"Input/Output Curve"

Chng 1 TM HIU S DNG POWER WORLD

Cc bc thnh lp cc phn t ca mt mng in

1.1 Thnh lp mt thanh ci (bus)

Trn thanh Edit Toolbar click tri vo biu tng thanh ci

Sau click tri vo vng lm vic, chng trnh s hin ra mt hp thoi sau:

Trong :
Bus number v bus name l ni in s th t v tn ca thanh ci.

Vng hin th (display) cho php thanh ci t ngang (horizontal bar), t dc

(vertical bar), t hnh vng (oval), hay hnh ch nht (rectangle). Cc ch s
pixel thickness v display size dy v kch thc hin th ca thanh ci.
Area and zone in s th t v tn ca vng v hku vc nu nh mng in l
ln. Nominal voltage l in p nh mc ca thanh ci, voltage v angle
l in p (v) v gc pha in p () t ti thanh ci.
System slack bus chn nu ta mun bus l slack bus ca h thng. Mi
h thng phi c mt slack bus, v bus c chn phi l bus c ni vi my
pht.
Sau khi hon tt bm OK
1.2 Thnh lp mt my pht (generator)
Trn thanh Edit Toolbar chn vo biu tng my pht, sau click chut tri
vo vng lm vic (phi gn 1 bus c sn) ta s c mt hp thoi:

Ta c th in tn v s th t ca bus m my pht s ni vo, nu khi ta click

vao vng lm vic m gn mt bus sn c th chng trnh s t ng gn my
pht vo bus . Trng thi ca my pht Open l h mch, Closed l ng
mch vo h thng. Ta cng c th chnh kch thc hin th ca my pht ti
Display Information, v cng c th thay i hng hin th ca my pht l
bn tri (left), phi (right), ln (up) hay xung (down).
Mw and voltage control:

MW control: in cc gi tr P pht (MW output), gi tr nh nht (Min. MW

output) v ln nht (Max MW output) ca P pht. Cc la chn Available for
AGC v Enforce MW limit l t ng iu chnh v gii hn cng sut thc
pht.
Voltage control: in cc gi tr Q my pht (Mvar output), gi tr nh nht
(Min Mvar ) v gi tr ln nht (Max Mvar) ca Q my pht. Available for
AVR t ng iu chnh in p u cc my pht, setpoint voltage l in
p
t u cc my pht.

Chn cubic cost model xc nh ng cong chi ph my pht l dng:

C(Pgi) = (d*Pgi^3 + c*Pgi^2 + b*Pgi + a) * (fuel cost), chn piecewise
linear xc nh ng cong chi ph dng tuyn tnh ho.
Fule cots gi nhin liu,Number of break points l s im m ta mun gn
ng ng cong thnh nhng on thng.

"Fault Parameters"

Generator MVA Base l cng sut (S) c bn ca my pht.

Positive Sequence Internal Impedace :tng tr th t thun
Negative Sequence Internal Impedace: tng tr th t nghch
Zero Sequence Internal Impedace : tng tr th t khng.
Neutral-to-Ground Impedance: tng tr ni t.
Generator Step Transfomer: tng tr my bin p m hnh (mc nh l
khng c).
Sau khi thit lp cc thng s xong click OK.
My bin p
Trn thanh Edit Toolbar chn biu tng ca my bin p.

Sau s dng chut click vo hai thanh ci m my pht ni vo (ging v on

thng), ta c hp thoi sau:

Sau khi in tn v s th t ca 2 bus m my bin p ni vo (thng th

chng trnh s t ng lm vic ny), ta in cc gi tr tng tr R, L , C (hay B)
vo cc tng ng : Resistance, Reactance, Charging.
Limit A, Limit B, Limit C l cc gii hn cng sut ca my bin p,
chng trnh cho php s dng 3 gi tr gii hn khc nhau.

Click vo Fault Parameters s hin ra hp thoi nh trn, in cc gi tr tng

tr th t khng vo cc R, X, C (thng thng chng trnh s t in cc gi
tr ny khi ta din tng tr th t thun. Conffiguration chn kiu u ca
cc cun dy bin p. Sau khi thit lp cc thng s xong click OK kt qu c
nh hnh sau:

1.3 ng dy
Trn thanh Edit Toolbar chn vo biu tng ca ng dy.

Sau khi chn xong tng t my bin p, ta cng v ng dy gia hai thanh ci
ging nh v mt ng thng trong Paint vy. Sau khi v xong ta cng c 1
hp thoi nh sau:

Hon ton tng t my bin p, ta cng in cc thng s in p nh mc

(thng mc nh theo bus), tng tr, gi tr cng sut truyn ti a

1.4

Ti.

Trn thanh Edit Toolbar chn biu tng ca ti, nh hnh sau:

Sau click vo gn bus m ta mun t ti, ta c mt hp thoi sau:

Tng t nh cc thnh phn khc, sau khi thit lp cc thuc tnh hin th (kch
thc, hng quay..), ta cn in vo cc gi tr cng sut tiu th ( MW
Value: cng sut thc v Mvar Value: cng sut phn khng tiu th). Sau
nhn OK. Kt qu c nh hnh sau:

1.5 My b
Trn thanh Edit Toolbar, chn biu tng ca my b, nh hnh sau:

Tng t nh ti ta cng click vo thanh ci cn b, ta c hp thoi sau:

Tng t cc thit b khc ta cng t cc thng s hin th (display). Sau t

gi tr b nh mc (Nominal Mvar). Chn cc ch iu khin Fixed :t
ng, Discrete v Continous l ch thit lp cc gi tr in p cao nht v
thp nht cho php so vi gi tr mong mun v chia ra nhiu bc nh khi b.
Sau khi thit lp xong ta c kt qu nh sau:

Cc vn khi vn hnh.

2.1 Chy mt h thng (case)

Sau khi thit lp ht cc thng s ta bm Run Mode trn thanh Toolbar, sau
bm nt Play.V d nh ta thit lp c mt case nh sau:

2.2 Thay i ti:

V d ta ly mt h thng c s nh trn. By gi mun thay i ti thanh ci
ba ta lm nh sau:
Cch 1: click phi vo ti , sau khi hp thoi hin ra, ta thay i gi tr MW
Value hay Mvar Value tng ng vi cng sut tc dng v phn khng, v d
y thay i l 200MW v 100 Mvar, sau OK.
Cch 2: click phi vo 1 trong hai gi tr P v Q ca ti, ta s nhn c mt hp
thoi sau:

Thay i gi tr Delta per Mouse Click (mc nh l khng), gi tr ny th

hin vic tng hay gim i mt lng nh th ng vi mi ln click chut vo
nt tng gim ti, chng hn y chn gi tr l 50, th ng vi mi ln thay i
bng ng tc click chut ta s tng hay gim cng sut tc dng hay phn khng
mt lng 50 MW (hay 50 Mvar). Sau nhn OK ta s c kt qu nh sau:
0.000 MW
199 .953
MW

200 .0
MW
7.5 MV R

mo t

nam

bo n

ba

7.471 MV R

58.496 MV R
1.050 pu

1.050 p u
200 MW
1.050 pu

1.049 pu
1.05 0 pu

-4.310 Deg

-2.080 Deg

0.000 Deg

1.050 pu
-2.823 Deg

hai

100 MW
103 MV R

100 MV R
100 MW

1.050 pu
-5.349
Deg

50 MV R

By gi ta ch vic click chut vo nt tng hay gim ca P hay Q tng ng.

Chng hn c gi tr P= 100MW v Q= 100 Mvar, ta bm gim P 2 ln v
tng Q 1 ln. Kt qu c nh sau:
100.02 0
MW

100 .0
MW
1.5 MV R

mo t

0 .000 MW
nam

bo n

ba

102.634 MV R
1.05 0 pu

1.4 93 MV R

1.050 pu
100 MW
1.05 0 pu

1.050 pu
1.05 0 p u

-2.154

-1.04 0 Deg
Deg

1.05 0 pu

100 MV R

-2.67 3
Deg

0 .00 0 Deg

1.05 0 pu
-1.411 Deg

hai

100 MW
101 MV R

1 00 MV R
1 00 MW

2.3 Thay i cng sut pht ca my pht:

Tng t nh ti ta cng c hai cch thay i cng sut pht ca my pht.
Cch 1: Click chut phi vo my pht cn thay i, chn Infomation Dialog
, mt hp thoi ging nh khi ta t thng s cho my pht hin ra, sau thay
i cc gi tr mong mun.
Cch 2: Click chut phi vo gi tr ca P pht hay Q pht ca my pht ang hin
th. Tng t nh ti, ta cng c 1 hp thoi, v thay i gi tr Delta Per
Mouse Click.

V d thay i cng sut ca my pht thanh ci hai, chn gi tr Delta per

Mouse Click l 50, thay i P=150 MW v Q =50Mvar, ta c nh sau:
0.000 MW
5 0.000 MW

50.0
MW
25.4 MV R

mo t

25.3 81
MV R

nam

bo n

ba

12 9.13 0 MV R
1.0 50 pu

1.0 50 pu
100 MW
1.047 pu

1.0 45 pu
1.050 p u

-1.4 59

-0.52 2 Deg
Deg

1.05 0 pu

100 MV R

-1.98 0
Deg

0.000 Deg

1.03 0 pu
0.052 Deg

hai

150 MW
5 0 MV R

1 00 MV R
1 00 MW

2.4 Thay i in p u cc my
pht
thay i in p u cc my pht ta click phi vo my pht cn thay i, sau
chn Information Dialog ,khi hp thoi hin ra ta thay i gi tr
Desired Reg. Bus Voltage thnh gi tr m ta mong mun, sau bm OK.
Quay li v d trc, cc my pht u ang c in p u cc l 1.05pu, by gi
ta gim v 1pu i vi tt c my pht. Khi hp thoi hin ra, sau khi thay i my
pht u tin, ta bm nt save, ri bm nt ln thit t cho my pht khc:

Kt qu thu c nh hnh sau:

0 .00 0 MW
50 .00 0 MW

50.0 MW
25.6 MV R

mo t

25 .559
MV R

nam

bo n

ba

129.407 MV R
1.0 00 pu

1.00 0 pu
100 MW
1.000 p u

0.9 97 pu

0 .99 5 p u

-1.6 09

-0 .576 Deg
Deg

0 .000 Deg

0.97 8 pu
0.05 9 Deg

1.0 00 pu

100 MV R

-2 .184
Deg

hai

150 MW
50

MV R

1 00 MV R
1 00 MW

2.5 Ct mt phn t ang hot ng trn mt mng in

Tt c cc phn t trong mt mng in u c th ct c d dng ra khi h
thng bng my ct, ch tr my pht ti System Slack Bus. Cch ct cc phn
t cng thc hin bng hai cch.
Cch 1: Click phi vo phn t , chn Information.., ti status chn Open,
v d nh my pht chng hn:

Cch 2: Click chut tri vo my ct ni phn t vi h thng. S dng v d

trc, chng hn ct my ct ti thanh ci hai:
200 .0
MW
59.7 MV R

0 .00 0 MW

199 .9 94
MW
mo t

nam

bo n

ba

5 9.682 MV R

161.75 4 MV R
1.0 00 pu

1.00 0 pu
100 MW
1.000 p u

0.9 94 pu

0 .98 9 p u

-3 .994

-2 .318 Deg
Deg

0 .000 Deg

0.95 5 pu
-4.8 98 Deg
0

MW

MV R

100 MV R

1.0 00 pu
-4 .571
Deg

hai

1 00 MV R
1 00 MW

Ct lun ti ti thanh ci ny lun:

0 .00 0 MW
100 .0
MW
2.6 MV R

99 .98 9
MW
mo t

nam

bo n

ba

102 .561 MV R
1.0 00 pu

2 .562 MV R

1.00 0 pu
100 MW
1.000 p u

1.000 pu

1.00 0 pu

-2 .375

-1.146 Deg
Deg

0 .000 Deg

1.00 0 pu
-1.5 55 Deg
0

MW

MV R

hai

0 MV R
0 MW

Tip tc ct ng dy 5-4:

1.0 00 pu
-2 .94 8
Deg

100 MV R

0 .00 0 MW

100 .0 00
MW

100 .0
MW
9.1 MV R

nam

bo n

ba

9 .07 4 MV R

mo t

109.07 4 MV R
1.0 00 pu

1.00 0 pu
100 MW
1.000 p u

0.9 99 pu

0 .99 8 p u

0 .000 Deg

0.99 6 pu
-4.0 30 Deg
0

MW

MV R

100 MV R

1.0 00 pu

-9 .796

-1.148 Deg
Deg

-1 0.370
Deg

hai

0 MV R
0 MW

ng li, ta lm tng t, bm vo my ct (tng t cho bt k phn t no):

0.000 MW
100.00 0
MW

100.0
MW
2.6 MV R

mo
t

nam

bon

ba

2.573 MVR

102.574 MV R
1.000 pu

1.000 pu
100 MW
1.000 pu

1.000 pu

1.00 0 pu

- 2.375

- 1.146 Deg
De g

0.000 Deg

1.000 pu
- 1.556 Deg

MW

MVR

hai

0 MVR
0 MW

1.000 pu
- 2.948
De g

100 MVR

Cc bc tnh ton ngn mch

C hai cch thc hin ngn mch

Cch 1: bm vo nt Fault trn thanh Toolbar

Cch 2: Click chut phi vo thanh ci cn tnh ngn mch, chn Fault, sau
ta c hp thoi nh sau (ly v d trc):

Ta c th chn cc thanh ci khc, sau chn cc lai ngn mch ri bm nt

Calculate, v d y chn thanh ci 5 v loi ngn mch 3 pha, kt qu nh
sau:

Dng ngn mch c th hin trong khung Fautl curent, vi gi tr bin l

Magnitude (pu), v gc pha l Angle (). Cc gi tr khc th hin bng.
theo th t:
Bus: in p cc thanh ci khi xy ra ngn mch.
Line: Dng pha trn cc ng dy khi xy ra ngn mch.
Generator: dng pha trn cc my pht khi xy ra ngn mch.
Load: dng pha trn cc ti khi xy ra ngn mch.
Switched Shurts: dng pha trn cc my b khi xy ra ngn mch.
thy c dng in khi ngn mch chy trn cc ng dy, ta thu nh hp
thoi ngn mch xung, nhn vo mi tn cnh nt fault, chn ch hin th,
v d pha A.

Kt qu thu c nh sau:
17.597 pu
15.565
pu

15.6 pu

nam

bon

ba

mot
0.311 pu

0.311 pu

0.464 pu

0.000 pu

- 2.328

0.000 deg
de g

1.274 de g

0.633 pu
- 2.650 de g

0.624 pu
hai

0.951 deg

15 pu

Ta cng c th cho hin c 3 pha nh sau:

15.6
pu
15.6
pu
15.6
pu

mo
t

15.565
pu
15.565
pu
15.565
pu

nam

bon

ba

17.597 pu
17.597 pu
17.597 pu

0.311
pu
0.311
pu
0.311
pu
0.311 pu 1.274 deg
0.311 pu - 118.726
de g
0.311 pu 121 .274
deg

0.000 pu0.000
de g
0.000 pu0.000
de g
0.000 pu0.000
de g

0.624 pu 0.951 de g
0.624 pu - 119.049 de g
0.624 pu 120.951 deg
15 pu
15 pu
15 pu

0.464 pu - 2.328 deg

0.464 pu - 122.328
deg
0.464 pu 117.672
de g

ha i

Lm mt cch tng t cho cc dng ngn mch khc.

0.633 pu - 2.650 de g
0.633 pu - 122.650 de g
0.633 pu 117.350 deg

Chng 1 TM HIU S DNG POWER WORLD ............................................. 1

1 Cc bc thnh lp cc phn t ca mt mng in .................................... 1
1.1 Thnh lp mt thanh ci (bus) ............................................................... 1
1.2 Thnh lp mt my pht (generator) ..................................................... 2
1.3 ng dy ............................................................................................. 7
1.4 Ti. ......................................................................................................... 9
1.5 My b ................................................................................................. 10
2 Cc vn khi vn hnh. ............................................................................ 12
2.1 Chy mt h thng (case) .................................................................... 12
2.2 Thay i ti:......................................................................................... 12
2.3 Thay i cng sut pht ca my pht: ............................................... 14
2.4 Thay i in p u cc my pht ..................................................... 15
2.5 Ct mt phn t ang hot ng trn mt mng in ......................... 16
3 Cc bc tnh ton ngn mch.................................................................... 19

Chng 2: Tnh ton ngn mch cc dng trong ch

khng ti
ti bus A.
Kt qu thu c nh sau:
Ngn mch mt pha chm t, dng ngn mch l 10.135pu gc pha l -82.43,
cc kt qu in p v dng khc trn cc bus nh sau:
in p cc bus:

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'

Phase
Volt A
0
0.33878
0.33878
0.33034
0
0.33034
0
0.73148
0.88479
0.88479
0.87176
0.88479
0.73148
0.74081
0.73901
0.75522
0.73901

Phase
Volt B
0.86603
0.88244
0.88244
0.86609
0.86603
0.86609
0.86603
0.90587
0.95857
0.95857
0.95398
0.95857
0.90587
0.9075
0.90794
0.91244
0.90794

Phase
Volt C
0.86602
0.88243
0.88243
0.89691
0.86602
0.89691
0.86602
0.9731
0.98619
0.98619
0.98484
0.98619
0.9731
0.97511
0.97402
0.97603
0.97402

Phase
Ang A
0
0
0
-5.45
0
-5.45
0
-5.72
-2.01
-2.01
-2.27
-2.01
-5.72
-5.69
-5.58
-5.27
-5.58

Phase
Ang B
-90
-101.07
-101.07
-100.94
-90
-100.94
-90
-113.69
-117.47
-117.47
-117.16
-117.47
-113.69
-113.96
-113.89
-114.34
-113.89

Phase
Ang C
90
101.07
101.07
100.56
90
100.56
90
111.96
116.64
116.64
116.25
116.64
111.96
112.21
112.18
112.66
112.18

Dng trn cc my pht:

Fault Data - Generators
Phase Cur
Number Name A
2
phu1
1.69374
3
phu 2 1.69374
9
phu3
0.80969
10
phu4
0.80969
11
phu6
0.7415
12
phu5
0.80969
16
E'
0.25746

Phase
Cur B
0.84687
0.84687
0.40484
0.40484
0.37075
0.40484
0.12873

Phase
Cur C
0.84687
0.84687
0.40484
0.40484
0.37075
0.40484
0.12874

Phase
Ang A
-90
-90
-75
-75
-75
-75
-74.38

Phase
Ang B
90
90
105
105
105
105
105.62

Phase
Ang C
90
90
105
105
105
105
105.63

Dng trn cc ng dy v bin p:

Fault Data - Lines

Phase
Cur
B
From

Phase
Cur
C
From

Phase
Cur

Phase
Cur

Phase
Cur

From
Number

From
Name

To
Number

To
Name

Circuit

Xfrmr

Phase
Cur
A
From

phu1

Yes

1.6937

0.84687

0.84687

A
To
5.0621

B
To
2.5411

C
To
2.5411

phu 2

Yes

1.6937

0.84687

0.84687

1.6939

0.8467

0.8467

No

1.6313

0.81559

0.81559

1.6313

0.8156

0.8156

No

No

No

1.79682

0.89836

0.89836

1.79682

0.89836

C'

Yes

0.00002

0.00002

0.00002

C'

Yes

0.00002

0.00002

0.00002

No

1.63129

0.81563

0.81563

1.63129

0.81563

0.81563

B'

Yes

B'

Yes

phu3

Yes

0.80969

0.40484

0.40484

0.8097

0
0.40483 0.40483

10

phu4

Yes

0.80969

0.40484

0.40484

0.8097

0.40483

11

phu6

Yes

0.7415

0.37075

0.37075

0.7415

0.37075

12

phu5

Yes

0.80969

0.40484

0.40484

0.80969

0.37075
0.40484 0.40484

13

D'

Yes

0.00001

0.00001

0.00001

13

D'

Yes

0.00001

0.00001

0.00001

14

No

0.07386

0.03693

0.03693

0.07386

0
0.03693 0.03693

14

No

0.07386

0.03693

0.03693

0.07386

0.03693

15

No

0.10979

0.05489

0.05489

0.10979

0.05489

14

15

No

0.10978

0.05489

0.05489

0.10978

0.05489
0.05489 0.05489

14

16

E'

Yes

0.12873

0.06436

0.06437

0.12873

0.06436

0.06437

14

16

E'

Yes

0.12873

0.06436

0.06437

0.12873

0.06436

0.06437

15

17

F'

Yes

15

17

F'

Yes

15

17

F'

Yes

0
0
0.89836
0
0

0.40483

0.03693

Nhn xt :
khi ngn mch 1 pha th in p ca pha ti im ngn mch s bng khng ,
n cng lm in p ti cc bus ca 2 pha cn li cng gim i nhng ko qu
nghim trng, cc bus cng xa th nh hng gim i, v hu nh ko ng k.
nh hng ch yu l trn pha xy ra ngn mch. Dng pha A trn cc my pht
th cao gp 2 ln trn 2 pha cn li,tuy nhin cng gn bus A th cao hn, cng xa
cng gim. Nhn vo cc gc pha ta thy c s mt i xng khi xy ra s c
ny.Mc bt i xng cng rt khc nhau ty vo v tr. Dng trn cc ng
dy cng c tnh cht nh trn, tuy nhin ta thy c nhng on bng khng hoc
rt nh, iu ny l do khi ngn mch cc bus hai u c in p bng nhau hoc
xp x.
Gii thch:
Khi chm t mt pha, dng ca cc pha c tnh nh sau:
.

I Nb = I Nc = 0
.

3V
I Na = 3 I Na 0 = .
.
.
Z kk 0 + Z kk1 + Z kk 2
.

Trong :
.

I Na , I Nb , I Nc : l cc dng ca cc pha ti im ngn mch.

.

V N : l in p ti nt trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

.

Z kk1 : tng tr th t thun nhn t im ngn mch

.

Z kk 2 :tng tr th t nghch nhn t im ngn mch.

.

Z kk 0 : tng tr th t khng nhn t im ngn mch.

Do dng v p trn cc pha l bt i xng.

Khi ngn mch 2pha khng chm t(B v C), dng 0pu gc l 135.07, in p
v dng c th nh sau:
in p trn cc bus
Fault
Buses
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Data

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'

Phase
Volt A
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Phase
Volt B
0.49999
0.57971
0.57971
0.59917
0.49999
0.59917
0.49999
0.84525
0.92952
0.92952
0.92189
0.92952
0.84525
0.85161
0.84957
0.85895
0.84957

Phase
Volt C
0.49999
0.57971
0.57971
0.55196
0.49999
0.55196
0.49999
0.76689
0.90016
0.90016
0.88885
0.90016
0.76689
0.77327
0.77292
0.78595
0.77292

Phase
Ang A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Phase
Ang B
180
-149.6
-149.6
-151.62
180
-151.62
180
-131.78
-124.53
-124.53
-125.09
-124.53
-131.78
-131.44
-131.43
-130.69
-131.43

Phase
Ang C
180
149.6
149.6
148.94
180
148.94
180
124.72
121.71
121.71
121.93
121.71
124.72
124.35
124.5
124.04
124.5

Dng trn cc my pht

Fault Data - Generators
Number
2
3
9
10
11
12
16

Name
phu1
phu 2
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
E'

Phase Cur A
0.00003
0.00003
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001

Phase Cur
B
1.46688
1.46688
0.70124
0.70124
0.64219
0.70124
0.22298

Phase Cur
C
1.46686
1.46686
0.70123
0.70123
0.64218
0.70123
0.22297

Phase Ang
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Phase Ang Phase Ang

B
C
180
0
180
0
-165
15
-165
15
-165
15
-165
15
15.62
-164.38

Dng trn cc ng dy v my bin p

Fault
Data
- Lines
From
Number
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
5
5
9
10
11
12
8
8
8
8
8
14
14
14
15
15
15

From
Name
phu1
phu 2
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
B
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
F
F
F

To
Number
1
1
4
5
5
8
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Circuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Phase
Cur A
From
0.00003
0.00003
0.00003
0
0
0.00003
0
0
0.00003
0
0
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00001
0.00001
0
0
0

Phase
Cur B
From
1.46688
1.46688
1.41279
0
0
1.55613
0
0
1.41279
0
0
0.70124
0.70124
0.64219
0.70124
0
0
0.06396
0.06396
0.09508
0.09508
0.11149
0.11149
0
0
0

Phase
Cur
C From
1.46686
1.46686
1.41277
0
0
1.55611
0
0
1.41277
0
0
0.70123
0.70123
0.64218
0.70123
0
0
0.06396
0.06396
0.09508
0.09508
0.11149
0.11149
0
0
0

Phase
Cur A
To
0.00009
0.00003
0.00003
0
0
0.00003
0
0
0.00003
0
0
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00001
0.00001
0
0
0

Phase
Cur B
To
1.467
1.4669
1.4128
0
0
1.5561
0
0
1.4128
0
0
0.7012
0.7012
0.6422
0.7012
0
0
0.064
0.064
0.0951
0.0951
0.1115
0.1115
0
0
0

Phase
Cur C
To
1.4668
1.4669
1.4128
0
0
1.5561
0
0
1.4128
0
0
0.7012
0.7012
0.6422
0.7012
0
0
0.064
0.064
0.0951
0.0951
0.1115
0.1115
0
0
0

Nhn xt:
Khi s c xy ra, in p trn pha A ti cc bus hu nh ko thay i, ch c trn
pha B v C l gim mnh.Tuy nhin mc nh hng s gim khi cng xa bus
A. Khi dng trn pha A li bng khng, trn 2 pha cn li dng xp x nhau,
ngc pha nhau.Cng xut hin hin tng bt i xng, tuy nhin mc
nghim trng hn trng hp u v s c xay ra trn c hai pha.Trong khi
trng hp u, mt s v tr 2 pha cn li vn lm vic bnh thng c.
Gii thch:
Khi ngn mch 2 pha khng chm t, dng trn cc pha c tnh nh sau:
.

I Na = 0
.

I Nb

=j

3V
N
.

Z kk1 + Z kk 2
.

3VN
.

I Nc =
j

Z kk1 + Z kk 2

Trong :
.

I Na , I Nb , I Nc : l cc dng ca cc pha ti im ngn mch.

.

V N : l in p ti nt trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

.

Z kk1 : tng tr th t thun nhn t im ngn mch

.

Z kk 2 :tng tr th t nghch nhn t im ngn mch.

Do dng trn pha A bng khng v trn hai pha B v C bng nhau v ln
nhng ngc pha nhau.

S c ngn mch 3 pha( dng ngn mch l 6.757pu v gc l -82.43)

p trn cc bus
Fault
Buses

Data

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'

Phase
Volt A
0
0.33876
0.33876
0.33032
0
0.33032
0
0.73147
0.88479
0.88479
0.87176
0.88479
0.73147
0.7408
0.739
0.75521
0.739

Phase
Volt B
0
0.33876
0.33876
0.33032
0
0.33032
0
0.73147
0.88479
0.88479
0.87176
0.88479
0.73147
0.7408
0.739
0.75521
0.739

Phase
Volt C
0
0.33876
0.33876
0.33032
0
0.33032
0
0.73147
0.88479
0.88479
0.87176
0.88479
0.73147
0.7408
0.739
0.75521
0.739

Phase
Ang A
0
0
0
-5.45
0
-5.45
0
-5.72
-2.01
-2.01
-2.27
-2.01
-5.72
-5.69
-5.58
-5.27
-5.58

Phase
Ang B
0
-120
-120
-125.45
0
-125.45
0
-125.72
-122.01
-122.01
-122.27
-122.01
-125.72
-125.69
-125.58
-125.27
-125.58

Phase
Ang C
0
120
120
114.55
0
114.55
0
114.28
117.99
117.99
117.73
117.99
114.28
114.31
114.42
114.73
114.42

Dng trn cc my pht:

Fault Data
Generator
s
Number
2
3
9
10
11
12
16

Name
phu1
phu 2
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
E'

Phase
Cur A
1.6938
1.6938
0.80972
0.80972
0.74153
0.80972
0.25747

Phase
Cur B
1.6938
1.6938
0.80972
0.80972
0.74153
0.80972
0.25747

Phase
Cur C
1.6938
1.6938
0.80972
0.80972
0.74153
0.80972
0.25747

Phase
Ang A
-90
-90
-75
-75
-75
-75
-74.38

Phase
Ang B
150
150
165
165
165
165
165.62

Phase
Ang C
30
30
45
45
45
45
45.62

Dng trn cc ng dy:

Fault Data - Lines

From
Number
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
5
5
9
10
11
12
8
8
8
8
8
14
14
14
15
15
15

From
Name
phu1
phu 2
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
B
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
F
F
F

To
Number
1
1
4
5
5
8
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Cir
cuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Phase
Cur-A
From
1.6938
1.6938
1.63134
0
0
1.79685
0
0
1.63134
0
0
0.80972
0.80972
0.74153
0.80972
0
0
0.07386
0.07386
0.10979
0.10979
0.12874
0.12874
0
0
0

Phase
Cur-B
From
1.6938
1.6938
1.63134
0
0
1.79685
0
0
1.63134
0
0
0.80972
0.80972
0.74153
0.80972
0
0
0.07386
0.07386
0.10979
0.10979
0.12874
0.12874
0
0
0

Phase
CurC
From
1.6938
1.6938
1.63134
0
0
1.79685
0
0
1.63134
0
0
0.80972
0.80972
0.74153
0.80972
0
0
0.07386
0.07386
0.10979
0.10979
0.12874
0.12874
0
0
0

Phase
Cur-A
To
1.6938
1.6938
1.63134
0
0
1.79685
0
0
1.63134
0
0
0.80972
0.80972
0.74153
0.80972
0
0
0.07386
0.07386
0.10979
0.10979
0.12874
0.12874
0
0
0

Phase
Phase
CurCurB To
C To
1.6938
1.6938
1.6938
1.6938
1.63134 1.63134
0
0
0
0
1.79685 1.79685
0
0
0
0
1.63134 1.63134
0
0
0
0
0.80972 0.80972
0.80972 0.80972
0.74153 0.74153
0.80972 0.80972
0
0
0
0
0.07386 0.07386
0.07386 0.07386
0.10979 0.10979
0.10979 0.10979
0.12874 0.12874
0.12874 0.12874
0
0
0
0
0
0

Nhn xt: s c ngn mch ba pha cho ta thy in p trn 3 pha ti cc bus u
gim mnh,cc dng th tng cao. C 3 pha u khng th tip tc hot ng c.
Gii thch:
Khi xy ra s c ngn mch 3 pha dng cc pha ti im ngn mch c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
.

VN

I Na =

Zkk 1 + Z N
.

I Nb = a I Na
.

I Nc = a I Na
Trong :
.

I Na , I Nb , I Nc : l cc dng ca cc pha ti im ngn mch.

.

V N : l in p ti nt trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

.

Z kk1 : tng tr th t thun nhn t im ngn mch

.

Z N :l tng tr chm.

Do vy y l s c i xng, dng trn cc pha l bng nhau v ln, cc gc

pha phn b i xng trn 1 vng trn.
Ta cng thy rng, dng ngn mch ca trng hp ny ph thuc vo tng tr
th t thun.

Ngn mch 2 pha chm t, dng l 20,268pu v gc pha l 97,57 , dng v p

khc nh sau:
p trn cc bus:
Fault
Buses

Data

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'

Phase
Volt A
0.0002
0.33885
0.33885
0.33042
0.0002
0.33041
0.0002
0.7315
0.88481
0.88481
0.87178
0.88481
0.7315
0.74083
0.73903
0.75524
0.73903

Phase
Volt B
0
0.33879
0.33879
0.33034
0
0.33035
0
0.73148
0.8848
0.8848
0.87177
0.8848
0.73148
0.74082
0.73902
0.75523
0.73902

Phase
Volt C
0
0.33878
0.33878
0.33033
0
0.33033
0
0.73147
0.88479
0.88479
0.87176
0.88479
0.73147
0.7408
0.739
0.75521
0.739

Phase
Ang A
0
0
0
-5.45
0
-5.45
0
-5.72
-2.01
-2.01
-2.27
-2.01
-5.72
-5.69
-5.57
-5.27
-5.57

Phase
Ang B
0
-120.01
-120.01
-125.46
0
-125.46
0
-125.72
-122.01
-122.01
-122.27
-122.01
-125.72
-125.69
-125.58
-125.27
-125.58

Phase
Ang C
0
120.01
120.01
114.55
0
114.56
0
114.28
117.99
117.99
117.73
117.99
114.28
114.31
114.43
114.73
114.43

Dng trn cc my pht :

Fault Data
Generator
s
Number
2
3
9
10
11
12
16

Name
phu1
phu 2
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
E'

Phase
Cur A
1.69357
1.69357
0.80961
0.80961
0.74143
0.80961
0.25744

Phase
Cur B
1.69373
1.69373
0.80968
0.80968
0.7415
0.80968
0.25746

Phase
Cur C
1.69375
1.69375
0.8097
0.8097
0.74151
0.8097
0.25747

Phase
Ang A
-90
-90
-75
-75
-75
-75
-74.38

Phase
Ang B
150
150
165
165
165
165
165.62

Phase
Ang C
30
30
45
45
45
45
45.62

Dng trn cc ng dy v my bin p:

Fault Data Lines

From
Number
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
5
5
9
10
11
12
8
8
8
8
8
14
14
14
15
15
15

From
Name
phu1
phu 2
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
B
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
F
F
F

To
Number
1
1
4
5
5
8
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Cir
cuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Phase
Cur-A
From
1.69357
1.69357
1.63101
0
0
1.79655
0.00004
0.00004
1.6311
0
0
0.80961
0.80961
0.74143
0.80961
0.00002
0.00002
0.07385
0.07385
0.10977
0.10977
0.12872
0.12872
0
0
0

Phase
Cur-B
From
1.69373
1.69373
1.63134
0
0
1.79682
0.00004
0.00004
1.63129
0
0
0.80968
0.80968
0.7415
0.80968
0.00002
0.00002
0.07385
0.07385
0.10978
0.10978
0.12873
0.12873
0
0
0

Phase
Cur-C
From
1.69375
1.69375
1.63133
0
0
1.79682
0.00004
0.00004
1.63129
0
0
0.80969
0.80969
0.74151
0.80969
0.00002
0.00002
0.07386
0.07386
0.10979
0.10978
0.12873
0.12873
0
0
0

Phase
Cur-A
To
5.08174
1.69323
1.63101
0
0
1.79655
0
0
1.6311
0
0
0.80959
0.80959
0.74143
0.80961
0
0
0.07385
0.07385
0.10977
0.10977
0.12872
0.12872
0
0
0

Phase
Phase
Cur-B
Cur-C
To
To
7.9031
7.56566
1.69393 1.69388
1.63134 1.63133
0
0
0
0
1.79682 1.79682
0
0
0
0
1.63129 1.63129
0
0
0
0
0.8097
0.8097
0.8097
0.8097
0.7415
0.74151
0.80968 0.80969
0
0
0
0
0.07385 0.07386
0.07385 0.07386
0.10978 0.10979
0.10978 0.10978
0.12873 0.12873
0.12873 0.12873
0
0
0
0
0
0

Nhn xt:
Trng hp ny dng ngn mch l rt ln (hn 20pu), in p cc pha u gim
mnh, dng trn cc my pht, my bin p, ng dy cng u cao mc d cc
pha vn m bo tnh i xng nhng s c ny l nghim trng.Khng hot ng
c.
Gii thch:
Khi ngn mch 2 pha chm t (chm trc tip), cc dng ngn mch trn cc pha
c tnh nh sau:
.

I Na =
0

3 V N (a.

Zkk
I Nb = j

Zkk )
2

Zkk1 Zkk2 + Zkk 2 Zkk0 + Zkk0 Zkk1

.

I Nc = j

3 V N (a . Zkk 2 Zkk0 )

Zkk1 Zkk 2 + Zkk 2 Zkk0 + Zkk0 Zkk1

.

I N = I Nb + I Nc
Trong :
.

I Na , I Nb , I Nc : l cc dng ca cc pha ti im ngn mch.

.

I N :l dng in vo ntrong t.
.

V N : l in p ti nt trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

.

Z kk1 : tng tr th t thun nhn t im ngn mch

.

Z kk 2 :tng tr th t nghch nhn t im ngn mch.

.

Z kk 0 : tng tr th t khng nhn t im ngn mch.

Ngn mch ti gia ng dy t bus A v bus D, dng l 5.732 pu v gc pha

0

-77.6 , cc dng v p khc nh sau:

p trn cc bus:
Fault
Buses

Data

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'
FaultPt

Phase
Volt A
0.4727
0.6489
0.6489
0.57257
0.4727
0.57257
0.4727
0.69445
0.86867
0.86867
0.85383
0.86867
0.69445
0.70509
0.703
0.72141
0.703
0

Phase
Volt B
0.4727
0.6489
0.6489
0.57257
0.4727
0.57257
0.4727
0.69445
0.86867
0.86867
0.85383
0.86867
0.69445
0.70509
0.703
0.72141
0.703
0

Phase
Volt C
0.4727
0.6489
0.6489
0.57257
0.4727
0.57257
0.4727
0.69445
0.86867
0.86867
0.85383
0.86867
0.69445
0.70509
0.703
0.72141
0.703
0

Phase
Ang A
-9.91
-4.75
-4.75
-8.18
-9.91
-8.18
-9.91
-6.83
-2.32
-2.32
-2.63
-2.32
-6.83
-6.78
-6.64
-6.25
-6.64
0

Phase
Ang B
-129.91
-124.75
-124.75
-128.18
-129.91
-128.18
-129.91
-126.83
-122.32
-122.32
-122.63
-122.32
-126.83
-126.78
-126.64
-126.25
-126.64
0

Phase
Ang C
110.09
115.25
115.25
111.82
110.09
111.82
110.09
113.17
117.68
117.68
117.37
117.68
113.17
113.22
113.36
113.75
113.36
0

Dng trn cc my pht:

Fault Data
Generator
s
Number
2
3
9
10
11
12
16

Name
phu1
phu 2
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
E'

Phase
Cur A
0.9155
0.9155
0.92323
0.92323
0.84549
0.92323
0.29357

Phase
Cur B
0.9155
0.9155
0.92323
0.92323
0.84549
0.92323
0.29357

Phase
Cur C
0.9155
0.9155
0.92323
0.92323
0.84549
0.92323
0.29357

Phase
Ang A
-81.35
-81.35
-75.1
-75.1
-75.1
-75.1
-74.48

Phase
Ang B
158.65
158.65
164.9
164.9
164.9
164.9
165.52

Phase
Ang C
38.65
38.65
44.9
44.9
44.9
44.9
45.52

p trn cc dng dy v my bin p:

Fault Data - Lines

From
To
Num- From
Number
Name
ber
2
phu1
1
3
phu 2
1
1
A
4
1
A
5
1
A
5
1
A
8
1
A
18
4
C
6
4
C
6
4
C
8
5
B
7
5
B
7
9
phu3
8
10
phu4
8
11
phu6
8
12
phu5
8
8
D
13
8
D
13
8
D
14
8
D
14
8
D
15
18
FaultPt 8
14
E
15
14
E
16
14
E
16
15
F
17
15
F
17
15
F
17

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
FaultPt
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
D
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Cir
cuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Phase
Cur-A
From
0.9155
0.9155
0.49929
0
0
0
2.32237
0
0
0.49928
0
0
0.92323
0.92323
0.84549
0.92323
0
0
0.08421
0.08421
0.12518
3.41185
0.12518
0.14678
0.14678
0
0
0

Phase
Cur-B
From
0.9155
0.9155
0.49929
0
0
0
2.32237
0
0
0.49928
0
0
0.92323
0.92323
0.84549
0.92323
0
0
0.08421
0.08421
0.12518
3.41185
0.12518
0.14678
0.14678
0
0
0

Phase
CurC
From
0.9155
0.9155
0.49929
0
0
0
2.32237
0
0
0.49928
0
0
0.92323
0.92323
0.84549
0.92323
0
0
0.08421
0.08421
0.12518
3.41185
0.12518
0.14678
0.14678
0
0
0

Phase
Cur-A
To
0.9155
0.9155
0.49929
0
0
0
2.32237
0
0
0.49928
0
0
0.92323
0.92323
0.84549
0.92323
0
0
0.08421
0.08421
0.12518
3.41185
0.12518
0.14678
0.14678
0
0
0

Phase
Cur-B
To
0.9155
0.9155
0.49929
0
0
0
2.32237
0
0
0.49928
0
0
0.92323
0.92323
0.84549
0.92323
0
0
0.08421
0.08421
0.12518
3.41185
0.12518
0.14678
0.14678
0
0
0

Nhn xt: in p trn cc bus u gim, tuy nhin vn gi c tnh i xng.

Phase
CurC To
0.9155
0.9155
0.4993
0
0
0
2.3224
0
0
0.4993
0
0
0.9232
0.9232
0.8455
0.9232
0
0
0.0842
0.0842
0.1252
3.4119
0.1252
0.1468
0.1468
0
0
0

Nhn xt chung:
Ta nhn thy khi khng ti, s c ngn mch 2 pha chm t l nguy him nht,
dng ngn mch l ln nht, in p cc bus ,cng nh dng trn cc ng dy
u tng cao. K n l s c ba pha , mc d c dng ngn mch ti im ngn
mch khng cao bng s c 1 pha chm t nhng cc dng trn ng dy v
my pht c gi tr cng tng ng tuy nhin ngn mch 3 pha li c s c trn
c 3 pha, do xt tnh cht nghim trng th s c 3 pha vn nguy him hn s
c ngn mch 1 pha.
y s d s c ngn mch 2 pha chm t c dng ngn mch ln hn s c 3
pha l do tng tr th t khng nh nn lm cho dng ngn mch vn ln hn
dng ca s c 3 pha.

Dng my pht khi ngn mch 2 pha chm t ti bus A.

1.
8
1.
6
1.
4

Phase Cur A
Phase Cur B
Phase Cur C

1.
2
1
0.
8
0.
6
0.
4
0.
2
0

phu1

phu 2 phu3

phu4

phu6

phu5

E'

in p cc bus khi ngn mch 2 pha chm t ti bus A

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

C'

B'

ph u3

phu4

ph u6 phu5

D'

E'

A
ph u
1
phu
2

Phase Volt

B Phase Volt

A Phase Volt
C

Biu so snh dng ngn mch ca cc loi ngn mch

Dng ngn mch

25
20
15
10
5
0
Mt pha
chm
t

Hai pha
chm
nhau

Ba pha

Dng ngn mch

Hai pha
chm t

KHO ST VN HNH PHN B CNG SUT V NGN

MCH CH C TI
Mch vi cc thng s trc khi vn hnh.

67 M W
67 M V R

1 .0 0 0 pu

67 M W
67 M V R

ph u 1

p hu 2

1 .0 0 0 p u

1 .0 0 0 pu

1 .0 0 0 p u

C
1 .0 0 0 p u

1 .0 0 0 p u

C'

1 . 0 0 0 pu

10 M W
7 M V R

75 M W
-7 5 M V R

1 .0 00 pu

1 .0 00 pu

75 M
W
75 M V
R

75 M V
R

MVR
7
phu 3

B'

10 M W
7 M V R

75 M
C'
W

10 M W

B'

75 M W
75 M V R
10 M W

MVR

ph u 4

ph u 5

p hu6

75 M W

75 M W
-7 5 M V R

75 M V R

75 M W
75

75 M W

75

1 .0 0 0 p u

1 .0 0 0 pu

D'

1 .0 0 0

pu

1 .0 0 0 p u

30 M W
20 M V R
1 .0 0 0 pu

E'

0
0

M W
M V R

F'

1 .0 0 0 p u

50 M W
50 M V R

Mch khi vn hnh, cc my pht c U t l 1.05pu, cc my u t iu

0.987 pu
C'
1.022 pu
B'
chnh P v U
67 MW
67 MW

11 M VR

1 .05 0 pu

11 M VR

p hu 1

p hu
2

1.05 0 p u

1.036 p u

0.997 p u

0.988 pu

C'

10
7

1.03 3 p u

1.020 p u

B'

MW

16

M VR
7

75 MW

75 MW

37 MVR

37 MVR

phu3

0.990 p u

phu4

phu5

MW
MVR

7 5 MW

75

MW

3 7 M VR

37

M VR

ph u6

Tng ti ti thanh ci B t 10 ln 16,quan st thy in p ti cc thanh ci

B,Bc gim i 1 cht, cc thanh ci C,C v D li tng 1 t. iu ny l do
khi tng ti ti B P truyn n cc bus ny gim, do cos tng nn U tng.
Thanh ci A khng i l do c hai my pht trc tip c h thng t ng iu
chnh U, nn thay i ti B th khng nh hng nhiu.Cc my pht ti D
gim pht Q xung 1 MVR, do vic cng sut P truyn t A xung D gim, nn h
thng iu chnh cos t ng gim Q.

0.988 pu

C'

1 .05 0 pu

67

MW

12

M VR

p hu1

67

1.020
pu
MW

12

M VR

1.05 0 p u

p hu 2

1.036 p u

0.998 p u

B'

C
1.03 2 p u

0.988 pu

C'

10
7

1.020 p u

B'

MW

16

M VR
7

75 MW

75 MW

37 MVR

37 MVR

phu3

phu4

MW
MVR

7 5 MW

75

MW

3 7 M VR

37

M VR

phu5

ph u6

0.990 p u

0 .9 66
pu

D'

30

MW

20

M VR

0.943
pu

1 .0 00 p u

0 .9 59 p u

E'

0 .9 21 p u

F'

- 3 08 MW

50 MW

125 M VR

50 M VR

Nhn xt:
Tng ti ti thanh ci B t 10 ln 16,quan st thy in p ti cc thanh ci
B,Bc gim i 1 cht, cc thanh ci C,C v D li tng 1 t.

Gii thch:
C cng thc tnh st p trn ng dy nh sau:
U =

PP R + Q P
XUP

Khi P ti B tng ln ng ngha vi Pp tng ln, trong khi cc i lng R,

X cng nh Q p v U p khng thay i ng k, do st p tng lm cho in
p ti B v B gim.
Thanh ci A khng i l do c hai my pht trc tip c h thng t ng iu
chnh U, nn thay i ti B th khng nh hng nhiu.
Ti C v C c in p tng nh v lc ny cng sut P truyn n gim nh nn
st p cng gim, do in p tng nh.
Cc my pht ti D gim pht Q xung 1 MVR, do vic cng sut P truyn t A
xung D gim, nn h thng iu chnh cos t ng gim
QP .
By gi thy r nh hng ca ti pha trn nh hng n in p v cng sut
pht ca bus D cng nh cc my pht ta tng ti ti C ln 30MW.
Nhn xt:
Quan st thy in p cc bus u gim (k c bus A), hai my pht ti A t ng
tng cng sut phn khng ln 12MVR, cc my pht bn di cng gim Q pht
cn 36MVA v in p bus D li tng ln cht nh.
Gii thch:
Gii thch tng t nh trn, khi P ti tng dn n st p tng, nn in p trn
cc nt l gim.
Khi P ti tng dn n cos gim, do hai my pht ti A t ng iu chnh
tng
Q nng cao
cos.
Vic tng P ti cng lm cho,P t trn xung gim nn vic cc my pht bn
di gim Q pht cng l iu d hiu v U thanh ci D tng 1 t. Ta c th thy
lng P xung gim bng cch quan st trn ng dy t bus C n D, ta
khng cn thy dng cng sut chy na.Vic in p bus D tng cng lm cho
cc bus khc bn di cng tng.Vic cng sut trn ti tng v dng cng sut
xung bus D gim ko theo h thng( thanh ci E) cng nhn Q gim ( t 308n -287 MVR)

67 MW
12 M VR
0.979 pu

67

MW

12

M VR
1.019 pu

C'
1 .05 0 pu

phu1

p hu
2

1.05 0 p u

1.034 p u

0 .99 0 p u

C
1 .03 0 p u

0 .9 79 p u

C'

30

MW

75

36
M VR

1 .0 19 p u

16

M VR

MW

36
M VR

p hu 3

B'

MW

75

B'

phu4

MW
M VR

7 5 MW

75 MW

36
M VR

36 M VR

phu5

p h u6

0 .9 93 p u

0 .9 70
pu

D'

30

MW

20

M VR

0.950
pu

1 .0 00 p u

0 .9 64 p u

E'

0 .9 25 p u

F'

- 2 87 MW

50 MW

110 M VR

50 M VR

By gi ta tr cc thng s ti nh li lc u, tng thng s ti pha di, quan

st nh hng. Gi s ta tng ti ti D ln 30MVR
67 MW
12
MVR
1.050 pu

phu1

67 MW
12 MVR
1.05 0 pu

ph u
2

1.0 35 pu

1.03 2 pu

0.9 94 pu

C'

0.98 4
pu

B'

1.02 0
pu

10 MW

10 MW

7
MVR

7 MVR

75 MW

75 MW

40
MVR

40
MVR

phu3

phu
4

75
MW

75 MW

40
MVR

40 MVR

phu
5

40 MVR

phu6

40 MVR

40 MVR

0.98 5 pu
h

0.95 1
pu

40 MVR

D'

0.941 pu

0.95 7 pu

30 MW
30
MVR

1.0 00
pu

E'
-30 8
MW

0.9 18
pu

F'
50 MW
50 MVR

12 9 MVR

Nhn xt:
Ta thy in p tt c cc bus u gim, hai my pht trn tng thm 1 MVR, 4
my pha di tng mi my 2MVR.

Gii
thch:

U =

PP R + Q P
XUP

Cng theo cng thc st p trn ng dy, khi tng Q ti lm cho Q pht cng tng
theo, dn n st p tng, in p cc bus u 39gim
theo, v d nhin cc my pht
MV
cng t ng iu chnh tng Q.
Tip tc tng P ca ti ny quan st in p cc nt, chng hn ta tng
P=50MW, ta thu c kt qu sau:
67 MW
12
MV R
1.05 0 pu

phu1

67 MW
12 MV R
1.050 pu

p hu
2

1.035 pu

0.995 pu

1.032
pu

C'

0.985 pu

10
MW

B'

10 MW

1.021
pu

7 MVR

7 MVR
75 MW
39 MVR

75 MW
39
MV R

75 MW
39
MVR

p hu3

p hu4

p hu5

39 MV R

phu6

0.986 pu

0.951 pu

75 MW

D'

0.945 pu

0.959 pu

50 MW
30 MV R
1.000
pu

E'
- 290
MW
119 MV R

0.920
pu

F'
50 MW
50 MVR

Nhn xt:
in p cc bus C, C, B tng nh, cc bus pha trn cn li hu nh khng i.
in p cc bus pha di u tng, tr D v E. Q cc my u gim 1 MVR.
Gii thch:
Khi P ti ti D tng, lm cho cng sut P truyn xung thanh ci E v E gim
(hng cng sut ch yu truyn t cc my pht vo thanh ci E), do theo
cng thc st p th in p thanh ci E s tng (thanh ci E c gi n nh do
c 1 my pht). iu ny lm cho in p cc thanh ci nm trn hng truyn
cng sut ni trn (D,C,C,B) tng nh.Vic in p cc thanh ci c my pht
(hoc ni gim tip vo my pht) tng, lm cho cc my pht t iu chnh gim
lng Q pht ra.
Ta tng ti ti bus F ln 85MW , in p cc bus F,F,D gim, trong khi bus E
li tng. Nhng khi ta tng P=210MW, lc dng cng sut chy t E-F( ngc
li) v in p bus E gim
Ti ti F c P= 85MW
phu3

ph u4

ph u5

p hu6

0.985 pu

0.951
pu

D'

0.947 pu

0.955 pu

50 MW
30 MVR
1.00 0
pu

E'
- 25 6
MW
10 9 MVR

0.91 4
pu

F'
85 MW
50 MVR

Ti F c P=210MW

0.977 pu

0.94 2
pu

D'

0.944 pu

0.927 pu

50 MW
30 MVR
1.00 0
pu

E'
- 131
MW

0.87 2
pu

F'
21 0 MW
50 MVR

98 MVR

Gii thch:
Khi ti F c P=85MW:
Vic in p cc thanh ci F v F gim l do tng P lm cho st p trn cc
ng dy tng. in p ti F gim cng lm cho D gim nh theo.Vic P ti ti F
tng lm cho cng sut P truyn xung E gim, do st p cng gim nn in
p ti thanh ci E tng ln. in p ti thanh ci E tng ko theo cng sut pht ti
E gim (t iu chnh).
Khi ti F c P=210MW:
Lc ny cng sut truyn cho F khng phi ch ly t D m c E na, mc d st
p trn cc ng dy n E c th gim, nhng st p trn cc ng dy n F
li tng, tng nhiu hn gim ( do cc ng dy n F l l n, tng tr s ln
hn) , do in p ti E gim.

By gi ta kho st s phn b cng sut gia cc my pht khi c mt my c

iu khin bng tay. Chng hn ta cho my thanh ci ph 1 l my iu khin
bng tay. Khi vn hnh ta c cc cng sut pht nh sau:
phu3

phu4

phu5

67 MW
67 MVR
1.195 pu

phu 1

67 MW
- 17 MVR
p hu 2

1.050 pu

1.08 9 pu

1.032 pu

1.022 pu

C'
10
MW
7 MVR

75 MW
33 MVR

75
MW
33
MVR

phu3

ph u4

phu6

1.08 6 pu

1.076
pu

B'
10 MW
7 MVR

75
75 MW
MW
33 MVR 33 MVR

ph u5

p hu6

0.998 pu

0.975 pu
D'

0.95 0
pu

30 MW
20
MVR
1.00 0 pu

E'
- 30 9 MW
11 5 MVR

0.96 6
pu

0.92 7 pu

F'
50 MW
50 MVR

Nhn xt:My pht ti bus phu1 pht ng cng sut t, cn cc my pht

c h thng t ng iu chnh ch pht ng P t, Q th iu chnh khc
i, ph hp vi ch ti. Tt nhin l in p ti thanh ci c my iu
chnh bng tay cng khng t nh mong mun. Ta cng nhn thy rng khi
my pht ny pht Q nhiu hn so vi lc t iu chnh th cc my pht bn
di cng pht Q t hn( 33 so vi 38 MVR), v tt nhin in p cc bus gim
i.

 By gi ta tng cng sut my pht ny ln 97MW chng hn, kt qu thu

75 MW
nh sau: 75
c
37 MVR

75 MW

MW
97 MW
67p MVR

phu3

1.182 pu

ph u1

pu

67 MW
- 13 MVR

1.010 pu

C'
10
MW
7 MVR

ph u3

phu 2

1.050

1.08 2 pu

1.020 pu

1.07 9 pu

1.06 8
pu

B'
10 MW
7 MVR

ph u 4

ph u5

p hu6

0.989 pu

0.96 7
pu

75 MW

37 MVR 37 MVR

37 MVR

D'

0.94 0
pu

0.958 pu

30 MW
20 MVR
1.00 0
pu

E'
- 33 2 MW
136 MVR

0.91 9
pu

F'
50 MW
50 MVR

Kt qu nhn c l , cc my pht t c h thng t iu chnh th tng Q

pht, cn in p cc thanh ci th li gim i, iu ny d hiu v khi ta
tng P Pht , tc l st p tng, cos gim, nn in p cc bus s gim,
nn h thng t iu chnh s tng Q tng cos.

Kho st ngn mch trong cc ch

ti:
By gi ta cho vn hnh ch ti nh lc u khi kho st phn b cng sut.
Sau cho ngn mch cc dng ti bus A, so snh vi trng hp khng ti. Cc
kt qu tnh ton ngn mch sau khi chy chng trnh thu c nh sau:
Ngn mch mt pha chm t: (dng ngn mch l 10.735 pu v gc pha l 48.5 deg).
p trn cc bus:

Dng trn cc my pht:

Fault Data - Generators
Numbe Nam
Phase Cur
r
e
A
2
phu1
1.89724
3
phu 2 1.89724
9
phu3
1.46758
10
phu4
1.46758
11
phu6
1.40635
12
phu5
1.46758
16
E'
3.23991

Phase
Cur B
0.4833
0.4833
0.79079
0.79079
0.78385
0.79079
3.40387

Phase
Cur C
1.47898
1.47898
1.1878
1.1878
1.15491
1.1878
3.20494

Phase
Ang A
-37.59
-37.59
-22.09
-22.09
-21.03
-22.09
-153.91

Phase
Ang B
168.59
168.59
-148.21
-148.21
-145.83
-148.21
83.71

Phase
Ang C
134.12
134.12
125.38
125.38
125.11
125.38
-37.67

Dng trn cc ti:

Fault Data - Loads
Number
6
7
13
17

Name
C'
B'
D'
F'

ID
1
1
1
1

Phase
Cur A
0.04157
0
0.28318
0.60092

Phase
Cur B
0.10317
0.10348
0.33134
0.67765

Phase Cur
C
0.11481
0.10348
0.37309
0.77871

Dng trn cc line v my bin p:

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Cir
cuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Phase
Cur A
From
1.89724
1.89724
1.65377
0
0
1.84247
0.02076
0.02076
1.68837
0
0
1.46758
1.46758
1.40635
1.46758
0.14158
0.14158
1.00932
1.00932
1.4617
1.26827
1.61995
1.61995
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

phu5

Fault Data - Lines

From
To
Num- From Number
Name ber
2
phu1
1
3
phu 2 1
1
A
4
1
A
5
1
A
5
1
A
8
4
C
6
4
C
6
4
C
8
5
B
7
5
B
7
9
phu3
8
10
phu4
8
11
phu6
8
12
phu5
8
8
D
13
8
D
13
8
D
14
8
D
14
8
D
15
14
E
15
14
E
16
14
E
16
15
F
17
15
F
17
15
F
17

Phase
Cur B
From
0.4833
0.4833
1.33998
0.05174
0.05174
1.43761
0.05158
0.05158
1.27738
0.05174
0.05174
0.79079
0.79079
0.78385
0.79079
0.16567
0.16567
1.10089
1.10089
1.64008
1.23945
1.70193
1.70193
0.22588
0.22588
0.22588

Phase
Cur C
From
1.47898
1.47898
0.3137
0.05174
0.05174
0.40775
0.05742
0.05742
0.41826
0.05174
0.05174
1.1878
1.18781
1.15491
1.18781
0.18655
0.18655
1.04164
1.04164
1.52731
1.18993
1.60247
1.60247
0.25957
0.25957
0.25957

Phase
Cur A
To
5.45418
1.89742
1.65377
0
0
1.84247
0.02079
0.02079
1.68837
0
0
1.46759
1.46759
1.40635
1.46758
0.14159
0.14159
1.00932
1.00932
1.4617
1.26827
1.61995
1.61995
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

Phase
Cur B
To
3.20374
0.48316
1.33998
0.05174
0.05174
1.43761
0.05158
0.05158
1.27738
0.05174
0.05174
0.79078
0.79078
0.78385
0.79079
0.16567
0.16567
1.10089
1.10089
1.64008
1.23945
1.70193
1.70193
0.22588
0.22588
0.22588

Phase
Cur C
To
2.10096
1.4788
0.3137
0.05174
0.05174
0.40775
0.05741
0.05741
0.41826
0.05174
0.05174
1.18779
1.1878
1.15491
1.18781
0.18655
0.18655
1.04164
1.04164
1.52731
1.18993
1.60247
1.60247
0.25957
0.25957
0.25957

F'
D' E F E'

phu3 phu4 p

C B C' B' D

phu1 phu 2

p
pu

in p pha A trn cc bus

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Khng ti

C ti

Dng pha A trn cc my pht

3.5
3
2.5
2

Khng ti
C ti

1.5
1
0.5
0
E'

phu 2

phu1

phu3

phu4

phu5

phu6

Nhn xt: so vi trng hp khng ti trng hp ny c dng ngn mch ln

hn, cc dng trn ng dy th trng hp ny c nhng ni c dng trn c 2
pha A v C l ln hn 1 pu. Do vy nhn chung, khi ngn mch 1 pha chm t
trong trng hp c ti th nghim trng hn khi khng ti.

Ngn mch 2 pha chm nhau khng chm t:

Dng ti im ngn mch l 0pu, gc pha 167,59
p trn cc bus:
Fault
Buses
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Data

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'

Phase
Volt A
1.03604
1.04999
1.04999
0.99663
1.03297
0.9866
1.02154
0.98845
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
0.96617
0.94335
0.95932
1
0.92055

Phase
Volt B
0.51802
0.55438
0.55438
0.64403
0.51648
0.63755
0.51077
0.87713
0.98435
0.98435
0.97726
0.98435
0.85737
0.86626
0.87595
0.9663
0.84054

Phase
Volt C
0.51802
0.67815
0.67815
0.50006
0.51648
0.49503
0.51077
0.75034
0.95102
0.95102
0.93979
0.95102
0.73343
0.71683
0.73329
0.79479
0.70365

Phase
Ang A
32.6
39.64
39.64
26.21
32.48
25.39
31.58
19.06
27.37
27.37
27.37
27.37
17.17
11.31
12.52
0
10.25

Phase
Ang B
-147.4
-105.05
-105.05
-128.22
-147.52
-129.04
-148.42
-113.97
-97
-97
-97.53
-97
-115.86
-122.26
-120.65
-132.36
-122.92

Phase
Ang C
-147.4
-168.57
-168.57
172.44
-147.52
171.62
-148.42
140.36
148.69
148.69
148.85
148.69
138.47
130.2
131.93
116.04
129.66

Phase
Cur B
1.9443
1.9443
1.47244
1.47244
1.41528
1.47244
3.15969

Phase
Cur C
1.35144
1.35144
1.1758
1.1758
1.13296
1.1758
3.36129

Phase
Ang A
29.91
29.91
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
-157.94

Phase
Ang B
-131.22
-131.22
-126.59
-126.59
-126.25
-126.59
84.41

Phase
Ang C
57.63
57.63
86.19
86.19
88.12
86.19
-34.32

Dng trn cc my pht:

Fault Data - Generators
Numbe Nam
Phase Cur
r
e
A
2
phu1
0.64355
3
phu 2 0.64355
9
phu3
0.79973
10
phu4
0.79973
11
phu6
0.79973
12
phu5
0.79973
16
E'
3.3276

Dng trn cc ti:

Fault Data - Loads
Number
6
7
13
17

Name
C'
B'
D'
F'

ID
1
1
1
1

Phase
Cur A
0.12372
0.11949
0.37318
0.76813

Phase
Cur B
0.07995
0.05974
0.33115
0.70138

Phase Cur
C
0.06208
0.05974
0.28328
0.58715

Dng trn cc ng dy v my bin p:

Fault Data - Lines
To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Cir
cuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Phase
Cur-A
From
0.64355
0.64355
0.59255
0.05974
0.05974
0.59764
0.06186
0.06186
0.50422
0.05974
0.05974
0.79973
0.79973
0.79973
0.79973
0.18659
0.18659
1.09166
1.09166
1.62363
1.19664
1.6638
1.6638
0.25604
0.25604
0.25604

phu5

From
Na-me
phu1
phu 2
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
B
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
F
F
F

To
Number
1
1
4
5
5
8
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17

From
Number
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
5
5
9
10
11
12
8
8
8
8
8
14
14
14
15
15
15

Phase
Cur-B
From
1.9443
1.9443
1.13596
0.02987
0.02987
1.29813
0.03998
0.03998
1.21377
0.02987
0.02987
1.47244
1.47244
1.41528
1.47244
0.16558
0.16558
0.99925
0.99925
1.44321
1.22647
1.57984
1.57984
0.23379
0.23379
0.23379

Phase
CurC
From
1.35144
1.35144
1.72847
0.02987
0.02987
1.89358
0.03104
0.03104
1.71172
0.02987
0.02987
1.1758
1.1758
1.13296
1.1758
0.14164
0.14164
1.06087
1.06087
1.56206
1.27457
1.68065
1.68065
0.19572
0.19572
0.19572

Phase
Cur-A
To
0.64346
0.64355
0.59255
0.05974
0.05974
0.59764
0.06186
0.06186
0.50422
0.05974
0.05974
0.79973
0.79973
0.79973
0.79973
0.18659
0.18659
1.09166
1.09166
1.62363
1.19664
1.6638
1.6638
0.25604
0.25604
0.25604

Phase
Cur-B
To
1.94436
1.9443
1.13596
0.02987
0.02987
1.29813
0.03998
0.03998
1.21377
0.02987
0.02987
1.47244
1.47244
1.41528
1.47244
0.16558
0.16558
0.99925
0.99925
1.44321
1.22647
1.57984
1.57984
0.23379
0.23379
0.23379

Phase
CurC To
1.3514
1.35144
1.72847
0.02987
0.02987
1.89358
0.03104
0.03104
1.71172
0.02987
0.02987
1.1758
1.1758
1.13296
1.1758
0.14164
0.14164
1.06087
1.06087
1.56206
1.27457
1.68065
1.68065
0.19572
0.19572
0.19572

D' E F E'
F'

phu3 phu4 p

C B C' B'

phu1 phu 2

pu

in p pha B ti cc bus
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Khng ti

C ti

Dng pha B trn cc my pht

3.5
3
2.5
2

Khng ti
C ti

1.5
1
0.5
0
phu1

phu 2

phu3

phu4

phu6

phu5

E'

Nhn xt:
S c khng i xng,cc dng trn pha C v pha B cng khng bng nhau
So vi ngn mch lc khng ti th dng ngn mch trn cc ng dy cng nh
my pht l ln hn, v vy m lc c ti mc nghim trng s ln hn, (mc
d in p trn cc pha gp s c st p t hn).

Ngn mch ba pha:(Dng ngn mch l 7.157 pu, gc pha l -48,15 )

p cc bus :
Fault Data - Buses
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'

Phase
Volt A
0
0.37946
0.37946
0.33486
0
0.33149
0
0.75005
0.93884
0.93884
0.92628
0.93884
0.73315
0.73904
0.75049
0.84278
0.72015

Phase
Volt B
0
0.37946
0.37946
0.33486
0
0.33149
0
0.75005
0.93884
0.93884
0.92628
0.93884
0.73315
0.73904
0.75049
0.84278
0.72015

Phase
Volt C
0
0.37946
0.37946
0.33486
0
0.33149
0
0.75005
0.93884
0.93884
0.92628
0.93884
0.73315
0.73904
0.75049
0.84278
0.72015

Phase
Ang A
0
52.41
52.41
9.65
0
8.84
0
9.82
25.21
25.21
24.93
25.21
7.92
0.01
1.92
-11.94
-0.36

Phase
Ang B
0
-67.59
-67.59
-110.35
0
-111.16
0
-110.18
-94.79
-94.79
-95.07
-94.79
-112.08
-119.99
-118.08
-131.94
-120.36

Phase
Ang C
0
172.41
172.41
129.65
0
128.84
0
129.82
145.21
145.21
144.93
145.21
127.92
120.01
121.92
108.06
119.64

Phase
Ang B
-157.59
-157.59
-142.09
-142.09
-141.03
-142.09
86.09

Phase
Ang C
82.41
82.41
97.91
97.91
98.97
97.91
-33.91

Dng cc my pht:
Fault Data - Generators
Numbe
r
2
3
9
10
11
12
16

Nam
e
phu1
phu 2
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
E'

Phase Cur
A
1.8973
1.8973
1.4676
1.4676
1.40637
1.4676
3.2399

Phase
Cur B
1.8973
1.8973
1.4676
1.4676
1.40637
1.4676
3.2399

Phase
Cur C
1.8973
1.8973
1.4676
1.4676
1.40637
1.4676
3.2399

Phase
Ang A
-37.59
-37.59
-22.09
-22.09
-21.03
-22.09
-153.91

Dng cc ti:
Fault Data - Loads
Number
6
7
13
17

Name
C'
B'
D'
F'

ID
1
1
1
1

Phase Cur A
0.04157
0
0.28317
0.60092

Phase Cur B
0.04157
0
0.28317
0.60092

Phase Cur C
0.04157
0
0.28317
0.60092

Dng trn cc ng dy v my bin p:

Fault Data - Lines
From
Name
phu1
phu 2
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
B
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
F
F
F

To
Number
1
1
4
5
5
8
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Cir
cuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Phase
Cur-A
From
1.8973
1.8973
1.65378
0
0
1.8425
0.02078
0.02078
1.68841
0
0
1.4676
1.46761
1.40637
1.46761
0.14159
0.14159
1.00932
1.00932
1.46169
1.26828
1.61995
1.61995
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

phu5

From
Number
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
5
5
9
10
11
12
8
8
8
8
8
14
14
14
15
15
15

Phase
Cur-B
From
1.8973
1.8973
1.65378
0
0
1.8425
0.02078
0.02078
1.68841
0
0
1.4676
1.46761
1.40637
1.46761
0.14159
0.14159
1.00932
1.00932
1.46169
1.26828
1.61995
1.61995
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

Phase
CurC
From
1.8973
1.8973
1.65378
0
0
1.8425
0.02078
0.02078
1.68841
0
0
1.4676
1.46761
1.40637
1.46761
0.14159
0.14159
1.00932
1.00932
1.46169
1.26828
1.61995
1.61995
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

Phase
Cur-A
To
1.8973
1.8973
1.65378
0
0
1.8425
0.02078
0.02078
1.68841
0
0
1.4676
1.46761
1.40637
1.46761
0.14159
0.14159
1.00932
1.00932
1.46169
1.26828
1.61995
1.61995
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

Phase
Phase
Cur-B
CurTo
C To
1.8973
1.8973
1.8973
1.8973
1.65378 1.65378
0
0
0
0
1.8425
1.8425
0.02078 0.02078
0.02078 0.02078
1.68841 1.68841
0
0
0
0
1.4676
1.4676
1.46761 1.46761
1.40637 1.40637
1.46761 1.46761
0.14159 0.14159
0.14159 0.14159
1.00932 1.00932
1.00932 1.00932
1.46169 1.46169
1.26828 1.26828
1.61995 1.61995
1.61995 1.61995
0.20031 0.20031
0.20031 0.20031
0.20031 0.20031

D' E F E'
F'

phu3 phu4 ph

C B C' B' D

phu1 phu 2

pu

i n p pha A trn cc bus

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Khng ti

C ti

Dng pha A trn cc my pht

3.5
3
2.5
2

Khng ti
C Ti

1.5
1
0.5
0
phu1

phu 2

phu3

phu4

phu6

phu5

E'

Nhn xt:
9 L s c i xng
9 Mc d dng ngn mch ti im xy ra s c khng ln nhng dng my
pht v cc ng dy kh ln, ln hn c trng hp nhn mch mt pha,
c th thy y l trng hp ngn mch c nh hng nghim trng n
h thng.
9 So vi lc khng ti trng hp ny nghim trng hn v dng ln hn.

Ngn mch 2 pha chm t (Dng ngn mch l 21,467pu gc l 131.85

0)

in p ti cc bus
Fault Data - Buses
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Phase
Volt A
0.00021
0.37955
0.37955
0.33495
0.00021
0.33157
0.00021
0.75008
0.93885
0.93885
0.9263
0.93885
0.73318
0.73906
0.75051
0.8428
0.72018

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'

Phase
Volt B
0
0.37948
0.37948
0.33489
0
0.33153
0
0.75007
0.93884
0.93884
0.92629
0.93884
0.73317
0.73906
0.75051
0.8428
0.72017

Phase
Volt C
0
0.37949
0.37949
0.33486
0
0.33149
0
0.75005
0.93884
0.93884
0.92628
0.93884
0.73314
0.73904
0.75048
0.84277
0.72015

Phase
Ang A
0
52.4
52.4
9.66
0
8.85
0
9.82
25.21
25.21
24.93
25.21
7.93
0.02
1.92
-11.94
-0.35

Phase
Ang B
0
-67.6
-67.6
-110.35
0
-111.17
0
-110.19
-94.79
-94.79
-95.07
-94.79
-112.08
-119.99
-118.08
-131.94
-120.36

Phase
Ang C
0
172.41
172.41
129.66
0
128.84
0
129.82
145.21
145.21
144.93
145.21
127.93
120.02
121.92
108.06
119.65

Phase
Ang B
-157.59
-157.59
-142.08
-142.08
-141.02
-142.08
86.09

Phase
Ang C
82.4
82.4
97.91
97.91
98.97
97.91
-33.91

Dng trn cc my pht

Fault Data - Generators
Numbe
r
2
3
9
10
11
12
16

Nam
e
phu1
phu 2
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
E'

Phase Cur
A
1.89706
1.89706
1.4675
1.4675
1.40627
1.4675
3.23992

Phase
Cur B
1.89726
1.89726
1.46759
1.46759
1.40636
1.46759
3.23989

Phase
Cur C
1.89722
1.89722
1.46757
1.46757
1.40634
1.46757
3.23992

Phase
Ang A
-37.59
-37.59
-22.09
-22.09
-21.02
-22.09
-153.91

Dng trn cc ti
Fault Data - Loads
Number
6
7
13
17

Name
C'
B'
D'
F'

ID
1
1
1
1

Phase Cur A
0.04158
0.00002
0.28318
0.60094

Phase Cur B
0.04158
0.00001
0.28318
0.60093

Phase Cur C
0.04157
0.00001
0.28317
0.60091

Dng trn cc line v my bin p

From
Number
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
5
5
9
10
11
12
8
8
8
8
8
14
14
14
15
15
15

From
Name
phu1
phu 2
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
B
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
F
F
F

To
Number
1
1
4
5
5
8
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Circuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

phu5

Data

Fault
Lines

Phase
Cur A
From
1.89706
1.89706
1.65346
0.00001
0.00001
1.84221
0.02084
0.02084
1.68819
0.00001
0.00001
1.4675
1.4675
1.40627
1.4675
0.14161
0.14161
1.00933
1.00933
1.46172
1.26827
1.61996
1.61996
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

Phase
Cur B
From
1.89726
1.89726
1.65377
0
0
1.84245
0.02077
0.02077
1.68834
0
0
1.46759
1.46759
1.40636
1.46759
0.14158
0.14158
1.00932
1.00932
1.46169
1.26827
1.61995
1.61995
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

Phase
Cur
C From
1.89722
1.89722
1.65378
0
0
1.84249
0.02076
0.02076
1.6884
0
0
1.46757
1.46757
1.40634
1.46757
0.14157
0.14157
1.00932
1.00932
1.4617
1.26828
1.61996
1.61996
0.2003
0.2003
0.2003

Phase
Cur A
To
5.30168
1.89671
1.65346
0.00001
0.00001
1.84221
0.02079
0.02079
1.68819
0.00001
0.00001
1.46748
1.46748
1.40627
1.4675
0.14159
0.14159
1.00933
1.00933
1.46172
1.26827
1.61996
1.61996
0.20031
0.20031
0.20031

Phase
Phase
Cur B Cur
To
C To
7.98949 8.51169
1.89738 1.89745
1.65377 1.65378
0
0
0
0
1.84245 1.84249
0.02079 0.02078
0.02079 0.02078
1.68834 1.6884
0
0
0
0
1.4676 1.46758
1.4676
1.46758
1.40636 1.40634
1.46759 1.46757
0.14159 0.14159
0.14159 0.14159
1.00932 1.00932
1.00932 1.00932
1.46169 1.4617
1.26827 1.26828
1.61995 1.61996
1.61995 1.61996
0.20031 0.2003
0.20031 0.2003
0.20031 0.2003

D' E F E'
F'

phu3 phu4 p

C B C' B'

phu1 phu 2

pu
pu

p pha B trn cc my pht

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Khng ti

C ti

Dng pha B trn cc my pht

3.5
3
2.5
2

Khng ti
C ti

1.5
1
0.5
0
phu1

phu 2

phu3

phu4

phu6

phu5

E'

Nhn xt:
Dng ngn mch rt ln 21,467pu , dng ngn mch trn cc my pht, trn cc
ng dy rt ln. nh hng nghim trng n tnh n nh ca h thng,
trng hp ny nghim trng hn trng hp ngn mch 3 pha, v dng ngn
mch ti im ngn mch ln hn rt nhiu.
So vi trng hp ngn mch khng ti trng hp ny nguy him hn v dng

ngn mch, dng trn my pht ln hn.

Trng hp ngn mch 2 pha chm t, s c xy ra gia ng dy t A

0

n D.(Dng ngn mch l 4.435pu v gc l 135.33 )

p trn cc bus
Fault Data - Buses
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'
FaultPt

Phase
Volt A
0.90195
0.96076
0.96076
0.89226
0.89928
0.88327
0.88932
0.91838
1.01834
1.01834
1.01475
1.01834
0.89768
0.88172
0.89679
0.95063
0.86054
1.12844

Phase
Volt B
0.62802
0.75408
0.75408
0.69757
0.62616
0.69055
0.61923
0.80447
0.9551
0.9551
0.94459
0.9551
0.78635
0.79765
0.80736
0.90403
0.77473
0

Phase
Volt C
0.62534
0.79226
0.79226
0.64344
0.62348
0.63696
0.61658
0.7235
0.93931
0.93931
0.92674
0.93931
0.7072
0.69283
0.70901
0.77535
0.68035
0

Phase
Ang A
31.7
39.73
39.73
24.59
31.57
23.78
30.68
17.06
26.86
26.86
26.8
26.86
15.17
8.77
10.14
-2.88
7.87
24.31

Phase
Ang B
-104.44
-86.88
-86.88
-109.66
-104.57
-110.48
-105.46
-113.83
-96.41
-96.41
-96.89
-96.41
-115.72
-122.82
-121.03
-133.54
-123.3
0

Phase
Ang C
167.6
169.9
169.9
153.65
167.48
152.84
166.58
139.85
148.62
148.62
148.78
148.62
137.96
129.33
131.15
114.92
128.88
0

Dng trn cc my pht

Fault Data - Generators
Number
2
3
9
10
11
12
16

Name
phu1
phu 2
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
E'

Phase
Cur A
0.71499
0.71499
0.96536
0.96536
0.95051
0.96536
3.30295

Phase
Cur B
1.22529
1.22529
1.52608
1.52608
1.46274
1.52608
3.18274

Phase
Cur C
0.84649
0.84649
1.24973
1.24973
1.19974
1.24973
3.35786

Phase
Ang A
11.49
11.49
-9.1
-9.1
-8.41
-9.1
-156.82

Phase
Ang B
-126.22
-126.22
-134.31
-134.31
-133.63
-134.31
85.51

Phase
Ang C
88.43
88.43
84.82
84.82
86.7
84.82
-33.9

Dng ti
Fault Data - Loads
Number
6
7
13
17

Name
C'
B'
D'
F'

ID
1
1
1
1

Phase Cur A
0.11076
0.10402
0.34672
0.71806

Phase Cur B
0.0866
0.07243
0.30372
0.64646

Phase Cur C
0.07988
0.07212
0.27315
0.56771

Dng trn cc line v cc my bin p

Fault Data - Lines
To
Number
1
1
4
5
5
8
18
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
13
13
14
14
15
8
15
16
16
17
17
17

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
FaultPt
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
D
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Cir
cuit
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

phu5

From
Name
phu1
phu 2
A
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
B
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D
D
D
D
D
FaultPt
E
E
E
F
F
F

From
Number
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
5
5
9
10
11
12
8
8
8
8
8
18
14
14
14
15
15
15

Phase
CurA
From
0.71499
0.71499
0.55108
0.05201
0.05201
0
0.57108
0.05539
0.05539
0.49524
0.05201
0.05201
0.96536
0.96536
0.95051
0.96536
0.34888
0.34888
1.06854
1.06854
1.57789
0.57108
1.21692
1.65147
1.65147
0.23936
0.23936
0.23936

Phase
Cur-B
From
1.22529
1.22529
0.4545
0.03622
0.03622
0
2.54292
0.0433
0.0433
0.48779
0.03622
0.03622
1.52608
1.52608
1.46274
1.52608
0.20721
0.20721
0.99461
0.99461
1.43335
3.213
1.25042
1.59137
1.59137
0.21548
0.21548
0.21548

Phase
CurC
From
0.84649
0.84649
0.76602
0.03606
0.03606
0
2.2818
0.03993
0.03993
0.74205
0.03606
0.03606
1.24973
1.24973
1.19974
1.24973
0.09778
0.09778
1.05456
1.05456
1.54986
3.23514
1.28265
1.67893
1.67893
0.18923
0.18923
0.18923

Phase
Cur-A
To
0.68481
0.71497
0.55108
0.05201
0.05201
0
0.57108
0.05538
0.05538
0.49524
0.05201
0.05201
0.82212
0.82212
0.95051
0.96536
0.17336
0.17336
1.06854
1.06854
1.57789
0.57108
1.21692
1.65147
1.65147
0.23935
0.23935
0.23935

Phase
Cur-B
To
1.33464
1.22529
0.4545
0.03622
0.03622
0
2.54292
0.0433
0.0433
0.48779
0.03622
0.03622
1.53608
1.53608
1.46274
1.52608
0.15186
0.15186
0.99461
0.99461
1.43335
3.213
1.25042
1.59137
1.59137
0.21549
0.21549
0.21549

Phase
CurC To
1.45529
0.84651
0.76602
0.03606
0.03606
0
2.2818
0.03994
0.03994
0.74205
0.03606
0.03606
1.37467
1.37467
1.19974
1.24973
0.13658
0.13658
1.05456
1.05456
1.54986
3.23514
1.28265
1.67893
1.67893
0.18924
0.18924
0.18924

D' E F E'
F'

phu3 phu4 p

C B C' B'

phu1 phu 2

pu

p pha B trn cc bus

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Ti bus A

Gia ng dy A-D

Dng pha B trn cc my pht

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
phu1

phu 2

phu3
Ti bus

phu4

phu6

phu5

Gia ng dy A-D

E'

pu

Dng pha B trn cc ti

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
C'

B'
Ti bus

D'

F'

Gia ng dy A-D

Nhn xt:
Trng hp ny dng ngn mch v cc dng trn line my pht v my bin p
so vi cc trng hp trc khng cao bng, nn nh hng cng t nghim trng
hn so vi trng hp ngn mhc ti bus.

Trng hp 3 pha: (dng ngn mch l 5.846pu v gc pha l -49.66 )

in p cc bus nh sau:
Fault Data Buses
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Name
A
phu1
phu 2
C
B
C'
B'
D
phu3
phu4
phu6
phu5
D'
E
F
E'
F'
FaultPt

Phase
Volt A
0.50248
0.6999
0.6999
0.57883
0.50099
0.573
0.49544
0.7066
0.92232
0.92232
0.90784
0.92232
0.69068
0.69644
0.70824
0.80274
0.67961
0

Phase
Volt B
0.50248
0.6999
0.6999
0.57883
0.50099
0.573
0.49544
0.7066
0.92232
0.92232
0.90784
0.92232
0.69068
0.69644
0.70824
0.80274
0.67961
0

Phase
Volt C
0.50248
0.6999
0.6999
0.57883
0.50099
0.573
0.49544
0.7066
0.92232
0.92232
0.90784
0.92232
0.69068
0.69644
0.70824
0.80274
0.67961
0

Phase
Ang A
31.45
42.63
42.63
19.94
31.33
19.12
30.43
10.74
25.8
25.8
25.6
25.8
8.85
0.32
2.35
-12.29
0.08
0

Phase
Ang B
-88.55
-77.37
-77.37
-100.06
-88.67
-100.88
-89.57
-109.26
-94.2
-94.2
-94.4
-94.2
-111.15
-119.68
-117.65
-132.29
-119.92
0

Phase
Ang C
151.45
162.63
162.63
139.94
151.33
139.12
150.43
130.74
145.8
145.8
145.6
145.8
128.85
120.32
122.35
107.71
120.08
0

Dng cc my pht:
Fault Data - Generators
Phase Cur
Number
Name A
2 phu1
1.14376
3 phu 2
1.14376
9 phu3
1.51102
10 phu4
1.51102
11 phu6
1.44389
12 phu5
1.51102
16 E'
3.26091

Phase
Cur B
1.14376
1.14376
1.51102
1.51102
1.44389
1.51102
3.26091

Phase
Cur C
1.14376
1.14376
1.51102
1.51102
1.44389
1.51102
3.26091

Phase
Ang A
-22.16
-22.16
-26.77
-26.77
-25.54
-26.77
-153.3

Dng ti:
Fault Data - Loads
Number
6
7
13
17

Name
C'
B'
D'
F'

ID
1
1
1
1

Phase Cur
A
0.07186
0.05795
0.26677
0.56709

Phase Cur
B
0.07186
0.05795
0.26677
0.56709

Phase Cur
C
0.07186
0.05795
0.26677
0.56709

Phase
Ang B
-142.16
-142.16
-146.77
-146.77
-145.54
-146.77
86.7

Phase
Ang C
97.84
97.84
93.23
93.23
94.46
93.23
-33.3

Dng cc line, my bin p:

To
Number
1
1
4
5
5
8
18
6
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
13
13
14
14
15
8
15
16
16
17
17
17

To
Name
A
A
C
B
B
D
FaultPt
C'
C'
D
B'
B'
D
D
D
D
D'
D'
E
E
F
D
F
E'
E'
F'
F'
F'

Cir
cuit1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3

Xfrmr
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Phase
Cur A
From
1.14376
1.14376
0.65397
0.02898
0.02898
0
2.46867
0.03593
0.03593
0.6663
0.02898
0.02898
1.51102
1.51102
1.44389
1.51102
0.13338
0.13338
1.0101
1.0101
1.46327
3.47154
1.28278
1.63045
1.63045
0.18903
0.18903
0.18903

hu5

Fault Data Lines

From
Num- From
Name
ber
2 phu1
3 phu 2
1 A
1 A
1 A
1 A
1 A
4 C
4 C
4 C
5 B
5 B
9 phu3
10 phu4
11 phu6
12 phu5
8 D
8 D
8 D
8 D
8 D
18 FaultPt
14 E
14 E
14 E
15 F
15 F
15 F

Phase
Cur B
From
1.14376
1.14376
0.65397
0.02898
0.02898
0
2.46867
0.03593
0.03593
0.6663
0.02898
0.02898
1.51102
1.51102
1.44389
1.51102
0.13338
0.13338
1.0101
1.0101
1.46327
3.47154
1.28278
1.63045
1.63045
0.18903
0.18903
0.18903

Phase
Cur C
From
1.14376
1.14376
0.65397
0.02898
0.02898
0
2.46867
0.03593
0.03593
0.6663
0.02898
0.02898
1.51102
1.51102
1.44389
1.51102
0.13338
0.13338
1.0101
1.0101
1.46327
3.47154
1.28278
1.63045
1.63045
0.18903
0.18903
0.18903

Phase
Cur A
To
1.14376
1.14376
0.65397
0.02898
0.02898
0
2.46867
0.03593
0.03593
0.6663
0.02898
0.02898
1.51102
1.51102
1.44389
1.51102
0.13338
0.13338
1.0101
1.0101
1.46327
3.47154
1.28278
1.63045
1.63045
0.18903
0.18903
0.18903

Phase
Cur B
To
1.14376
1.14376
0.65397
0.02898
0.02898
0
2.46867
0.03593
0.03593
0.6663
0.02898
0.02898
1.51102
1.51102
1.44389
1.51102
0.13338
0.13338
1.0101
1.0101
1.46327
3.47154
1.28278
1.63045
1.63045
0.18903
0.18903
0.18903

Phase
Cur C
To
1.14376
1.14376
0.65397
0.02898
0.02898
0
2.46867
0.03593
0.03593
0.6663
0.02898
0.02898
1.51102
1.51102
1.44389
1.51102
0.13338
0.13338
1.0101
1.0101
1.46327
3.47154
1.28278
1.63045
1.63045
0.18903
0.18903
0.18903

D' E F E'
F'

phu3 phu4 ph

C B C' B' D

phu1 phu 2

pu
pu

p pha A trn cc bus

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Ti bus A

Gia ng dy A-D

Dng pha A trn cc my pht

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
phu1

phu 2

phu3
Ti bus A

phu4

phu6

phu5

Gia ng dy A-D

E'

pu

Dng pha A trn cc ti

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
C'

B'

D'

F'

Ti bus A

Gia ng dy A-D

Nhn xt:
in p trn cc bus nh hn v dng trn my pht ln hn khi ngn mch gia ng dy so
vi trng hp ngn mch ti thanh ci, nhng dng ti li c mt s ni ln hn ln hn. Tuy
nhin nhn chung l trng hp ny vn khng nghim trng bng so vi trng hp ngn
mch ti thanh ci.

Nhn xt chung:
9 Trong trng hp ngn mch khi c ti ta thy dng ngn mch 2 pha chm t l nguy
him nht, v dng ngn mch l ln nht, cc dng trn my pht v ng dy cng
rt ln.
9 Cc dng ngn mch ti cc bus nhn chung u c hu qu nghim trng hn ngn
mch gia ng dy.
9 Tt c cc trng hp ngn mch khi c ti u c tc hi n h thng nghim,
trng hn cc trng hp ngn mch khng ti.