh mt vector ngng T = {T
l
}, l 1 , 1 L vi L l s lp. Vic
xc nh cc T
l
bng da trn Histogram nh sau:
- Chia cc mc xm 0 255 thnh m mc, chng hn m = 5
- Chuyn nh v nh theo cc mc xm mi
- V Histogram ca nh m ho mc xm mi
- L c chn l cc nh ca Histogram
- Ngng c chn l cc v tr thp ca Histogram
- Tin hnh phn vng
VD: Chng hn c nh c m ho mc xm nh sau:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0
4 3 3 3 3 3 4 0 0 0
3 3 3 3 4 3 3 1 0 0
3 3 4 4 4 2 0 2 0 0
3 2 4 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
) , ( ' n m X
0 (nn) mc 0
125 mc 1
2673 mc 2
74160 mc 3
160255 mc 4
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
T
0
=T
min
T
1
T
2
T
max

L = 2, T
min
= 0, T
l
= 1
(25)
, T
max
= 4
(255)
Vng 1: l nhng im nh P
i
ng vi nn (1 25), X(p
i
) 25
Vng 2: l nhng im nh P
i
ng vi 25< X(p
i
) 255
* Phng php 2:
- V Histogram ca nh X(m,n)
- Chn ngng l T
min
= X(p
i
)
min
, T
max
= X(p
i
)
max
, ngng gia T
min
v T
max
l v tr
khe ca Histogram
d. Phn ngng t ng bng qu trnh hc
Thut ton ISODATA
* Bt u:
- D on s vng N
c
- Chn gi tr ngng ban u ca cc vng theo cch sau:
min 0
) 0 ( l T
) 0 ( ) 0 (
0
min max
1
T
N
l l
T
c
+

) 0 ( ) 0 (
1
min max
2
T
N
l l
T
c
+

g 0 1 2 3 4
h(g) 22 3 6 19 8
0 1 2 3 4 mc xm
22
19
8
6
3
l
min
0 T
0
T
1
T
2
l
max
255
T
0
=T
min
T
1
T
2
T
max

) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
min max
3
T
N
l l
T
c
+

* Bc lp: (T=1,2,)
- Thc hin phn lp cc ngng T
j
(t-1); j

[0,N
c
]
P
i

C
k
nu
] , 1 [ ), 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
1 c j i j
N k t T p X t T <
+
- Tnh gi tr trung bnh mc xm ca cc im nh ca mi vng C
k
:

k i
C P
i
k
k
p X
C card
t m ) (
) (
1
) (
- Tnh cc gi tr ngng mi T
j
(t):
2
) ( ) (
) (
1
t m t m
t T
k k
j
+
+

- Kim tra iu kin lp:

+ Nu T
j
(t) = T
j
(t-1) hoc m
k
(t) = m
k
(t-1) th dng
+ Nu ngc li thc hin bc lp t+1
* Bc cui:
T
j
= const
- Thc hin phn lp cc im nh theo T
j
-> R
k
- nh nh cc vng R
k
v hin th
- Da theo kt qu hin th hiu chnh li s vng N
c
hoc thc hin li thut ton
(nu cn)
* Nhc im: Nu on N
c
thi qu th thut ton lu hi t cng nh phi hiu chnh
nhiu.
* Nhn xt: Trn hai phng php 2 (on N
c
) v ISODATA (xc nh ngng)
- Qu trnh phn chia:
+ Phn chia lin tip thnh cc min k cho ti khi tho tiu chun ng u,
k , Pred(R
k
) = 1
+ Xy dng cy t phn ca nh
+ Tnh li sai s ca nh sau qu trnh chia:
2
1
)
) ) ( ( ) (
k
N
k R P
i i r
m p X R E
k i



vi N l s min sau khi chia
- Thut ton phn chia:
+ Bc u:
Rng buc kch thc nh M x N, R
1
= X cha tho mn tiu chun
ng u.
Tnh
) ( ) (
1
2
R R E
i r

Chn
C

, tnh Pred(R
1
)
+ Bc chia: thc hin qu trnh chia theo nguyn tc v tiu chun phn chia.
Kim tra iu kin lp, dng qu trnh phn chia khi Pred(R
k
) = 1, k
Thc hin qu trnh phn chia R
k
theo cu trc cy t phn.
Tnh Pred(R
k
)
+ Bc cui:
Xy dng cy t phn
Tnh sai s ca qu trnh chia
VD: Cho
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) , ( n m X
- C

64
1
2
1 1
2
)) ( ) ( (
64
1
) (
i
i
R m p X R
5 , 1
64
94
64
34 60
) (
64
1
) (
64
1
1

+


i
i
p X R m
25 , 0 64 . 5 , 0 .
64
1
) (
2
1
2
R
chn
2 , 0
c

(
c

: chia)

'

<

c
c
R E
R E
R ed

) ( \ 0
) ( \ 1
) ( Pr
Nu chn ngng chia
c

ln th khng chnh xc, ngc li

c

nh th lp nhiu
ln
- Chia nh thnh 4 vng bng nhau v tnh gi tr hm v tr
VD:
Vng k ) (
2
k
R Pred(R
k
)
R
11
0 1
R
11
0,25 0
R
11
0,25 0
R
11
0,11 0
Ta c qu trnh phn chia: Phn chia lin tip thnh cc min k cho n khi tho
tiu chun ng u: k , Pred(R
k
) = 1
X(m,n) = R
1
=
(OK)
R
11
(phi chia)
R
12
(phi chia)
R
13
(OK)
R
14
R
11
R
121
R
122
R
123
R
124
R
131
R
132
R
14
R
133
R
134
Vng k E(Rk) Pred(R
k
)
R
11
0 1
R
121
0 1
R
122

16
3
0,19 1
R
123

16
3
0,19 1
R
124
0 1
R
131
0 1
R
132
0 1
R
133
0 1
R
134
0 1
R
14
0,11 1
V cu trc cy t phn:
Tnh sai s:
2
1
)
) ) ( ( ) (
k
N
k R P
i i r
m p X R E
k i



= 3,25
0
0 0,75
0,75 0
0 0
0,75
0 0
Bi tp: Thc hin phn vng nh sau theo thut ton ISODATA v nhn xt kt
qu.6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8
9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1
9 9 9 1 1 1 1 2
9 9 9 1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) , ( n m X
Cu 29: Ci t php nhn chp (bng ngn ng lp trnh C\C++):
Input: nh X biu din di dng mt ma trn, nhn chp H biu din di dng ma
trn (l 2 file vn bn .txt).
Output: nh kt qu Y l kt qu ca php nhn chp (a kt qu ra file .txt).
(Chy th v so snh vi cc kt qu tnh ton ca cc bi trn)
X = R
1
O
R
11
O R
12
O R
13
O R
14
O
R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O R
121
O