3 545 398a

O & M Manual
Generator Control Panel
Excitation System for Generator Control Panel
Operation and Maintenance Manual
PE / VIE_AOE (AYYILDIZ) Edition: 0.00.0000 Document2
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CAUTION Installing, commissioning and operating of this product may be performed by thoroughly trained and specialized personnel * only. We explicitly will not take any responsibility for any damage on our products caused by improper installation, configuration and handling. Internal modifications must solely be carried out by specialized personnel authorized by VA TECH SAT GmbH & Co / Department PE.
* Definition: Specialized personnel, when authorized and properly instructed, may perform following tasks. Installing, mounting, commissioning and operating of the apparatus and the system when familiar with, Switching operations according to the relevant Safety Standards for medium and high voltage switchgear, i.e. plant energizing and de-energizing, preventive isolation, safety earthing and securing, when instructed, Maintenance and application of safety gear according to Standard Rules and Regulations, First Aid after extensive training.
CAUTION Insulation resistance- and high voltage tests must never be applied and may only be carried out on the power circuits. Improper use of such tests could damage the system's solid state components.
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O & M Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 2. PRODUCT DECLARATION AND CE-IDENTIFICATION 3. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS 4. BASICS OF THE THYNE4 SYSTEM 5. SUBSTANTIAL FEATURES 6. EXCITATION SYSTEM THYNE4 SPECIFICATION
6.1. POWER SUPPLY 6.1.1. With Excitation Transformer in Generator Shunt Field Connection 6.1.2. External- and Test Supply from the Station Auxiliary System 6.2. POWER CIRCUIT DESIGN 6.2.1. Rectifier Unit and Overvoltage Protection 6.2.2. De-excitation Equipment and DC Overvoltage Limiter 6.2.3. Field Flashing 6.2.4. Current Boosting 6.3. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND GATE CONTROL GMR3 6.3.1. Overview 6.3.2. Description of Hardware 6.3.3. Description of Software 6.4. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR 6.4.1. Voltage Regulator (Automatic Mode) 6.4.2. Field Current Regulator (Manual Mode) 6.4.3. Automatic Follow-Up Change Over between Voltage Regulator and Field Current Regulator 6.4.4. Operation, Indication and Digital Sequencer 6.4.5. Software package WINOPER
7 7 8 9 10 11
11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 16 20 29 29 30 30 31 31
7. INTERFACE OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

7.1. EXCITATION POWER CIRCUIT 7.1.1. Excitation Supply (to exciter) 7.1.2. Excitation AC Supply and Excitation Test Supply 7.1.3. Field Flashing and Current Boosting 7.1.4. CT / PT and Actual Measured Value Connections
32
32 32 32 32 32
8. LOCAL OPERATION
8.1. Introduction 8.2. Description of Functions 8.2.1. Basic Screen - Main Menu 8.2.2. Alarms, Trips 8.2.3. Actual Values 8.2.4. Regulator Settings 8.2.5. Maintenance 8.2.6. Terminal Mode 8.3. Operating Instructions 8.3.1. Preconditions 8.3.2. Keyboard Functions
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33 34 34 36 36 37 38 38 40 40 40
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8.3.3. Password - Write Protection 8.3.4. Parameter Modifications 8.4. Error Processing 8.4.1. Error Processing for MRB Board and IO Hardware 8.4.2. Operating and Terminal Errors
42 43 44 44 45
9. REMOTE CONTROL
9.1. INTERFACE 9.1.1. Digital Inputs 9.1.2. Digital Outputs 9.2. OPERATING MODES 9.2.1. Voltage Regulator (Automatic Mode) 9.2.2. Field Current Regulator (Manual Control) 9.2.3. Power factor / Reactive Power Regulation 9.2.4. Change Over Between the Automatic and Manual and Power factor / Reactive Power Regulation Mode 9.3. DE-EXCITATION
47
47 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 51
10. MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING

10.1. ALARM ANNUNCIATION 10.1.1. General and Accepting/resetting 10.1.2. List of Possible Alarm Annunciation 10.1.3. Detailed Specification 10.2. FAULTFINDING 10.3. FAULTY PRINTED CIRCUIT CARDS 10.4. PERIODIC MAINTENANCE
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52 52 53 53 59 63 64
11. INSTALLATION 12. PRE-SETTINGS FOR COMMISSIONING

12.1. SWITCHES ON MRB3 MODULE 12.2. LIST OF THE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS 12.3. CALIBRATION OF LC-DISPLAY
64 65
65 65 65
13. COMMISSIONING
13.1. PREPARATION FOR COMMISSIONING 13.2. MEASURING POINTS 13.3. CONSIDERATIONS 13.3.1. Calibration Principle 13.3.2. Principle for Optimizing the Regulator 13.3.3. Recommended Settings 13.4. CARRYING OUT COMMISSIONING 13.4.1. Tests at Standstill 13.4.2. Short Circuit Tests If Applicable 13.4.3. Open Circuit Voltage Tests 13.4.4. On Load Tests 13.4.5. Remaining Activities
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68 68 69 69 71 72 72 73 73 73 74 75
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14. TECHNICAL DATA

14.1. CHARACTERISTICS 14.1.1. Dimensions 14.1.2. Excitation maximum capability 14.1.3. Rectifier capability 14.1.4. Field breaker capability 14.2. EMC COMPATIBILITY
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15. PLEASE NOTE!
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LEGEND AND ABBREVIATIONS S P Q V, U I UG IG Iw Ib IF fg 3ph DC C A B NB M NM Apparent power Active power Reactive power Voltage Current Generator voltage Generator current Generator active current Generator reactive current Field current Generator frequency Three phase Direct current Command Annunciation Command (Befehl) No command Annunciation (Meldung) No annunciation
refers to digital signals refers to digital signals refers to digital signals refers to digital signals
Note:
Index n, N means nominal, e.g. UGN is generator nominal voltage.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The THYNE4 is an excitation system comprising the complete power circuit part as well as the digital regulating and control functions. This operating manual shall assist to be able to use all features contained in the system and also supply the necessary information required for mounting, installing, commissioning and maintenance. However, should there be any questions at all regarding this excitation system please contact our Head Office in Vienna.
2. PRODUCT DECLARATION AND CE-IDENTIFICATION

The excitation system THYNE4 is designed and manufactured in accordance with the CEidentification Standard (93/68/EWG) with consideration of the EU-Standards for low voltage switch gear (73/23/EWG) as well as the EU-Standard for electromagnetic compatibility (89/336/EWG). Standards considered: VDE 160, EN 50178 IEC 60146 IEC 60726 IEEE 421 B Ausrstung von Starkstromanlagen mit Electronic equipment for use in power elektronischen Betriebsmitteln installations Halbleiter-Stromrichter Leistungs-transformatoren Semiconductor convertors Dry-type power transformers High Potential Test Requirements for Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines Elektromagnetische Vertrglichkeit Electromagnetic Compatibility
IEC 61000-4
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3. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS

For the operation of a synchronous generator a magnetic rotor field is required which a DC current flowing in the rotor windings produces. This DC current is generated by the excitation system. There are several kinds of excitation systems which are employing either rotating machinery or static elements. A static excitation system is connected via an excitation transformer to a power source. Should the source be the generator winding itself we are referring to a shunt field excitation system. When the excitation transformer is connected to an external power source, e.g. an AC generator on the rotor shaft or to the auxiliary supply of the plant, it is denominated as excitation system with an external supply. The voltage output of the excitation transformer is rectified and regulated and is transmitted to the field winding via the rotor brushes. A further possibility is the use of a pilot exciter machine which can either be a brushless AC exciter with flywheel diodes or, especially in older plants, a DC exciter machine. The pilot exciter is acting as an amplifier of the field current. The flywheel diodes are mounted on the common shaft of the generator rotor and pilot exciter and are supplying the necessary DC current for the rotor. The regulation of the pilot exciter field is performed via a voltage regulator with a fully controlled thyristor unit. The excitation performs either Production and regulation of the generator voltage when not connected to the power grid or when operating as an isolated system Production and regulation of the reactive power when operating in parallel with other units to the power system. Maintaining the voltage level is caused by the grid system itself provided that it is able to do so. When during on-line operation the rotor current is reduced too much then the stability of the generator set is also decreasing. This can lead to loss of synchronism with subsequent damage to the generator within a relatively short period due to additional currents circulating in the generator windings. Generator speed and active power output is solely determined by the turbine drive The figure below shows the permissible load range for stable operation of the generator set.
Stabiliy limit
P (pu), active power

Max. permissible stator current
1
Max. permissible rotor current
0.5
Operating range
-1
-0,5
0,5
Min. Permissible rotor current
1 Q (pu), reactive power
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4. BASICS OF THE THYNE4 SYSTEM

The THYNE4 system is an integrated compact static and numeric excitation system for excitation and regulation of small and medium sized synchronous alternators having either AC or DC exciter machines. The central component is the THYNE4 device, which is containing the complete power circuit with a single or three phase fully controlled thyristor bridge as well as the integrated microprocessor system of the GMR3 family for all control and regulating operations. The exciter cubicle contains all power circuits (except excitation transformer), the automatic voltage regulator and the complete sequencer, which is necessary to control the individual components. The system also comprises a local operating panel with alarm indication, which enables local operation and quick trouble-shooting in case of excitation failures. The excitation system THYNE4 supports all standard excitation systems, such as generator shunt field excitation, systems employing an excitation transformer supplied by auxiliary power and excitation via a permanent magnet generator PMG. The local control and alarm annunciation facilities enable the operating staff to locally control the excitation system, read the actual measured values and also provide swift and precise diagnosis and repair in case of component failure. The complete THYNE4 System is consisting of: Fully controlled thyristor bridge DC overvoltage limiter AC overvoltage limiter Field flashing Current boosting Voltage regulator with limiters Additional regulators: reactive power regulator, power factor regulator Field current regulator Automatic follow-up and transfer between voltage regulator and field current regulator Integrated digital sequencer for internal control sequences Facilities for local control indication and alarm annunciation Secondary fuses of the HV excitation transformer Excitation matching transformer Voltage actual value provided by a set of PT's (3 phase or single phase) Generator current provided by a set of CT's for the cross current compensation (3 phase or 1 phase)
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5. SUBSTANTIAL FEATURES
Supply via external excitation transformer in shunt field connection Nominal frequency range between 50 Hz and 400 Hz Operating range from 10 Hz to 440 Hz Integrated P-system of the GMR3 type for digital sequencer and regulation Voltage regulation in automatic mode with inner loop current regulating Field current regulation in manual mode Adjustable active and reactive load compensation Following limiters are provided in the standard design: Maximum field current limiter with an instantaneous and delayed response Overfluxing limiter (V / Hz) Stator voltage limiter Under excitation limiter Diode fault monitoring on AC exciter machines with flywheel diodes for open circuit or short circuit Soft-Start feature, i.e. start the initial raising of the generator voltage with a defined rate of rise without hunting Manual and automatic smooth transfer from automatic to manual operating mode Additional regulators: p.f. regulator or reactive power regulator selectable on the excitation unit All set value potentiometers are part of the software having no contacts and therefore require no maintenance. Single phase fully controlled bridge rectifier Field discharging of the excitation machine's field circuit Initial excitation effective for generator shunt field excitation Current boosting to permit the excitation ceiling characteristics during transient conditions (i.e. short circuits) for excitation systems in shunt field connection. Manually operated links to change over to the external test supply for the test purposes Operation and indication unit for local operation at the device or excitation cubicle with the corresponding feedback, i.e. excitation ON and OFF, set value RAISE and LOWER, operating mode selection and resetting the alarm annunciation Above control unit comprises a keypad for the operating commands and a four line LC display for annunciation and measured values Real time sequence alarm display of an excitation failure Display of following measured values via the LC display of the control unit: Generator voltage Generator current Field current Generator active power Generator reactive power Generator power factor Alarm display in correct time sequence Redundant supplies for regulator from the existing station battery and from the excitation supply. Defined communication interface ports with voltage-free inputs and outputs for remote control and annunciation
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6. EXCITATION SYSTEM THYNE4 SPECIFICATION

The THYNE4 system is distinguished by a uniform hard- and software for two different power circuit supply for the excitation system. Besides the power circuit it contains the voltage regulator, the field current regulator, additional regulators as well as the complete sub-automatic system necessary for the control of the individual components. 6.1. POWER SUPPLY 6.1.1. With Excitation Transformer in Generator Shunt Field Connection The excitation power is provided by a single-phase supply from the generator terminals in shunt field connection via the excitation transformer or from a single-phase station auxiliary supply. The rectified field voltage from the thyristor is connected to the field circuit via the field contactor. The internal regulating matching transformer is connected to the ac supply of the excitation system and provides with it's first secondary output the synchronizing voltage of the regulator for thyristor commutation. The second transformer output is producing via rectifiers the buffered 24 VDC for the regulation system. The transformer is of dry type. The system supports AC exciter of machine arrangement. The field and rotor magnitudes can be operating within the following ranges: Field voltage: positive and negative Field current: positive Rotor voltage and rotor current: positive
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Excitation transformer
Actual value sensing
Machine arrangement
AC-exciter machine THYNE4
Gen.
Fig. 1: Power circuit THYNE4 with shunt field excitation 6.1.2. External- and Test Supply from the Station Auxiliary System During first commissioning, i.e. short circuit- and open circuit tests, heat run, protection and excitation setting and for subsequent periodic checks an external test supply not depending on the generator voltage output is necessary. For this purpose an external supply from the auxiliary system can be taken whereby for this purpose the manually operated links should be prepared for the excitation test supply. The field current can now be adjusted in manual control with the field regulator from zero up to nominal current.
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6.2. POWER CIRCUIT DESIGN 6.2.1. Rectifier Unit and Overvoltage Protection The input to the excitation system from the power circuit for the supply of the rectifier unit is protected with semiconductor fuses in each phase and further equipped with an overvoltage protection of the Selen tiles type or with an AC RC-assembly. The rectifier unit is a fully controlled thyristor bridge whereby each thyristor is provided with it's own snubber circuit. Positive and negative field voltage are permitted with a resulting high speed regulator response. The thyristors are mounted on a heat sink cooled by a fan. With the back-feed information of the regulator's microprocessors the ignition of the thyristor control pulses are calculated. These pulses are amplified and sent via the impulse transfer circuit, being galvanic isolated from the thyristors. 6.2.2. De-excitation Equipment and DC Overvoltage Limiter The de-excitation facility constitutes a safety system being independent from the thyristor bridge and regulators. De-excitation by synchronous machines with AC exciter equipment is performed through interruption of the field circuit via the de-excitation contactor. A polarized voltage-dependent semiconductor and a single-phase rectifier in bridge connection are parallel connected to the field of exciter. So the voltage peaks during the de-energizing process as well as transient voltages caused by short circuits at the synchronous machine are limited. Further the duration of the de-energizing process is reduced by this method. To spare the contacts of the de-excitation contactor during normal shut down of the unit the thyristor bridge is regulated fully into converter mode thus decaying the field current and the contactor is opened after a time delay. During a protection trip this contactor is opened instantaneously and the field energy dissipated via the voltage-dependent semiconductor. 6.2.3. Field Flashing Initial excitation during start up of a synchronous generator equipped with a shunt field excitation system can only be secured with additional measures since the residual voltage is not sufficient to provide the energy required. The station battery via diodes a limiting resistor and a start up contactor delivers the necessary energy to the field circuit. During initial excitation this contactor is closed and is opened again as soon as the thyristor unit has taken over the field current. Now the thyristor unit is regulating to the adjusted set value. A typical field current produced by the initial excitation is in the order of 10 % to 20 % of the nominal no-load field current at generator rated voltage. The maximum short time rating of the initial excitation in case of faults, depending on internal supervision, is 15 sec. During test supply whereas the excitation system derives the energy from an excitation transformer connected to the station auxiliaries an initial excitation is not necessary. The voltage for field flashing is completely independent from the 125 VDC supply of the THYNE4.
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6.2.4. Current Boosting The energy of the excitation system is taken from the generator terminals. During transient conditions (i.e. short circuits) the excitation supply voltage is no more sufficient to maintain the excitation value, this circuit is therefore triggered by the activation of boosting rectifier (under 70% of rated stator voltage) to permit the activation of the excitation ceiling characteristics. The supply of the boosting circuit is taken from the station battery. A limiting resistor keeps the current to the excitation ceiling value. The boosting is stopped as soon as the stator voltage reaches 80% of rated stator voltage (by opening of the boosting breaker). The duration of the boosting is given by the excitation ceiling time. 6.3. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND GATE CONTROL GMR3 6.3.1. Overview The regulator and gate-control unit GMR3 is a multi-processor voltage regulator for synchronous single-phase and three-phase machines with a broad frequency range. It comprises a complete voltage regulator, the firing circuitry for single-phase or three-phase operation and the control logic that is necessary for the proper operation of an excitation system. 6.3.1.1 Operating Principle In its basic embodiment, the system comprises a main processor (MRB), 3 sub-processors (Pr.A,B,C), digital and analog inputs and outputs in variable numbers, and a measured-value processing board (SAB) for the electrical quantities of the machine and the gate pulses. The regulator is structured as voltage regulator with one master (voltage) control loop and one slave (exciter current) control loop. Matching transformers provide isolation for the actual values (stator voltage UG, stator current IG, exciter current IP, thyristor voltage USYN). They are transformed into low voltages, which a cable feeds to board SAB. On the SAB board, the measured values are processed for the subprocessors of the PIM unit.
Fig. 2: Block diagram GMR3
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Sub-processor C calculates the parameters required to regulate a synchronous machine. Via a dual-port RAM (DPR C), the results are transmitted to the main processor MRB. (A dual-port RAM is a memory device which gives access to two processors, independent of each other.) The main processor contains the software for the voltage loop (automatic operating mode), the limiters, the additional regulators, and the entire control logic that is necessary for a proper operation. All digital I/O cards and all additional system-specific analog I/O cards are also connected to the main processor unit. The output value of the voltage loop is transferred to sub-processor B on board PIM via dual-port RAM DPR B. Sub-processor B contains the exciter-current loop (manual operating mode). On the basis of the actual field current (recorded via module SAB) and the information provided by the main processor, this loop calculates the firing angle for the thyristor pulses. The firing angle is transferred to sub-processor A via DPR A. Sub-processor A calculates the firing pulses. Transistors on module SAB amplify the pulses, which a cable feeds to the firing transformers (one for every thyristor). A switch on the front panel of the SAB facilitates the manual testing of the firing pulses. Digital inputs and outputs serve to control and process commands, feedbacks, and alarms. All analog inputs and outputs required for regulating are available on board SAB. As an optional feature, additional input and output boards may be provided for system-specific tasks. 6.3.1.2 Regulator Assembly The different regulator boards are built into a 19" rack. At the rear, they are connected by means of a wiring print. The voltage supply and all external inputs and outputs are connected via frontpanel connectors. The below boards are mounted in one regulator unit: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 voltage supply NGT (position A1) main processor board MRB (position A2) with memory for program and setting parameters, 1 serial service adapter at the front or several sub-processor boards PIM (from A4 to A9, as required) each with 3 signal processors (A, B, C) and attached program memory or several signal processing boards SAB (A4 to A9, as required) to couple the measured values and to uncouple the gate pulses or several digital input boards DE32 (A4 to A19, as required) each with 32 optocoupler inputs and 32 LEDs or several digital output boards DA32 (A4 to A19, as required) each with 32 relay outputs and 32 LEDs optional digital input/output board SEA (A4 to A19, as required) each with 24 optocoupler inputs, 8 relay outputs and 4 analogue inputs and 16 LEDs actual value pick-up IWK includes isolating and matching PTs and CTs
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6.3.1.3 Scope of Program The software comprises the operating system and the regulator programs with the setting parameters for the main processor board (MRB) and the different sub-programs for the subprocessor boards (PIM). All programs are stored in EPROMs, all adjustable parameters are stored in EEPROMs. The operating system provides input and output conversion, coordinates the sequence of the regulator program, the data exchange to the sub-processors, and facilitates communication with the regulator via a serial interface. Different monitoring functions permit a selective error detection. In addition, the operating system comprises an editor, which serves to work on the regulator programs. For operating, an operation terminal or a compatible PC may be attached via an RS232-C interface on the main processor board. The sub-programs on the sub-processor board contain the compiling of the measured values and the calculation of the actual values (processor C), one exciter-current regulator (processor B), and the gate pulse generation (processor A). 6.3.2. Description of Hardware The regulator consists of a 19" rack (6HE, 84TE), which is fitted with the printed circuit boards necessary to satisfy the system specifications. On the rear of the regulator, all units are connected via a wiring print. Additional connections for some modules are made via the respective application plug with plug-on wiring prints. The voltage supply and all inputs and outputs are connected by cable via connectors on the front panel. The following is an overview of the functions of the cards. For details see the respective descriptions of the printed circuit boards. 6.3.2.1 Voltage Supply The regulator requires a 24Vdc supply. The supply is provided redundant, on the one hand from the thyristor voltage via a matching transformer and a diode rectifier, and on the other hand from the station battery. Supply to Regulator Electronics The supply voltage from the redundant supply (nominal value 24Vdc, range 15-36 Vdc) is fed to the DC/DC converter NGT in the regulator via a front-panel connector. The DC/DC converter can only be used in position A1 of the regulator. It supplies the voltages needed by the regulator electronics: 5V: supply for all functional groups processing digital signals 15V: supply for all functional groups processing analog signals On the rear of the rack, these voltages are connected to the individual boards via a wiring print. The regulator ground is connected to the regulator casing. Supply to Pulse Amplifiers The pulse amplifiers, fitted near the thyristors, need a supply of 24Vdc. The redundant regulator supply is therefore fed to the pulse amplifiers via card SAB. The 24Vdc ground is connected to the regulator ground and the regulator casing.
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6.3.2.2 Main Processor Board MRB The operating system with the main regulator program is on this board. The board has an INTEL processor and EPROMs for programs, in addition to the working memory, as well as an EEPROM to store site dependent parameters. The board can only be used in plug-in position A2 of the regulator. An RS232-C serial interface adapter is located on the front panel, in order to connect an operation terminal or a compatible PC for maintenance purposes. 6.3.2.3 Sub-Processor Board PIM The board contains 3 independent INTEL signal processors (A,B,C) with corresponding periphery. Each of the processors serves a precisely defined task which is in line with the corresponding software. Up to 4 sub-processor boards can be used in one regulator unit (in positions A4 to A9, as required). The PIM boards are numbered consecutively, starting at 0, and the number must be set with the selector switch on the board. Dual-port RAMs are used for data exchange with the main processor. They are memories that 2 processors can use for writing and reading. Consequently, the processors are uncoupled. The sub-processors can work independent of the main processor, which means that the subprocessors continue to operate, also in case of a main processor board failure. 6.3.2.4 Signal Processing Unit SAB The SAB board can only be used together with sub-processor board PIM. The two boards are connected on the back, via a plug-on wiring print. The system signals are connected via 2 frontpanel connectors. A maximum of 3 SAB boards may be used in one regulator unit (in positions A4 to A9, as required). Print SAB serves for the below tasks: to read in actual values to read in 6 free analog values to output gate pulses to enable manual setting operation CAUTION All analog signals and gate pulses are electrically connected to the regulator ground! Analog signals may only be connected via isolating transducers or transformers.
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Actual Values A maximum of 7 measured values, required for regulating and gate-control, are read in via isolating transformers: synchronizing (thyristor) voltage US1 (L1-L3) synchronizing (thyristor) voltage US2 (L2-L3) stator voltage UG1 (L1-L3) stator voltage UG2 (L2-L3) stator current IG1 (L1) stator current IG2 (L2) exciter current IP1 The measured physical values are filtered and converted into a form which the PIM board can process. In addition, different input-signal levels can be matched, when soldering resistors to print SAB. Single-phase or three-phase signals can be processed. The three-phase signals are recorded via two measuring channels. When measuring single-phase signals, the second channel for the respective measured quantity is not used. The exciter current is always transferred as direct-voltage value via one channel. Dependent on site conditions the following combinations are possible: Three-phase rectifier bridge US1: thyristor voltage L1-L3 US2: thyristor voltage L2-L3 Single-phase rectifier bridge US1: thyristor voltage L-N US2: no used Three-phase machine with three-phase measurement UG1: stator voltage L1-L3 UG2: stator voltage L2-L3 IG1: stator current L1 IG2: stator current L2 Three-phase machine with single-phase measurement UG1: stator voltage L1-L3 UG2: no used IG1: no used IG2: stator current L2 Single-phase machine UG1: stator voltage L-N UG2: no used IG1: stator current L IG2: no used
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Free Analog Values Board SAB has 6 analog inputs for site applications, which can be used to implement user-specific tasks. DC or AC signals can be processed, which must be connected via external isolating transformers. Via input circuitry, voltage divider, rectifier with add-on offset and low pass, they are converted into a signal 0...+5V. Soldered resistors facilitate an adjustment to different input signal levels. The software uses the 6 analog signals via variables V511 (ANA1) to V516 (ANA6). Pulse Outputs The gate pulses, required to control the thyristors of the power rectifier, are amplified on the SAB board and supplied to the upper front-panel connector, together with the 24Vdc auxiliary voltage for the pulse amplifiers. A maximum of 6 pulses is available. Selectable by jumpers on the printed board, either pulse amplifiers (transformers with amplifiers connected in series) or pulse transformers (without amplifiers) can be connected. Thyristor bridges can only be connected in parallel when pulse amplifiers are used. Triggering gate pulses can be prevented when using the gate pulse blocking relay on the board. Front-Panel Switches Switches on the front panel enable manual setting operation. When switch "HST" is moved to position "1", the control angle of the thyristor bridge can be adjusted manually via control key "". The set firing angle can be measured at measuring sleeve "U" (0...5V correspond to 0...180). During manual setting operation, the gate blocking relay is ineffective, and gate pulses are triggered independent of the position of the gate blocking relay. 6.3.2.5 Actual Value Pick-Up IWK This board is mounted behind a protection cover on the back of the regulator unit. It contains the necessary devices to match and isolate at maximum 8 measured actual values. The external signals are connected to a terminal strip on the IWK. The internal signals are connected to the SAB by a cable for further processing. The main components on the IWK board are: 2 2 2 2 PTs for the synchronizing (thyristor) voltages US1, US2 PTs for the stator voltage UG1, UG2 CTs for the stator current IG1, IG2 CTs and a rectifier for the exciter current IP1, measured at AC-side of the thyristor bridge, or alternatively one DC/DC converter for the supply of a hall-sensor type transformer to measure the current IP1 in the field circuit of an exciter machine. 1 PT optional, for the net voltage UN. 4 of the 6 free analog values (ANA1, ANA4, ANA5, ANA6) are passed through the IWK unit without further processing. 1 input (ANA2) is reserved for the connection of the net voltage and 1 input (ANA3) is reserved for the field voltage (to be measured by a hall-sensor type transformer).
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6.3.2.6 Digital Input Board DE32 The print has 32 digital inputs. Each of the inputs is passed over optocouplers and displayed by LEDs. Two inputs each have a common potential. All connections are wired by cable to the terminal strip via a front-panel connector. 24Vdc (range 15-36Vdc) are used as coupling voltage. In the basic configuration the regulator is equipped with 1 board DE32. A maximum of 16 input boards can be used (in positions A4 to A19, as required). The software reads the inputs of the first board via variables E0 to E31. The inputs of additional boards are numbered consecutively (E32...). 6.3.2.7 Digital Output Board DA32 The print has 32 digital outputs. Each of the outputs is passed over a printed-board relay and displayed by LEDs. Two outputs each have a common potential. All connections are wired by cable to the terminal strip via a front-panel connector. 24Vdc are used as query voltage. In the basic configuration the regulator is equipped with 1 board DA32. A maximum of 16 output boards can be used (in positions A4 to A19, as required). The software actuates the outputs of the first board via variables A0 to A31. The outputs of additional boards are numbered consecutively (A32...). 6.3.2.8 Analogues Output Board AA8 This print is only used when needed for site-specific applications. The print has 8 analog outputs, which can be set individually as voltage or current sources. All outputs have one common ground. The output signals can be measured on the front panel via testing sleeves. All connections are wired to the terminal strip with a shielded cable, via a front-panel connector. A maximum of 16 output boards can be used (in positions A4 to A19, as required). The software actuates the outputs on the first board via variables Y0 to Y7. The outputs of additional boards are numbered consecutively (Y8...). The following signal ranges can be selected individually for every output via plug-in jumpers: 10 V 5 / 10 / 20 mA 6.3.2.9 Special Input / Output Board SEA This print is only used when needed for site-specific applications. The print has 24 digital inputs, 8 digital outputs and 4 analog inputs. each of inputs is passed over optocouplers and displayed by LEDs. Eight inputs each have a common potential. Each of outputs is passed over a printed-board relay and displayed by LEDs. Two outputs each have a common potential. Four analog inputs either 10 V or 20 mA. The signal range has to be selected via plug-in jumpers. 6.3.3. Description of Software The software comprises the program elements: operating system with editor and monitoring functions regulator program with site-specific setting values sub-programs for the sub-processors used The operating system and the regulator program run on the main processor board MRB. The subprograms for the sub-processors of board PIM are separate functional units. They handle certain time-critical tasks, which the main processor cannot handle (e.g. gate pulse generation, actual value calculation, ...).
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6.3.3.1 Operating System ECS The operating system ECS runs on main processor board MRB. It provides the input and output conversion, coordinates the execution of the regulator program, as well as the data exchange to the sub-processors, and it facilitates communication with the regulator via the serial service adapter on the main processor board MRB. Different monitoring functions permit a selective error detection. In addition, the operating system comprises an editor, which helps to generate, change and list user programs. Basically, the regulator is therefore a freely programmable control and regulating system, which can be programmed in a language using functional blocks. With this language, pre-defined software modules (functional blocks) are connected via a linking list to a user program. The operating system comprises a module library with a large number of analog and digital modules, with optimized running times. The modules facilitate the implementation of regulating and control tasks. Program Execution Control A micro-processor can implement the individual functions only consecutively (serially). The time required to run one program one time is called "execution time". Once the end of a program is reached, the whole process is started again. Since the system is used for regulating tasks, it is necessary to run certain programs at precisely defined time intervals (program cycle time). This is achieved by starting them every 10 msec, for example. The entire execution time of a program must, of course, be shorter than the program cycle time. The maximum possible program size is limited by the program cycle time. In order to be able to use also comprehensive programs when cycle times are short, a user program may be divided into up to 8 components (tasks) with different requirements on execution speed. An individual constant cycle time Ta (1 to 65535 ms) may be selected for every task. The tasks are numbered 1 to 8, with the lower-numbered tasks having a higher priority and shorter cycle times than the higher-numbered tasks. Tasks with higher priority may interrupt tasks with lower priority. As a result, several tasks may be operated in a "quasi parallel" mode. During breaks between tasks, the service interface, and alike, are operated. While running the user program, the parameters may be set. Classes of Variables The user program on the main processor board is programmed in a language that has been assimilated to conventional regulating and control technologies, i.e. individual elements (modules) are connected to create a global structure. Discreet circuit engineering uses wires for the connections, here memory locations are used. In the system, different connecting elements ("variables") are available for the individual applications. They are distinguished according to "classes of variables". In line with their area of application, the different classes of variables have different ranges of values and formats for display. The software uses 9 classes of variables in 3 formats for display. Digital Variables: E: digital input variables (from input board DE32) A: digital output variables (to output board DA32) I: digital internal variables (connecting variables) C: digital internal constants
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Analog Variables: X: Y: V: P: analog input variables (from analog input AE8) analog output variables (to analog output AA8) analog internal variables (connecting variables) analog internal constants
Time Constants: T: internal time constants The variables of a class are distinguished by numbers behind the letters (starting at 0, e.g. E0, V251, ...). Formats for Display The values for the individual variables are shown on the user screen (PC, operation terminal) as follows: Digital Variables/Constants (E,A,I,C):
L, H
(0, 1 on operation terminal)
The range of values comprises only the two values L (low, log. 0) and H (high, log. 1). If, for a digital parameter, the value U (undefined) appears on the screen, this is most likely due to a hardware fault. Analog Variables/Parameters (X,Y,V,P):
-16.0000 to +15.9995
(p.u. format)
The following conversion applies to analog inputs and outputs X (AE8) and Y (AA8):
-1.0000 is the negative limit of the range (e.g. 10 V, -20 mA) 0.0000 is 0V, 0mA +1.0000 is the positive limit of the range (e.g. +10 V, +20 mA)
The range of the analog board is set on the board by means of plug-in jumpers (see description of respective board). If a value of +2.0000 is set for an analog output, it will only output the positive limit of its range (e.g. +10V, corresponds to ceiling voltage of operation amplifiers). Within the system, the parameters V and P can, however, have values between -16.0000 and +15.9995. Time Constants (T):
0 to 65535
(decimal format)
With this parameter class, all internal logic masks of the system, all communication addresses with sub-processors and the unchangeable time constants are determined. When using them as time parameters, the set value should be understood to be a factor of the cycle time. Example: A parameter T20 is assumed for Task 1. The cycle time for Task 1 is assumed to be 2 msec, 140 was entered as the value for T20. The set time is therefore 140 x 2 msec = 0.24 sec.
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Representation of Variables Within the Operating System Within the system, the digital variables E, A, I and C are represented by "bytes" (of 8 bits). Byte value 0 corresponds to logical value L, byte value 255 corresponds to logical value H. All other values are displayed as U (undefined). The analog variables X, Y, V, P and T are represented by "words" (of 16 bits). On a service device, parameters X, Y, V and P are displayed in the "p.u." (per unit) format (e.g. +01.0000), parameter T in decimal format (e.g. 30100). The values have the following meaning:
internal system representation decimal format (two's-complement) (T) 32767 1 0 -1 -32768 = = = = = 32767 1 0 65535 32768 = = = = =
p.u.-format (X,Y,V,P) +15.9995 +00.0005 +00.0000 -00.0005 -16.0000
The computer does not make any difference between the classes of analog variables. This distinction only serves for a clearer display. Memory Areas The operating system is stored on EPROMs. The site-specific setting values and the regulator program are stored on EEPROMs and can be changed at all times. The working memory (RAM) of the system is divided into 3 areas, numbered 0, 1, 2. Areas 0 and 1 are assigned for the regulator program, area 2 for the variables and setting parameters. At every re-start of the system (reset, voltage failure) the application program which is stored in EEPROM will be copied to the SRAM and will be started. The setting values (from the parameter EEPROM) are loaded into the respective areas of the working memory. Distribution of the Parameters among the Nonvolatile Memories P, T and C constants are stored on one EEPROM, together with the program. They are used for basic settings and should not be changed. The variables beyond V800 and beyond I1000 are reserved for setting parameters and stored on EEPROMs.
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6.3.3.2 Main Regulator Program The regulator allows automatic and manual regulation. The regulator structure is embodied as voltage regulator with two control loops (master - slave) and regulates the generator voltage to an adjustable voltage set value. The master (for voltage regulation) consists of a PI(D) regulator with integrator feedback and controls the slave (for exciter current regulation) with P(I) characteristics. The above structure provides for a high control speed, as well as a high stability at all load points. A large number of limiting and additional regulators, some of which are optional features, permits a high degree of adjustment to all requirements. The main regulator program is executed by the main processor MRB. It was programmed, using the modules that are contained in the module library of the operating system ECS. The regulator program contains the voltage control loop, all limiting and additional regulators, as well as the logic control sequences and their monitoring functions, which are necessary for a faultless operation of the complete excitation unit. The secondary exciter current loop is a component of the subprogram on sub-processor board PIM. The different functions are activated in keeping with site specifications, depending on the task in hand. The total scope of the program depends upon the configuration of the system and is therefore variable. A description of the individual regulator parameters can be taken from the drawings and descriptions which are supplied with the system documentation. The main program is divided into 8 tasks, and the variables into groups of numbers. Division of Tasks The below table gives an overview of the division of the regulator program into the individual tasks and the corresponding cycle times. Task No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cycle Time 2ms 4ms 20ms 50ms 50ms 50ms 100ms Program Component voltage regulator undelayed field current limiter, detection of the inputs for protection load angle limiter other limiting regulators analog value monitoring site-specific analog processing logic control set value generation reactive load regulation regulator operation messages error messages parameter exchange time base conversion
300ms
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Groups of Numbers for Variables The variable numbers are split up into different groups, depending on their purpose of use. e.g.:
V0 - V199 analog variables for regulating I0 - I199 digital variables for regulating
The variable numbers beyond V800 and beyond I1000 are reserved for setting parameters and are stored on an EEPROM.
V800 - V899 analog parameters V900 - V949 time parameters 1.0000 = 1 sec V950 - V999 time parameters 1.0000 = 100 sec I1000-I1015 variables used to connect limiters and regulator add-ons
Normalizing Measuring Values The regulator software uses normalized values for calculating. In general, every physical measuring value is related to its rated value and represented as p.u. (per unit) value. Example: The machine voltage is represented by variable V501. In case of a rated voltage at the machine terminals, V501 has the value 1.0000. 6.3.3.3 Regulator Sub-Programs Various functions, which the main processor cannot handle, are implemented by sub-processors on the PIM board. The regulator has a minimum of one PIM board with 3 sub-processors. These processors serve to calculate the actual value, to regulate the exciter current and to generate the gate pulses. The data exchange with the main processor on board MRB is by means of DP-RAMs. A series of parameters and variables serves to complete the configuration of the individual sub-programs, as well as to monitor them. Gate Pulse Generation A gate-control unit serves to generate firing pulses for thyristors, in order to produce a variable direct voltage from an alternating voltage (thyristor voltage). The thyristor voltage can be singlephase or three-phase, and the frequency can also be variable within a broad range (e.g. in case of a permanent magnet generator). The direct current, generated at load (field, rotor), is smoothed sufficiently on account of the inductivity of the load. Control angle is the control input of the gate-control unit. The control angle (firing angle) is defined as the position in time of the firing pulse to the phase position of the phase voltage. Depending upon the thyristor bridge, which is attached to the firing circuitry, the output voltage is generated via a certain control law, in accordance with the given firing angle. In general, a control angle = 0 is the rectifier end position (maximum possible positive output voltage). A control angle = 90 results in an output voltage with a value 0, and the maximum possible control angle must be less than 180 (inverter end position, negative output voltage). The control angle is measured from the natural firing point. This means that the gate-control must know the current phase relation of the phase voltages. In addition, it must be possible to calculate in advance at what instant a certain phase relation is reached. It is therefore necessary to know the frequency of the phase voltage. (Synchronizing the firing pulses to the thyristor voltage).
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The gate-control consists of processor A, with the corresponding circuits on sub-processor board PIM and the input and output circuits on the SAB board. It is suited for applications in three-phase systems (6 thyristors) and in single-phase systems (4 thyristors). Processor A calculates the firing pulses for the thyristor bridges. For processor A, the two phase to phase synchronizing voltages US1 (L1-L3) and US2 (L2-L3) are available as measuring values and to synchronize the firing pulses (in case of single-phase systems only US1 is used). Each of these voltages is filtered on board SAB and transformed into a frequency that is in direct proportion to the instantaneous voltage value, by means of voltagecontrolled oscillators (VCO). The pulses of that frequency are counted in a counter module of subprocessor board PIM, which the processor processes periodically. This process corresponds to an integrating compilation of the measured values. The software simulates the vector of the synchronizing voltage (thyristor voltage). It serves as reference for the natural firing point, as well as for the frequency. The actual firing point of every thyristor is derived from firing angle , which the field current regulator (processor B) computes. It can be calculated from the sum of firing angle and the natural firing point that is assigned to the thyristor. The rectifier limit defines the lower limit of the working range of firing angle (rectifier operation), while the inverter limit defines the upper limit (inverter operation). For every thyristor branch of a fully controlled bridge, a firing pulse is generated at the corresponding HSO (high speed output) of processor A, at the actual firing instant. The length of the firing pulse depends upon the frequency of the synchronizing voltage. The computation method works independent of sense of phase sequence and frequency, so that the capacity of processor A is the only limiting factor. The pulse calculating program runs synchronously to the thyristor voltage, at a multiple (synchronizing coefficient m) of the thyristor frequency, i.e. the measurements and calculations are made m times in every period. The synchronizing coefficient satisfies the following condition:
m = 6i
where i = 1,3,5,7,9,11
The calculations require a certain time, which limits the synchronizing coefficient m in the downward direction; yet, the calculations should be repeated as often as possible. This results in changing the synchronizing coefficients within the operating range of the gate-control set of the thyristor bridge. On the basis of the calculating capacity, the maximum admissible frequency of the thyristor voltage is 440 Hz when m = 1. Together with the possible synchronizing coefficients, the program cycle time is in a range of approximately 0.4 to 1.3 msec, depending on the thyristor frequency. The gate-control set can operate three-phase bridges with positive or negative phase sequence, or single-phase bridges.
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Three-Phase Rectifier Bridge It consists of 6 thyristors; accordingly, 6 firing pulses must be generated. The distance between the pulses is 60. The phase to phase voltages US1 (L1-L3) and US2 (L2-L3) are measured. The natural firing point is at 30 after zero passage of the corresponding phase voltage. Double pulses at a distance of 60 are generated during rectifier operation (firing angle = 0...90), i.e. for a commutation, these two thyristors which shall conduct the current always receive a firing pulse at the same time. During inverter operation (firing angle = 90...180), only single pulses are generated, for reasons of safety. Single-Phase Rectifier Bridge It consists of 4 thyristors. 4 firing pulses are generated, of which 2 pulses must always be set at the same time (i.e. 2 pulse pairs are generated, with a distance of 180). The alternating voltage US1 (L-N) is measured. The natural firing point occurs at zero passage of the phase voltage. Manual Setting Operation The firing angle may be set manually for testing purposes. The switches for manual operation on board SAB act on the digital inputs of processor A. The instantaneous value of the firing angle is output as a signal with modulated pulse-width at an HSO (high speed output) of the processor, and can be measured at measuring jacks. Exciter Current Regulator The regulating algorithm of voltage regulator GMR contains a secondary exciter current loop, which can also be used for manual-operation purposes. This loop with P(I) characteristic is implemented in sub-processor B. The P and I behavior can be configured individually or switched off. The set value for the exciter current is supplied by the main processor. The value measured for the exciter current is filtered on board SAB and transformed into a frequency that is in direct proportion to the instantaneous value of the voltage, by means of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The pulses of the frequency are counted in a counter module of sub-processor card PIM, which the sub-processor evaluates periodically. The exciter current value, determined by the software in this manner, is filtered by a 1st- order low pass (PT1) with adjustable time constant and supplied to the regulating algorithm as actual value. The regulator output is the firing angle, which is transferred to the gate-control in processor A. The regulating algorithm in processor B runs synchronously to processor A and has therefore the same cycle time as the former. Different operating modes can be configured via the input parameters: PI regulation, the P and I shares can be set individually P regulation, the P share can be set (I share = 0) Loading the integrator with a preset value Setting the firing angle directly by main processor
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Free Analog Values Six analog inputs are available via board SAB. They are used for system-specific tasks. Every analog value is transformed into a signal 0...+5V on board SAB. Sub-processor B reads in the values via its analog inputs, with a resolution of 10 bits. In addition, they are filtered by the software (1st-order low passes, PT1) and supplied to the main processor via the DP-RAM. The filter-time constants can be set individually. Analog value 1 (V511 ANA1) is available in the main processor with a time resolution of 4 msec, all others (V512 - V516) with a resolution of 100 msec. Actual Value Measurement and Computation Processor C calculates the values required for regulating and optional power system stabilizing (voltage, current, frequency, rotor angle, power, stabilizing signal, ...), from the measured generator or motor quantities. The calculation method is equally suited, both for single-phase or threephase machines (turning left or right) and covers a broad frequency range (see Technical Data). The program has a cycle time of 1 msec. The following configurations are possible. 3-phase systems with 3-phase measurement: stator voltages UG1 (L1-L3), UG2 (L2-L3), stator currents IG1 (L1), IG2 (L2) 3-phase systems with 1-phase measurement: stator voltage UG1 (L1-L3), stator current IG2 (L2) 1-phase systems: stator voltage UG1, stator current IG1
These measured values are filtered on board SAB and transformed into a frequency that is in direct proportion to the instantaneous value of the filtered quantities, by means of voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO). The pulses of the resulting frequency signals are counted in counter modules of the sub-processor board PIM, which the processor processes periodically. This process corresponds to an integrating compilation of the measured values. Tolerances of electrical parts in the measured-value processing may cause minor differences in amplification and zero points of the signals. They result in an asymmetry of the internal vectors. In case of a zero shift, an asymmetry occurs at basic frequency, in case of amplification differences, an asymmetry occurs at double frequency of the measured voltage. These component-dependent asymmetries have no impact on the overall functioning. They only cause a minor ripple in the thyristor output voltage and may be compensated, if necessary, by means of parameters V810 to V812 for the stator voltage, or V814 to V816 for the stator current.
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6.4. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR 6.4.1. Voltage Regulator (Automatic Mode) The microprocessor controlled voltage regulator of the GMR3 family represents the heart of the excitation system. The regulator and the grid regulator unit are a multi-processor voltage regulator for synchronous generator with a wide operating frequency range. It contains the complete voltage regulator with the necessary limiters and additional regulators, a grid regulator unit for single or three-phase operation and the control logic necessary for the proper operation of an excitation system. The system is of modular design and consists of altogether 4 processors, the digital and analogue inputs and outputs, a signal processing module for the electrical machine data and a digital grid regulator unit. The voltage supply is always performed redundant. At standstill the regulator is supplied from the station battery. In addition a second supply is provided as a "backup" from the thyristor bus. This backup supply takes over via de-coupling diodes without interruption the supply for the regulator during operation. Functional Principle: The voltage regulator operates with two regulating loops. The first loop (for voltage regulation) with PID structure and internal integration feedback controls follow-up of the second regulating loop (for field current regulation) with a P(I) characteristic. Due to this two-stage design a fast regulating dynamics as well as high stability during all operating- and load conditions is achieved. The actual measured values are converted via potential free interposing CT's for the processing of the sub-processor. Program Volume: The software contains the operating system and the regulating program with the setting parameters on the main processor module and the various sub-programs on the sub-processor module. System- and User software and plant specific parameters are stored in an EEPROM, which can be modified according to requirements. The operating system carries out the input and output conversion, co-ordinates the sequence of the regulating- and sequencer program and data exchange with the sub-processors and enables communication of the user with the regulator via a serial interface. All setting-, calibration- and set value potentiometers are part of the software without contacts and therefore require no maintenance.
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The following limiters and additional features are provided in the standard design: Max. and min. field current limiter with an instantaneous and delayed response Overfluxing limiter (V / Hz) Generator voltage limiter Stator current limiter with current dependent delay (inverse time) for capacitive and inductive generator operation. Under excitation limiter Line droop compensation Diode fault monitoring on AC exciter machines with flywheel diodes for open circuit or short circuit Soft-Start feature, i.e. start the initial raising of the generator voltage with a defined rate of rise without hunting
In order to provide utmost safety during operation the system is provided with extensive hard- and software supervision features. Self-monitoring of the 4 processors Monitoring of the supply voltages Watchdog functions on the individual printed circuit boards. Self-monitoring of the most important variables Test switch on grid control unit for tests with open regulating circuit
6.4.2. Field Current Regulator (Manual Mode) For manual operation via the (internal) regulating loop the field current is regulated according to the adjusted set value. The potentiometer for the current regulator is again part of the software and also requires no maintenance. To increase availability for this mode no limiters are effective with the exception of the field current set value is limited to a maximum value of "set value field current regulator upper range". 6.4.3. Automatic Follow-Up Change Over between Voltage Regulator and Field Current Regulator A smooth transfer from voltage regulator (automatic mode) to field current regulator (manual mode) during operation is achieved either manual or automatic. Automatic change over takes place on faults in the voltage regulator system, e.g. failure of the generator voltage set value. Transferring from field current- to voltage regulator mode can only be performed manually. A follow-up regulator continuously adjusts the respective other operating mode so that in either way always balanced conditions are present. Thus no differential voltage meter is necessary and therefore not provided. When in manual mode the set value falls short of or is exceeded a change over is blocked.
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6.4.4. Operation, Indication and Digital Sequencer Digital sequencer, monitoring and alarm annunciation are integrated in the P-system as part of the software and are therefore provided with the same reliable supply voltage as the regulator. However the most important trip outputs are separate for safety reasons and are therefore independent from the function of the microprocessor. For control, monitoring and alarms following functions are specified: Digital sequencer for proper field flashing, current boosting and de-excitation including operation of all necessary contactors Input- and output signal processing (with potential free interface to the station control system) Monitoring of the excitation as well as alarm and trip output signals Control and indication unit for local operation Local indication via LC-display for: Generator voltage Generator current Field current Generator active power Generator reactive power Indication of further measured values via the LC-display of the control unit when called upon is possible This control unit consists of a film keypad for the operating commands and a four row LCdisplay for alarm annunciation and measured values. Excitation alarms are stored locally and indicated with the correct time sequence on the LCdisplay. Several test- and simulation facilities for commissioning and maintenance 6.4.5. Software package WINOPER For operation, maintenance and diagnosis the software package WINOPER is available. It allows, by graphical display on a PC, a complete overview and user friendly operation. Furthermore monitoring of analogue and digital variables is possible in different ways. Thus, the facilities of the integrated LC-display and operation panel are considerably extended. The PC is simply connected to the GMR3 processor board via serial interface RS232. WINOPER enables monitoring or change of plant-specific parameters. The modified parameters can be stored in an EEPROM.
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7. INTERFACE OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

7.1. EXCITATION POWER CIRCUIT 7.1.1. Excitation Supply (to exciter) Signal name EXCITREXCIT: The output of the excitation system for the supply of the field winding is carried out via terminalsX01/3 (positive current) and -X01/4 (negative current). 7.1.2. Excitation AC Supply and Excitation Test Supply Signal name EXCIT PWRSPLY and EXCIT TESTSPLY: The AC power supply of the excitation system is connected to terminals X01/5 and X01/9 and the test supply has to be connected to the terminals X01/8 and X01/12. There is a manual operated link, which makes the connection of the chosen supply to the rectifier-bridge. 7.1.3. Field Flashing and Current Boosting Signal name FLASH/BOOST PWRSPLY: For the field flashing and the current boosting circuit the battery supply 125 Vdc (2) has to be connected to the terminalsX01/1 (plus) and X01/2 (minus). 7.1.4. CT / PT and Actual Measured Value Connections Signal name AVR VOLTMEAS1: The actual measured values of the generator voltage and current is applied as three phase. The actual measured values connection can be with either a clockwise or anticlockwise phase rotation whereby the former is preferred. CAUTION The correct allocation of the current vectors and voltage vectors has to be strictly observed! The three phase actual value of the stator voltage L1, L2, L3 has to be connected to the terminals X10/02, 03, 04. Signal name AVR VOLTMEAS2: In case of optional dual channel regulator, for redundancy the actual value has to be connected to the terminals X10/06, 07, 08. Signal name MEAS CURRMEAS: The phase currents from CT's L1 and L2 are allocated to terminals X10/02 () and X10/01 () for L1 and terminals X10/04 () and X10/03 () for L2. For the optional energy meter or transducers with analogues output signals for active and reactive power, stator current and power factor also the third phase form CT is needed, this will be connected to terminals X10/06 () and X10/01 (). Note: -X10/02 () means, the current is entering terminal X10/02 of the excitation system -X10/01 () means, the current is leaving terminal X01/02 of the excitation system
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8. LOCAL OPERATION
8.1. Introduction The ELTERM user interface is integrated in the digital voltage regulator GMR3 and provides easy local operation along with indication of all generator quantities and vast alarm indication facilities. All reference values, as well as the regulator settings can be changed with the ELTERM. The main features of the ELTERM are: On-line display of the system status in plain language 8 keys provide all direct local operation commands necessary Menu guided service and maintenance functions The most important actual values are displayed in physical quantities. All actual values are displayed in per unit values. All internal reference values and regulator settings can be inspected and changed on-line in an easy, menu driven way. Two level password access prevents from unauthorized changes of parameters. 96 individual alarm messages provide precise trouble shooting information. The latest 104 alarm events are registered in their sequence of occurrence. Automatic display of self-supervision functions in case of an AVR failure, indicating the defective hard- or software component. The easy, menu guided operation and the status display in plain language result in a significant improvement compared to conventional user interfaces. All necessary operation procedures as well as all parameter modifications can be carried out with the ELTERM. Hence no additional terminal or a PC are necessary for operating or servicing an excitation system equipped with a GMR3 digital regulator. The alarm registration of 96 different individual alarms, storing the last 104 events in their sequence of occurrence provides a very precise trouble shooting information. CAUTION Any regulator-manipulation with the ELTERM or a PC constitutes an operating risk for the generator in operation! The staff responsible for the operation of the generator must be contacted prior to any such intervention! The manufacturer of the terminal does not assume any liability for any possible damage or operating stoppage!
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8.2. Description of Functions 8.2.1. Basic Screen - Main Menu A nine-pole cable connects the GMR3 user terminal to the RS 232 C interface of the MRB card of the GMR3 regulator. This connection also serves to supply the terminal. After connecting the ELTERM to the MRB-board, the basic screen will appear, showing the status of the voltage regulator/excitation system, as well as the most important generator quantities in their physical values, if the program on the MRB card is running. An example of the basic screen is shown below: 102V 0.79A +.85 +134W -37VAr Field: 12.3A Alarm On Rem Auto-VAR Stator voltage, stator current, power factor Generator active power (MW), reactive power (MVar) Excitation field current Status display line
In case of a failure of the GMR3 soft-or hardware, or if the program on the MRB card is not running, the respective error message will be displayed instead of the basic screen. All possible status messages are shown in the table overleaf. All messages that apply to the actual state of the excitation system will be shown. Some status messages will turn off the display of the generator actual values. Those status messages are marked with off in the column actual values. If non of those messages is displayed, the generator (stator) voltage, the generator (stator) current, power factor, active and reactive power, as well as the field current are displayed online. A + related with active power indicates active power delivery, a - active power consumption. A + related with reactive power (MVar) indicates reactive power delivery (lagging Vars, overexcited operation) , a - reactive power consumption (leading Vars, underexcited operation). After pressing the MENU/ENTER key the main menu will appear. It consists of 5 menu items:
1 2 3 4
Alarms, Trips Actual Values Regulator Settings Maintenance
2 3 4 5
Actual Values Regulator Settings Maintenance Terminal Mode
Advice:
Use the scroll up key or scroll down key whenever the scroll up symbol or the scroll down symbol appears, in order to scroll to further menu items.
Pressing 1,2,3,4 or 5 on the keyboard will activate the respective function or call up the respective menu. The ESC key will return you to the basic screen.
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Status Display: The status display covers the following static or transient states of the excitation system: N Status 1 Off 2 On 3 Ready 4 Start 5 Stop 6 AUTO 7 MAN 8 Loc 9 10 11 12 Comment Excitation System is off. Excitation System is in operation. Excitation system is ready to be turned on. Excitation system is starting. Excitation system is stopping. AVR is in automatic voltage regulation mode. AVR is in manual, field current control mode. off Actual Values off
13
14
15
16
AVR is switched to local. Commands given at the ELTERM panel will be accepted. Rem AVR is switched to remote. Commands from remote will be accepted. pf Power factor control is superimposed on the automatic voltage regulator. VAR Reactive power (Var) control is superimposed on the automatic voltage regulator. Standby This regulator channel is standby, ready to take over from the active channel. Only with dual channel regulators. Alarm There is an alarm related to the excitation system or AVR. Check the alarm list by pressing the ENTER key and 1 for the Alarm Menu. Excitation Trip! An internal excitation system - AVR failure caused an excitation trip. Check the alarm list by pressing the ENTER key and 1 for the Alarm Menu. Channel Failure! There is a failure related to this regulator channel. A changeover to this channel is not possible. Check the alarm list by pressing the ENTER key and 1 for the Alarm Menu. Only with dual channel regulators. External Prot. Trip An external protection trip is active. The excitation system cannot be started.
off
off
off
off
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8.2.2. Alarms, Trips When selecting this menu item, an alarm list of the latest 104 alarm events will be created. Four alarms will be displayed on one screen, starting on top with the latest alarm event on top of the display. The sequence of display is according to the sequence of occurrence, no matter if the alarms are still active or not. A blinking asterix on the left of the alarm message indicates that the alarm is active. An arrow at the right of the alarm message in the bottom line indicates that there are further alarms registered in the list. By pressing the scroll down key the next alarm message will be displayed. Scrolling down by the scroll down key means to go back in time. An arrow at the right of the alarm message in the top line indicates that a more recent alarm can be displayed by pressing the scroll up key. After checking the alarm list you can return to the main menu by pressing the ESC key. Before leaving the alarm menu, you can choose to accept the alarm list by pressing the ENTER key. If you do so, all alarms that are no longer active will be deleted. Pressing the ESC key will leave the alarm list unchanged.
latest alarm/trip blinking asterix: trip is still active
start overtime trip thyr. current fail thyristor fuse fail m.c.b. tripped
press scroll down key for messages registered before
The alarm events themselves are stored in the MRB board of the GMR3 voltage regulator with a resolution of 100ms. When calling the alarms, trips function on the ELTERM panel, the alarm list is transferred from the MRB board and displayed on the screen. The alarm list is permanently updated, so the information on the screen is always the latest and actual information. 8.2.3. Actual Values When selecting this menu item, the most important operating parameters of the synchronous machine are shown as per unit values, which are related to the nominal values of the synchronous machine. The display shows 2 values at the same time. 2 lines are available for every parameter. The first line gives the internal designation of the parameter (e.g. V500) and its meaning in plain language (e.g. Excit. Current). The internal designation helps to follow the variable in the regulator diagrams. The second line shows the present value of the variable. Since the displayed parameters are read continuously from the regulator, the data always reflect the most up-to-date values, which are being processed in the regulator at any given time. By actuating the scroll key, the next parameter is displayed that is contained in this menu item.
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V500 Excit. Current +00.8995 _ V11 Gen.Vol.Ref.Val +01.0005
Cursor
The parameter that is selected with the cursor can now be increased by means of key ALT-INC, or decreased by means of key ALT-DEC, or a new value can be entered directly. If the selected parameter has write protection, and if the correct password has not yet been entered, the user is now requested to enter the password. If the password grants write authorization, the variable can be modified at random. The user returns to the basic menu by pushing key ESC. 8.2.4. Regulator Settings When selecting the menu item regulator settings, the user accesses a sub-menu that contains the functional units of the excitation system.
1 2 3 4
Current Regulat.IF Voltage Regulat.UG Exc.Cur.IF-Limiter Gen.Cur.IG-Limiter
The next menu item is displayed after the scroll key is pressed. The different groups of connected functional variables can now be selected for display from this sub-menu.
V825 Max.Ref.Val.IF +01.2002 V826 Min.Ref.Val.IF +00.0000
The displayed variables can now be modified.
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8.2.5. Maintenance By means of this menu item certain excitation system maintenance procedures can be carried out. For example thyristor bridge selection on excitation systems with redundant thyristor rectifier bridges, or the selection of the thyristor cooling fan at systems with redundant fans. Some of these functions may not be applicable for the specific excitation system. Input at a function, which is not installed, will not have any result.
8.2.6. Terminal Mode In this operating mode, all parameters used by the regulator - also those not shown by the other menu items - can be displayed and modified. Users can make their own list of parameters, which they wish to have displayed. Entering their internal designations, which are found in the regulator diagrams, retrieves these parameters. When calling up this menu item for the first time, users are requested to enter the first parameter.
Parameter Edit: _
Parameter Edit: V100_
Data entry is completed by pressing the ENTER key. The parameter is displayed in the same form as described for menu items 2 and 3.
V100 +01.0002_
Further parameters can now be entered, which are put behind the last displayed parameter. This creates the list of the parameters, which are to be displayed.
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V100 +01.2002 V109_
V100_ +01.2002 _ V109 -00.0005
Users can scroll up and down the list, as well as enter new parameters, at random. The new entries of parameters are put at the end of the list. A list with a maximum of 20 entries can be created. If more parameters are entered, the oldest entry is removed. CAUTION The entered parameters can now be modified, as described. Since this feature allows to change all regulator parameters, which could constitute a risk for the operating status, the highest level of write authorization is necessary when modifying parameters in this operating mode. Any subsequent access from the main menu to the menu item Terminal Mode takes users directly to the output mode, where the parameters of the previously established list are shown.
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8.3. Operating Instructions 8.3.1. Preconditions First, the serial interface connection between GMR3 and the PC has to be made. The DIP switch positions on module MRB3 have to be selected according to the Settings and Scalings. 8.3.2. Keyboard Functions ELTERM keyboard:
The above picture shows the keyboard functions of the ELTERM. The eight keys on top are the command keys, used for the local commands at the excitation system. They are active all the time, no matter which menu of the ELTERM is selected or which function it is carrying out. Keys for not installed functions are omitted.
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In dual channel AVRs commands can only be given at the active channel. Commands at the standby channel (Standby appears on the display) will be ignored. Only the Master key is active. This key is used to select the standby channel to be the active channel, i.e. to change command from the active to the standby channel. Press the Master key of the standby channel to select the standby channel to take over command from the active channel. On the LCD of the standby channel Standby is indicated. (Only applies to dual channel regulators). The lower 16 keys are called menu-keys, which are used for regulator configuration and parameter changes. Explanation of command keys: Command key OFF ON AUT/ MAN AUT/ MAN p.f./ VAR p.f./ VAR p.f./ VAR p.f./ VAR p.f./ VAR p.f./ VAR p.f./ VAR Loc/Rem Loc/Rem Master given at status On, Start OFF and Ready AUTO AUTO-pf AUTO-Var MAN action Excitation shut down. Excitation start. Change to Manual (field current) regulation.
AUTO
AUTO AUTO AUTO-VAR AUTO-VAR AUTO-pf MAN
Change to AUTO (automatic voltage regulation), when no fault is related to voltage sensing circuit and if the generator voltage is within the limits of the voltage regulator setpoint. Change to power factor regulation (AUTO-pf), if AVR is equipped with an automatic power factor regulator (and not with an automatic VAR regulator). Change to VAR regulation, if AVR is equipped with an automatic VAR regulator. No action if AVR is neither equipped with an automatic VAR regulator, nor with an automatic power factor regulator. Change to AUTO, if AVR is equipped with only an automatic VAR and not with an automatic power factor regulator. Change to AUTO-pf, if AVR is equipped with both, automatic VAR regulator and with an automatic power factor regulator. Change to AUTO. Change to AUTO-VAR respectively AUTO-pf, when no fault is related to voltage sensing circuit and if the generator voltage is within the limits of the voltage regulator setpoint. Setpoint lower. Setpoint raise. Change to remote control. Change to local control. Change of command to standby channel at dual channel regulators.
On On Loc Rem Standby and not Channel Failure!
The above table gives an overview of all possible functions. Some of these functions will not work, if the AVR - plant configuration does not provide these functions. Please check the functions, which are installed in your AVR.
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Programming keys: 16 keys are provided for all functions related to changing parameters or carrying out excitation system service or AVR-configuration tasks. When the basic screen is shown on the LCD-display the ENTER key is used to call up the main menu. By means of the ESC key you can go back to the previous menu item. Pressing the ESC key also does going back from the main menu to the basic screen. The ALT key serves to enter the parameter designators in terminal mode. The key SCROLL UP, BACKSPACE, ALT INCREMENT serves three functions. The BACKSPACE function is available when entering parameter values, or new parameters, in terminal mode; otherwise, the SCROLL UP function is available to scroll through the different menus. If the ALT key is pressed simultaneously, the value of a selected parameter is increased. 8.3.3. Password - Write Protection Every variable of the GMR3 regulator is assigned a level of write protection. There are altogether 4 levels of write protection: level 0 level 1 level 2 level 3 no write protection write authorization with password 1 write authorization with password 2 write authorization only in terminal mode with password 2
At the first attempt to modify a variable of levels 1 or 2, users are requested to enter a password. 2 passwords are set in the regulator. If the entered password corresponds to the password 2, users are authorized to modify variables of levels 0 to 2. If the entered password corresponds to password 1, users are authorized to modify variables of levels 0 and 1. At any attempt to modify a variable of level 2, the message read only appears in this case. If the entered password does not correspond to any of the set passwords, users are only authorized to modify variables of level 0. At any further attempt, i.e. to modify a variable of levels 1 or 2, users will in this case be once more requested to enter the password. Variables of level 3 can only be modified in Terminal Mode. At any attempt to modify a parameter of level 3 in modes Actual Values or Regulator Settings, the message read only appears immediately, without any subsequent request to enter the password. In Terminal Mode, all edited variables have write protection level 3. Changing the Password: If the entered password corresponds to password 2, both passwords are displayed immediately after password entry, and the user can change them. If the entered password corresponds to password 1, password 1 can be changed. Passwords fall within a range of values between 0 and 65535. A new password setting must then be copied from the MRB-RAM memory to the EEPROM of the MRB board; otherwise it would be lost during a subsequent system start-up.
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Upon delivery of a regulator, both passwords are always set to '0'. At the first attempt to modify the write-protected variables of levels 1 or 2, users are requested to enter a password. By entering '0 ENTER', both passwords are displayed, and users must now set and store the passwords. Leading zeros will be ignored, when entering a password! 8.3.4. Parameter Modifications To modify a parameter that is available in the menu, the value must be selected by moving the cursor to the respective line. The value of the selected parameter can now be increased by means of the key combination ALT-INC, or decreased by means of the key combination ALT-DEC, or else, a new value can be entered. If the selected parameter has write-protection, and if the corresponding password has not yet been entered, users are requested to enter a password. If entry of the password authorizes users to write, the variable may be modified as desired. If users have no write authorization, the message read only appears whenever an attempt is made to modify a variable, or another request appears, i.e. to enter the password. Direct Parameter Entry: All analogue variables of the regulator, i.e. the variables designated P, V, X and Y, have a valid numerical range from -16.0000 to +15.9995. The applicable values for the digital variables A, C, E and I are 0 and 1. Variables with the designation T and in the maintenance menu also variables with designation V are internal constants of the regulator, with a range from 0 to 65535. All analogue variables in the maintenance menu are displayed like T-variables with a range from 0...65535. If a new parameter value is entered directly, it is transmitted to the regulator once the key ENTER has been pressed to finish the entry. At the same time, it disappears from the display. During entry, edited characters can be deleted by means of the key SCROLL UP / BACKSPACE. The ESCAPE key removes all entered characters. If the entered value is beyond the applicable range of values, the regulator sends an error message, which is displayed on the terminal. The regulator accepts values within an applicable range of values. At a subsequent program run on the terminal, the up-to-date value is read out and displayed. The displayed value represents the entered value with a possible rounding error, due to the binary notation of the regulator. An internal transfer parameter will be overwritten by the regulator program, and cannot be modified. Parameter Modification by Means of ALT-INC and ALT-DEC: The selected parameter can be modified directly by means of keys ALT-INC and ALT-DEC. For this purpose, the terminal increments or decrements the present parameter value by a certain amount (step) within the limits of the range, as long as the key is actuated. Starting with the smallest step that the regulator can display, i.e. 0.0005 for analogue parameters and 1 for T variables, the step is gradually increased, as long as the key is pressed. If the selected value does not change when pressing the keys ALT-INC or ALT-DEC, then the value is an internal transfer parameter, which the regulator program overwrites immediately. ALT-INC or ALT-DEC cannot change digital variables.
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Saving the Settings: All modifications of parameters, described above, have so far only been stored in the working memory of the MRB board and may therefore be lost during a subsequent system start-up. If the set values are to be stored permanently, they must be copied from the RAM memory of the MRB board into the MRB-EEPROM. 8.4. Error Processing The GMR3 digital regulating system has integrated functions to check the input and output cards, the main processor board (MRB board) and the sub-processor board (PIM board). While errors on input or output boards, as well as on the MRB board are displayed on the terminal without any user request, the error messages for the PIM board are only shown after calling up menu item 1 Alarms, Trips. 8.4.1. Error Processing for MRB Board and IO Hardware If an error appears on the main processor board (MRB board), or on one of the input or output boards of the GMR3 regulator, the regulating program of the main processor is stopped. When connecting the terminal to the regulator, as well as during ongoing operation, the terminal recognizes automatically that the regulator program was stopped, and the error message REGULATOR PROGRAM STOPPED! is displayed. The user terminal now starts the functions, which determine the cause of the error. IO Error: If an IO board is not present or defective, the user terminal will display the corresponding error number, as well as the position and type of the board. When several boards are defective, the type and position of the defective board on the left is shown first. The following types can be displayed: type: E digital input board type: A digital output board type: X analogue input board type: Y analogue output board Board position:
NGT power supply unit MRB main processor board reserved if POS15 is free, this position can be equipped with a board POS 0 ... POS 15 possible positions for input or output boards In full configuration up to a maximum of 16 input and output boards is possible.
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MRB Error: If the regulator program was halted on account of a hardware or software error on the main processor board, the following error messages are possible as a result of the testing functions: Program Error! SYS-ROM CRC Error! SYS RAM Read-Write Error! No Battery and EEPROM Existing! Program CRC Error! AUX-RAM Read-Write Error! AUX-ROM CRC Error! CAUTION Disconnect power supply before exchanging boards! 8.4.2. Operating and Terminal Errors The following error messages relate only to the terminal itself or its connection to the GMR3 regulator unit, as well as to user errors on the terminal. Communication Errors: If the GMR3 user terminal cannot establish proper communication with the regulator, it displays the error message Communication Error. The reasons may be the following, among others: A defective connecting line. A defect on the RS 232 C interface or the GMR3 regulator. A hardware defect of the terminal. The GMR3 regulator is not in the run or stop mode. Remedy: Reset regulator!
The above message is triggered when the communication time with the GMR3 regulator is exceeded. It always appears, therefore, when the terminal does either not receive any signals, or receives signals which it cannot interpret.
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User Errors: The below table is an overview of those error messages that are caused by entry errors on the terminal, such as entering a parameter value under menu item Regulator Settings which is too big. error message Illegal Par. Value! operating mode Actual Values Regulator Settings Maintenance Terminal Mode Actual Values Regulator Settings Maintenance Terminal Mode cause limits of range exceeded: -16.....+15.9995 for analogue values 0.......65535 for T parameters
Illegal Command!
Operating error: regulator cannot interpret entered sequence of characters. Or DIP-switch NOQUIT on pcb MRB of GMR3 regulator is in position NORM. (Before changing parameters DIP-switch NOQUIT has to be pushed into the left - ON position. parameter index too big, parameter type not existing in software
Invalid Parameter!
Terminal Mode
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9. REMOTE CONTROL
Following signals are connected to a digital input, which are coming from Speedtronic, DCS or from MV Cell. The optional signals coming from DCS must be enabled with an input signal called B Remote 43R. 9.1. INTERFACE 9.1.1. Digital Inputs E00 E01 E02 E03 E05 E06 E10 E11 E16 E17 E19 E20 E23 E28 E30 B Excitation Manual Remote field current regulation selection B Excitation Automatic Remote stator voltage regulation selection B VAR Regulator On Remote reactive power regulation selection B p.f. Regulator On Remote power factor regulation selection B Excitation On Automatic closing order B Excitation Off Speedtronic field breaker permissive to close M Unit Circuit Breaker Off Generator circuit breaker position M Line Circuit Breaker Off Line circuit breaker position B Excitation Raise Excitation increasing order B Excitation Lower Excitation decreasing order B Remote 43R Local/remote selection B Turbine Normal Stop 94X1=1 in case of 32L and 94X1=0 in case of 32R B Dead Bus Automatic Order Dead bus automatic order to close 52G B Remote Channel Selection Remote channel selection auto 1 / auto 2 B PSS Off Inhibition of power system stabilizer MANAVR SRQ AUTOAVR SRQ QRGLTR SRQ PFRGLTR SRQ L41FX L83SRX UNITBRK POS1 LINEBRK POS1 AVRINC CMD 83RV AVRDEC CMD 83LV L43R L94X1 L52GCX AUTOAVR SEL PWRSTABAYS INH DCS DCS DCS DCS Speedtronic Speedtronic MV Cell DCS DCS Speedtronic DCS Speedtronic Speedtronic Speedtronic Speedtronic DCS DCS
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9.1.2. Digital Outputs A00 A01 A02 A03 A07 A08 A16 A18 A20 A21 A22 A23 A29 M Excitation Manual Manual feedback position M Excitation Automatic Automatic feedback position M VAR Regulator On Reactive regulation feedback position M p.f. Regulator On Power factor feedback position M Local M Synchronization Automatic Auto/manu selection synchronization mode B Rotor Earth Fault Measuring On Activation of rotor earth fault measuring M PSS On Power system stabilizer is active M Generator Alarms Grouped alarm of GCP M Excitation Trip M Speed Raise Turbine sped set point raise M speed Lower Turbine speed set point lower B Rotor Earth Fault Brush On MANU AVR ON AUTO AVR ON QRGLTR ON PFRGLTR SRQ DCS DCS DCS DCS
L43S AUTO ROTOREARTHBRUSH PWRSTABSYS ON GENTR ALARM
Speedtronic Generator DCS DCS Protection
L70R4CSR L70R4CSL ROTOREARTH BRUSHCTRL
Speedtronic Speedtronic Speedtronic
9.2. OPERATING MODES 9.2.1. Voltage Regulator (Automatic Mode) For shunt field excitation systems the initial excitation is switched on with the beginning of the excitation sequence and deactivated when a minimum thyristor voltage is reached. In this operating mode the generator voltage is regulated to the adjusted set value. The setting range for the set value is adjusted to the permissible limits of the generator and can be viewed and changed with the User terminal in the menu Regulator Settings as "Max. Reference Value UG" or "Min. Reference Value UG" (refer to the document for settings and scalings). The regulator is locally brought to this operating mode with the AUTO/MANUAL key. When the ON command is given an internal automatic sequence is executed which is first closing the field breaker. When all commands are accomplished an all feedback signals available then the "EXCITATION ON" indication is set and displayed locally and also the "M Excitation On" output activated. After completing the start-up sequence the machine is always regulating to the set "Start Reference Value UG". After the ON indication the voltage can be controlled either from remote or locally with the keys. Thus in on-load operation the voltage and therefore also the reactive power is regulated.
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9.2.2. Field Current Regulator (Manual Control) This operating mode is applied for test purposes as well as case of actual value loss of the voltage regulator. During on-load operation in this mode the generator values have to be permanently checked and when necessary in case of power system fluctuations or generator load changes the generator voltage respectively the reactive power controlled accordingly. Further, no limiters are active and also the additional regulator cannot be selected and activated. The regulator is pre-selected for this operating mode via the AUTO/MANUAL key. After start-up the current regulator is regulating to the starting set value "Start Reference Value IF", the generator is excited to a value corresponding to this field current and can be brought from there on to nominal voltage with the key. When the excitation is changed to external excitation with the manually operated links (i.e. supply for the power circuit is available) then the starting set value is equal to the negative limit of the field current regulator, which is less then 0 to have a secure condition after starting of the excitation in manual mode. The control sequence and the start conditions are analogous to the automatic mode of operation. The setting range for the set value can be viewed and modified under option "Max. Reference Value IF" and " Min. Reference Value IF". 9.2.3. Power factor / Reactive Power Regulation In addition to the voltage regulation feature also two higher level regulators are available (optional power factor- or reactive power regulator) in the automatic channel which are acting onto the set value of the voltage regulator. This way the regulating range of voltage regulator can never exceeded or fall below the limit. This regulator can be selected locally via the "p.f. / VAR" key or by the digital input. In any case activation and de-activation will be performed smoothly. There are following possibilities: Activation of the additional regulator: The excitation system must be in operation and the regulator in automatic mode. An high signal to the digital input will activate the respective regulator. De-activation of the additional regulator: When de-activating the additional regulator (switchover to voltage regulator) the setpoint is left unchanged on its present value. NOTE This additional regulator cannot operate in isolated operation but only when the generator is connected to the grid. In dependence of the position of generator and line circuit breaker this regulator is blocked and the voltage regulator is active. The additional regulator starts acting only at closed circuit breaker.
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Power factor regulator:
The power factor is regulated to the value "Start Reference Value TAN". When the regulator is activated then the setpoint of this regulator can be changed from remote or locally via the keys. The setting range of the setpoint can be checked and modified under "Max. Reference Value TAN" or "Min. Reference Value TAN". All values are entered as tan values, e.g. the value 1 corresponds to a load angle of 45 which is equivalent to a power factor of 0.71.
Reactive power regulator: The reactive power is regulated to the value "Start Reference Value Q When the regulator is activated the setpoint of this regulator can be changed from remote or locally via the keys. The setting range of the setpoint can be checked and modified under "Max. Reference Value Q" or "Min. Reference Value Q". In isolated operation the regulator has to be switched off in any case, which is identified by the position of the circuit breakers. 9.2.4. Change Over Between the Automatic and Manual and Power factor / Reactive Power Regulation Mode The operating modes can be changed locally: During operation whereby an automatic follow-up feature will ensure matching between the active and not active channel whereby at any time a smooth transfer is taking place. By failure of the automatic operating mode an automatic change over to manual mode is performed. This transfer is initiated upon loss of the generator voltage actual value. A transfer from manual- to automatic mode can be performed locally or with a remote signal. When the "AUTO" mode is pre-selected the additional regulator can be selected locally via the "p.f. / VAR" keys. The optional additional regulator must be activated in regulator software and this is done if the reactive load regulator are provided. In case the power factor- or reactive power regulator is active and it is transferred to "MANUAL" then the previous operating mode is not stored and when it is changed back to "AUTO" the power factor- or reactive power regulator has to be activated again. If the regulator is in manual mode during the switching on of the generator circuit breaker the regulator makes an automatically change over to the automatic mode.
When during operation the operating mode is transferred to manual then it will also remain in this state during shut down, standstill and re-start as long as the AUTO/MANUAL key of the excitation is operated. Note: In case a transfer from manual- to automatic operating mode is blocked then possibly the generator voltage is outside the automatic regulating range.
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9.3. DE-EXCITATION De-excitation can be performed during normal operation or due to a protection trip. The "EXCITATION OFF" command can be given from remote or locally. During an operational shut down first of all the thyristor will internally change into converter operation. Thus the energy stored in the field is dissipated and the field breaker opened with a time delay and therefore for it's main contacts under no-load conditions. During an external protection trip as well as an internal forced shut down the de-excitation contactor is directly and immediately operated and a follow-up of the control circuits is carried out.
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10. MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING

10.1. ALARM ANNUNCIATION 10.1.1. General and Accepting/resetting CAUTION Opening the GCP cubicle and working in the excitation system under voltage is dangerous and therefore strictly prohibited until all supplies have been switched off. The more important components which are catering for correct operation and provisions for safety are partly supervised by electrical contacts or monitored via the software. Each abnormal condition in the excitation system is indicated on the LC display and depending on it's cause and importance will produce an alarm annunciation, a trip or a transfer of operating mode. A common external annunciation for alarm and trip is included in the system. The alarm menu is accessed by either pressing MENU/ENTER or by operating any of the number keys. Each alarm annunciation is displayed by a text line, yet a fault can also initiate several annunciations thus providing additional information of the occurring fault condition (e.g. "voltage actual value failure" and "mcb trip alarm"). A flashing * asterisk on the left of the annunciation indicates an alarm status which can only be reset once the fault has disappeared. It could also happen that a fault is cancelled by a shutdown and reoccurs when starting up again (e.g. a missing actual value, an excessive operating sequence runtime, etc.). The order of the annunciation corresponds to the time sequence of the faults occurring and is independent from the alarm being either steady-on or gone. The uppermost line represents the most recent alarm. Example: Last (most recent) alarm Flashing asterisk: steady-on alarm start overtime trip thyr. current fail thyristor fuse fail m.c.b. tripped By operating the scroll down key the earlier alarms occurred are displayed. It is recommended that at each fault displayed to refer to the following fault check list, to find and rectify the cause to exchange a possibly faulty component. Have all LED's on the MRB3 module gone out then the power supply has failed and also the User operating unit cannot provide information anymore. In this case the watchdog facility will trip the field breaker and initiate an external alarm.
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10.1.2. List of Possible Alarm Annunciation 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 909 912 913 914 916 918 919 920 923 928 Start overtime trip Stop overtime trip Voltage sensing fail Field breaker fail Field flashing fail AC supply fail DC supply fail Stand-by channel fail mcb tripped AC overvoltage protection fail Speed < trip Excitation overcurrent alarm Rotating diode fail Thyristor voltage fail Thyristor current fail Thyristor fuse trip Thyristor temperature trip 929 930 932 934 935 937 944 947 948 949 520 522 521 523 524 525 526 527 Gate pulse fail Pulse relay fault Error 32 = Excitation overcurrent trip Excitation transformer temp. warning Excitation transformer temp. trip HV fuse fail Generator short circuited Error 47 = Current boosting trip Error 48 = Touch-Panel comm. fail Invalid parameter PIM0 manual gate control PIM0-A synchronization fail PIM0-A program stop PIM0-B program stop PIM0-C program stop PIM0 communication error PIM0 processor A,B fail PIM0 processor C fail
10.1.3. Detailed Specification 901 Start overtime trip Result: Trip Supervised: Runtime supervision (internal software logic). Cause: Excessive starting time during start-up sequence; Initial excitation voltage missing; Malfunctioning of a relay or contactor; Malfunction of module DE inputs or DA outputs; Malfunction of de-excitation contactor; Missing feedback signal. Measures: Check all voltage supplies; Check inputs and outputs of interface relays; Check contactors and feedback signals. Result: Trip Supervised: Runtime supervision (internal software logic). Cause: Excessive starting time during shut down sequence; Malfunctioning of a relay or contactor; Malfunction of module DE inputs or DA outputs Missing feedback signal. Measures: Check all voltage supplies; Check inputs and outputs of interface relays; Check contactors and feedback signals.
902 Stop overtime trip
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903 Voltage sensing fail
904 Field breaker fail
905 Field flashing fail
Transfer to MANUAL when AUTO mode; Alarm when in MANUAL mode; Channel change-over in case of dual channel regulator. Supervised: Internal software logic; Cause: Loss of PT voltage during operation; PT mcb trip; Generator PT or interposing PT fault; Disruption of actual value circuit. Measures: Check PT and PT-wiring; switch on PT mcb; slowly raise voltage in manual mode and measure generator voltage(also internal variable UGK V501); Change back to AUTO mode. Result: Trip Supervised: Position indication circuit of field breaker; Additional information to runtime supervision. Cause: Fault in the field breaker ON control circuit; Malfunction of field breaker; Start overtime or stop overtime time trip; Field breaker switched off during operation; Fault in position indication circuit; Missing feedback signal. Measures: Check all voltage supplies; Check field breaker and ON circuit; Test trip circuits. Result: Trip Supervised: Position indication circuit of field breaker; Additional information to runtime supervision. Cause: Fault in the field flashing contactor ON control circuit; Malfunction of contactor; Start overtime trip; Field breaker switched off during start sequence; Fault in position indication circuit; Missing feedback signal. Measures: Check all voltage supplies; Check contactor and ON circuit; Test trip circuits.
Result:
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906 AC supply fail
909 Stand-by channel fail
912 mcb tripped
914 Speed < trip
916 Excitation overcurrent alarm
918 Rotating diode fail
Alarm dual channel regulator; Trip single channel regulator. Supervised: Internal software logic or thyristor fuses or mcb -F09 trip. Cause: Gate control set cannot synchronize impulses; Lack of thyristor voltage during operation; Thyristor fuses trip; Regulator mcb -F09 (-F19 dual channel regulator) trip (regulator supply); Excitation transformer HV fuse blown; Short circuit or overload of excitation supply circuits. Measures: Switch on mcb or replace fuse; Check excitation transformer or regulator transformer; Check thyristor fuse; Check power supply cables. Result: Alarm Supervised: Internal software logic. Cause: Change-over to stand-by channel is not allowed. Measures Check the stand-by channel according its failures. Result: Alarm Supervised: Auxiliary contacts of mcbs . Cause: Short circuit; Overload. Measures: Switch on the mcbs; Check the respective current. Result: Trip Supervised: Internal software logic frequency supervision. Cause: Speed drops below 90 % of nominal speed. Measures: Raise generator speed. Result: Alarm Supervised: Overcurrent protection relay. Cause: Overcurrent in field circuit. Measures: Check the field circuit; Check the actual value of field current. Result: Trip Supervised: Software monitoring (evaluation of field current higher harmonics). Cause: Short- or open circuit of rotating diode. Measures: Check flywheel diodes rectifier in rotor circuit; Replace defective parts. Note: When fault occurs during normal operation without any diode fault then the trigger value for diode failure supervision has to be increased.
Result:
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919 Thyristor voltage fail
920 Thyristor current fail
923 Thyristor fuse trip
928 Thyristor temperature trip
Result: Trip Supervised: Internal software logic additional information to runtime supervision. Cause: Start-up overtime; After starting AC thyristor voltage is not established; Thyristor fuse blown; Station supply too low or not available (at test supply); Initial excitation voltage too low or not available. Measures: Measure station supply voltage; Check supply fuses; Check thyristor fuses; Check initial excitation circuit; Check matching transformer; Check power supply cable. Result: Trip Supervised: Internal software logic - additional information to run-time supervision. Cause: Start-up overtime; After starting thyristor current is not established; Thyristor fuse blown; Initial excitation voltage too low or not available. Measures: Check initial excitation voltage and supply fuses; Check thyristor fuses; Check initial excitation circuit; Check matching transformer; Check power supply cable. Result: Alarm dual channel regulator; Trip single channel regulator. Supervised: Micro switches mounted on the fuses of the thyristor bridge. Cause: Short circuit on; Defective thyristor; Defective AC overvoltage protection circuit; Excessive overload due to fault. Measures: Check thyristors; Check AC overvoltage protection circuit; Replace the defective fuse(s). Result: Alarm Supervised: Thermo switch mounted on the heat sink of thyristor bridge. Cause: Overload; Insufficient cooling due to pollution; Defective fan or circuit. Measures: Clean air inlet and outlet and heat sink; Wait for the cooling of the rectifier; Check fan and circuit.
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Trip single channel regulator; Alarm dual channel regulator. Supervised: Internal software logic. Cause: Thyristor current less then 0.1 p.u., caused by missing or incorrect firing pulses; Fault in a pulse cable; Gate pulse transducer board LG6; Gate pulse output board SAB; Change over board ZUP (cold stand-by rectifier). Measures: Check firing pulses on all p.c.b.s; Check the wiring of the firing pulses to the thyristors. Result: Trip single channel regulator; 930 Pulse relay fault Alarm dual channel regulator. Supervised: Internal software logic. Cause: Defective gate pulse blocking relay; Wiring fault. Measures: Check the relay on board SAB; Check the wiring and voltages to board IWK. Result: Trip 932 Error 32 Excitation overcurrent trip Supervised: Overcurrent protection relay. Cause: Field current regulator failure. Measures: Check the actual value of field current; Check the circuit for the actual value of field current; Check the overprotection relay. Alarm 934 Excitation transformer tem- Result: perature warning Supervised: Signal to the regulator coming from transformer temperature detection. Cause: Overload; Insufficient cooling. Measures: Decrease reactive load; Wait cooling, clean air inlets. Trip 935 Excitation transformer tem- Result: perature trip Supervised: Signal to the regulator coming from transformer temperature detection. Cause: Overload; Insufficient cooling. Measures: Decrease reactive load; Wait cooling, clean air inlets. Result: Alarm 937 HV fuse fail Supervised: Signal to the regulator coming from HV fuses. Cause: Measures: 929 Gate pulse failure
Result:
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Result: Trip Supervised: Internal software logic. Cause: Stator current rising during initial excitation; Generator terminals are short circuited. Measures: Check generator busbar. Result: Trip 947 Error 47 Supervised: Internal software logic. Current boosting trip Cause: Defective current boosting circuit; Defective contactor; Measures: Check the current boosting circuit; Check the contactor. Result: Alarm 948 Error 48 Supervised: Internal software logic. Touch Panel CommunicaCause: Defective modbus communication board COM4; tion fail Defective Touch Panel Bad connection of the modbus link. Measures: Check the communication card; Check Touch Panel; Check the modbus link. Result: Trip 949 Invalid parameter Supervised: Software monitoring. Cause: No valid parameter set in EEPROM processors. Measures: Load and save BIN-file or change MRB3 module. Result: Alarm 520 PIM0 manual gate control Supervised: Internal software logic. Cause: Switch HST on SAB module set to 1. Gate control is switched to manual operation, regulator is disabled! Measures: After finalizing tests change switch back again. Trip 522 PIM0-A synchronization fail Result: Supervised: Software monitoring; Cause: Grid regulator unable to synchronize impulses. Measures: Check and measure voltages on regulator supplytransformer T05; Check plug-in connector SAB-IWK. 521 PIM0-A program stop Result: Alarm or trip, depending on type of failure 523 PIM0-B program stop Supervised: Internal software logic 524 PIM0-C program stop Cause: Defective circuit on board PIM, or communication 525 PIM0 communication error with the main processor board MRB3 failed. Measures: Replace board PIM. 526 PIM0 processor A,B fail 527 PIM0 processor C fail Result: Trip; external annunciation NO LOCAL ANNUNCIATION, HOWEVER A PERMANENT Supervised: Regulator watchdog. Cause: Regulating supply failure; Microprocessor TRIP stopped, therefore no alarm indication. Measures: Check regulator supply 944 Generator short circuited
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10.2. FAULTFINDING SYMPTOMS POSSIBLE CAUSE SOLUTION Connect voltage supply for initial excitation to the terminals FLASH/BOOSTPWRSPLY
Generator voltage not Voltage supply for initial excitabeing established tion not connected
Regulator selected to "MANUAL" Change regulator to "AUTO" operating mode mode Field breaker is in open position No voltage on terminals EXCITPWRSPLY Check control circuits Check fuses, wiring and rating of power transformers
No connection between excitation Check wiring system and field of exciter machine Thyristor fuses not inserted or blown Generator voltage only 2...3 % of UGN Check nominal value and insert fuse
Exciter machine or rotating diode Shut down unit and measure diwheel faulty, open circuit in rotor odes of exciter machine Regulator selected to "MANUAL" Change regulator mode to operating mode "AUTO"
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SYMPTOMS
POSSIBLE CAUSE
SOLUTION
Terminal voltage is After initial excitation the thyrisrising to approx. 80 % tors do not take over the field UGN and falls back current because of: again Thyristors faulty
Check thyristors: G-C circuit:R=5...100R C-A circuit: R>100K (+) and (-) Check fuse rating and insert fuses Regulator board SAB does not produce impulses, therefore replace board Check wiring
Thyristor fuses not inserted or defect No firing impulse on thyristors
Terminal voltage too high and uncontrollable
No actual value on terminals X11:02, 03, 04
Actual value mcb open position Actual value circuit connected to wrong voltage Voltage set value not calibrated correctly
Close actual value mcb Check PT rating and wiring
Re-calibrate voltage set value properly (NormUg V813)
Thyristors faulty, continuous firing Check thyristors Terminal voltage is not exactly rising to nominal voltage Terminal voltage too high or too low but controllable Parameter for start-up set value incorrectly adjusted Set parameter for start-up set value SWAU V827 to 1,0
Actual value circuit connected to wrong voltage
Check PT rating and wiring
Voltage set value calibrated not correctly
Adjust voltage set value properly (NormUg V813)
Regulator selected to "MANUAL" Change regulator to "AUTO" mode mode of operation
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SYMPTOMS Inaccurate or slow regulation
POSSIBLE CAUSE According to the machine data required excitation voltage at full load is larger than the maximum excitation system output voltage; Field section connected in series Regulator not optimised
SOLUTION Check design and/or contact VA TECH SAT / dept. PE
Optimise regulator
Fault in generator, excitation ma- Shut down unit and check dichine or the rotating diode wheel, odes; replace if necessary increased field current Reactive power static (BSTAT V831) not in 0 position (only recognised in isolated operation, is all right for system on-load operation) Does not represent a fault since for stability when operating in parallel to the grid a reactive static is required (either natural transformer static and or static of voltage regulator). Accuracy can be enhanced by varying static into 0 direction (caution! A machine with a too low static will be unstable in on-load operation).
Generator unit not on nominal speed Thyristor fault in power circuit
Adjust to nominal speed
Measure thyristors as outlined before
Terminal voltage excessive overshoot during start-up Terminal voltage oscillates
Soft-Start parameter not properly Set parameter for Soft-Start adjusted properly
Frequency unstable
Optimize turbine regulator, fault not within excitation system
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SYMPTOMS Terminal voltage oscillates (continued)
POSSIBLE CAUSE System voltage oscillation due to loading or unloading high consumers
SOLUTION Represents no fault since the consumers are causing voltage dips or raise when connected or disconnected which only can subsequently be compensated by the voltage regulator. Oscillations can possibly be reduced by raising the reactive static from 0 further to negative direction (BSTAT V831) or varying VPU V872
Intermittent fault in generator, in Shut down unit and check diodes exciter machine or in diode wheel of the exciter machine When connected in parallel to the grid system no reactive load static can be attained (reactive current is running off) or the voltage regulator is responding too violently on small system changes or when operating in parallel with other units the reactive power distribution is oscillating Reactive power static (BSTAT V831) set too low or to 0 Static CT or PT actual value not connected to the correct phases or wrong polarity Increase reactive power static from 0 into negative direction (BSTAT V831) Check wiring and correct if necessary. With single phase measuring the CT has to be located in the phase which is not used for voltage measuring
Static CT polarity not correctly connected or even still short circuited
Check wiring and CT terminal strips Check an calibrate active- and reactive power to a value and polarity
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SYMPTOMS Reactive power sharing not equal but stable Unable to control the excitation system Some control functions cannot be executed
POSSIBLE CAUSE Reactive power static (BSTAT V831) not equally set on units operating in parallel
SOLUTION Check setting and equally adjust reactive power static (BSTAT V831)
System is selected to "REMOTE" Change operating mode to "LOCAL" Some inputs or outputs faulty Replace the boards DE32 or DA32
User terminal defect Diode failure supervision is activated during normal system operation Fault in rotating diode wheel
Replace User terminal Shut down unit and check diodes of excitation machine
If diodes are in order: 10.3. FAULTY PRINTED CIRCUIT CARDS
Increase trip setting (V1003)
When the digital system is running, on the board MRB3 following LED's must be active: RUN, HWOK, POWER If one of the LED's is not active, then each of the cards can be the reason for this. By change of the individual cards the defective card can be fixed. If spare cards are delivered, then these spare cards are identical with the cards in operation. That means, they have installed the same software, parameters and jumpers. Nevertheless before changing a card an optical check should be performed: Is there a visual mechanical of electrical damage? Do all jumpers match with the original card? Do all switch positions (f.e. DIP switches) match with the original card? Can you conclude from different EPROM labels to different program versions? Do the IC equipment match with the original card (especially EPROM's)?
Each pcb is fixed by screws on the front plate (top and bottom screws). To pull out and to plug in a card the voltage supply must be switched off (the best is to switch off the DC voltage supply of the regulator GMR3). CAUTION Switching off the mcb -F01 results in every case in a trip of the excitation! After change of the card and restoration of the operation conditions (fix all plugs and screws) the voltage can be switched on again by operation the mcb.
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If all card are ready, then after switching on the voltage supply the LED "POWER" on the MRB3 card must be active. After an initialization time of the MRB3 card of approx. 8 sec. the LED's RUN and HWOK must become active. Then the GMR3 and so the excitation system is ready for operation again. The user terminal needs (approx.) 8 sec. more for readiness of indication and commands. If not so, then the replaced card was not the reason for the failure and faultfinding responding changing of cards must be continued. After replacement of a card we recommend to perform a complete start/stop procedure of the excitation until reaching nominal voltage of the generator. During this sequences the function of the excitation shall be observed. 10.4. PERIODIC MAINTENANCE With the exception of relays, contactors and ventilator there are no other moving parts in the excitation and therefore the system can be referred to as being almost maintenance-free. The equipment should be cleaned at regular intervals, the terminal connection checked and tightened if necessary. It is recommended that a periodic inspection of the field breaker, the initial excitation, the current boosting and the ventilator is carried out approximately once a year.
11. INSTALLATION
CAUTION 1) Insulation- and high voltage tests can internally be done only by the power circuits. Improper application can severely damage semiconductors or solid state modules of the excitation system! 2) Assembling of the excitation system must be carried out very careful with due consideration of the technical data of the synchronous generator and the CT's and PT's. Even short operation with incorrect connections may destroy the excitation equipment. The rectifier of the excitation system is forced cooled, other devices are naturally cooled and should not be mounted in the vicinity of heat producing equipment or installed in such enclosed places where the ambient temperature is exceeding the maximum permissible operational temperature.
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12. PRE-SETTINGS FOR COMMISSIONING

12.1. SWITCHES ON MRB3 MODULE The DIP switches on the front plate of the MRB3 module have always to following positions (for parameter setting as well as for operation). Merely for loading a modified parameter into the EEPROM the parameter I419 should be set high, during the updating of EEPROM the UPD-LED blinks shortly.
OUT EN AUTRES AUTSTA NOQUIT BATT HW EN AP ROM ROM PR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n n n n n n n n outputs active auto reset active auto start active program stop enabled battery supervision locked hardware active after reset EEPROM -> user program write protected
N O R M
12.2. LIST OF THE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS The parameters listed in Settings and Scalings are required for configuration and have to be verified and if necessary corrected before commissioning. Testing and setting is carried out via the User terminal in terminal operation mode. NOTE After parameter modification these data have to be stored in EEPOROM. 12.3. CALIBRATION OF LC-DISPLAY In order that the measured value shown on the LC display correspond with the actual physical ranges have to be calibrated. Calibration is carried out in a way that the entered value according to the instructions below is corresponding to the 1 p.u. value of the variable. The representation of the calibration parameter is based on a diminished floating point format whereby the last digit of the parameter is interpreted as exponent and the first four as mantissa. The corresponding variable is computed with the computing format, a 5-digit integer number. For the input into the User terminal it has to be converted to the entry format (decimal point in format +00.0000). Mantissa Format: XXXXE Exponent e.g.: V1005 = 01006 V1005 = 00103 (computing format): 100*10E6 = 100 MW (computing format): 10*10E3 = 10 kV 6553 6 (above values are not considered).
Largest value of mantissa: Largest value of exponent:
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Following calibration parameters and actual values are used: Actual value V501 V503 V574 V65 V500 Calibration parameter V1007 V1006 V1005 V1005 V1004
Generator voltage Generator current Active power Reactive power Field current
Converting the computing format (CF) into entry format (EF): 0 V (CF) 32768 V (CF) 32767: 65535: V (EF) = V (CF) / 2048 V (EF) = V (CF) / 2048 - 32 V (EF) = 0.4912 V (EF) = -12.4668 (V with positive sign) (V with negative sign)
Example: V (RF) = 1006 V (RF) = 40004 Note:
After the decimal point there must be 4 digits whereby the last digit is rounded (from 0, i.e. with negative integers rounded to negative: -12.46679 -12.4668)
Output Format: The terminal is operating with 2 output formats, which are specified in the terminal text file. Format 1: 4 digits, including decimal point: only negative sign is issued. Format 2: 4 digits, including decimal point: correct sign is always issued. The choice of the exponents influences the number of digits after the decimal point. The number of digits before the decimal point is fixed. There are always 4 digits produced including zeroes before the point. In case of an overflow the output will exceed 4 digits. Entering kVA Ratings: Machine nominal rating <2 kVA 2...20 kVA 20...80 kVA 80 kVA...2 MVA 2...20 MVA 20...80 MVA 80...6553 MVA Example: Snom=40 MVA: V1005 (CF) XXXX0 XXXX1 XXXX2 XXXX3 XXXX4 XXXX5 XXXX6 Output format +yyyy VA +yy.yy kVA +yyy.y kVA +yyyy kVA +yy.yy MVA +yyy.y MVA +yyy MVA Output at Pnom: +40.00 MW Output at Pnom: +040.0 MW Output at Pnom: +040 MW Output at Pnom: 100 W
Example: Snom=100 VA:
V1005 (RF) = 40004 V1005 (RF) = 04005 V1005 (RF) = 00406 V1005 (RF) = 01000 V1005 (EF) = 0.4883
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Entering Voltages: Machine nominal votage <6553 V <8 kV >8 kV Example: Vnom =8 kV: Example: Vnom=100 V: V1007 (RF) XXXX0 XXXX1 XXXX2 Output format Yyyy V (y)y.yy kV yy.y kV
V1007 (RF) = 08001 Output at Vnom: 8.00 kV V1007 (RF) = 00802 Output at Vnom: 08.0 kV V1007 (RF) = 01000 Output at Vnom: 100 V V1007 (EF) = 0.4883
Entering Currents: Stator-/ Field nominal current I 10 A I 25 A I 300 A I >300 A I >1000 A Example: Inom=1000 A: V1004, V1006 Output format (RF) XXX8 y.yy A XXX9 yy.y A XXXX0 (y)yyy A (I > 50 A) (y)yy.y A (I < 50 A) XXXX0 Yyyy A XXXX1 y.yy kA V1006 (RF) = 01001 V1006 (RF) = 10000 V1006 (RF) = 10000 V1004 (RF) = 00250 V1004 (EF) = 0.1221 V1004 (RF) = 01359 V1004 (EF) = 0. 6636 V1004 (RF) = 08508 V1004 (EF) = 4.1543 Output at Inom: 1.00 kA Output at Inom: 1000 A Output at Inom: 1000 A Output at Inom: 25.0 A
Example: Inom=25 A:
Inom=13,5 A:
Output at Inom: 13.5 A
Inom=8,5 A:
Output at Inom: 8.5 A
Note: For currents < 50 A a digit after the decimal point is produced. (y)..... 'Overflow', can also be applied intentionally. For values >1000 A optionally XXXX1 or XXXX0 can be used.
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13. COMMISSIONING
13.1. PREPARATION FOR COMMISSIONING Before commissioning it has to be checked whether the ordered and delivered excitation system parameters are identical to plant requirements especially the voltage range. CAUTION Following items have strictly to be verified to ensure perfect operation of the excitation system: 1) Check design and external components 2) Correct installation of all components 3) All mcb's switched OFF 4) Check interface to plant, station control and protection 5) CT/PT wiring check 6) All voltage circuits to be checked 7) Preliminary setting of all configuration parameters 8) Preliminary setting calibration values for LC display Note: For items 7) and 8) the GMR3 has to be energized. 13.2. MEASURING POINTS During the commissioning most important regulator internal variables should be displayed on oscilloscope, for this the transformation of the internal variables are made by the analogues output board AA8. If analogues output board is not implemented in GMR3, the commissioning personal should insert this board for the duration of the commissioning. Following signals are available on the AA8 for test purposes. Designation Y3 Y7 Y6 Name Common Ground DEIW Calculated value of load angle UGK Actual value of stator voltage UGSW-UGK Difference between set and actual value of stator voltage IPIW Actual value of field current ALPHIW Actual value of firing angle Variable V38 V501 V79 Calibration 1 V = 20el. 5 V = 100% UGN 10 V = 100% UGN
Y2 Y5
V500 V509
5 V = IFN 1 V = 20 el.
Tolerance for all 3 measuring signals: 10 %
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13.3. CONSIDERATIONS 13.3.1. Calibration Principle Within the regulator several calibrations have to be performed in order that the regulating quantities correspond with the actual values of the plant equipment. For example: so that the generator current actual value (IGIW) is really equal to 1 p.u. (100 %) in the regulator at an actual 100 % generator current flow. The calibration sequence should be applied according to this protocol in order that by adjusting the calibration setting value there is no influence on the momentarily regulation. For example the IGIW calibration should be carried out at rated generator current which is possible during primary short circuit tests where the excitation is in field current regulating mode and the generator current does not represent any regulating quantity in that operating mode. For calibration the terminal mode has to be selected on the User terminal. After calibration the new parameter setting have to be stored permanently. The calibration values of the excitation system are pre-set according to the generator data during the workshop test, but these parameters should be checked with the actual technical data of the generator. The following values have to calibrated or the calibration must be checked according to the generator data. Thyristor voltage Field current Generator stator current Generator terminal voltage Calibration of thyristor voltage (=supply voltage): 1.) Set V803 to 1 2.) Read V537 and substitute it in the following formula 3.) Measure the incoming supply voltage 4.) Calculation:
V803 =
1 USyn V37 USynN
V803.......... Calibration factor for the thyristor voltage NormUsyn USyn.............. Incoming supply voltage USynN.. Nominal supply voltage 5.) Enter the calculated value of the variable V803 6.) Afterwards the variable should be: USYNIW V37 = 1,0
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Calibration of the field current: 1.) Set V805 to 1 2.) Read V500 and substitute it in the following formula 3.) Measure the field current (on shunt 150 A / 150 mV) 4.) Calculation:
V805 =
I 1 F V500 I FN
V805.......... Calibration factor for the field current NormIf IF............... Actual value of the current, measured on Shunt IFN............. Nominal field current 5.) Enter the calculated value of the variable V805 6.) Afterwards the variable should be at nominal current: IPIW V500 = 1,0 Calibration of the generator stator current: 1.) Set V817 to 1 2.) Read V503 and substitute it in the following formula 3.) Measure the generator stator current (secondary side of the CT) 4.) Calculation:
V817 =
I 1 G V503 I GN
V817.......... Calibration factor for generator stator current NormIg IG............... Actual value of the current, measured at the CT IGN............. CT secondary current at generator nominal current 7.) Enter the calculated value of the variable V817 8.) Afterwards the variable should be at nominal current: IGIW V503 = 1,0 Calibration of the generator terminal voltage: 1.) Set V813 to 1 2.) Read V501 and substitute it in the following formula 3.) Measure the generator terminal voltage (secondary side of the PT) 4.) Calculation:
V813 =
U G 1 V501 U GN
V813.......... Calibration factor for generator voltage NormUg UG.................. Actual value of the voltage, measured at the PT UGN................ PT secondary voltage at generator nominal voltage 5.) Enter the calculated value of the variable V813 6.) Afterwards the variable should be at nominal voltage: UGK V501 = 1,0
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13.3.2. Principle for Optimizing the Regulator The purpose of optimization is that the regulating value (field current or generator voltage) is reacting as rapidly as possible to sudden changes without oscillation (to be recognized on the firing angle ). Therefore the firing angle has to be displayed on oscilloscope. Procedures: 1. First of all optimize the regulator with small step signals (step functions with 3 - 5 %) 2. only then later with large jumps (step functions with 10 %) 3. and then excitation raising from zero At optimizing with small value signals always optimize from the inner loop to the outer loop, that means: 1. Field current regulator (PI) 2. Voltage regulator (PID) 3. Limiters and additional regulator (reactive power or p.f. regulator) ad 1) + 2) Field current regulator and Voltage regulator Optimizing is carried out by increasing the P-gain until the respective regulator starts oscillation (firing angle ). Then decrease the gain slightly again until oscillation stops. Afterwards adjust the integration time with step functions (in that way, that actual value reaches the new setpoint with small or without overshooting). At excitation systems with exciter machines optimize the differential part (D-part) with the same procedure (increase the D-gain until overshooting at step functions or until oscillation of the firing angle , afterwards adjust the differential damping). When during on-load operation the control voltage is starting to oscillate then the P-gain has still to be reduced. NOTE General statement: At a high gain the regulator tends to oscillate, but has a fast regulation. A low gain increases the stability, but results in poor regulation Note: Generally pre-setting of the D-part is sufficient without any further modifications. ad 3) p.f. and reactive power regulator At the p.f. and reactive power regulator the regulation part with the gain is integrated in the feedback. Therefore the considerations regarding the stability and oscillation is exactly reverse. That means, a low gain results in high oscillation tendency, at a higher gain the regulator tends to stability. Generally the presetting can be left unchanged.
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13.3.3. Recommended Settings Normally with the settings from the workshop test the excitation system can be operated without or with slightly parameter changes. If nevertheless parameters have to be changes due to poor regulation (oscillation, to much overshooting, slow regulation) we recommend the following ranges: Recommendation for the field current regulator: V870 VPI V900 TNI Gain field current regulator Integration time field current regulator 2.00 ... 5.00 0.0
Recommendation for the voltage regulator: V872 V902 V871 V901 VPU TNU KDU TDU Gain voltage regulator Integration time voltage regulator Differential gain voltage regulator Differential damping voltage regulator 5.00 ... 8.00 0.20 ... 0.70 = 0.2 ... 0.7 s 0.50 ... 1.00 0.005.. 0.02 = 0.5 ... 2 ms
Recommendation for the p.f. and reactive power regulator: V877 KPQRF V957 TIQRF Gain p.f. / reactive power regulator Integration time p.f. / reactive power regulator 8.0 ... 16.0 0.02 ... 0.1
= 5 ... 10 s
13.4. CARRYING OUT COMMISSIONING CAUTION Before initial energizing of the excitation system the previously specified checklist according to chapter 13.1, "PREPARATION FOR COMMISSIONING" has to be gone through! The excitation system has to be connected with test supply. The battery supplies has to be connected. The battery supply for field flashing and current boosting has to be connected. Switch on the mcbs, -F71, -F81, -F83, -F84, -F09 and F10 In case of optional dual channel switch on the mcbs F82, -F19 and F20. By closing of the mcbs F71, -F81 the first GMR3 rack A01 is supplied with 24 Vdc, finally the mcb F01 on top of the GMR3 rach has to be switched on. After completion of the boot sequence of board MRB3 (approx. 8 sec.) and the User terminal (approx. a further 8 sec.) the regulator is ready for operation. Operating mode "MANUAL" has to be selected. NOTE These items of the commissioning instructions must be completed.
We recommend that these items of the commissioning instructions are to be fulfilled in order to ensure that the safety for correct functioning of the integration is guaranteed.
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13.4.1. Tests at Standstill Protection trip checks Checking and measuring supply voltages in test mode Check of thyristors voltage (=supply voltage) USYNIW (V37 = 0.9 ... 1.1). Only if V37 is out of the range of 0.9 ... 1.1, this variable has to be calibrated as described in 13.3.1, Calibration Principle Check of thyristors voltage frequency FSYNIW (V78 = +1.0) During standstill operate the excitation ON key and slowly raise the field current until Ifn is reached (or as far up as possible) Check and calibration of the field current IPIW At nominal field current has to be V500=1
After that store setting parameter 13.4.2. Short Circuit Tests If Applicable Operating mode "MANUAL" has to be selected Generator terminal short circuited Generator brought to nominal speed Check of integrity of CT circuits whether all are closed but not short circuited with residual current or minimum current (0.1p.u.) Life trip check from a protection relay Calibration of generator current IGIW as described in 13.3.1 Calibration Principle
After that store setting parameter 13.4.3. Open Circuit Voltage Tests Operating mode "MANUAL" has to be selected Generator terminal short circuit is removed Generator brought to rated speed Check of residual voltages at actual value input Check of residual voltages at excitation transformer input Excitation ON and raising excitation up to nominal voltage Check of thyristor voltage USYNIW (V37 = 0.95 ... 1.05) Check of thyristor voltage frequency FSYNIW (V78 = +1.0) Calibration of generator voltage as described in 13.3.1, Calibration Principle Check of voltages at all transformers Optimization of current regulator gain (preliminary VPI=2, final adjustment in shunt field operation mode) Change over to voltage regulator mode (key "AUTO/MANUAL") Change over to field current regulator mode (key "AUTO/MANUAL") De-excitation Change over from test- to shunt field supply Operating mode "MANUAL" Excitation ON, optimizing gain and integration time of current regulator Change over to voltage "AUTO" Optimizing gain and integration time of voltage regulator De-excitation with voltage regulator Check and optimizing of Soft-Start by excitation in voltage regulator mode to nominal voltage: generator voltage must not swing over
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Start-up and de-excitation with voltage regulator Oscilloscopic record of a set value jump 95 % 105 % 95 % Ugn Oscilloscopic record of an excitation process from 0 to nominal voltage Oscilloscopic record of a de-excitation process (operational de-excitation) Generator shut down, 1 diode in excitation machine shorted or disconnected (for diode fault supervision), run up unit to rated speed again. Parameter V1003 (max. amplitude for trip) set to 15.0 Variable V518 (Supervision output signal) to be measured (should be 0.0) Operating mode "MANUAL" has to be selected Excitation ON, adjust field current to approximately open circuit voltage value, but at least 0,2 Ug Variable V518 (Supervision output signal) to be measured (should be bigger as 1.0) Variable V1003 (max. amplitude for trip) set just under value of V518 resulting in an excitation trip Generator shut down, remove diode short circuit or open circuit Check of remote operation control Prior to synchronizing: check CB intertrip
After that store setting parameter 13.4.4. On Load Tests NOTE 1) When after synchronizing the reactive current suddenly rises above 100 % Ign (generator overexcited and field current high) or drops to 40...80 % Ign (generator underexcited, field current zero) and the voltage regulator does not get any response then the generator has to be immediately disconnected from the power system and the external wiring is to be checked because the CT polarity and/or CT allocation is incorrect. 2) When after synchronizing small changes of the setting value will result in considerable fluctuations of the reactive current then the reactive power static is to be increased in negative direction. This is especially important when there is no generator-transformer and therefore no natural static or when several generating units are connected in parallel. After paralleling the generator to the grid system it can be observed that the response of reactive power output is without influence on the active power. When the CT's and PT's are connected correctly then after synchronizing the generator current will remain stable at a low level and can be adjusted with the voltage controller. When the interrelation between set value changes and reactive power changes cannot be verified the external wiring has to be re-checked again.
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Check current polarity (reactive current V504=IBIW, active current V505=IWIW) Positives sign:Current export Negative sign:Current import Check actual value of active power (PWIW=V574) and reactive power (PBIW=V65) Positives sign:Power export Negative sign:Power import Check actual value of power factor (CFR=V57) Calibrate generator current IGIW (if not performed as outlined in chapter 13.4.2, "Short Circuit Tests If Applicable" and described in 13.3.1, Calibration Principle Check of the regulator behavior by setpoint changes or setpoint steps (in on-load operation the regulator behavior is different to no-load operation). If the regulation is not satisfactory, it can be optimized by gain and integration time of the voltage regulator. Check reactive power static: 1. Reactive power static V831 set to -0.02 (should already be 0.02) 2. Select load position with reactive power export into grid. 3. Increase reactive power static V831 step by step in negative direction (-0.03, -0.04), thereby the actual value of generator voltage and also the reactive current (reactive power) has to decrease (otherwise the CT connection is wrong). Measure the grid system static: XN = ............% Measuring procedures: Measuring of a load position (active current between 0...20 % Ign, p.f. approx.1): UG1, IB1 (in p.u.) Increase voltage (reactive power), then measuring of a second load position: UG2, IB2 (in p.u.)
XN =

UG 2 UG1 100 (result XN in %) UG1( IB 2 IB1 )
Load rejections at various loads with oscilloscope recording of the load rejection. Smooth transfer between automatic- and manual operating mode (in both directions). Check following limiters by approaching the limit value with the raise and lower commands. - Field current limiter (max., delayed) - Stator current limiter When the respective limiter shows no response the calibration is not correct Setting following additional regulators: - power factor regulator / reactive power regulator Heat run During heat run following temperature rises are to be checked: Excitation transformer, cable connections, cubicle heating, etc. After that store setting parameter 13.4.5. Remaining Activities
Final parameter saving Check spare parts (if applicable) and set parameters on spare p.c.bs Write and distribute the commissioning test sheets
1 copy for reasons of Quality Control and Service Support has absolutely to be sent to SAT-PE
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14. TECHNICAL DATA

14.1. CHARACTERISTICS 14.1.1. Dimensions The equipment has regarding the quantities of the options following dimensions Single channel regulator and without redundancy in protection: width x high x depth = 1200 x 2200 x 800 mm Dual channel regulator and without redundancy in protection or single channel regulator and with redundancy in protection: width x high x depth = 1200 x 2200 x 800 mm Dual channel regulator and redundancy in protection or width x high x depth = 1600 x 2200 x 800 mm 14.1.2. Excitation maximum capability Rated field current: 60 A Permanent field current: 66 A Ceiling current: 180 A Ceiling time: 5s
14.1.3. Rectifier capability Type: Rated current: repetitive peak reverse voltage: single phase, full wave controlled 85 A 1600 V
14.1.4. Field breaker capability Type: Rated current: bipolar without mechanical latching 85 A
14.2. EMC COMPATIBILITY The micro-processor system is manufactured according standard IEC 61000-4 and type tested by an international approved institute. IEC 61000-4: EMC for industrial process automation Part 1: General introduction Part 2: ESD (Electrostatic discharge) Part 3: HF / Electromagnetic fields Part 4: Fast transient / Burst Part 5: Surge immunity (1,2 / 50 s)
class 4: class 3: class 4: class 4:
8 kV 10 V/m 4 kV supply 2 kV input / output 4 kV
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15.
PLEASE NOTE!
COPYRIGHT, REMARKS This document is the sole property of VA TECH SAT GmbH & Co and may neither be copied nor distributed and used without our written consent. Violations will be prosecuted by Law according to DIN 34 Standard. The data contained in this literature should be considered as product information only. We would like to advise that short term modifications of our production range are possible due to our aim to continuously improve the performance of our products for the benefit of our customers so there may be differences between the products supplied and the corresponding descriptive literature. According to our experience following the instructions outlined in this document will provide the most satisfactory service performance. In case of unusual troubles which cannot be resolved by referring to this literature please contact our nearest agent or our Head Office. When commissioning the operating instructions and also the applicable Local Safety Standards have strictly to be observed. This edition of the document has been carefully checked regarding up-to-date contents and correctness. Should there be any discrepancies or contradictory information in this descriptive literature could please inform us. In case of problems please do not try to solve them on your own but contact our nearest agent or our Head Office who will be glad to be of any assistance to you. All agreements, legal rights, obligations, performance and scope of supply for VA TECH SAT GmbH & Co and also conditions governing the warranty are without expectation regulated according to the Contract Agreement and are not, in any way, influenced by the contents of the descriptive literature or operating instructions. Urgent information will be conveyed by telephone or fax.
Our address: VA TECH SAT GmbH & Co Dept. PE Penzingerstr. 76 A-1141 VIENNA AUSTRIA Phone: Fax: ++43 1 89 100 Ext. 2975 ++43 1 89 100 Ext. 3878 Dept. Fax ++43 1 894 60 46 Company fax
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To VA TECH SAT GmbH & Co Dept. PE / attn. Mr. Hantsch P.O.B. 5 A- 1141 VIENNA Please inform us at your earliest convenience if you have any additional requests and suggestions or in case of errors. We thank you for your cooperation. Drawing No. of the documentation : ________________ revision (+date):______________ Remarks:
From: Address:
Phone: Fax:
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O & M Manual

Generator Control Panel

Excitation System for Generator Control Panel

Operation and Maintenance Manual

PE / VIE_AOE (AYYILDIZ) Edition: 0.00.0000 Document2

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Generator Control Panel

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Generator Control Panel

7. INTERFACE OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

Generator Control Panel

10. MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING

11. INSTALLATION 12. PRE-SETTINGS FOR COMMISSIONING

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14. TECHNICAL DATA

15. PLEASE NOTE!

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Index n, N means nominal, e.g. UGN is generator nominal voltage.

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2. PRODUCT DECLARATION AND CE-IDENTIFICATION

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3. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS

P (pu), active power

1 Q (pu), reactive power

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4. BASICS OF THE THYNE4 SYSTEM

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6. EXCITATION SYSTEM THYNE4 SPECIFICATION

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Actual value sensing

AC-exciter machine THYNE4

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Fig. 2: Block diagram GMR3

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