XV6, A Simple, Unix-Like Teaching Operating System (Source Code)

Sep 5 23:39 2011 README Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 table of contents Page 1
xv6 is a reimplementation of Dennis Ritchies and Ken Thompsons Unix

Version 6 (v6). xv6 loosely follows the structure and style of v6,
but is implemented for a modern x86based multiprocessor using ANSI C.
The numbers to the left of the file names in the table are sheet numbers.
The source code has been printed in a double column format with fifty
lines per column, giving one hundred lines per sheet (or page).
Thus there is a convenient relationship between line numbers and sheet numbers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xv6 is inspired by John Lionss Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition (Peer
to Peer Communications; ISBN: 1573980137; 1st edition (June 14,
2000)). See also http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2007/v6.html, which
provides pointers to online resources for v6.
xv6 borrows code from the following sources:
JOS (asm.h, elf.h, mmu.h, bootasm.S, ide.c, console.c, and others)
Plan 9 (entryother.S, mp.h, mp.c, lapic.c)
FreeBSD (ioapic.c)
NetBSD (console.c)
The following people made contributions:
Russ Cox (context switching, locking)
Cliff Frey (MP)
Xiao Yu (MP)
Nickolai Zeldovich
Austin Clements
In addition, we are grateful for the patches contributed by Greg
Price, Yandong Mao, and Hitoshi Mitake.
The code in the files that constitute xv6 is
Copyright 20062011 Frans Kaashoek, Robert Morris, and Russ Cox.
ERROR REPORTS
# basic headers
01 types.h
01 param.h
02 memlayout.h
02 defs.h
04 x86.h
06 asm.h
07 mmu.h
09 elf.h
# entering xv6
10 entry.S
11 entryother.S
12 main.c
# locks
14 spinlock.h
14 spinlock.c
# processes
16 vm.c
20 proc.h
21 proc.c
26 swtch.S
27 kalloc.c
# system calls
28 traps.h
28 vectors.pl
29 trapasm.S
29 trap.c
31 syscall.h
31 syscall.c
33 sysproc.c
# file system
34 buf.h
34 fcntl.h
35 stat.h
35 fs.h
36 file.h
36 ide.c
38 bio.c
40 log.c
42 fs.c
50 file.c
52 sysfile.c
57 exec.c
# pipes
58 pipe.c
# string operations
59 string.c
# lowlevel hardware
61 mp.h
62 mp.c
64 lapic.c
66 ioapic.c
67 picirq.c
68 kbd.h
69 kbd.c
70 console.c
73 timer.c
74 uart.c
# userlevel
75 initcode.S
75 usys.S
76 init.c
76 sh.c
# bootloader
82 bootasm.S
83 bootmain.c
If you spot errors or have suggestions for improvement, please send

email to Frans Kaashoek and Robert Morris (kaashoek,rtm@csail.mit.edu).
BUILDING AND RUNNING XV6
To build xv6 on an x86 ELF machine (like Linux or FreeBSD), run "make".
On nonx86 or nonELF machines (like OS X, even on x86), you will
need to install a crosscompiler gcc suite capable of producing x86 ELF
binaries. See http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2011/tools.html.
Then run "make TOOLPREFIX=i386joself".
To run xv6, you can use Bochs or QEMU, both PC simulators.
Bochs makes debugging easier, but QEMU is much faster.
To run in Bochs, run "make bochs" and then type "c" at the bochs prompt.
To run in QEMU, run "make qemu".
To create a typeset version of the code, run "make xv6.pdf". This
requires the "mpage" utility. See http://www.mesa.nl/pub/mpage/.
The source listing is preceded by a crossreference that lists every defined

constant, struct, global variable, and function in xv6. Each entry gives,
on the same line as the name, the line number (or, in a few cases, numbers)
where the name is defined. Successive lines in an entry list the line
numbers where the name is used. For example, this entry:
swtch 2658
0374 2428 2466 2657 2658
indicates that swtch is defined on line 2658 and is mentioned on five lines
on sheets 03, 24, and 26.
Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 1
acquire 1474
0377 1474 1478
2358 2417 2474
2566 2579 2766
3372 3392 3757
3979 4127 4145
4510 4539 4554
5041 5056 5863
7060 7216 7258
allocproc 2155
2155 2207 2260
allocuvm 1827
0422 1827 1841
5753
alltraps 2904
2859 2867 2880
2904
ALT 6810
6810 6838 6840
argfd 5213
5213 5256 5271
5306
argint 3195
0395 3195 3208
3356 3370 5218
5508 5576 5577
argptr 3204
0396 3204 5271
5657
argstr 3221
0397 3221 5318
5557 5575 5606
__attribute__ 1316
0270 0365 1209
BACK 7661
7661 7774 7920
backcmd 7696 7914
7696 7709 7775
8042 8155 8190
BACKSPACE 7150
7150 7167 7194
balloc 4304
4304 4326 4617
BBLOCK 3591
3591 4313 4338
B_BUSY 3409
3409 3808 3926
3941 3966 3976
B_DIRTY 3411
3411 3737 3766
bwrite 3964
0264 3964 3967
4175
bzero 4289
4289 4320
C 6831 7209
6831 6879 6904
6907 6908 6910
7222 7229 7240
CAPSLOCK 6812
6812 6845 6986
cgaputc 7155
7155 7198
clearpteu 1903
0431 1903 1909
cli 0557
0557 0559 1126
7189 8212
cmd 7665
7665 7677 7686
7693 7698 7702
7718 7723 7731
7751 7775 7777
7857 7858 7859
7864 7866 7868
7871 7872 7873
7876 7879 7880
7885 7886 7887
7900 7901 7903
7907 7908 7909
7914 7916 7918
7921 7922 8012
8015 8017 8021
8031 8034 8037
8046 8048 8050
8058 8060 8063
8078 8081 8085
8108 8112 8113
8122 8128 8137
8145 8151 8152
8166 8172 8173
8190 8191 8194
COM1 7413
7413 7423 7426
7429 7430 7431
7441 7457 7459
commit_trans 4136
0335 4136 5073
5346 5355 5445
5558 5562 5579
2160
2518
2781
3815
4457
4564
5884
7306
2323
2533
3016
3920
4490
5025
5905
2237 5743
2885 2903
5283 5294
3224 3332
5271 5283
5626
5283 5306
5408 5508
5626
1316
8189
7914 7916
7226 7232
4625 4629
3927 3938
3988
3771 3810
3829 3968
begin_trans 4125
0334 4125 5071
5413 5511 5556
bfree 4331
4331 4662 4672
bget 3916
3916 3946 3956
binit 3889
0261 1229 3889
bmap 4610
4610 4636 4719
bootmain 8317
8268 8317
BPB 3588
3588 3591 4312
bread 3952
0262 3952 4076
4104 4173 4282
4338 4411 4432
4668 4719 4769
brelse 3974
0263 3974 3977
4096 4112 4176
4319 4324 4345
4441 4525 4632
4773
BSIZE 3557
3557 3568 3582
4078 4174 4294
4721 4765 4769
buf 3400
0250 0262 0263
0333 1970 1973
3400 3404 3405
3676 3679 3725
3806 3809 3877
3891 3903 3915
3954 3964 3974
4077 4089 4090
4105 4111 4112
4269 4280 4291
4405 4429 4504
4705 4755 7029
7047 7203 7224
7301 7308 7784
7789 7803 7815
7820 7821 7825
B_VALID 3410
3410 3770 3810
5174 5323
5574
4675
4769
4314 4339
4077 4089
4293 4313
4517 4626
4080
4284
4417
4674
4081
4296
4420
4722
3588 4057
4719 4720
4770 4771
0264
1982
3406
3754
3881
3918
4005
4096
4159
4307
4613
7040
7238
7787
7816
0306
1984
3661
3804
3885
3951
4076
4104
4173
4333
4657
7044
7268
7788
7819
3829 3957
4079 4111
6905 6906
7209 7219
7269
5755
1560 7110
7687
7706
7737
7852
7860
7869
7874
7882
7888
7905
7910
7919
8013
8024
8039
8053
8064
8100
8116
8138
8161
8178
7692
7715
7741
7855
7863
7870
7875
7884
7889
7906
7913
7920
8014
8030
8042
8055
8075
8103
8121
8144
8164
8184
7427 7428
7434 7440
7467 7469
5179 5328
5452 5513
5583
CONSOLE 3639
3639 7321 7322
consoleinit 7316
0267 1225 7316
consoleintr 7212
0269 6998 7212
consoleread 7251
7251 7322
consolewrite 7301
7301 7321
consputc 7186
7016 7047 7069
7094 7095 7186
7239 7308
context 2043
0251 0374 2006
2188 2189 2190
2466 2628
copyout 1968
0430 1968 5763
copyuvm 1916
0427 1916 1927
cprintf 7052
0268 1222 1264
2630 2632 3040
3285 6319 6339
7052 7112 7113
cpu 2004
0309 1222 1264
1406 1466 1487
1561 1562 1570
1631 1637 1772
1775 2004 2014
2428 2459 2465
3015 3040 3041
3058 3060 6213
7112
cpunum 6501
0324 1256 1288
6673 6682
CR0_PE 0727
0727 1135 1171
CR0_PG 0737
0737 1050 1171
CR0_WP 0733
0733 1050 1171
CR4_PSE 0739
0739 1043 1164
create 5457
5457 5477 5490
7475
7087 7090
7226 7232
2043 2061
2191 2428
5774
1929 2264
1841
3053
6511
7114
2626
3058
6662
7117
1266
1508
1572
1773
2018
2466
3053
6214
1278
1546
1618
1774
2029
2467
3054
6511
1624 6501
8243
5494 5512
5557 5578
CRTPORT 7151
7151 7160 7161
7178 7179 7180
CTL 6809
6809 6835 6839
deallocuvm 1855
0423 1842 1855
DEVSPACE 0204
0204 1729 1742
devsw 3632
3632 3637 4708
4760 5007 7321
dinode 3572
3572 3582 4406
4433 4505 4518
dirent 3596
3596 4815 4855
dirlink 4852
0286 4822 4852
5339 5489 5493
dirlookup 4812
0287 4812 4818
5421 5467
DIRSIZ 3594
3594 3598 4805
4929 4991 5315
DPL_USER 0779
0779 1627 1628
2973 3068 3077
E0ESC 6816
6816 6970 6974
6980
elfhdr 0955
0955 5715 8319
ELF_MAGIC 0952
0952 5728 8330
ELF_PROG_LOAD 0986
0986 5739
enter_alloc 2725
0314 1299 1755
entry 1040
0961 1036 1039
2852 2853 5787
8345 8346
EOI 6414
6414 6484 6525
ERROR 6435
6435 6477
ESR 6417
fork 2254
0360 2254 3311
7625 7843 7845
fork1 7839
7700 7742 7754
7824 7839
forkret 2483
2117 2191 2483
freevm 1883
0424 1883 1888
5790 5795
gatedesc 0901
0523 0526 0901
getcallerpcs 1526
0378 1488 1526
getcmd 7784
7784 7815
gettoken 7956
7956 8041 8045
8071 8107 8111
growproc 2231
0361 2231 3359
havedisk1 3678
3678 3714 3812
holding 1544
0379 1477 1504
ialloc 4402
0288 4402 4422
IBLOCK 3585
3585 4411 4432
I_BUSY 3627
3627 4511 4513
4557 4559
ICRHI 6428
6428 6487 6556
ICRLO 6418
6418 6488 6489
6569
ID 6411
6411 6447 6516
IDE_BSY 3663
3663 3687
IDE_CMD_READ 3668
3668 3741
IDE_CMD_WRITE 3669
3669 3738
IDE_DF 3665
3665 3689
IDE_DRDY 3664
3664 3687
7162 7163
7181
6985
1889 2240
4710 4758
7322
4412 4430
5364 5404
4867 4875
5494
4859 4974
4872 4928
5405 5461
2214 2215
6975 6977
8324
2725
1040 2731
6121 8321
6417 6480 6481

exec 5710
0273 5642 5710
7630 7726 7727
EXEC 7657
7657 7722 7859
execcmd 7669 7853
7669 7710 7723
8121 8127 8128
exit 2304
0359 2304 2340
3069 3078 3317
7561 7626 7631
7735 7780 7828
EXTMEM 0202
0202 0208
fdalloc 5232
5232 5258 5526
fetchint 3167
0398 3167 3197
fetchstr 3179
0399 3179 3226
file 3600
0252 0276 0277
0281 0282 0351
4271 5004 5010
5026 5038 5039
5079 5102 5152
5216 5232 5253
5292 5303 5505
5821 7010 7408
7734 7864 7872
filealloc 5021
0276 5021 5526
fileclose 5052
0277 2315 5052
5528 5665 5666
filedup 5039
0278 2279 5039
fileinit 5014
0279 1230 5014
fileread 5102
0280 5102 5117
filestat 5079
0281 5079 5308
filewrite 5152
0282 5152 5184
FL_IF 0710
0710 1562 1568
6508
7568 7629
8165
7853 7855
8156 8166
3005 3009
7516 7519
7716 7725
7835
5662
5633
5639
0278
2064
5020
5052
5207
5267
5654
7678
8072
0280
3600
5023
5054
5213
5279
5806
7733
5827
5058 5297
5854 5856
5043 5260
5273
5189 5285
2218 2463
7560 7623
7761 7776
1940 2371
2961
2628 7115
8057 8070
8133
1544 2457
5476 5477
4517
4536 4540
6568
6557 6559
IDE_ERR 3666
3666 3689
ideinit 3701
0304 1232
ideintr 3752
0305 3024
idelock 3675
3675 3705
3815 3830
iderw 3804
0306 3804
3958 3969
idestart 3725
3679 3725
idewait 3683
3683 3708
idtinit 2979
0406 1265
idup 4488
0289 2280
iget 4453
4394 4418
4959
iinit 4389
0290 1231
ilock 4502
0291 4502
5082 5111
5351 5415
5479 5519
7283 7310
inb 0453
0453 3687
6967 7161
7441 7457
8231 8354
initlock 1462
0380 1462
3705 3893
5835 7318
initlog 4055
0332 2494
inituvm 1786
0425 1786
inode 3613
0253 0286
0291 0292
0297 0298
0426 1803
3633 3634
3701
3752
3757 3759 3778
3833
3809 3811 3813
3728 3776 3825
3730 3766
2979
4488 4961
4453 4473 4830
4389
4508
5175
5423
5608
4528
5325
5465
5722
4964
5338
5469
7263
3713 6354 6964

7163 7434 7440
7467 7469 8223
2125 2744 2975
4061 4391 5016
7319
4055 4058
1791 2211
0287
0293
0299
2065
4274
0288
0294
0300
3606
4385
0289
0295
0301
3613
4394

4401 4427 4452
4487 4488 4502
4574 4610 4654
4752 4811 4812
4953 4956 4988
5361 5403 5456
5554 5569 5604
7301
INPUT_BUF 7200
7200 7203 7224
7240 7268
insl 0462
0462 0464 3767
install_trans 4071
4071 4119 4140
INT_DISABLED 6619
6619 6667
ioapic 6627
6307 6329 6330
6636 6637 6643
IOAPIC 6608
6608 6658
ioapicenable 6673
0309 3707 6673
ioapicid 6217
0310 6217 6330
6662
ioapicinit 6651
0311 1224 6651
ioapicread 6634
6634 6659 6660
ioapicwrite 6641
6641 6667 6668
IO_PIC1 6707
6707 6720 6735
6752 6762 6776
IO_PIC2 6708
6708 6721 6736
6767 6770 6779
IO_RTC 6535
6535 6548 6549
IO_TIMER1 7359
7359 7368 7378
IPB 3582
3582 3585 3591
4518
iput 4552
0292 2320 4552
4860 4982 5072
IRQ_COM1 2833
4455
4534
4685
4852
4995
5460
5716
4461
4552
4702
4856
5316
5506
7251
7236 7238
8373
6624 6627
6644 6658
7326 7443
6347 6661
6662
6681 6682
6744 6747
6777
6765 6766
6780
7379
4412 4433
4558 4577
5344 5614
2833 3034 7442

IRQ_ERROR 2835
2835 6477
IRQ_IDE 2834
2834 3023 3027
IRQ_KBD 2832
2832 3030 7325
IRQ_SLAVE 6710
6710 6714 6752
IRQ_SPURIOUS 2836
2836 3039 6457
IRQ_TIMER 2831
2831 3014 3073
isdirempty 5361
5361 5368 5427
ismp 6215
0338 1233 6215
6340 6343 6655
itrunc 4654
4274 4561 4654
iunlock 4534
0293 4534 4537
5084 5114 5178
5613 7256 7305
iunlockput 4574
0294 4574 4966
5327 5340 5343
5439 5443 5451
5496 5521 5529
5610 5748 5797
iupdate 4427
0295 4427 4563
5333 5353 5437
5487
I_VALID 3628
3628 4516 4526
kalloc 2777
0315 1792 1794
1923 1931 1934
2777 5731 5829
KBDATAP 6804
6804 6967
kbdgetc 6956
6956 6998
kbdintr 6996
0321 3031 6996
KBS_DIB 6803
6803 6965
KBSTATP 6802
6802 6964

7443
3706 3707
7326
6767
6464 7380
6312 6320
6675
4576 4971
5334 5532
4975
5354
5468
5561
4978
5428
5472
5582
4680 4778
5442 5483
4555
1839 1846
2173 2209
KERNBASE 0207
0207 0208 0212
0218 0220 0221
1832 1889 2730
KERNLINK 0208
0208 1727
KEY_DEL 6828
6828 6869 6891
KEY_DN 6822
6822 6865 6887
KEY_END 6820
6820 6868 6890
KEY_HOME 6819
6819 6868 6890
KEY_INS 6827
6827 6869 6891
KEY_LF 6823
6823 6867 6889
KEY_PGDN 6826
6826 6866 6888
KEY_PGUP 6825
6825 6866 6888
KEY_RT 6824
6824 6867 6889
KEY_UP 6821
6821 6865 6887
kfree 2756
0316 1871 1873
2265 2369 2747
5852 5873
kill 2575
0362 2575 3059
kinit 2740
0317 1236 2740
KSTACKSIZE 0151
0151 1054 1063
2177
kvmalloc 1753
0418 1218 1753
lapiceoi 6522
0326 3021 3025
3042 6522
lapicinit 6451
0327 1220 1256
lapicstartap 6540
0328 1304 6540
lapicw 6444
6444 6457 6463
6468 6469 6474
6481 6484 6487
0213 0217
1321 1533
6915
6911
6914
6914
6915
6913
6912
6912
6913
6911
1893 1896
2756 2761
3334 7567
1300 1775
3032 3036
6451
6464 6465
6477 6480
6488 6493
6525 6556 6557

6569
lcr3 0590
0590 1764 1779
lgdt 0512
0512 0520 1133
lidt 0526
0526 0534 2981
LINT0 6433
6433 6468
LINT1 6434
6434 6469
LIST 7660
7660 7740 7907
listcmd 7690 7901
7690 7711 7741
8046 8157 8184
loadgs 0551
0551 1634
loaduvm 1803
0426 1803 1809
log 4040 4050
4040 4050 4061
4065 4075 4076
4092 4093 4094
4108 4109 4120
4129 4131 4132
4145 4146 4147
4165 4168 4169
4177 4178
logheader 4035
4035 4046 4057
4105
LOGSIZE 0160
0160 4037 4163
log_write 4159
0333 4159 4295
4416 4440 4630
ltr 0538
0538 0540 1776
mappages 1679
1679 1745 1794
MAXARG 0159
0159 5622 5714
MAXARGS 7663
7663 7671 7672
MAXFILE 3569
3569 4765
memcmp 5965
0386 5965 6245
6559 6568
1633 8241
8183
7901 7903
1812 5745
4063
4077
4104
4127
4138
4148
4172
4064
4089
4107
4128
4141
4163
4173
4058 4090
5167
4318 4344
4772
1846 1934
5760
8140
6288
memmove 5981
0387 1285 1795
4078 4174 4283
4721 4771 4929
6004 7173
memset 5954
0388 1666 1741
2190 2213 2733
4414 5432 5629
7787 7858 7869
7919
microdelay 6531
0329 6531 6558
7458
min 4273
4273 4720 4770
mp 6102
6102 6208 6237
6246 6255 6260
6268 6269 6280
6287 6294 6304
mpbcpu 6220
0339 1220 6220
MPBUS 6152
6152 6333
mpconf 6113
6113 6279 6282
mpconfig 6280
6280 6310
mpenter 1252
1252 1301
mpinit 6301
0340 1219 6301
mpioapic 6139
6139 6307 6329
MPIOAPIC 6153
6153 6328
MPIOINTR 6154
6154 6334
MPLINTR 6155
6155 6335
mpmain 1262
1209 1239 1257
mpproc 6128
6128 6306 6317
MPPROC 6151
6151 6316
mpsearch 6256
6256 6285
mpsearch1 6238
2418 2557 2580

NPTENTRIES 0822
0822 1867
NSEGS 2001
1611 2001 2008
nulterminate 8152
8015 8030 8152
8180 8185 8186
NUMLOCK 6813
6813 6846
O_CREATE 3453
3453 5510 8078
O_RDONLY 3450
3450 5520 8075
O_RDWR 3452
3452 5538 7614
outb 0471
0471 3711 3720
3733 3734 3735
3741 6353 6354
6720 6721 6735
6747 6752 6762
6767 6770 6776
6780 7160 7162
7180 7181 7377
7423 7426 7427
7430 7431 7459
8364 8365 8366
8369
outsl 0483
0483 0485 3739
outw 0477
0477 1181 1183
O_WRONLY 3451
3451 5537 5538
P2V 0218
0218 1726 6262
panic 7105 7832
0270 1478 1505
1691 1743 1778
1812 1871 1888
1929 2210 2310
2460 2462 2464
2731 2761 3055
3811 3813 3946
4058 4164 4166
4422 4473 4508
4558 4636 4818
4875 5043 5058
5189 5368 5426
1933 1982
4439 4524
4931 5981
1793
2764
5954
7885
1845
4294
7175
7906
6560 6570
6244
6264
6283
6310
6245
6265
6285
6350
6287 6305
6319 6339
6331
1262
6326
6238 6264 6268 6271

multiboot_header 1025
1024 1025
namecmp 4803
0296 4803 4825 5418
namei 4989
0297 2223 4989 5320
5606 5720
nameiparent 4996
0298 4954 4969 4981
5336 5410 5463
namex 4954
4954 4992 4998
NBUF 0155
0155 3881 3903
ncpu 6216
1222 1287 2019 3707
6318 6319 6323 6324
6345
NCPU 0152
0152 2018 6213
NDEV 0157
0157 4708 4758 5007
NDIRECT 3567
3567 3569 3578 3624
4620 4624 4625 4660
4668 4675 4676
NELEM 0434
0434 1744 2622 3282
nextpid 2116
2116 2169
NFILE 0154
0154 5010 5026
NINDIRECT 3568
3568 3569 4622 4670
NINODE 0156
0156 4385 4461
NO 6806
6806 6852 6855 6857
6859 6860 6862 6874
6879 6880 6881 6882
6902 6903 6905 6906
6908
NOFILE 0153
0153 2064 2277 2313
5236
NPDENTRIES 0821
0821 1317 1890
NPROC 0150
0150 2111 2161 2329
5517
4996
6216
6325
4615
4667
5631
6858
6877
6884
6907
5220
2362
2619
8173 8179
8191
8081
7616 7807
3731
3736
6548
6736
6765
6777
7178
7378
7428
8228
8367
3732
3738
6549
6744
6766
6779
7179
7379
7429
8236
8368
8274 8276
8078 8081
6550 7152
1569
1791
1909
2340
2506
3728
3967
4326
4528
4822
5117
5434
1571
1809
1927
2458
2509
3809
3977
4342
4537
4867
5184
5477
5490 5494 7063

7701 7720 7753
8028 8072 8106
8141
panicked 7018
7018 7118 7188
parseblock 8101
8101 8106 8125
parsecmd 8018
7702 7825 8018
parseexec 8117
8014 8055 8117
parseline 8035
8012 8024 8035
parsepipe 8051
8013 8039 8051
parseredirs 8064
8064 8112 8131
PCINT 6432
6432 6474
pde_t 0103
0103 0420 0421
0424 0425 0426
0431 1210 1270
1654 1656 1679
1739 1786 1803
1883 1903 1915
1952 1968 2055
PDX 0812
0812 1659
PDXSHIFT 0827
0812 0818 0827
peek 8001
8001 8025 8040
8069 8105 8109
PGROUNDDOWN 0830
0830 1685 1686
PGROUNDUP 0829
0829 1837 1863
5752
PGSIZE 0823
0823 0829 0830
1695 1696 1741
1794 1808 1810
1838 1845 1846
1925 1933 1934
2212 2219 2733
2760 2764 5753
PHYSTOP 0203
0203 1728 1742
7105 7112
7832 7845
8110 8136
8046 8108
8058
8142
0422
0427
1317
1733
1827
1916
5718
0423
0430
1610
1736
1855
1918
1321
8044 8056
8124 8132
1975
2732 2745
1316
1790
1814
1864
1979
2734
5755
1666
1793
1817
1867
1985
2746
1743 2746

2760
picenable 6725
0344 3706 6725
7442
picinit 6732
0345 1223 6732
picsetmask 6717
6717 6727 6783
pinit 2123
0363 1227 2123
pipe 5811
0254 0352 0353
5069 5109 5159
5829 5835 5839
5880 5901 7563
PIPE 7659
7659 7750 7886
pipealloc 5821
0351 5659 5821
pipeclose 5861
0352 5069 5861
pipecmd 7684 7880
7684 7712 7751
8058 8158 8178
piperead 5901
0353 5109 5901
PIPESIZE 5809
5809 5813 5886
pipewrite 5880
0354 5159 5880
popcli 1566
0383 1521 1566
1780
printint 7026
7026 7077 7081
proc 2053
0255 0358 0398
1205 1458 1606
1775 2015 2030
2106 2111 2114
2161 2204 2235
2243 2244 2257
2271 2272 2278
2284 2306 2309
2316 2320 2321
2330 2338 2355
2383 2389 2410
2428 2433 2461
2505 2523 2524
2557 2577 2580
7325 7380
0354
5811
5843
7752
3605
5823
5861
7753
8177
7880 7882
5894 5916
1569 1571
0399
1638
2053
2154
2237
2264
2279
2314
2326
2362
2418
2466
2528
2615
0428
1769
2059
2157
2240
2270
2280
2315
2329
2363
2425
2475
2555
2619
2955 3004 3006

3059 3060 3062
3077 3155 3167
3210 3226 3279
3286 3287 3306
3375 3657 4267
5220 5237 5238
5615 5633 5639
5781 5784 5785
5788 5789 5804
6211 6306 6317
6322 7013 7261
procdump 2604
0364 2604 7220
proghdr 0974
0974 5717 8320
PTE_ADDR 0844
0844 1661 1813
1930 1961
PTE_P 0833
0833 1319 1321
1690 1692 1868
1957
PTE_PS 0840
0840 1319 1321
pte_t 0847
0847 1653 1657
1683 1806 1857
1954
PTE_U 0835
0835 1670 1794
1934 1959
PTE_W 0834
0834 1319 1321
1728 1729 1794
PTX 0815
0815 1672
PTXSHIFT 0826
0815 0818 0826
pushcli 1555
0382 1476 1555
rcr2 0582
0582 3054 3061
readeflags 0544
0544 1559 1568
read_head 4087
4087 4118
readi 4702
0299 1818 4702
5112 5367 5368

3008
3068
3179
3281
3340
4961
5296
5664
5786
5887
6318
7410
3051
3073
3197
3283
3358
5205
5614
5704
5787
5907
6319
8334
1869 1892
1660 1670
1891 1928
1661 1663
1905 1919
1846 1910
1670 1726
1846 1934
1771
2463 6508
4821 4866
5726 5737
readsb 4278
0285 4062 4278 4311
4409
readsect 8360
8360 8395
readseg 8379
8314 8327 8338 8379
recover_from_log 4116
4052 4066 4116
REDIR 7658
7658 7730 7870 8171
redircmd 7675 7864
7675 7713 7731 7864
8075 8078 8081 8159
REG_ID 6610
6610 6660
REG_TABLE 6612
6612 6667 6668 6681
REG_VER 6611
6611 6659
release 1502
0381 1502 1505 2164
2377 2384 2435 2477
2519 2532 2568 2586
2770 2785 3019 3376
3394 3759 3778 3833
3942 3991 4132 4148
4480 4492 4514 4542
4569 5029 5033 5045
5066 5872 5875 5888
5908 5919 7101 7248
7282 7309
ROOTDEV 0158
0158 4062 4065 4959
ROOTINO 3556
3556 4959
run 2711
2611 2711 2712 2717
2767 2779
runcmd 7706
7706 7720 7737 7743
7759 7766 7777 7825
RUNNING 2050
2050 2427 2461 2611
safestrcpy 6032
0389 2222 2284 5781
sched 2453
0366 2339 2453 2458
2462 2464 2476 2525
scheduler 2408
4337
7866
8172
6682
2170
2487
2590
3381
3928
4464
4560
5060
5897
7262
2758
7745
3073
6032
2460
0365 1267 2006

2466
SCROLLLOCK 6814
6814 6847
SECTSIZE 8312
8312 8373 8386
SEG 0769
0769 1625 1626
1631
SEG16 0773
0773 1772
SEG_ASM 0660
0660 1190 1191
segdesc 0752
0509 0512 0752
1611 2008
seginit 1616
0417 1221 1255
SEG_KCODE 0741
0741 1150 1625
8253
SEG_KCPU 0743
0743 1631 1634
SEG_KDATA 0742
0742 1154 1626
8258
SEG_NULLASM 0654
0654 1189 8283
SEG_TSS 0746
0746 1772 1773
SEG_UCODE 0744
0744 1627 2214
SEG_UDATA 0745
0745 1628 2215
SETGATE 0921
0921 2972 2973
setupkvm 1734
0420 1734 1755
5731
SHIFT 6808
6808 6836 6837
skipelem 4915
4915 4963
sleep 2503
0367 2389 2503
2609 3379 3830
4512 5892 5911
spinlock 1401
0256 0367 0377
0381 0409 1401
2408 2428
8389 8394
1627 1628
8284 8285
0769 0773
1616
2972 2973
2916
1774 2913
1776
1923 2209
6985
2506 2509
3931 4129
7266 7579
0379 0380
1459 1462
1474 1502 1544 2107

2503 2709 2716 2958
3660 3675 3876 3880
4041 4268 4384 5005
5807 5812 7008 7021
7406
STA_R 0669 0786
0669 0786 1190 1625
8284
start 1125 7508 8211
1124 1125 1167 1175
4042 4063 4076 4089
4173 7507 7508 8210
8267
startothers 1274
1208 1235 1274
stat 3504
0257 0281 0300 3504
4685 5079 5203 5304
stati 4685
0300 4685 5083
STA_W 0668 0785
0668 0785 1191 1626
1631 8285
STA_X 0665 0782
0665 0782 1190 1625
8284
sti 0563
0563 0565 1573 2414
stosb 0492
0492 0494 5960 8340
stosl 0501
0501 0503 5958
strlen 6051
0390 5762 5763 6051
8023
strncmp 6008
0391 4805 6008
strncpy 6018
0392 4872 6018
STS_IG32 0800
0800 0927
STS_T32A 0797
0797 1772
STS_TG32 0801
0801 0927
sum 6226
6226 6228 6230 6232
6245 6292
superblock 3560
3111 3261
sys_kill 3328
3237 3256 3328
SYS_kill 3106
3106 3256
sys_link 5313
3238 3269 5313
SYS_link 3120
3120 3269
sys_mkdir 5551
3239 3270 5551
SYS_mkdir 3121
3121 3270
sys_mknod 5567
3240 3267 5567
SYS_mknod 3118
3118 3267
sys_open 5501
3241 3265 5501
SYS_open 3116
3116 3265 3280 3282
sys_pipe 5651
3242 3254 5651
SYS_pipe 3104
3104 3254
sys_read 5265
3243 3255 5265
SYS_read 3105
3105 3255
sys_sbrk 3351
3244 3262 3351
SYS_sbrk 3112
3112 3262
sys_sleep 3365
3245 3263 3365
SYS_sleep 3113
3113 3263
sys_unlink 5401
3246 3268 5401
SYS_unlink 3119
3119 3268
sys_uptime 3388
3249 3264 3388
SYS_uptime 3114
3114 3264
sys_wait 3322
3247 3253 3322
SYS_wait 3103
3103 3253
sys_write 5277
2110
2963
4003
5009
7202
1627
1177
4104
8211
4265
7603
1628
1627
7819
6233
0258 0285 3560 4060 4278

4308 4334 4407
SVR 6415
6415 6457
switchkvm 1762
0429 1254 1756 1762 2429
switchuvm 1769
0428 1769 1778 2244 2426
5789
swtch 2658
0374 2428 2466 2657 2658
syscall 3275
0400 3007 3157 3275
SYSCALL 7553 7560 7561 7562 7563 75
7560 7561 7562 7563 7564
7565 7566 7567 7568 7569
7570 7571 7572 7573 7574
7575 7576 7577 7578 7579
7580
sys_chdir 5601
3229 3259 5601
SYS_chdir 3109
3109 3259
sys_close 5289
3230 3271 5289
SYS_close 3122
3122 3271
sys_dup 5251
3231 3260 5251
SYS_dup 3110
3110 3260
sys_exec 5620
3232 3257 5620
SYS_exec 3107
3107 3257 7512
sys_exit 3315
3233 3252 3315
SYS_exit 3102
3102 3252 7517
sys_fork 3309
3234 3251 3309
SYS_fork 3101
3101 3251
sys_fstat 5301
3235 3258 5301
SYS_fstat 3108
3108 3258
sys_getpid 3338
3236 3261 3338
SYS_getpid 3111
3248 3266 5277

SYS_write 3117
3117 3266
taskstate 0851
0851 2007
TDCR 6439
6439 6463
T_DEV 3502
3502 4707 4757
T_DIR 3500
3500 4817 4965
5435 5485 5520
T_FILE 3501
3501 5470 5512
ticks 2964
0407 2964 3017
3374 3379 3393
tickslock 2963
0409 2963 2975
3372 3376 3379
3394
TICR 6437
6437 6465
TIMER 6429
6429 6464
TIMER_16BIT 7371
7371 7377
TIMER_DIV 7366
7366 7378 7379
TIMER_FREQ 7365
7365 7366
timerinit 7374
0403 1234 7374
TIMER_MODE 7368
7368 7377
TIMER_RATEGEN 7370
7370 7377
TIMER_SEL0 7369
7369 7377
T_IRQ0 2829
2829 3014 3023
3034 3038 3039
6464 6477 6667
6766
TPR 6413
6413 6493
trap 3001
2852 2854 2922
3055 3058
trapframe 0602
5578
5326 5427
5557 5609
3018 3373
3016 3019
3381 3392
3027 3030
3073 6457
6681 6747
3001 3053

0602 2060 2181
trapret 2927
2118 2186 2926
T_SYSCALL 2826
2826 2973 3003
7557
tvinit 2967
0408 1228 2967
uart 7415
7415 7436 7455
uartgetc 7463
7463 7475
uartinit 7418
0412 1226 7418
uartintr 7473
0413 3035 7473
uartputc 7451
0414 7195 7197
userinit 2202
0368 1237 2202
uva2ka 1952
0421 1952 1976
V2P 0217
0217 1727 1728
V2P_WO 0220
0220 1036 1046
3001
2927
7513 7518
7465
7447 7451
2210
VER 6412
6412 6473
wait 2353
0369 2353 3324
7744 7770 7771
waitdisk 8351
8351 8363 8372
wakeup 2564
0370 2564 3018
4147 4541 4566
5891 5896 5918
wakeup1 2553
2120 2326 2333
walkpgdir 1654
1654 1688 1811
1926 1956
write_head 4102
4102 4121 4139
writei 4752
0301 4752 4874
5434
xchg 0569
0569 1266 1483
yield 2472
0371 2472 3074
7562 7633
7826
3772 3989
5866 5869
7242
2553 2567
1865 1907
4142
5176 5433
1519
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/types.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/param.h Page 1
0100
0101
0102
0103
0104
0105
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0124
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0126
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0136
0137
0138
0139
0140
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0142
0143
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0146
0147
0148
0149
0150
0151
0152
0153
0154
0155
0156
0157
0158
0159
0160
0161
0162
0163
0164
0165
0166
0167
0168
0169
0170
0171
0172
0173
0174
0175
0176
0177
0178
0179
0180
0181
0182
0183
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0188
0189
0190
0191
0192
0193
0194
0195
0196
0197
0198
0199
typedef
typedef
typedef
typedef
Sheet 01
unsigned int uint;

unsigned short ushort;
unsigned char uchar;
uint pde_t;
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
Sheet 01
NPROC
64 // maximum number of processes
KSTACKSIZE 4096 // size of perprocess kernel stack
NCPU
8 // maximum number of CPUs
NOFILE
16 // open files per process
NFILE
100 // open files per system
NBUF
10 // size of disk block cache
NINODE
50 // maximum number of active inodes
NDEV
10 // maximum major device number
ROOTDEV
1 // device number of file system root disk
MAXARG
32 // max exec arguments
LOGSIZE
10 // max data sectors in ondisk log
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/memlayout.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/defs.h Page 1
0200
0201
0202
0203
0204
0205
0206
0207
0208
0209
0210
0211
0212
0213
0214
0215
0216
0217
0218
0219
0220
0221
0222
0223
0224
0225
0226
0227
0228
0229
0230
0231
0232
0233
0234
0235
0236
0237
0238
0239
0240
0241
0242
0243
0244
0245
0246
0247
0248
0249
0250
0251
0252
0253
0254
0255
0256
0257
0258
0259
0260
0261
0262
0263
0264
0265
0266
0267
0268
0269
0270
0271
0272
0273
0274
0275
0276
0277
0278
0279
0280
0281
0282
0283
0284
0285
0286
0287
0288
0289
0290
0291
0292
0293
0294
0295
0296
0297
0298
0299
// Memory layout
#define EXTMEM 0x100000
#define PHYSTOP 0xE000000
#define DEVSPACE 0xFE000000
// Start of extended memory

// Top physical memory
// Other devices are at high addresses
// Key addresses for address space layout (see kmap in vm.c for layout)
#define KERNBASE 0x80000000
// First kernel virtual address
#define KERNLINK (KERNBASE+EXTMEM) // Address where kernel is linked
#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__
static inline uint v2p(void *a) { return (uint) a KERNBASE; }
static inline void *p2v(uint a) { return (void *) a + KERNBASE; }
#endif
#define V2P(a) ((uint) a KERNBASE)
#define P2V(a) ((void *) a + KERNBASE)
#define V2P_WO(x) ((x) KERNBASE)
#define P2V_WO(x) ((x) + KERNBASE)
Sheet 02
// same as V2P, but without casts

// same as V2P, but without casts
struct
struct
struct
struct
struct
struct
struct
struct
struct
buf;
context;
file;
inode;
pipe;
proc;
spinlock;
stat;
superblock;
// bio.c
void
struct buf*
void
void
binit(void);
bread(uint, uint);
brelse(struct buf*);
bwrite(struct buf*);
// console.c
void
void
void
void
consoleinit(void);
cprintf(char*, ...);
consoleintr(int(*)(void));
panic(char*) __attribute__((noreturn));
// exec.c
int
exec(char*, char**);
// file.c
struct file*
void
struct file*
void
int
int
int
filealloc(void);
fileclose(struct file*);
filedup(struct file*);
fileinit(void);
fileread(struct file*, char*, int n);
filestat(struct file*, struct stat*);
filewrite(struct file*, char*, int n);
// fs.c
void
int
struct inode*
struct inode*
struct inode*
void
void
void
void
void
void
int
struct inode*
struct inode*
int
readsb(int dev, struct superblock *sb);

dirlink(struct inode*, char*, uint);
dirlookup(struct inode*, char*, uint*);
ialloc(uint, short);
idup(struct inode*);
iinit(void);
ilock(struct inode*);
iput(struct inode*);
iunlock(struct inode*);
iunlockput(struct inode*);
iupdate(struct inode*);
namecmp(const char*, const char*);
namei(char*);
nameiparent(char*, char*);
readi(struct inode*, char*, uint, uint);
Sheet 02
0300
0301
0302
0303
0304
0305
0306
0307
0308
0309
0310
0311
0312
0313
0314
0315
0316
0317
0318
0319
0320
0321
0322
0323
0324
0325
0326
0327
0328
0329
0330
0331
0332
0333
0334
0335
0336
0337
0338
0339
0340
0341
0342
0343
0344
0345
0346
0347
0348
0349
0350
0351
0352
0353
0354
0355
0356
0357
0358
0359
0360
0361
0362
0363
0364
0365
0366
0367
0368
0369
0370
0371
0372
0373
0374
0375
0376
0377
0378
0379
0380
0381
0382
0383
0384
0385
0386
0387
0388
0389
0390
0391
0392
0393
0394
0395
0396
0397
0398
0399
void
int
stati(struct inode*, struct stat*);

writei(struct inode*, char*, uint, uint);
// ide.c
void
void
void
ideinit(void);
ideintr(void);
iderw(struct buf*);
// ioapic.c
void
extern uchar
void
ioapicenable(int irq, int cpu);

ioapicid;
ioapicinit(void);
// kalloc.c
char*
char*
void
void
uint
enter_alloc(void);
kalloc(void);
kfree(char*);
kinit(void);
detect_memory(void);
// kbd.c
void
kbdintr(void);
// lapic.c
int
extern volatile
void
void
void
void
cpunum(void);
uint*
lapic;
lapiceoi(void);
lapicinit(int);
lapicstartap(uchar, uint);
microdelay(int);
// log.c
void
void
void
void
initlog(void);
log_write(struct buf*);
begin_trans();
commit_trans();
// mp.c
extern int
int
void
void
ismp;
mpbcpu(void);
mpinit(void);
mpstartthem(void);
// picirq.c
void
void
picenable(int);
picinit(void);
Sheet 03
// pipe.c
int
void
int
int
pipealloc(struct file**, struct file**);

pipeclose(struct pipe*, int);
piperead(struct pipe*, char*, int);
pipewrite(struct pipe*, char*, int);
// proc.c
struct proc*
void
int
int
int
void
void
void
void
void
void
int
void
void
copyproc(struct proc*);
exit(void);
fork(void);
growproc(int);
kill(int);
pinit(void);
procdump(void);
scheduler(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
sched(void);
sleep(void*, struct spinlock*);
userinit(void);
wait(void);
wakeup(void*);
yield(void);
// swtch.S
void
swtch(struct context**, struct context*);
// spinlock.c
void
void
int
void
void
void
void
acquire(struct spinlock*);
getcallerpcs(void*, uint*);
holding(struct spinlock*);
initlock(struct spinlock*, char*);
release(struct spinlock*);
pushcli(void);
popcli(void);
// string.c
int
void*
void*
char*
int
int
char*
memcmp(const void*, const void*, uint);

memmove(void*, const void*, uint);
memset(void*, int, uint);
safestrcpy(char*, const char*, int);
strlen(const char*);
strncmp(const char*, const char*, uint);
strncpy(char*, const char*, int);
// syscall.c
int
int
int
int
int
argint(int, int*);
argptr(int, char**, int);
argstr(int, char**);
fetchint(struct proc*, uint, int*);
fetchstr(struct proc*, uint, char**);
Sheet 03
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/x86.h Page 1
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void
syscall(void);
// timer.c
void
timerinit(void);
// trap.c
void
idtinit(void);
extern uint
ticks;
void
tvinit(void);
extern struct spinlock tickslock;
// uart.c
void
void
void
uartinit(void);
uartintr(void);
uartputc(int);
// vm.c
void
void
void
pde_t*
char*
int
int
void
void
int
pde_t*
void
void
int
void
seginit(void);
kvmalloc(void);
vmenable(void);
setupkvm(char* (*alloc)());
uva2ka(pde_t*, char*);
allocuvm(pde_t*, uint, uint);
deallocuvm(pde_t*, uint, uint);
freevm(pde_t*);
inituvm(pde_t*, char*, uint);
loaduvm(pde_t*, char*, struct inode*, uint, uint);
copyuvm(pde_t*, uint);
switchuvm(struct proc*);
switchkvm(void);
copyout(pde_t*, uint, void*, uint);
clearpteu(pde_t *pgdir, char *uva);
// number of elements in fixedsize array

#define NELEM(x) (sizeof(x)/sizeof((x)[0]))
Sheet 04
// Routines to let C code use special x86 instructions.

static inline uchar
inb(ushort port)
{
uchar data;
asm volatile("in %1,%0" : "=a" (data) : "d" (port));
return data;
}
static inline void
insl(int port, void *addr, int cnt)
{
asm volatile("cld; rep insl" :
"=D" (addr), "=c" (cnt) :
"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (cnt) :
"memory", "cc");
}
static inline void
outb(ushort port, uchar data)
{
asm volatile("out %0,%1" : : "a" (data), "d" (port));
}
static inline void
outw(ushort port, ushort data)
{
asm volatile("out %0,%1" : : "a" (data), "d" (port));
}
static inline void
outsl(int port, const void *addr, int cnt)
{
asm volatile("cld; rep outsl" :
"=S" (addr), "=c" (cnt) :
"d" (port), "0" (addr), "1" (cnt) :
"cc");
}
static inline void
stosb(void *addr, int data, int cnt)
{
asm volatile("cld; rep stosb" :
"=D" (addr), "=c" (cnt) :
"0" (addr), "1" (cnt), "a" (data) :
"memory", "cc");
}
Sheet 04
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static inline void

stosl(void *addr, int data, int cnt)
{
asm volatile("cld; rep stosl" :
"=D" (addr), "=c" (cnt) :
"0" (addr), "1" (cnt), "a" (data) :
"memory", "cc");
}
struct segdesc;
static inline void
lgdt(struct segdesc *p, int size)
{
volatile ushort pd[3];
pd[0] = size1;
pd[1] = (uint)p;
pd[2] = (uint)p >> 16;
asm volatile("lgdt (%0)" : : "r" (pd));
}
struct gatedesc;
static inline void
lidt(struct gatedesc *p, int size)
{
volatile ushort pd[3];
pd[0] = size1;
pd[1] = (uint)p;
pd[2] = (uint)p >> 16;
asm volatile("lidt (%0)" : : "r" (pd));
}
static inline void
ltr(ushort sel)
{
asm volatile("ltr %0" : : "r" (sel));
}
static inline uint
readeflags(void)
{
uint eflags;
asm volatile("pushfl; popl %0" : "=r" (eflags));
return eflags;
}
Sheet 05
static inline void

loadgs(ushort v)
{
asm volatile("movw %0, %%gs" : : "r" (v));
}
static inline void
cli(void)
{
asm volatile("cli");
}
static inline void
sti(void)
{
asm volatile("sti");
}
static inline uint
xchg(volatile uint *addr, uint newval)
{
uint result;
// The + in "+m" denotes a readmodifywrite operand.
asm volatile("lock; xchgl %0, %1" :
"+m" (*addr), "=a" (result) :
"1" (newval) :
"cc");
return result;
}
static inline uint
rcr2(void)
{
uint val;
asm volatile("movl %%cr2,%0" : "=r" (val));
return val;
}
static inline void
lcr3(uint val)
{
asm volatile("movl %0,%%cr3" : : "r" (val));
}
Sheet 05
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/x86.h Page 4
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/asm.h Page 1
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// Layout of the trap frame built on the stack by the

// hardware and by trapasm.S, and passed to trap().
struct trapframe {
// registers as pushed by pusha
uint edi;
uint esi;
uint ebp;
uint oesp;
// useless & ignored
uint ebx;
uint edx;
uint ecx;
uint eax;
// rest of trap frame
ushort gs;
ushort padding1;
ushort fs;
ushort padding2;
ushort es;
ushort padding3;
ushort ds;
ushort padding4;
uint trapno;
// below here defined by x86 hardware
uint err;
uint eip;
ushort cs;
ushort padding5;
uint eflags;
// below here only when crossing rings, such as from user to kernel
uint esp;
ushort ss;
ushort padding6;
};
Sheet 06
//
// assembler macros to create x86 segments
//
#define SEG_NULLASM
.word 0, 0;
.byte 0, 0, 0, 0
\
\
// The 0xC0 means the limit is in 4096byte units

// and (for executable segments) 32bit mode.
#define SEG_ASM(type,base,lim)
.word (((lim) >> 12) & 0xffff), ((base) & 0xffff);
.byte (((base) >> 16) & 0xff), (0x90 | (type)),
(0xC0 | (((lim) >> 28) & 0xf)), (((base) >> 24)
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
Sheet 06
STA_X
STA_E
STA_C
STA_W
STA_R
STA_A
0x8
0x4
0x4
0x2
0x2
0x1
//
//
//
//
//
//
\
\
\
& 0xff)
Executable segment
Expand down (nonexecutable segments)
Conforming code segment (executable only)
Writeable (nonexecutable segments)
Readable (executable segments)
Accessed
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mmu.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mmu.h Page 2
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// This file contains definitions for the

// x86 memory management unit (MMU).
// Eflags register
#define FL_CF
#define FL_PF
#define FL_AF
#define FL_ZF
#define FL_SF
#define FL_TF
#define FL_IF
#define FL_DF
#define FL_OF
#define FL_IOPL_MASK
#define FL_IOPL_0
#define FL_IOPL_1
#define FL_IOPL_2
#define FL_IOPL_3
#define FL_NT
#define FL_RF
#define FL_VM
#define FL_AC
#define FL_VIF
#define FL_VIP
#define FL_ID
0x00000001
0x00000004
0x00000010
0x00000040
0x00000080
0x00000100
0x00000200
0x00000400
0x00000800
0x00003000
0x00000000
0x00001000
0x00002000
0x00003000
0x00004000
0x00010000
0x00020000
0x00040000
0x00080000
0x00100000
0x00200000
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Carry Flag
Parity Flag
Auxiliary carry Flag
Zero Flag
Sign Flag
Trap Flag
Interrupt Enable
Direction Flag
Overflow Flag
I/O Privilege Level bitmask
IOPL == 0
IOPL == 1
IOPL == 2
IOPL == 3
Nested Task
Resume Flag
Virtual 8086 mode
Alignment Check
Virtual Interrupt Flag
Virtual Interrupt Pending
ID flag
// Control Register flags

#define CR0_PE
0x00000001
#define CR0_MP
0x00000002
#define CR0_EM
0x00000004
#define CR0_TS
0x00000008
#define CR0_ET
0x00000010
#define CR0_NE
0x00000020
#define CR0_WP
0x00010000
#define CR0_AM
0x00040000
#define CR0_NW
0x20000000
#define CR0_CD
0x40000000
#define CR0_PG
0x80000000
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Protection Enable
Monitor coProcessor
Emulation
Task Switched
Extension Type
Numeric Errror
Write Protect
Alignment Mask
Not Writethrough
Cache Disable
Paging
#define CR4_PSE
// Page size extension
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
Sheet 07
SEG_KCODE
SEG_KDATA
SEG_KCPU
SEG_UCODE
SEG_UDATA
SEG_TSS
0x00000010
1
2
3
4
5
6
//
//
//
//
//
//
kernel code
kernel data+stack
kernel percpu data
user code
user data+stack
this processs task state
// Segment Descriptor
struct segdesc {
uint lim_15_0 : 16;
uint base_15_0 : 16;
uint type : 4;
uint s : 1;
uint dpl : 2;
uint p : 1;
uint lim_19_16 : 4;
uint avl : 1;
uint rsv1 : 1;
uint db : 1;
uint g : 1;
};
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Low bits of segment limit

Low bits of segment base address
Middle bits of segment base address
Segment type (see STS_ constants)
0 = system, 1 = application
Descriptor Privilege Level
Present
High bits of segment limit
Unused (available for software use)
Reserved
0 = 16bit segment, 1 = 32bit segment
Granularity: limit scaled by 4K when set
High bits of segment base address
// Normal segment
#define SEG(type, base, lim, dpl) (struct segdesc)
{ ((lim) >> 12) & 0xffff, (uint)(base) & 0xffff,
((uint)(base) >> 16) & 0xff, type, 1, dpl, 1,
(uint)(lim) >> 28, 0, 0, 1, 1, (uint)(base) >> 24 }
#define SEG16(type, base, lim, dpl) (struct segdesc)
{ (lim) & 0xffff, (uint)(base) & 0xffff,
((uint)(base) >> 16) & 0xff, type, 1, dpl, 1,
(uint)(lim) >> 16, 0, 0, 1, 0, (uint)(base) >> 24 }
#endif
#define DPL_USER
0x3
\
\
\
\
\
\
// User DPL
// Application segment type

#define STA_X
0x8
#define STA_E
0x4
#define STA_C
0x4
#define STA_W
0x2
#define STA_R
0x2
#define STA_A
0x1
bits
// Executable segment
// Expand down (nonexecutable segments)
// Conforming code segment (executable only)
// Writeable (nonexecutable segments)
// Readable (executable segments)
// Accessed
// System segment type bits

#define STS_T16A
0x1
#define STS_LDT
0x2
#define STS_T16B
0x3
#define STS_CG16
0x4
#define STS_TG
0x5
#define STS_IG16
0x6
#define STS_TG16
0x7
#define STS_T32A
0x9
#define STS_T32B
0xB
#define STS_CG32
0xC
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Sheet 07
Available 16bit
Local Descriptor
Busy 16bit TSS
16bit Call Gate
Task Gate / Coum
16bit Interrupt
16bit Trap Gate
Available 32bit
Busy 32bit TSS
32bit Call Gate
TSS
Table
Transmitions
Gate
TSS
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mmu.h Page 3
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mmu.h Page 4
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0850 // Task state segment format

0851 struct taskstate {
0852 uint link;
// Old ts selector
0853 uint esp0;
// Stack pointers and segment selectors
0854 ushort ss0;
// after an increase in privilege level
0855 ushort padding1;
0856 uint *esp1;
0857 ushort ss1;
0859 uint *esp2;
0860 ushort ss2;
0862 void *cr3;
// Page directory base
0863 uint *eip;
// Saved state from last task switch
0864 uint eflags;
0865 uint eax;
// More saved state (registers)
0866 uint ecx;
0867 uint edx;
0868 uint ebx;
0869 uint *esp;
0870 uint *ebp;
0871 uint esi;
0872 uint edi;
0873 ushort es;
// Even more saved state (segment selectors)
0875 ushort cs;
0877 ushort ss;
0879 ushort ds;
0881 ushort fs;
0883 ushort gs;
0885 ushort ldt;
0887 ushort t;
// Trap on task switch
0888 ushort iomb;
// I/O map base address
0889 };
0890
0891
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0893
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0895
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0897
0898
0899
#define STS_IG32
#define STS_TG32
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
0xE
0xF
// 32bit Interrupt Gate

// 32bit Trap Gate
A virtual address la has a threepart structure as follows:

+10+10+12+
| Page Directory | Page Table | Offset within Page |
|
Index
|
Index
|
|
++++
\ PDX(va) / \ PTX(va) /
// page directory index

#define PDX(va)
(((uint)(va) >> PDXSHIFT) & 0x3FF)
// page table index
#define PTX(va)
(((uint)(va) >> PTXSHIFT) & 0x3FF)
// construct virtual address from indexes and offset

#define PGADDR(d, t, o) ((uint)((d) << PDXSHIFT | (t) << PTXSHIFT | (o)))
// Page
#define
#define
#define
directory and page table constants.

NPDENTRIES
1024
// # directory entries per page directory
NPTENTRIES
1024
// # PTEs per page table
PGSIZE
4096
// bytes mapped by a page
#define PGSHIFT
#define PTXSHIFT
#define PDXSHIFT
12
12
22
// log2(PGSIZE)
// offset of PTX in a linear address
// offset of PDX in a linear address
#define PGROUNDUP(sz) (((sz)+PGSIZE1) & ~(PGSIZE1))

#define PGROUNDDOWN(a) (((a)) & ~(PGSIZE1))
// Page
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
table/directory
PTE_P
PTE_W
PTE_U
PTE_PWT
PTE_PCD
PTE_A
PTE_D
PTE_PS
PTE_MBZ
entry flags.
0x001 // Present
0x002 // Writeable
0x004 // User
0x008 // WriteThrough
0x010 // CacheDisable
0x020 // Accessed
0x040 // Dirty
0x080 // Page Size
0x180 // Bits must be zero
// Address in page table or page directory entry

#define PTE_ADDR(pte) ((uint)(pte) & ~0xFFF)
typedef uint pte_t;
Sheet 08
Sheet 08
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mmu.h Page 5
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/elf.h Page 1
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// Gate descriptors for

struct gatedesc {
uint off_15_0 : 16;
uint cs : 16;
uint args : 5;
uint rsv1 : 3;
uint type : 4;
uint s : 1;
uint dpl : 2;
uint p : 1;
uint off_31_16 : 16;
};
interrupts and traps

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
low 16 bits of offset in segment

code segment selector
# args, 0 for interrupt/trap gates
reserved(should be zero I guess)
type(STS_{TG,IG32,TG32})
must be 0 (system)
descriptor(meaning new) privilege level
Present
high bits of offset in segment
// Set up a normal interrupt/trap gate descriptor.

// istrap: 1 for a trap (= exception) gate, 0 for an interrupt gate.
// interrupt gate clears FL_IF, trap gate leaves FL_IF alone
// sel: Code segment selector for interrupt/trap handler
// off: Offset in code segment for interrupt/trap handler
// dpl: Descriptor Privilege Level
//
the privilege level required for software to invoke
//
this interrupt/trap gate explicitly using an int instruction.
#define SETGATE(gate, istrap, sel, off, d)
\
{
\
(gate).off_15_0 = (uint)(off) & 0xffff;
\
(gate).cs = (sel);
\
(gate).args = 0;
\
(gate).rsv1 = 0;
\
(gate).type = (istrap) ? STS_TG32 : STS_IG32;
\
(gate).s = 0;
\
(gate).dpl = (d);
\
(gate).p = 1;
\
(gate).off_31_16 = (uint)(off) >> 16;
\
}
#endif
Sheet 09
// Format of an ELF executable file

#define ELF_MAGIC 0x464C457FU // "\x7FELF" in little endian
// File header
struct elfhdr {
uint magic; // must equal ELF_MAGIC
uchar elf[12];
ushort type;
ushort machine;
uint version;
uint entry;
uint phoff;
uint shoff;
uint flags;
ushort ehsize;
ushort phentsize;
ushort phnum;
ushort shentsize;
ushort shnum;
ushort shstrndx;
};
// Program section header
struct proghdr {
uint type;
uint off;
uint vaddr;
uint paddr;
uint filesz;
uint memsz;
uint flags;
uint align;
};
// Values for Proghdr type
#define ELF_PROG_LOAD
// Flag
#define
#define
#define
Sheet 09
bits for Proghdr flags

ELF_PROG_FLAG_EXEC
1
ELF_PROG_FLAG_WRITE
2
ELF_PROG_FLAG_READ
4
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/entry.S Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/entry.S Page 2
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1050 orl
$(CR0_PG|CR0_WP), %eax
1051 movl
%eax, %cr0
1052
1053 # Set up the stack pointer.
1054 movl $(stack + KSTACKSIZE), %esp
1055
1056 # Jump to main(), and switch to executing at
1057 # high addresses. The indirect call is needed because
1058 # the assembler produces a PCrelative instruction
1059 # for a direct jump.
1060 mov $main, %eax
1061 jmp *%eax
1062
1063 .comm stack, KSTACKSIZE
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#
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#
Multiboot header, for multiboot boot loaders like GNU Grub.

http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/multiboot/multiboot.html
Using GRUB 2, you can boot xv6 from a file stored in a
Linux file system by copying kernel or kernelmemfs to /boot
and then adding this menu entry:
menuentry "xv6" {
insmod ext2
set root=(hd0,msdos1)
set kernel=/boot/kernel
echo "Loading ${kernel}..."
multiboot ${kernel} ${kernel}
boot
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
"asm.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"param.h"
# Multiboot header. Data to direct multiboot loader.

.p2align 2
.text
.globl multiboot_header
multiboot_header:
#define magic 0x1badb002
#define flags 0
.long magic
.long flags
.long (magicflags)
# By convention, the _start symbol specifies the ELF entry point.
# Since we havent set up virtual memory yet, our entry point is
# the physical address of entry.
.globl _start
_start = V2P_WO(entry)
# Entering xv6 on boot processor. Machine is mostly set up.
.globl entry
entry:
# Turn on page size extension for 4Mbyte pages
movl
%cr4, %eax
orl
$(CR4_PSE), %eax
movl
%eax, %cr4
# Set page directory
movl
$(V2P_WO(entrypgdir)), %eax
movl
%eax, %cr3
# Turn on paging.
movl
%cr0, %eax
Sheet 10
Sheet 10
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/entryother.S Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/entryother.S Page 2
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#include "asm.h"
#include "memlayout.h"
#include "mmu.h"
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Each nonboot CPU ("AP") is started up in response to a STARTUP

IPI from the boot CPU. Section B.4.2 of the MultiProcessor
Specification says that the AP will start in real mode with CS:IP
set to XY00:0000, where XY is an 8bit value sent with the
STARTUP. Thus this code must start at a 4096byte boundary.
Because this code sets DS to zero, it must sit
at an address in the low 2^16 bytes.
Startothers (in main.c) sends the STARTUPs one at a time.
It copies this code (start) at 0x7000. It puts the address of
a newly allocated percore stack in start4,the address of the
place to jump to (mpenter) in start8, and the physical address
of entrypgdir in start12.
This code is identical to bootasm.S except:
it does not need to enable A20
it uses the address at start4, start8, and start12
.code16
.globl start
start:
cli
xorw
movw
movw
movw
%ax,%ax
%ax,%ds
%ax,%es
%ax,%ss
lgdt
movl
orl
movl
gdtdesc
%cr0, %eax
$CR0_PE, %eax
%eax, %cr0
Sheet 11
ljmpl
.code32
start32:
movw
movw
movw
movw
movw
movw
movw
$(SEG_KCODE<<3), $(start32)
$(SEG_KDATA<<3), %ax
%ax, %ds
%ax, %es
%ax, %ss
$0, %ax
%ax, %fs
%ax, %gs
# Turn on page size extension for 4Mbyte pages

movl
%cr4, %eax
orl
$(CR4_PSE), %eax
movl
%eax, %cr4
# Use enterpgdir as our initial page table
movl
(start12), %eax
movl
%eax, %cr3
# Turn on paging.
movl
%cr0, %eax
orl
$(CR0_PE|CR0_PG|CR0_WP), %eax
movl
%eax, %cr0
# Switch to the stack allocated by startothers()
movl
(start4), %esp
# Call mpenter()
call
*(start8)
movw
movw
outw
movw
outw
spin:
jmp
$0x8a00, %ax
%ax, %dx
%ax, %dx
$0x8ae0, %ax
%ax, %dx
spin
.p2align 2
gdt:
SEG_NULLASM
SEG_ASM(STA_X|STA_R, 0, 0xffffffff)
SEG_ASM(STA_W, 0, 0xffffffff)
gdtdesc:
.word (gdtdesc gdt 1)
.long gdt
Sheet 11
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/main.c Page 1
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#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"x86.h"
static void startothers(void);

static void mpmain(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
extern pde_t *kpgdir;
// Bootstrap processor starts running C code here.
// Allocate a real stack and switch to it, first
// doing some setup required for memory allocator to work.
int
main(void)
{
kvmalloc();
// kernel page table
mpinit();
// collect info about this machine
lapicinit(mpbcpu());
seginit();
// set up segments
cprintf("\ncpu%d: starting xv6\n\n", cpu>id);
picinit();
// interrupt controller
ioapicinit();
// another interrupt controller
consoleinit(); // I/O devices & their interrupts
uartinit();
// serial port
pinit();
// process table
tvinit();
// trap vectors
binit();
// buffer cache
fileinit();
// file table
iinit();
// inode cache
ideinit();
// disk
if(!ismp)
timerinit(); // uniprocessor timer
startothers();
// start other processors (must come before kinit)
kinit();
// initialize memory allocator
userinit();
// first user process (must come after kinit)
// Finish setting up this processor in mpmain.
mpmain();
}
Sheet 12
// Other CPUs jump here from entryother.S.

static void
mpenter(void)
{
switchkvm();
seginit();
lapicinit(cpunum());
mpmain();
}
// Common CPU setup code.
static void
mpmain(void)
{
cprintf("cpu%d: starting\n", cpu>id);
idtinit();
// load idt register
xchg(&cpu>started, 1); // tell startothers() were up
scheduler();
// start running processes
}
pde_t entrypgdir[]; // For entry.S
// Start the nonboot (AP) processors.
static void
startothers(void)
{
extern uchar _binary_entryother_start[], _binary_entryother_size[];
uchar *code;
struct cpu *c;
char *stack;
// Write entry code to unused memory at 0x7000.
// The linker has placed the image of entryother.S in
// _binary_entryother_start.
code = p2v(0x7000);
memmove(code, _binary_entryother_start, (uint)_binary_entryother_size);
for(c = cpus; c < cpus+ncpu; c++){
if(c == cpus+cpunum()) // Weve started already.
continue;
Sheet 12
// Tell entryother.S what stack to use, where to enter, and what

// pgdir to use. We cannot use kpgdir yet, because the AP processor
// is running in low memory, so we use entrypgdir for the APs too.
// kalloc can return addresses above 4Mbyte (the machine may have
// much more physical memory than 4Mbyte), which arent mapped by
// entrypgdir, so we must allocate a stack using enter_alloc();
// this introduces the constraint that xv6 cannot use kalloc until
// after these last enter_alloc invocations.
stack = enter_alloc();
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1350 // Blank page.

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*(void**)(code4) = stack + KSTACKSIZE;

*(void**)(code8) = mpenter;
*(int**)(code12) = (void *) v2p(entrypgdir);
lapicstartap(c>id, v2p(code));
// wait for cpu to finish mpmain()
while(c>started == 0)
;
}
}
// Boot page table used in entry.S and entryother.S.
// Page directories (and page tables), must start on a page boundary,
// hence the "__aligned__" attribute.
// Use PTE_PS in page directory entry to enable 4Mbyte pages.
__attribute__((__aligned__(PGSIZE)))
pde_t entrypgdir[NPDENTRIES] = {
// Map VAs [0, 4MB) to PAs [0, 4MB)
[0] = (0) + PTE_P + PTE_W + PTE_PS,
// Map VAs [KERNBASE, KERNBASE+4MB) to PAs [0, 4MB)
[KERNBASE>>PDXSHIFT] = (0) + PTE_P + PTE_W + PTE_PS,
};
Sheet 13
Sheet 13
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/spinlock.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/spinlock.c Page 1
1400 // Mutual exclusion

1401 struct spinlock {
1402 uint locked;
1403
1404 // For debugging:
1405 char *name;
1406 struct cpu *cpu;
1407 uint pcs[10];
1408
1409 };
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Sheet 14
lock.
// Is the lock held?
//
//
//
//
Name of lock.
The cpu holding the lock.
The call stack (an array of program counters)
that locked the lock.
// Mutual exclusion spin locks.

#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"x86.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"spinlock.h"
void
initlock(struct spinlock *lk, char *name)
{
lk>name = name;
lk>locked = 0;
lk>cpu = 0;
}
// Acquire the lock.
// Loops (spins) until the lock is acquired.
// Holding a lock for a long time may cause
// other CPUs to waste time spinning to acquire it.
void
acquire(struct spinlock *lk)
{
pushcli(); // disable interrupts to avoid deadlock.
if(holding(lk))
panic("acquire");
// The xchg is atomic.
// It also serializes, so that reads after acquire are not
// reordered before it.
while(xchg(&lk>locked, 1) != 0)
;
// Record info about lock acquisition for debugging.
lk>cpu = cpu;
getcallerpcs(&lk, lk>pcs);
}
Sheet 14
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// Release the lock.

void
release(struct spinlock *lk)
{
if(!holding(lk))
panic("release");
lk>pcs[0] = 0;
lk>cpu = 0;
// The xchg serializes, so that reads before release are
// not reordered after it. The 1996 PentiumPro manual (Volume 3,
// 7.2) says reads can be carried out speculatively and in
// any order, which implies we need to serialize here.
// But the 2007 Intel 64 Architecture Memory Ordering White
// Paper says that Intel 64 and IA32 will not move a load
// after a store. So lock>locked = 0 would work here.
// The xchg being asm volatile ensures gcc emits it after
// the above assignments (and after the critical section).
xchg(&lk>locked, 0);
popcli();
}
// Record the current call stack in pcs[] by following the %ebp chain.
void
getcallerpcs(void *v, uint pcs[])
{
uint *ebp;
int i;
ebp = (uint*)v 2;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){
if(ebp == 0 || ebp < (uint*)KERNBASE || ebp == (uint*)0xffffffff)
break;
pcs[i] = ebp[1];
// saved %eip
ebp = (uint*)ebp[0]; // saved %ebp
}
for(; i < 10; i++)
pcs[i] = 0;
}
// Check whether this cpu is holding the lock.
int
holding(struct spinlock *lock)
{
return lock>locked && lock>cpu == cpu;
}
Sheet 15
// Pushcli/popcli are like cli/sti except that they are matched:

// it takes two popcli to undo two pushcli. Also, if interrupts
// are off, then pushcli, popcli leaves them off.
void
pushcli(void)
{
int eflags;
eflags = readeflags();
cli();
if(cpu>ncli++ == 0)
cpu>intena = eflags & FL_IF;
}
void
popcli(void)
{
if(readeflags()&FL_IF)
panic("popcli interruptible");
if(cpu>ncli < 0)
panic("popcli");
if(cpu>ncli == 0 && cpu>intena)
sti();
}
Sheet 15
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vm.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vm.c Page 2
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#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"param.h"
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"x86.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"elf.h"
extern char data[]; // defined by kernel.ld

pde_t *kpgdir; // for use in scheduler()
struct segdesc gdt[NSEGS];
// Set up CPUs kernel segment descriptors.
// Run once on entry on each CPU.
void
seginit(void)
{
struct cpu *c;
// Map "logical" addresses to virtual addresses using identity map.
// Cannot share a CODE descriptor for both kernel and user
// because it would have to have DPL_USR, but the CPU forbids
// an interrupt from CPL=0 to DPL=3.
c = &cpus[cpunum()];
c>gdt[SEG_KCODE] = SEG(STA_X|STA_R, 0, 0xffffffff, 0);
c>gdt[SEG_KDATA] = SEG(STA_W, 0, 0xffffffff, 0);
c>gdt[SEG_UCODE] = SEG(STA_X|STA_R, 0, 0xffffffff, DPL_USER);
c>gdt[SEG_UDATA] = SEG(STA_W, 0, 0xffffffff, DPL_USER);
// Map cpu, and curproc
c>gdt[SEG_KCPU] = SEG(STA_W, &c>cpu, 8, 0);
lgdt(c>gdt, sizeof(c>gdt));
loadgs(SEG_KCPU << 3);
// Initialize cpulocal storage.
cpu = c;
proc = 0;
}
Sheet 16
// Return the address of the PTE in page table pgdir

// that corresponds to virtual address va. If alloc!=0,
// create any required page table pages.
static pte_t *
walkpgdir(pde_t *pgdir, const void *va, char* (*alloc)(void))
{
pde_t *pde;
pte_t *pgtab;
pde = &pgdir[PDX(va)];
if(*pde & PTE_P){
pgtab = (pte_t*)p2v(PTE_ADDR(*pde));
} else {
if(!alloc || (pgtab = (pte_t*)alloc()) == 0)
return 0;
// Make sure all those PTE_P bits are zero.
memset(pgtab, 0, PGSIZE);
// The permissions here are overly generous, but they can
// be further restricted by the permissions in the page table
// entries, if necessary.
*pde = v2p(pgtab) | PTE_P | PTE_W | PTE_U;
}
return &pgtab[PTX(va)];
}
// Create PTEs for virtual addresses starting at va that refer to
// physical addresses starting at pa. va and size might not
// be pagealigned.
static int
mappages(pde_t *pgdir, void *va, uint size, uint pa,
int perm, char* (*alloc)(void))
{
char *a, *last;
pte_t *pte;
a = (char*)PGROUNDDOWN((uint)va);
last = (char*)PGROUNDDOWN(((uint)va) + size 1);
for(;;){
if((pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, a, alloc)) == 0)
return 1;
if(*pte & PTE_P)
panic("remap");
*pte = pa | perm | PTE_P;
if(a == last)
break;
a += PGSIZE;
pa += PGSIZE;
}
return 0;
}
Sheet 16
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vm.c Page 3
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vm.c Page 4
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// The mappings from logical to virtual are one to one (i.e.,

// segmentation doesnt do anything). There is one page table per
// process, plus one thats used when a CPU is not running any process
// (kpgdir). A user process uses the same page table as the kernel; the
// page protection bits prevent it from accessing kernel memory.
//
// setupkvm() and exec() set up every page table like this:
// 0..KERNBASE: user memory (text+data+stack+heap), mapped to some free
//
phys memory
// KERNBASE..KERNBASE+EXTMEM: mapped to 0..EXTMEM (for I/O space)
// KERNBASE+EXTMEM..KERNBASE+end: mapped to EXTMEM..end kernel,
//
w. no write permission
// KERNBASE+end..KERBASE+PHYSTOP: mapped to end..PHYSTOP,
//
rw data + free memory
// 0xfe000000..0: mapped direct (devices such as ioapic)
//
// The kernel allocates memory for its heap and for user memory
// between KERNBASE+end and the end of physical memory (PHYSTOP).
// The user program sits in the bottom of the address space, and the
// kernel at the top at KERNBASE.
static struct kmap {
void *virt;
uint phys_start;
uint phys_end;
int perm;
} kmap[] = {
{ P2V(0), 0, 1024*1024, PTE_W}, // I/O space
{ (void*)KERNLINK, V2P(KERNLINK), V2P(data), 0}, // kernel text+rodata
{ data, V2P(data), PHYSTOP, PTE_W}, // kernel data, memory
{ (void*)DEVSPACE, DEVSPACE, 0, PTE_W}, // more devices
};
// Set up kernel part of a page table.
pde_t*
setupkvm(char* (*alloc)(void))
{
pde_t *pgdir;
struct kmap *k;
if((pgdir = (pde_t*)alloc()) == 0)
return 0;
memset(pgdir, 0, PGSIZE);
if (p2v(PHYSTOP) > (void*)DEVSPACE)
panic("PHYSTOP too high");
for(k = kmap; k < &kmap[NELEM(kmap)]; k++)
if(mappages(pgdir, k>virt, k>phys_end k>phys_start,
(uint)k>phys_start, k>perm, alloc) < 0)
return 0;
return pgdir;
}
Sheet 17
// Allocate one page table for the machine for the kernel address
// space for scheduler processes.
void
kvmalloc(void)
{
kpgdir = setupkvm(enter_alloc);
switchkvm();
}
// Switch h/w page table register to the kernelonly page table,
// for when no process is running.
void
switchkvm(void)
{
lcr3(v2p(kpgdir)); // switch to the kernel page table
}
// Switch TSS and h/w page table to correspond to process p.
void
switchuvm(struct proc *p)
{
pushcli();
cpu>gdt[SEG_TSS] = SEG16(STS_T32A, &cpu>ts, sizeof(cpu>ts)1, 0);
cpu>gdt[SEG_TSS].s = 0;
cpu>ts.ss0 = SEG_KDATA << 3;
cpu>ts.esp0 = (uint)proc>kstack + KSTACKSIZE;
ltr(SEG_TSS << 3);
if(p>pgdir == 0)
panic("switchuvm: no pgdir");
lcr3(v2p(p>pgdir)); // switch to new address space
popcli();
}
// Load the initcode into address 0 of pgdir.
// sz must be less than a page.
void
inituvm(pde_t *pgdir, char *init, uint sz)
{
char *mem;
if(sz >= PGSIZE)
panic("inituvm: more than a page");
mem = kalloc();
memset(mem, 0, PGSIZE);
mappages(pgdir, 0, PGSIZE, v2p(mem), PTE_W|PTE_U, kalloc);
memmove(mem, init, sz);
}
Sheet 17
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vm.c Page 5
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vm.c Page 6
1800
1801
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1893
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1897
1898
1899
// Load a program segment into pgdir. addr must be pagealigned

// and the pages from addr to addr+sz must already be mapped.
int
loaduvm(pde_t *pgdir, char *addr, struct inode *ip, uint offset, uint sz)
{
uint i, pa, n;
pte_t *pte;
if((uint) addr % PGSIZE != 0)
panic("loaduvm: addr must be page aligned");
for(i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE){
if((pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, addr+i, 0)) == 0)
panic("loaduvm: address should exist");
pa = PTE_ADDR(*pte);
if(sz i < PGSIZE)
n = sz i;
else
n = PGSIZE;
if(readi(ip, p2v(pa), offset+i, n) != n)
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
// Allocate page tables and physical memory to grow process from oldsz to
// newsz, which need not be page aligned. Returns new size or 0 on error.
int
allocuvm(pde_t *pgdir, uint oldsz, uint newsz)
{
char *mem;
uint a;
if(newsz
return
if(newsz
return
>= KERNBASE)
0;
< oldsz)
oldsz;
a = PGROUNDUP(oldsz);
for(; a < newsz; a += PGSIZE){
mem = kalloc();
if(mem == 0){
cprintf("allocuvm out of memory\n");
deallocuvm(pgdir, newsz, oldsz);
return 0;
}
memset(mem, 0, PGSIZE);
mappages(pgdir, (char*)a, PGSIZE, v2p(mem), PTE_W|PTE_U, kalloc);
}
return newsz;
}
Sheet 18
// Deallocate user pages to bring the process size from oldsz to

// newsz. oldsz and newsz need not be pagealigned, nor does newsz
// need to be less than oldsz. oldsz can be larger than the actual
// process size. Returns the new process size.
int
deallocuvm(pde_t *pgdir, uint oldsz, uint newsz)
{
pte_t *pte;
uint a, pa;
if(newsz >= oldsz)
return oldsz;
a = PGROUNDUP(newsz);
for(; a < oldsz; a += PGSIZE){
pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, (char*)a, 0);
if(!pte)
a += (NPTENTRIES 1) * PGSIZE;
else if((*pte & PTE_P) != 0){
if(pa == 0)
panic("kfree");
char *v = p2v(pa);
kfree(v);
*pte = 0;
}
}
return newsz;
}
// Free a page table and all the physical memory pages
// in the user part.
void
freevm(pde_t *pgdir)
{
uint i;
if(pgdir == 0)
panic("freevm: no pgdir");
deallocuvm(pgdir, KERNBASE, 0);
for(i = 0; i < NPDENTRIES; i++){
if(pgdir[i] & PTE_P){
char * v = p2v(PTE_ADDR(pgdir[i]));
kfree(v);
}
}
kfree((char*)pgdir);
}
Sheet 18
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vm.c Page 7
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vm.c Page 8
1900
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1998
1999
// Clear PTE_U on a page. Used to create an inaccessible

// page beneath the user stack.
void
clearpteu(pde_t *pgdir, char *uva)
{
pte_t *pte;
pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, uva, 0);
if(pte == 0)
panic("clearpteu");
*pte &= ~PTE_U;
}
// Given a parent processs page table, create a copy
// of it for a child.
pde_t*
copyuvm(pde_t *pgdir, uint sz)
{
pde_t *d;
pte_t *pte;
uint pa, i;
char *mem;
if((d = setupkvm(kalloc)) == 0)
return 0;
for(i = 0; i < sz; i += PGSIZE){
if((pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, (void *) i, 0)) == 0)
panic("copyuvm: pte should exist");
if(!(*pte & PTE_P))
panic("copyuvm: page not present");
if((mem = kalloc()) == 0)
goto bad;
memmove(mem, (char*)p2v(pa), PGSIZE);
if(mappages(d, (void*)i, PGSIZE, v2p(mem), PTE_W|PTE_U, kalloc) < 0)
goto bad;
}
return d;
bad:
freevm(d);
return 0;
}
Sheet 19
// Map user virtual address to kernel address.

char*
uva2ka(pde_t *pgdir, char *uva)
{
pte_t *pte;
pte = walkpgdir(pgdir, uva, 0);
if((*pte & PTE_P) == 0)
return 0;
if((*pte & PTE_U) == 0)
return 0;
return (char*)p2v(PTE_ADDR(*pte));
}
// Copy len bytes from p to user address va in page table pgdir.
// Most useful when pgdir is not the current page table.
// uva2ka ensures this only works for PTE_U pages.
int
copyout(pde_t *pgdir, uint va, void *p, uint len)
{
char *buf, *pa0;
uint n, va0;
buf = (char*)p;
while(len > 0){
va0 = (uint)PGROUNDDOWN(va);
pa0 = uva2ka(pgdir, (char*)va0);
if(pa0 == 0)
return 1;
n = PGSIZE (va va0);
if(n > len)
n = len;
memmove(pa0 + (va va0), buf, n);
len = n;
buf += n;
va = va0 + PGSIZE;
}
return 0;
}
Sheet 19
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/proc.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/proc.h Page 2
2000
2001
2002
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2099
// Segments in proc>gdt.
#define NSEGS
7
// PerCPU state
struct cpu {
uchar id;
struct context *scheduler;
struct taskstate ts;
struct segdesc gdt[NSEGS];
volatile uint started;
int ncli;
int intena;
// Local APIC ID; index into cpus[] below

// swtch() here to enter scheduler
// Used by x86 to find stack for interrupt
// x86 global descriptor table
// Has the CPU started?
// Depth of pushcli nesting.
// Were interrupts enabled before pushcli?
// Cpulocal storage variables; see below

struct cpu *cpu;
struct proc *proc;
// The currentlyrunning process.
};
extern struct cpu cpus[NCPU];
extern int ncpu;
// PerCPU variables, holding pointers to the
// current cpu and to the current process.
// The asm suffix tells gcc to use "%gs:0" to refer to cpu
// and "%gs:4" to refer to proc. seginit sets up the
// %gs segment register so that %gs refers to the memory
// holding those two variables in the local cpus struct cpu.
// This is similar to how threadlocal variables are implemented
// in thread libraries such as Linux pthreads.
extern struct cpu *cpu asm("%gs:0");
// &cpus[cpunum()]
extern struct proc *proc asm("%gs:4");
// cpus[cpunum()].proc
// Saved registers for kernel context switches.
// Dont need to save all the segment registers (%cs, etc),
// because they are constant across kernel contexts.
// Dont need to save %eax, %ecx, %edx, because the
// x86 convention is that the caller has saved them.
// Contexts are stored at the bottom of the stack they
// describe; the stack pointer is the address of the context.
// The layout of the context matches the layout of the stack in swtch.S
// at the "Switch stacks" comment. Switch doesnt save eip explicitly,
// but it is on the stack and allocproc() manipulates it.
struct context {
uint edi;
uint esi;
uint ebx;
uint ebp;
uint eip;
};
Sheet 20
enum procstate { UNUSED, EMBRYO, SLEEPING, RUNNABLE, RUNNING, ZOMBIE };

// Perprocess state
struct proc {
uint sz;
pde_t* pgdir;
char *kstack;
enum procstate state;
volatile int pid;
struct proc *parent;
struct trapframe *tf;
struct context *context;
void *chan;
int killed;
struct file *ofile[NOFILE];
struct inode *cwd;
char name[16];
};
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Size of process memory (bytes)

Page table
Bottom of kernel stack for this process
Process state
Process ID
Parent process
Trap frame for current syscall
swtch() here to run process
If nonzero, sleeping on chan
If nonzero, have been killed
Open files
Current directory
Process name (debugging)
// Process memory is laid out contiguously, low addresses first:

// text
// original data and bss
// fixedsize stack
// expandable heap
Sheet 20
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/proc.c Page 1
2100
2101
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2197
2198
2199
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"x86.h"
"proc.h"
"spinlock.h"
struct {
struct spinlock lock;
struct proc proc[NPROC];
} ptable;
static struct proc *initproc;
int nextpid = 1;
extern void forkret(void);
extern void trapret(void);
static void wakeup1(void *chan);
void
pinit(void)
{
initlock(&ptable.lock, "ptable");
}
Sheet 21
// Look in the process table for an UNUSED proc.

// If found, change state to EMBRYO and initialize
// state required to run in the kernel.
// Otherwise return 0.
static struct proc*
allocproc(void)
{
struct proc *p;
char *sp;
acquire(&ptable.lock);
for(p = ptable.proc; p < &ptable.proc[NPROC]; p++)
if(p>state == UNUSED)
goto found;
release(&ptable.lock);
return 0;
found:
p>state = EMBRYO;
p>pid = nextpid++;
// Allocate kernel stack.
if((p>kstack = kalloc()) == 0){
p>state = UNUSED;
return 0;
}
sp = p>kstack + KSTACKSIZE;
// Leave room for trap frame.
sp = sizeof *p>tf;
p>tf = (struct trapframe*)sp;
// Set up new context to start executing at forkret,
// which returns to trapret.
sp = 4;
*(uint*)sp = (uint)trapret;
sp = sizeof *p>context;
p>context = (struct context*)sp;
memset(p>context, 0, sizeof *p>context);
p>context>eip = (uint)forkret;
return p;
}
Sheet 21
2200
2201
2202
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2221
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2223
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2240
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2250
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2296
2297
2298
2299
// Set up first user process.

void
userinit(void)
{
struct proc *p;
extern char _binary_initcode_start[], _binary_initcode_size[];
p = allocproc();
initproc = p;
if((p>pgdir = setupkvm(kalloc)) == 0)
panic("userinit: out of memory?");
inituvm(p>pgdir, _binary_initcode_start, (int)_binary_initcode_size);
p>sz = PGSIZE;
memset(p>tf, 0, sizeof(*p>tf));
p>tf>cs = (SEG_UCODE << 3) | DPL_USER;
p>tf>ds = (SEG_UDATA << 3) | DPL_USER;
p>tf>es = p>tf>ds;
p>tf>ss = p>tf>ds;
p>tf>eflags = FL_IF;
p>tf>esp = PGSIZE;
p>tf>eip = 0; // beginning of initcode.S
safestrcpy(p>name, "initcode", sizeof(p>name));
p>cwd = namei("/");
p>state = RUNNABLE;
}
// Grow current processs memory by n bytes.
// Return 0 on success, 1 on failure.
int
growproc(int n)
{
uint sz;
sz = proc>sz;
if(n > 0){
if((sz = allocuvm(proc>pgdir, sz, sz + n)) == 0)
return 1;
} else if(n < 0){
if((sz = deallocuvm(proc>pgdir, sz, sz + n)) == 0)
return 1;
}
proc>sz = sz;
switchuvm(proc);
return 0;
}
Sheet 22
// Create a new process copying p as the parent.

// Sets up stack to return as if from system call.
// Caller must set state of returned proc to RUNNABLE.
int
fork(void)
{
int i, pid;
struct proc *np;
// Allocate process.
if((np = allocproc()) == 0)
return 1;
// Copy process state from p.
if((np>pgdir = copyuvm(proc>pgdir, proc>sz)) == 0){
kfree(np>kstack);
np>kstack = 0;
np>state = UNUSED;
return 1;
}
np>sz = proc>sz;
np>parent = proc;
*np>tf = *proc>tf;
// Clear %eax so that fork returns 0 in the child.
np>tf>eax = 0;
for(i = 0; i < NOFILE; i++)
if(proc>ofile[i])
np>ofile[i] = filedup(proc>ofile[i]);
np>cwd = idup(proc>cwd);
pid = np>pid;
np>state = RUNNABLE;
safestrcpy(np>name, proc>name, sizeof(proc>name));
return pid;
}
Sheet 22
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
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2306
2307
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2396
2397
2398
2399
// Exit the current process. Does not return.

// An exited process remains in the zombie state
// until its parent calls wait() to find out it exited.
void
exit(void)
{
struct proc *p;
int fd;
if(proc == initproc)
panic("init exiting");
// Close all open files.
for(fd = 0; fd < NOFILE; fd++){
if(proc>ofile[fd]){
fileclose(proc>ofile[fd]);
proc>ofile[fd] = 0;
}
}
iput(proc>cwd);
proc>cwd = 0;
// Parent might be sleeping in wait().
wakeup1(proc>parent);
// Pass abandoned children to init.
for(p = ptable.proc; p < &ptable.proc[NPROC]; p++){
if(p>parent == proc){
p>parent = initproc;
if(p>state == ZOMBIE)
wakeup1(initproc);
}
}
// Jump into the scheduler, never to return.
proc>state = ZOMBIE;
sched();
panic("zombie exit");
}
Sheet 23
// Wait for a child process to exit and return its pid.

// Return 1 if this process has no children.
int
wait(void)
{
struct proc *p;
int havekids, pid;
for(;;){
// Scan through table looking for zombie children.
havekids = 0;
if(p>parent != proc)
continue;
havekids = 1;
if(p>state == ZOMBIE){
// Found one.
pid = p>pid;
kfree(p>kstack);
p>kstack = 0;
freevm(p>pgdir);
p>state = UNUSED;
p>pid = 0;
p>parent = 0;
p>name[0] = 0;
p>killed = 0;
return pid;
}
}
// No point waiting if we dont have any children.
if(!havekids || proc>killed){
return 1;
}
// Wait for children to exit. (See wakeup1 call in proc_exit.)
sleep(proc, &ptable.lock);
}
}
Sheet 23
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// PerCPU process scheduler.

// Each CPU calls scheduler() after setting itself up.
// Scheduler never returns. It loops, doing:
// choose a process to run
// swtch to start running that process
// eventually that process transfers control
//
via swtch back to the scheduler.
void
scheduler(void)
{
struct proc *p;
for(;;){
// Enable interrupts on this processor.
sti();
// Loop over process table looking for process to run.
if(p>state != RUNNABLE)
continue;
// Switch to chosen process. It is the processs job
// to release ptable.lock and then reacquire it
// before jumping back to us.
proc = p;
switchuvm(p);
p>state = RUNNING;
swtch(&cpu>scheduler, proc>context);
switchkvm();
// Process is done running for now.
// It should have changed its p>state before coming back.
proc = 0;
}
}
}
Sheet 24
// Enter scheduler. Must hold only ptable.lock

// and have changed proc>state.
void
sched(void)
{
int intena;
if(!holding(&ptable.lock))
panic("sched ptable.lock");
if(cpu>ncli != 1)
panic("sched locks");
if(proc>state == RUNNING)
panic("sched running");
if(readeflags()&FL_IF)
panic("sched interruptible");
intena = cpu>intena;
swtch(&proc>context, cpu>scheduler);
cpu>intena = intena;
}
// Give up the CPU for one scheduling round.
void
yield(void)
{
proc>state = RUNNABLE;
sched();
}
// A fork childs very first scheduling by scheduler()
// will swtch here. "Return" to user space.
void
forkret(void)
{
static int first = 1;
// Still holding ptable.lock from scheduler.
if (first) {
// Some initialization functions must be run in the context
// of a regular process (e.g., they call sleep), and thus cannot
// be run from main().
first = 0;
initlog();
}
// Return to "caller", actually trapret (see allocproc).
}
Sheet 24
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// Atomically release lock and sleep on chan.

// Reacquires lock when awakened.
void
sleep(void *chan, struct spinlock *lk)
{
if(proc == 0)
panic("sleep");
if(lk == 0)
panic("sleep without lk");
// Must acquire ptable.lock in order to
// change p>state and then call sched.
// Once we hold ptable.lock, we can be
// guaranteed that we wont miss any wakeup
// (wakeup runs with ptable.lock locked),
// so its okay to release lk.
if(lk != &ptable.lock){
release(lk);
}
// Go to sleep.
proc>chan = chan;
proc>state = SLEEPING;
sched();
// Tidy up.
proc>chan = 0;
// Reacquire original lock.
if(lk != &ptable.lock){
acquire(lk);
}
}
Sheet 25
// Wake up all processes sleeping on chan.

// The ptable lock must be held.
static void
wakeup1(void *chan)
{
struct proc *p;
for(p = ptable.proc; p < &ptable.proc[NPROC]; p++)
if(p>state == SLEEPING && p>chan == chan)
p>state = RUNNABLE;
}
// Wake up all processes sleeping on chan.
void
wakeup(void *chan)
{
wakeup1(chan);
}
// Kill the process with the given pid.
// Process wont exit until it returns
// to user space (see trap in trap.c).
int
kill(int pid)
{
struct proc *p;
if(p>pid == pid){
p>killed = 1;
// Wake process from sleep if necessary.
if(p>state == SLEEPING)
p>state = RUNNABLE;
return 0;
}
}
return 1;
}
Sheet 25
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/swtch.S Page 1
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// Print a process listing to console. For debugging.

// Runs when user types ^P on console.
// No lock to avoid wedging a stuck machine further.
void
procdump(void)
{
static char *states[] = {
[UNUSED]
"unused",
[EMBRYO]
"embryo",
[SLEEPING] "sleep ",
[RUNNABLE] "runble",
[RUNNING] "run ",
[ZOMBIE]
"zombie"
};
int i;
struct proc *p;
char *state;
uint pc[10];
if(p>state == UNUSED)
continue;
if(p>state >= 0 && p>state < NELEM(states) && states[p>state])
state = states[p>state];
else
state = "???";
cprintf("%d %s %s", p>pid, state, p>name);
if(p>state == SLEEPING){
getcallerpcs((uint*)p>context>ebp+2, pc);
for(i=0; i<10 && pc[i] != 0; i++)
cprintf(" %p", pc[i]);
}
cprintf("\n");
}
}
Sheet 26
# Context switch
#
# void swtch(struct context **old, struct context *new);
#
# Save current register context in old
# and then load register context from new.
.globl swtch
swtch:
movl 4(%esp), %eax
movl 8(%esp), %edx
# Save old calleesave registers
pushl %ebp
pushl %ebx
pushl %esi
pushl %edi
# Switch stacks
movl %esp, (%eax)
movl %edx, %esp
# Load new calleesave registers
popl %edi
popl %esi
popl %ebx
popl %ebp
ret
Sheet 26
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/kalloc.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/kalloc.c Page 2
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// Physical memory allocator, intended to allocate

// memory for user processes, kernel stacks, page table pages,
// and pipe buffers. Allocates 4096byte pages.
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"spinlock.h"
struct run {
struct run *next;
};
struct {
struct run *freelist;
} kmem;
extern char end[]; // first address after kernel loaded from ELF file
static char *newend;
// A simple page allocator to get off the ground during entry
char *
enter_alloc(void)
{
if (newend == 0)
newend = end;
if ((uint) newend >= KERNBASE + 0x400000)
panic("only first 4Mbyte are mapped during entry");
void *p = (void*)PGROUNDUP((uint)newend);
memset(p, 0, PGSIZE);
newend = newend + PGSIZE;
return p;
}
// Initialize free list of physical pages.
void
kinit(void)
{
char *p;
initlock(&kmem.lock, "kmem");
p = (char*)PGROUNDUP((uint)newend);
for(; p + PGSIZE <= (char*)p2v(PHYSTOP); p += PGSIZE)
kfree(p);
}
Sheet 27
// Free the page of physical memory pointed at by v,

// which normally should have been returned by a
// call to kalloc(). (The exception is when
// initializing the allocator; see kinit above.)
void
kfree(char *v)
{
struct run *r;
if((uint)v % PGSIZE || v < end || v2p(v) >= PHYSTOP)
panic("kfree");
// Fill with junk to catch dangling refs.
memset(v, 1, PGSIZE);
acquire(&kmem.lock);
r = (struct run*)v;
r>next = kmem.freelist;
kmem.freelist = r;
release(&kmem.lock);
}
// Allocate one 4096byte page of physical memory.
// Returns a pointer that the kernel can use.
// Returns 0 if the memory cannot be allocated.
char*
kalloc(void)
{
struct run *r;
acquire(&kmem.lock);
r = kmem.freelist;
if(r)
kmem.freelist = r>next;
release(&kmem.lock);
return (char*)r;
}
Sheet 27
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/traps.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/vectors.pl Page 1
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// x86 trap and interrupt constants.

// Processordefined:
#define T_DIVIDE
#define T_DEBUG
#define T_NMI
#define T_BRKPT
#define T_OFLOW
#define T_BOUND
#define T_ILLOP
#define T_DEVICE
#define T_DBLFLT
// #define T_COPROC
#define T_TSS
#define T_SEGNP
#define T_STACK
#define T_GPFLT
#define T_PGFLT
// #define T_RES
#define T_FPERR
#define T_ALIGN
#define T_MCHK
#define T_SIMDERR
0
1
2
3
4
5
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7
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16
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18
19
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
divide error
debug exception
nonmaskable interrupt
breakpoint
overflow
bounds check
illegal opcode
device not available
double fault
reserved (not used since 486)
invalid task switch segment
segment not present
stack exception
general protection fault
page fault
reserved
floating point error
aligment check
machine check
SIMD floating point error
// These are arbitrarily chosen, but with care not to overlap

// processor defined exceptions or interrupt vectors.
#define T_SYSCALL
64
// system call
#define T_DEFAULT
500
// catchall
#define T_IRQ0
32
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
0
1
4
14
19
31
Sheet 28
IRQ_TIMER
IRQ_KBD
IRQ_COM1
IRQ_IDE
IRQ_ERROR
IRQ_SPURIOUS
// IRQ 0 corresponds to int T_IRQ
#!/usr/bin/perl w
#
#
#
#
Generate vectors.S, the trap/interrupt entry points.

There has to be one entry point per interrupt number
since otherwise theres no way for trap() to discover
the interrupt number.
print "# generated by vectors.pl do not edit\n";

print "# handlers\n";
print ".globl alltraps\n";
for(my $i = 0; $i < 256; $i++){
print ".globl vector$i\n";
print "vector$i:\n";
if(!($i == 8 || ($i >= 10 && $i <= 14) || $i == 17)){
print " pushl \$0\n";
}
print " pushl \$$i\n";
print " jmp alltraps\n";
}
print "\n# vector table\n";
print ".data\n";
print ".globl vectors\n";
print "vectors:\n";
for(my $i = 0; $i < 256; $i++){
print " .long vector$i\n";
}
# sample output:
# # handlers
# .globl alltraps
# .globl vector0
# vector0:
#
pushl $0
#
pushl $0
#
jmp alltraps
# ...
#
# # vector table
# .data
# .globl vectors
# vectors:
#
.long vector0
#
.long vector1
#
.long vector2
# ...
Sheet 28
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/trapasm.S Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/trap.c Page 1
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#include "mmu.h"
# vectors.S sends all traps here.
.globl alltraps
alltraps:
# Build trap frame.
pushl %ds
pushl %es
pushl %fs
pushl %gs
pushal
# Set up data and percpu segments.
movw $(SEG_KDATA<<3), %ax
movw %ax, %ds
movw %ax, %es
movw $(SEG_KCPU<<3), %ax
movw %ax, %fs
movw %ax, %gs
# Call trap(tf), where tf=%esp
pushl %esp
call trap
addl $4, %esp
# Return falls through to trapret...
.globl trapret
trapret:
popal
popl %gs
popl %fs
popl %es
popl %ds
addl $0x8, %esp # trapno and errcode
iret
Sheet 29
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"x86.h"
"traps.h"
"spinlock.h"
// Interrupt descriptor table (shared by all CPUs).

struct gatedesc idt[256];
extern uint vectors[]; // in vectors.S: array of 256 entry pointers
struct spinlock tickslock;
uint ticks;
void
tvinit(void)
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 256; i++)
SETGATE(idt[i], 0, SEG_KCODE<<3, vectors[i], 0);
SETGATE(idt[T_SYSCALL], 1, SEG_KCODE<<3, vectors[T_SYSCALL], DPL_USER);
initlock(&tickslock, "time");
}
void
idtinit(void)
{
lidt(idt, sizeof(idt));
}
Sheet 29
3000 void
3001 trap(struct trapframe *tf)
3002 {
3003 if(tf>trapno == T_SYSCALL){
3004
if(proc>killed)
3005
exit();
3006
proc>tf = tf;
3007
syscall();
3008
if(proc>killed)
3009
exit();
3010
return;
3011 }
3012
3013 switch(tf>trapno){
3014 case T_IRQ0 + IRQ_TIMER:
3015
if(cpu>id == 0){
3016
acquire(&tickslock);
3017
ticks++;
3018
wakeup(&ticks);
3019
release(&tickslock);
3020
}
3021
lapiceoi();
3022
break;
3023 case T_IRQ0 + IRQ_IDE:
3024
ideintr();
3025
lapiceoi();
3026
break;
3027 case T_IRQ0 + IRQ_IDE+1:
3028
// Bochs generates spurious IDE1 interrupts.
3029
break;
3030 case T_IRQ0 + IRQ_KBD:
3031
kbdintr();
3032
lapiceoi();
3033
break;
3034 case T_IRQ0 + IRQ_COM1:
3035
uartintr();
3036
lapiceoi();
3037
break;
3038 case T_IRQ0 + 7:
3039 case T_IRQ0 + IRQ_SPURIOUS:
3040
cprintf("cpu%d: spurious interrupt at %x:%x\n",
3041
cpu>id, tf>cs, tf>eip);
3042
lapiceoi();
3043
break;
3044
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3078
3079 }
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Sheet 30
Sheet 30
default:
if(proc == 0 || (tf>cs&3) == 0){
// In kernel, it must be our mistake.
cprintf("unexpected trap %d from cpu %d eip %x (cr2=0x%x)\n",
tf>trapno, cpu>id, tf>eip, rcr2());
panic("trap");
}
// In user space, assume process misbehaved.
cprintf("pid %d %s: trap %d err %d on cpu %d "
"eip 0x%x addr 0x%xkill proc\n",
proc>pid, proc>name, tf>trapno, tf>err, cpu>id, tf>eip,
rcr2());
proc>killed = 1;
}
// Force process exit if it has been killed and is in user space.
// (If it is still executing in the kernel, let it keep running
// until it gets to the regular system call return.)
if(proc && proc>killed && (tf>cs&3) == DPL_USER)
exit();
// Force process to give up CPU on clock tick.
// If interrupts were on while locks held, would need to check nlock.
if(proc && proc>state == RUNNING && tf>trapno == T_IRQ0+IRQ_TIMER)
yield();
// Check if the process has been killed since we yielded
if(proc && proc>killed && (tf>cs&3) == DPL_USER)
exit();
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/syscall.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/syscall.c Page 1
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3196
3197
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3199
// System call numbers

#define SYS_fork
1
#define SYS_exit
2
#define SYS_wait
3
#define SYS_pipe
4
#define SYS_read
5
#define SYS_kill
6
#define SYS_exec
7
#define SYS_fstat 8
#define SYS_chdir 9
#define SYS_dup
10
#define SYS_getpid 11
#define SYS_sbrk 12
#define SYS_sleep 13
#define SYS_uptime 14
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
Sheet 31
SYS_open
SYS_write
SYS_mknod
SYS_unlink
SYS_link
SYS_mkdir
SYS_close
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
//
//
//
//
//
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"x86.h"
"syscall.h"
User code makes a system call with INT T_SYSCALL.

System call number in %eax.
Arguments on the stack, from the user call to the C
library system call function. The saved user %esp points
to a saved program counter, and then the first argument.
// Fetch the int at addr from process p.

int
fetchint(struct proc *p, uint addr, int *ip)
{
if(addr >= p>sz || addr+4 > p>sz)
return 1;
*ip = *(int*)(addr);
return 0;
}
// Fetch the nulterminated string at addr from process p.
// Doesnt actually copy the string just sets *pp to point at it.
// Returns length of string, not including nul.
int
fetchstr(struct proc *p, uint addr, char **pp)
{
char *s, *ep;
if(addr >= p>sz)
return 1;
*pp = (char*)addr;
ep = (char*)p>sz;
for(s = *pp; s < ep; s++)
if(*s == 0)
return s *pp;
return 1;
}
// Fetch the nth 32bit system call argument.
int
argint(int n, int *ip)
{
return fetchint(proc, proc>tf>esp + 4 + 4*n, ip);
}
Sheet 31
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// Fetch the nth wordsized system call argument as a pointer

// to a block of memory of size n bytes. Check that the pointer
// lies within the process address space.
int
argptr(int n, char **pp, int size)
{
int i;
if(argint(n, &i) < 0)
return 1;
if((uint)i >= proc>sz || (uint)i+size > proc>sz)
return 1;
*pp = (char*)i;
return 0;
}
// Fetch the nth wordsized system call argument as a string pointer.
// Check that the pointer is valid and the string is nulterminated.
// (There is no shared writable memory, so the string cant change
// between this check and being used by the kernel.)
int
argstr(int n, char **pp)
{
int addr;
if(argint(n, &addr) < 0)
return 1;
return fetchstr(proc, addr, pp);
}
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
extern
Sheet 32
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
sys_chdir(void);
sys_close(void);
sys_dup(void);
sys_exec(void);
sys_exit(void);
sys_fork(void);
sys_fstat(void);
sys_getpid(void);
sys_kill(void);
sys_link(void);
sys_mkdir(void);
sys_mknod(void);
sys_open(void);
sys_pipe(void);
sys_read(void);
sys_sbrk(void);
sys_sleep(void);
sys_unlink(void);
sys_wait(void);
sys_write(void);
sys_uptime(void);
static int (*syscalls[])(void) = {

[SYS_fork]
sys_fork,
[SYS_exit]
sys_exit,
[SYS_wait]
sys_wait,
[SYS_pipe]
sys_pipe,
[SYS_read]
sys_read,
[SYS_kill]
sys_kill,
[SYS_exec]
sys_exec,
[SYS_fstat] sys_fstat,
[SYS_chdir] sys_chdir,
[SYS_dup]
sys_dup,
[SYS_getpid] sys_getpid,
[SYS_sbrk]
sys_sbrk,
[SYS_sleep] sys_sleep,
[SYS_uptime] sys_uptime,
[SYS_open]
sys_open,
[SYS_write] sys_write,
[SYS_mknod] sys_mknod,
[SYS_unlink] sys_unlink,
[SYS_link]
sys_link,
[SYS_mkdir] sys_mkdir,
[SYS_close] sys_close,
};
void
syscall(void)
{
int num;
num = proc>tf>eax;
if(num >= 0 && num < SYS_open && syscalls[num]) {
proc>tf>eax = syscalls[num]();
} else if (num >= SYS_open && num < NELEM(syscalls) && syscalls[num]) {
proc>tf>eax = syscalls[num]();
} else {
cprintf("%d %s: unknown sys call %d\n",
proc>pid, proc>name, num);
proc>tf>eax = 1;
}
}
Sheet 32
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sysproc.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sysproc.c Page 2
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#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"x86.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
int
sys_fork(void)
{
return fork();
}
int
sys_exit(void)
{
exit();
return 0; // not reached
}
int
sys_wait(void)
{
return wait();
}
int
sys_kill(void)
{
int pid;
if(argint(0, &pid) < 0)
return 1;
return kill(pid);
}
int
sys_getpid(void)
{
return proc>pid;
}
Sheet 33
int
sys_sbrk(void)
{
int addr;
int n;
if(argint(0, &n) < 0)
return 1;
addr = proc>sz;
if(growproc(n) < 0)
return 1;
return addr;
}
int
sys_sleep(void)
{
int n;
uint ticks0;
if(argint(0, &n) < 0)
return 1;
ticks0 = ticks;
while(ticks ticks0 < n){
if(proc>killed){
return 1;
}
sleep(&ticks, &tickslock);
}
return 0;
}
// return how many clock tick interrupts have occurred
// since start.
int
sys_uptime(void)
{
uint xticks;
xticks = ticks;
return xticks;
}
Sheet 33
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/buf.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fcntl.h Page 1
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struct buf {
int flags;
uint dev;
uint sector;
struct buf *prev; // LRU cache list
struct buf *next;
struct buf *qnext; // disk queue
uchar data[512];
};
#define B_BUSY 0x1 // buffer is locked by some process
#define B_VALID 0x2 // buffer has been read from disk
#define B_DIRTY 0x4 // buffer needs to be written to disk
Sheet 34
#define
#define
#define
#define
Sheet 34
O_RDONLY
O_WRONLY
O_RDWR
O_CREATE
0x000
0x001
0x002
0x200
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/stat.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.h Page 1
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#define T_DIR 1
#define T_FILE 2
#define T_DEV 3
struct stat {
short type;
int dev;
uint ino;
short nlink;
uint size;
};
Sheet 35
//
//
//
//
//
// Directory
// File
// Special device
Type of file
Device number
Inode number on device
Number of links to file
Size of file in bytes
// Ondisk file system format.

// Both the kernel and user programs use this header file.
// Block 0 is unused. Block 1 is super block.
// Inodes start at block 2.
#define ROOTINO 1 // root inumber
#define BSIZE 512 // block size
// File system super
struct superblock {
uint size;
uint nblocks;
uint ninodes;
uint nlog;
};
block
//
//
//
//
Size of file system image (blocks)

Number of data blocks
Number of inodes.
Number of log blocks
#define NDIRECT 12
#define NINDIRECT (BSIZE / sizeof(uint))
#define MAXFILE (NDIRECT + NINDIRECT)
// Ondisk inode structure
struct dinode {
short type;
//
short major;
//
short minor;
//
short nlink;
//
uint size;
//
uint addrs[NDIRECT+1];
};
File type
Major device number (T_DEV only)
Minor device number (T_DEV only)
Number of links to inode in file system
Size of file (bytes)
// Data block addresses
// Inodes per block.

#define IPB
(BSIZE / sizeof(struct dinode))
// Block containing inode i
#define IBLOCK(i)
((i) / IPB + 2)
// Bitmap bits per block
#define BPB
(BSIZE*8)
// Block containing bit for block b
#define BBLOCK(b, ninodes) (b/BPB + (ninodes)/IPB + 3)
// Directory is a file containing a sequence of dirent structures.
#define DIRSIZ 14
struct dirent {
ushort inum;
char name[DIRSIZ];
};
Sheet 35
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/file.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/ide.c Page 1
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struct file {
enum { FD_NONE, FD_PIPE, FD_INODE } type;
int ref; // reference count
char readable;
char writable;
struct pipe *pipe;
struct inode *ip;
uint off;
};
// incore file system types
struct inode {
uint dev;
uint inum;
int ref;
int flags;
//
//
//
//
Device number
Inode number
Reference count
I_BUSY, I_VALID
short type;
// copy of disk inode
short major;
short minor;
short nlink;
uint size;
uint addrs[NDIRECT+1];
};
#define I_BUSY 0x1
#define I_VALID 0x2
// device implementations
struct devsw {
int (*read)(struct inode*, char*, int);
int (*write)(struct inode*, char*, int);
};
extern struct devsw devsw[];
#define CONSOLE 1
Sheet 36
// Simple PIObased (nonDMA) IDE driver code.

#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define
#define
#define
#define
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"x86.h"
"traps.h"
"spinlock.h"
"buf.h"
IDE_BSY
IDE_DRDY
IDE_DF
IDE_ERR
0x80
0x40
0x20
0x01
#define IDE_CMD_READ 0x20

#define IDE_CMD_WRITE 0x30
// idequeue points to the buf now being read/written to the disk.
// idequeue>qnext points to the next buf to be processed.
// You must hold idelock while manipulating queue.
static struct spinlock idelock;
static struct buf *idequeue;
static int havedisk1;
static void idestart(struct buf*);
// Wait for IDE disk to become ready.
static int
idewait(int checkerr)
{
int r;
while(((r = inb(0x1f7)) & (IDE_BSY|IDE_DRDY)) != IDE_DRDY)
;
if(checkerr && (r & (IDE_DF|IDE_ERR)) != 0)
return 1;
return 0;
}
Sheet 36
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/ide.c Page 2
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/ide.c Page 3
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void
ideinit(void)
{
int i;
initlock(&idelock, "ide");
picenable(IRQ_IDE);
ioapicenable(IRQ_IDE, ncpu 1);
idewait(0);
// Check if disk 1 is present
outb(0x1f6, 0xe0 | (1<<4));
for(i=0; i<1000; i++){
if(inb(0x1f7) != 0){
havedisk1 = 1;
break;
}
}
// Switch back to disk 0.
outb(0x1f6, 0xe0 | (0<<4));
}
// Start the request for b. Caller must hold idelock.
static void
idestart(struct buf *b)
{
if(b == 0)
panic("idestart");
idewait(0);
outb(0x3f6, 0); // generate interrupt
outb(0x1f2, 1); // number of sectors
outb(0x1f3, b>sector & 0xff);
outb(0x1f4, (b>sector >> 8) & 0xff);
outb(0x1f5, (b>sector >> 16) & 0xff);
outb(0x1f6, 0xe0 | ((b>dev&1)<<4) | ((b>sector>>24)&0x0f));
if(b>flags & B_DIRTY){
outb(0x1f7, IDE_CMD_WRITE);
outsl(0x1f0, b>data, 512/4);
} else {
outb(0x1f7, IDE_CMD_READ);
}
}
Sheet 37
// Interrupt handler.
void
ideintr(void)
{
struct buf *b;
// Take first buffer off queue.
acquire(&idelock);
if((b = idequeue) == 0){
release(&idelock);
// cprintf("spurious IDE interrupt\n");
return;
}
idequeue = b>qnext;
// Read data if needed.
if(!(b>flags & B_DIRTY) && idewait(1) >= 0)
insl(0x1f0, b>data, 512/4);
// Wake process waiting for this buf.
b>flags |= B_VALID;
b>flags &= ~B_DIRTY;
wakeup(b);
// Start disk on next buf in queue.
if(idequeue != 0)
idestart(idequeue);
release(&idelock);
}
Sheet 37
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/ide.c Page 4
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/bio.c Page 1
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3899
// Sync buf with disk.

// If B_DIRTY is set, write buf to disk, clear B_DIRTY, set B_VALID.
// Else if B_VALID is not set, read buf from disk, set B_VALID.
void
iderw(struct buf *b)
{
struct buf **pp;
if(!(b>flags & B_BUSY))
panic("iderw: buf not busy");
if((b>flags & (B_VALID|B_DIRTY)) == B_VALID)
panic("iderw: nothing to do");
if(b>dev != 0 && !havedisk1)
panic("iderw: ide disk 1 not present");
acquire(&idelock); // DOC:acquirelock
// Append b to idequeue.
b>qnext = 0;
for(pp=&idequeue; *pp; pp=&(*pp)>qnext) // DOC:insertqueue
;
*pp = b;
// Start disk if necessary.
if(idequeue == b)
idestart(b);
// Wait for request to finish.
// Assuming will not sleep too long: ignore proc>killed.
while((b>flags & (B_VALID|B_DIRTY)) != B_VALID){
sleep(b, &idelock);
}
release(&idelock);
}
Sheet 38
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Buffer cache.
The buffer cache is a linked list of buf structures holding
cached copies of disk block contents. Caching disk blocks
in memory reduces the number of disk reads and also provides
a synchronization point for disk blocks used by multiple processes.
Interface:
* To get a buffer for a particular disk block, call bread.
* After changing buffer data, call bwrite to flush it to disk.
* When done with the buffer, call brelse.
* Do not use the buffer after calling brelse.
* Only one process at a time can use a buffer,
so do not keep them longer than necessary.
The implementation uses three state flags internally:
* B_BUSY: the block has been returned from bread
and has not been passed back to brelse.
* B_VALID: the buffer data has been initialized
with the associated disk block contents.
* B_DIRTY: the buffer data has been modified
and needs to be written to disk.
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"spinlock.h"
"buf.h"
struct {
struct buf buf[NBUF];
// Linked list of all buffers, through prev/next.
// head.next is most recently used.
struct buf head;
} bcache;
void
binit(void)
{
struct buf *b;
initlock(&bcache.lock, "bcache");
Sheet 38
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/bio.c Page 2
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/bio.c Page 3
3900
3901
3902
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// Create linked list of buffers

bcache.head.prev = &bcache.head;
bcache.head.next = &bcache.head;
for(b = bcache.buf; b < bcache.buf+NBUF; b++){
b>next = bcache.head.next;
b>prev = &bcache.head;
b>dev = 1;
bcache.head.next>prev = b;
bcache.head.next = b;
}
}
// Look through buffer cache for sector on device dev.
// If not found, allocate fresh block.
// In either case, return locked buffer.
static struct buf*
bget(uint dev, uint sector)
{
struct buf *b;
acquire(&bcache.lock);
loop:
// Try for cached block.
for(b = bcache.head.next; b != &bcache.head; b = b>next){
if(b>dev == dev && b>sector == sector){
if(!(b>flags & B_BUSY)){
b>flags |= B_BUSY;
release(&bcache.lock);
return b;
}
sleep(b, &bcache.lock);
goto loop;
}
}
// Allocate fresh block.
for(b = bcache.head.prev; b != &bcache.head; b = b>prev){
if((b>flags & B_BUSY) == 0){
b>dev = dev;
b>sector = sector;
b>flags = B_BUSY;
return b;
}
}
panic("bget: no buffers");
}
Sheet 39
// Return a B_BUSY buf with the contents of the indicated disk sector.
struct buf*
bread(uint dev, uint sector)
{
struct buf *b;
b = bget(dev, sector);
if(!(b>flags & B_VALID))
iderw(b);
return b;
}
// Write bs contents to disk. Must be locked.
void
bwrite(struct buf *b)
{
if((b>flags & B_BUSY) == 0)
panic("bwrite");
b>flags |= B_DIRTY;
iderw(b);
}
// Release the buffer b.
void
brelse(struct buf *b)
{
if((b>flags & B_BUSY) == 0)
panic("brelse");
acquire(&bcache.lock);
b>next>prev = b>prev;
b>prev>next = b>next;
b>next = bcache.head.next;
b>prev = &bcache.head;
bcache.head.next>prev = b;
bcache.head.next = b;
b>flags &= ~B_BUSY;
wakeup(b);
}
Sheet 39
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/log.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/log.c Page 2
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#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"spinlock.h"
"fs.h"
"buf.h"
Simple logging. Each system call that might write the file system
should be surrounded with begin_trans() and commit_trans() calls.
The log holds at most one transaction at a time. Commit forces
the log (with commit record) to disk, then installs the affected
blocks to disk, then erases the log. begin_trans() ensures that
only one system call can be in a transaction; others must wait.
Allowing only one transaction at a time means that the file
system code doesnt have to worry about the possibility of
one transaction reading a block that another one has modified,
for example an inode block.
Readonly system calls dont need to use transactions, though
this means that they may observe uncommitted data. Inode and
buffer locks prevent readonly calls from seeing inconsistent data.
The log is a physical redo log containing disk blocks.
The ondisk log format:
header block, containing sector #s for block A, B, C, ...
block A
block B
block C
...
Log appends are synchronous.
// Contents of the header block, used for both the ondisk header block
// and to keep track in memory of logged sector #s before commit.
struct logheader {
int n;
int sector[LOGSIZE];
};
struct log {
int start;
int size;
int intrans;
int dev;
struct logheader lh;
};
Sheet 40
struct log log;

static void recover_from_log(void);
void
initlog(void)
{
if (sizeof(struct logheader) >= BSIZE)
panic("initlog: too big logheader");
struct superblock sb;
initlock(&log.lock, "log");
readsb(ROOTDEV, &sb);
log.start = sb.size sb.nlog;
log.size = sb.nlog;
log.dev = ROOTDEV;
recover_from_log();
}
// Copy committed blocks from log to their home location
static void
install_trans(void)
{
int tail;
for (tail = 0; tail < log.lh.n; tail++) {
struct buf *lbuf = bread(log.dev, log.start+tail+1); // read log block
struct buf *dbuf = bread(log.dev, log.lh.sector[tail]); // read dst
memmove(dbuf>data, lbuf>data, BSIZE); // copy block to dst
bwrite(dbuf); // flush dst to disk
brelse(lbuf);
brelse(dbuf);
}
}
// Read the log header from disk into the inmemory log header
static void
read_head(void)
{
struct buf *buf = bread(log.dev, log.start);
struct logheader *lh = (struct logheader *) (buf>data);
int i;
log.lh.n = lh>n;
for (i = 0; i < log.lh.n; i++) {
log.lh.sector[i] = lh>sector[i];
}
brelse(buf);
}
Sheet 40
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/log.c Page 3
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/log.c Page 4
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4199
// Write inmemory log header to disk, committing log entries till head
static void
write_head(void)
{
struct buf *buf = bread(log.dev, log.start);
struct logheader *hb = (struct logheader *) (buf>data);
int i;
hb>n = log.lh.n;
for (i = 0; i < log.lh.n; i++) {
hb>sector[i] = log.lh.sector[i];
}
bwrite(buf);
brelse(buf);
}
static void
recover_from_log(void)
{
read_head();
install_trans(); // if committed, copy from log to disk
log.lh.n = 0;
write_head(); // clear the log
}
void
begin_trans(void)
{
acquire(&log.lock);
while (log.intrans) {
sleep(&log, &log.lock);
}
log.intrans = 1;
release(&log.lock);
}
void
commit_trans(void)
{
if (log.lh.n > 0) {
write_head();
// Causes all blocks till log.head to be commited
install_trans(); // Install all the transactions till head
log.lh.n = 0;
write_head();
// Reclaim log
}
acquire(&log.lock);
log.intrans = 0;
wakeup(&log);
release(&log.lock);
}
Sheet 41
// Caller has modified b>data and is done with the buffer.

// Append the block to the log and record the block number,
// but dont write the log header (which would commit the write).
// log_write() replaces bwrite(); a typical use is:
// bp = bread(...)
// modify bp>data[]
// log_write(bp)
// brelse(bp)
void
log_write(struct buf *b)
{
int i;
if (log.lh.n >= LOGSIZE || log.lh.n >= log.size 1)
panic("too big a transaction");
if (!log.intrans)
panic("write outside of trans");
for (i = 0; i < log.lh.n; i++) {
if (log.lh.sector[i] == b>sector) // log absorbtion?
break;
}
log.lh.sector[i] = b>sector;
struct buf *lbuf = bread(b>dev, log.start+i+1);
memmove(lbuf>data, b>data, BSIZE);
bwrite(lbuf);
brelse(lbuf);
if (i == log.lh.n)
log.lh.n++;
}
Sheet 41
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/log.c Page 5
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 1
4200 // Blank page.

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Sheet 42
Sheet 42
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
File system implementation. Four layers:

+ Blocks: allocator for raw disk blocks.
+ Files: inode allocator, reading, writing, metadata.
+ Directories: inode with special contents (list of other inodes!)
+ Names: paths like /usr/rtm/xv6/fs.c for convenient naming.
Disk layout is: superblock, inodes, block inuse bitmap, data blocks.
This file contains the lowlevel file system manipulation
routines. The (higherlevel) system call implementations
are in sysfile.c.
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"stat.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"spinlock.h"
"buf.h"
"fs.h"
"file.h"
#define min(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))

static void itrunc(struct inode*);
// Read the super block.
void
readsb(int dev, struct superblock *sb)
{
struct buf *bp;
bp = bread(dev, 1);
memmove(sb, bp>data, sizeof(*sb));
brelse(bp);
}
// Zero a block.
static void
bzero(int dev, int bno)
{
struct buf *bp;
bp = bread(dev, bno);
memset(bp>data, 0, BSIZE);
log_write(bp);
brelse(bp);
}
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 2
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 3
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4398
4399
// Blocks.
// Allocate a zeroed disk block.
static uint
balloc(uint dev)
{
int b, bi, m;
struct buf *bp;
bp = 0;
readsb(dev, &sb);
for(b = 0; b < sb.size; b += BPB){
bp = bread(dev, BBLOCK(b, sb.ninodes));
for(bi = 0; bi < BPB && bi < (sb.size b); bi++){
m = 1 << (bi % 8);
if((bp>data[bi/8] & m) == 0){ // Is block free?
bp>data[bi/8] |= m; // Mark block in use on disk.
log_write(bp);
brelse(bp);
bzero(dev, b + bi);
return b + bi;
}
}
brelse(bp);
}
panic("balloc: out of blocks");
}
// Free a disk block.
static void
bfree(int dev, uint b)
{
struct buf *bp;
int bi, m;
readsb(dev, &sb);
bp = bread(dev, BBLOCK(b, sb.ninodes));
bi = b % BPB;
m = 1 << (bi % 8);
if((bp>data[bi/8] & m) == 0)
panic("freeing free block");
bp>data[bi/8] &= ~m; // Mark block free on disk.
log_write(bp);
brelse(bp);
}
Sheet 43
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Inodes.
An inode is a single, unnamed file in the file system.
The inode disk structure holds metadata (the type, device numbers,
and data size) along with a list of blocks where the associated
data can be found.
The inodes are laid out sequentially on disk immediately after
the superblock. The kernel keeps a cache of the inuse
ondisk structures to provide a place for synchronizing access
to inodes shared between multiple processes.
ip>ref counts the number of pointer references to this cached
inode; references are typically kept in struct file and in proc>cwd.
When ip>ref falls to zero, the inode is no longer cached.
It is an error to use an inode without holding a reference to it.
Processes are only allowed to read and write inode
metadata and contents when holding the inodes lock,
represented by the I_BUSY flag in the inmemory copy.
Because inode locks are held during disk accesses,
they are implemented using a flag rather than with
spin locks. Callers are responsible for locking
inodes before passing them to routines in this file; leaving
this responsibility with the caller makes it possible for them
to create arbitrarilysized atomic operations.
To give maximum control over locking to the callers,
the routines in this file that return inode pointers
return pointers to *unlocked* inodes. It is the callers
responsibility to lock them before using them. A nonzero
ip>ref keeps these unlocked inodes in the cache.
struct {
struct inode inode[NINODE];
} icache;
void
iinit(void)
{
initlock(&icache.lock, "icache");
}
static struct inode* iget(uint dev, uint inum);
Sheet 43
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 4
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 5
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// Allocate a new inode with the given type on device dev.

struct inode*
ialloc(uint dev, short type)
{
int inum;
struct buf *bp;
struct dinode *dip;
readsb(dev, &sb);
for(inum = 1; inum < sb.ninodes; inum++){ // loop over inode blocks
bp = bread(dev, IBLOCK(inum));
dip = (struct dinode*)bp>data + inum%IPB;
if(dip>type == 0){ // a free inode
memset(dip, 0, sizeof(*dip));
dip>type = type;
log_write(bp); // mark it allocated on the disk
brelse(bp);
return iget(dev, inum);
}
brelse(bp);
}
panic("ialloc: no inodes");
}
// Copy inode, which has changed, from memory to disk.
void
iupdate(struct inode *ip)
{
struct buf *bp;
struct dinode *dip;
bp = bread(ip>dev, IBLOCK(ip>inum));
dip = (struct dinode*)bp>data + ip>inum%IPB;
dip>type = ip>type;
dip>major = ip>major;
dip>minor = ip>minor;
dip>nlink = ip>nlink;
dip>size = ip>size;
memmove(dip>addrs, ip>addrs, sizeof(ip>addrs));
log_write(bp);
brelse(bp);
}
Sheet 44
// Find the inode with number inum on device dev

// and return the inmemory copy.
static struct inode*
iget(uint dev, uint inum)
{
struct inode *ip, *empty;
acquire(&icache.lock);
// Try for cached inode.
empty = 0;
for(ip = &icache.inode[0]; ip < &icache.inode[NINODE]; ip++){
if(ip>ref > 0 && ip>dev == dev && ip>inum == inum){
ip>ref++;
release(&icache.lock);
return ip;
}
if(empty == 0 && ip>ref == 0)
// Remember empty slot.
empty = ip;
}
// Allocate fresh inode.
if(empty == 0)
panic("iget: no inodes");
ip = empty;
ip>dev = dev;
ip>inum = inum;
ip>ref = 1;
ip>flags = 0;
return ip;
}
// Increment reference count for ip.
// Returns ip to enable ip = idup(ip1) idiom.
struct inode*
idup(struct inode *ip)
{
ip>ref++;
return ip;
}
Sheet 44
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 6
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 7
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// Lock the given inode.

void
ilock(struct inode *ip)
{
struct buf *bp;
struct dinode *dip;
if(ip == 0 || ip>ref < 1)
panic("ilock");
while(ip>flags & I_BUSY)
sleep(ip, &icache.lock);
ip>flags |= I_BUSY;
if(!(ip>flags & I_VALID)){
bp = bread(ip>dev, IBLOCK(ip>inum));
dip = (struct dinode*)bp>data + ip>inum%IPB;
ip>type = dip>type;
ip>major = dip>major;
ip>minor = dip>minor;
ip>nlink = dip>nlink;
ip>size = dip>size;
memmove(ip>addrs, dip>addrs, sizeof(ip>addrs));
brelse(bp);
ip>flags |= I_VALID;
if(ip>type == 0)
panic("ilock: no type");
}
}
// Unlock the given inode.
void
iunlock(struct inode *ip)
{
if(ip == 0 || !(ip>flags & I_BUSY) || ip>ref < 1)
panic("iunlock");
ip>flags &= ~I_BUSY;
wakeup(ip);
}
Sheet 45
// Caller holds reference to unlocked ip. Drop reference.

void
iput(struct inode *ip)
{
if(ip>ref == 1 && (ip>flags & I_VALID) && ip>nlink == 0){
// inode is no longer used: truncate and free inode.
if(ip>flags & I_BUSY)
panic("iput busy");
ip>flags |= I_BUSY;
itrunc(ip);
ip>type = 0;
iupdate(ip);
ip>flags = 0;
wakeup(ip);
}
ip>ref;
}
// Common idiom: unlock, then put.
void
iunlockput(struct inode *ip)
{
iunlock(ip);
iput(ip);
}
Sheet 45
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 8
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 9
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4699
//
//
//
//
//
//
Inode contents
The contents (data) associated with each inode is stored
in a sequence of blocks on the disk. The first NDIRECT blocks
are listed in ip>addrs[]. The next NINDIRECT blocks are
listed in the block ip>addrs[NDIRECT].
// Return the disk block address of the nth block in inode ip.
// If there is no such block, bmap allocates one.
static uint
bmap(struct inode *ip, uint bn)
{
uint addr, *a;
struct buf *bp;
if(bn < NDIRECT){
if((addr = ip>addrs[bn]) == 0)
ip>addrs[bn] = addr = balloc(ip>dev);
return addr;
}
bn = NDIRECT;
if(bn < NINDIRECT){
// Load indirect block, allocating if necessary.
if((addr = ip>addrs[NDIRECT]) == 0)
ip>addrs[NDIRECT] = addr = balloc(ip>dev);
bp = bread(ip>dev, addr);
a = (uint*)bp>data;
if((addr = a[bn]) == 0){
a[bn] = addr = balloc(ip>dev);
log_write(bp);
}
brelse(bp);
return addr;
}
panic("bmap: out of range");
}
Sheet 46
// Truncate inode (discard contents).

// Only called after the last dirent referring
// to this inode has been erased on disk.
static void
itrunc(struct inode *ip)
{
int i, j;
struct buf *bp;
uint *a;
for(i = 0; i < NDIRECT; i++){
if(ip>addrs[i]){
bfree(ip>dev, ip>addrs[i]);
ip>addrs[i] = 0;
}
}
if(ip>addrs[NDIRECT]){
bp = bread(ip>dev, ip>addrs[NDIRECT]);
a = (uint*)bp>data;
for(j = 0; j < NINDIRECT; j++){
if(a[j])
bfree(ip>dev, a[j]);
}
brelse(bp);
bfree(ip>dev, ip>addrs[NDIRECT]);
ip>addrs[NDIRECT] = 0;
}
ip>size = 0;
iupdate(ip);
}
// Copy stat information from inode.
void
stati(struct inode *ip, struct stat *st)
{
st>dev = ip>dev;
st>ino = ip>inum;
st>type = ip>type;
st>nlink = ip>nlink;
st>size = ip>size;
}
Sheet 46
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 10
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 11
4700
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4790
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4793
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4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
// Read data from inode.

int
readi(struct inode *ip, char *dst, uint off, uint n)
{
uint tot, m;
struct buf *bp;
if(ip>type == T_DEV){
if(ip>major < 0 || ip>major >= NDEV || !devsw[ip>major].read)
return 1;
return devsw[ip>major].read(ip, dst, n);
}
if(off > ip>size || off + n < off)
return 1;
if(off + n > ip>size)
n = ip>size off;
for(tot=0; tot<n; tot+=m, off+=m, dst+=m){
bp = bread(ip>dev, bmap(ip, off/BSIZE));
m = min(n tot, BSIZE off%BSIZE);
memmove(dst, bp>data + off%BSIZE, m);
brelse(bp);
}
return n;
}
Sheet 47
// Write data to inode.

int
writei(struct inode *ip, char *src, uint off, uint n)
{
uint tot, m;
struct buf *bp;
if(ip>type == T_DEV){
if(ip>major < 0 || ip>major >= NDEV || !devsw[ip>major].write)
return 1;
return devsw[ip>major].write(ip, src, n);
}
if(off >
return
if(off +
return
ip>size || off + n < off)

1;
n > MAXFILE*BSIZE)
1;
for(tot=0; tot<n; tot+=m, off+=m, src+=m){

bp = bread(ip>dev, bmap(ip, off/BSIZE));
m = min(n tot, BSIZE off%BSIZE);
memmove(bp>data + off%BSIZE, src, m);
log_write(bp);
brelse(bp);
}
if(n > 0 && off > ip>size){
ip>size = off;
iupdate(ip);
}
return n;
}
Sheet 47
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 12
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 13
4800
4801
4802
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4851
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4855
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4860
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4869
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4871
4872
4873
4874
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4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
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4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
// Directories
int
namecmp(const char *s, const char *t)
{
return strncmp(s, t, DIRSIZ);
}
// Look for a directory entry in a directory.
// If found, set *poff to byte offset of entry.
// Caller must have already locked dp.
struct inode*
dirlookup(struct inode *dp, char *name, uint *poff)
{
uint off, inum;
struct dirent de;
if(dp>type != T_DIR)
panic("dirlookup not DIR");
for(off = 0; off < dp>size; off += sizeof(de)){
if(readi(dp, (char*)&de, off, sizeof(de)) != sizeof(de))
panic("dirlink read");
if(de.inum == 0)
continue;
if(namecmp(name, de.name) == 0){
// entry matches path element
if(poff)
*poff = off;
inum = de.inum;
return iget(dp>dev, inum);
}
}
return 0;
}
Sheet 48
// Write a new directory entry (name, inum) into the directory dp.
int
dirlink(struct inode *dp, char *name, uint inum)
{
int off;
struct dirent de;
struct inode *ip;
// Check that name is not present.
if((ip = dirlookup(dp, name, 0)) != 0){
iput(ip);
return 1;
}
// Look for an empty dirent.
for(off = 0; off < dp>size; off += sizeof(de)){
panic("dirlink read");
if(de.inum == 0)
break;
}
strncpy(de.name, name, DIRSIZ);
de.inum = inum;
if(writei(dp, (char*)&de, off, sizeof(de)) != sizeof(de))
panic("dirlink");
return 0;
}
Sheet 48
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 14
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/fs.c Page 15
4900
4901
4902
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4904
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4921
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4955
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4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
// Paths
// Copy the next path element from path into name.
// Return a pointer to the element following the copied one.
// The returned path has no leading slashes,
// so the caller can check *path==\0 to see if the name is the last one.
// If no name to remove, return 0.
//
// Examples:
// skipelem("a/bb/c", name) = "bb/c", setting name = "a"
// skipelem("///a//bb", name) = "bb", setting name = "a"
// skipelem("a", name) = "", setting name = "a"
// skipelem("", name) = skipelem("////", name) = 0
//
static char*
skipelem(char *path, char *name)
{
char *s;
int len;
while(*path == /)
path++;
if(*path == 0)
return 0;
s = path;
while(*path != / && *path != 0)
path++;
len = path s;
if(len >= DIRSIZ)
memmove(name, s, DIRSIZ);
else {
memmove(name, s, len);
name[len] = 0;
}
while(*path == /)
path++;
return path;
}
Sheet 49
// Look up and return the inode for a path name.

// If parent != 0, return the inode for the parent and copy the final
// path element into name, which must have room for DIRSIZ bytes.
namex(char *path, int nameiparent, char *name)
{
struct inode *ip, *next;
if(*path == /)
ip = iget(ROOTDEV, ROOTINO);
else
ip = idup(proc>cwd);
while((path = skipelem(path, name)) != 0){
ilock(ip);
if(ip>type != T_DIR){
iunlockput(ip);
return 0;
}
if(nameiparent && *path == \0){
// Stop one level early.
iunlock(ip);
return ip;
}
if((next = dirlookup(ip, name, 0)) == 0){
iunlockput(ip);
return 0;
}
iunlockput(ip);
ip = next;
}
if(nameiparent){
iput(ip);
return 0;
}
return ip;
}
struct inode*
namei(char *path)
{
char name[DIRSIZ];
return namex(path, 0, name);
}
struct inode*
nameiparent(char *path, char *name)
{
return namex(path, 1, name);
}
Sheet 49
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/file.c Page 1
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
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5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"fs.h"
"file.h"
"spinlock.h"
struct devsw devsw[NDEV];

struct {
struct file file[NFILE];
} ftable;
void
fileinit(void)
{
initlock(&ftable.lock, "ftable");
}
// Allocate a file structure.
struct file*
filealloc(void)
{
struct file *f;
acquire(&ftable.lock);
for(f = ftable.file; f < ftable.file + NFILE; f++){
if(f>ref == 0){
f>ref = 1;
release(&ftable.lock);
return f;
}
}
return 0;
}
// Increment ref count for file f.
struct file*
filedup(struct file *f)
{
if(f>ref < 1)
panic("filedup");
f>ref++;
return f;
}
Sheet 50
// Close file f. (Decrement ref count, close when reaches 0.)

void
fileclose(struct file *f)
{
struct file ff;
if(f>ref < 1)
panic("fileclose");
if(f>ref > 0){
return;
}
ff = *f;
f>ref = 0;
f>type = FD_NONE;
if(ff.type == FD_PIPE)
pipeclose(ff.pipe, ff.writable);
else if(ff.type == FD_INODE){
begin_trans();
iput(ff.ip);
commit_trans();
}
}
// Get metadata about file f.
int
filestat(struct file *f, struct stat *st)
{
if(f>type == FD_INODE){
ilock(f>ip);
stati(f>ip, st);
iunlock(f>ip);
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
Sheet 50
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
// Read from file f. Addr is kernel address.

int
fileread(struct file *f, char *addr, int n)
{
int r;
if(f>readable == 0)
return 1;
if(f>type == FD_PIPE)
return piperead(f>pipe, addr, n);
ilock(f>ip);
if((r = readi(f>ip, addr, f>off, n)) > 0)
f>off += r;
iunlock(f>ip);
return r;
}
panic("fileread");
}
Sheet 51
// Write to file f. Addr is kernel address.

int
filewrite(struct file *f, char *addr, int n)
{
int r;
if(f>writable == 0)
return 1;
if(f>type == FD_PIPE)
return pipewrite(f>pipe, addr, n);
// write a few blocks at a time to avoid exceeding
// the maximum log transaction size, including
// inode, indirect block, allocation blocks,
// and 2 blocks of slop for nonaligned writes.
// this really belongs lower down, since writei()
// might be writing a device like the console.
int max = ((LOGSIZE112) / 2) * 512;
int i = 0;
while(i < n){
int n1 = n i;
if(n1 > max)
n1 = max;
begin_trans();
ilock(f>ip);
if ((r = writei(f>ip, addr + i, f>off, n1)) > 0)
f>off += r;
iunlock(f>ip);
commit_trans();
if(r < 0)
break;
if(r != n1)
panic("short filewrite");
i += r;
}
return i == n ? n : 1;
}
panic("filewrite");
}
Sheet 51
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sysfile.c Page 1
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"stat.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"fs.h"
"file.h"
"fcntl.h"
// Fetch the nth wordsized system call argument as a file descriptor

// and return both the descriptor and the corresponding struct file.
static int
argfd(int n, int *pfd, struct file **pf)
{
int fd;
struct file *f;
if(argint(n, &fd) < 0)
return 1;
if(fd < 0 || fd >= NOFILE || (f=proc>ofile[fd]) == 0)
return 1;
if(pfd)
*pfd = fd;
if(pf)
*pf = f;
return 0;
}
// Allocate a file descriptor for the given file.
// Takes over file reference from caller on success.
static int
fdalloc(struct file *f)
{
int fd;
for(fd = 0; fd < NOFILE; fd++){
if(proc>ofile[fd] == 0){
proc>ofile[fd] = f;
return fd;
}
}
return 1;
}
Sheet 52
int
sys_dup(void)
{
struct file *f;
int fd;
if(argfd(0, 0, &f) < 0)
return 1;
if((fd=fdalloc(f)) < 0)
return 1;
filedup(f);
return fd;
}
int
sys_read(void)
{
struct file *f;
int n;
char *p;
if(argfd(0, 0, &f) < 0 || argint(2, &n) < 0 || argptr(1, &p, n) < 0)
return 1;
return fileread(f, p, n);
}
int
sys_write(void)
{
struct file *f;
int n;
char *p;
if(argfd(0, 0, &f) < 0 || argint(2, &n) < 0 || argptr(1, &p, n) < 0)
return 1;
return filewrite(f, p, n);
}
int
sys_close(void)
{
int fd;
struct file *f;
if(argfd(0, &fd, &f) < 0)
return 1;
proc>ofile[fd] = 0;
fileclose(f);
return 0;
}
Sheet 52
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
int
sys_fstat(void)
{
struct file *f;
struct stat *st;
if(argfd(0, 0, &f) < 0 || argptr(1, (void*)&st, sizeof(*st)) < 0)
return 1;
return filestat(f, st);
}
// Create the path new as a link to the same inode as old.
int
sys_link(void)
{
char name[DIRSIZ], *new, *old;
struct inode *dp, *ip;
if(argstr(0, &old) < 0 || argstr(1, &new) < 0)
return 1;
if((ip = namei(old)) == 0)
return 1;
begin_trans();
ilock(ip);
if(ip>type == T_DIR){
iunlockput(ip);
commit_trans();
return 1;
}
ip>nlink++;
iupdate(ip);
iunlock(ip);
if((dp = nameiparent(new, name)) == 0)
goto bad;
ilock(dp);
if(dp>dev != ip>dev || dirlink(dp, name, ip>inum) < 0){
iunlockput(dp);
goto bad;
}
iunlockput(dp);
iput(ip);
commit_trans();
return 0;
Sheet 53
bad:
ilock(ip);
ip>nlink;
iupdate(ip);
iunlockput(ip);
commit_trans();
return 1;
}
// Is the directory dp empty except for "." and ".." ?
static int
isdirempty(struct inode *dp)
{
int off;
struct dirent de;
for(off=2*sizeof(de); off<dp>size; off+=sizeof(de)){
panic("isdirempty: readi");
if(de.inum != 0)
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
Sheet 53
5400 int
5401 sys_unlink(void)
5402 {
5403 struct inode *ip, *dp;
5404 struct dirent de;
5405 char name[DIRSIZ], *path;
5406 uint off;
5407
5408 if(argstr(0, &path) < 0)
5409
return 1;
5410 if((dp = nameiparent(path, name)) == 0)
5411
return 1;
5412
5413 begin_trans();
5414
5415 ilock(dp);
5416
5417 // Cannot unlink "." or "..".
5418 if(namecmp(name, ".") == 0 || namecmp(name, "..") == 0)
5419
goto bad;
5420
5421 if((ip = dirlookup(dp, name, &off)) == 0)
5422
goto bad;
5423 ilock(ip);
5424
5425 if(ip>nlink < 1)
5426
panic("unlink: nlink < 1");
5427 if(ip>type == T_DIR && !isdirempty(ip)){
5428
iunlockput(ip);
5429
goto bad;
5430 }
5431
5432 memset(&de, 0, sizeof(de));
5433 if(writei(dp, (char*)&de, off, sizeof(de)) != sizeof(de))
5434
panic("unlink: writei");
5435 if(ip>type == T_DIR){
5436
dp>nlink;
5437
iupdate(dp);
5438 }
5439 iunlockput(dp);
5440
5441 ip>nlink;
5442 iupdate(ip);
5443 iunlockput(ip);
5444
5445 commit_trans();
5446
5447 return 0;
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
Sheet 54
Sheet 54
bad:
iunlockput(dp);
commit_trans();
return 1;
}
create(char *path, short type, short major, short minor)
{
uint off;
struct inode *ip, *dp;
char name[DIRSIZ];
if((dp = nameiparent(path, name)) == 0)
return 0;
ilock(dp);
if((ip = dirlookup(dp, name, &off)) != 0){
iunlockput(dp);
ilock(ip);
if(type == T_FILE && ip>type == T_FILE)
return ip;
iunlockput(ip);
return 0;
}
if((ip = ialloc(dp>dev, type)) == 0)
panic("create: ialloc");
ilock(ip);
ip>major = major;
ip>minor = minor;
ip>nlink = 1;
iupdate(ip);
if(type == T_DIR){ // Create . and .. entries.
dp>nlink++; // for ".."
iupdate(dp);
// No ip>nlink++ for ".": avoid cyclic ref count.
if(dirlink(ip, ".", ip>inum) < 0 || dirlink(ip, "..", dp>inum) < 0)
panic("create dots");
}
if(dirlink(dp, name, ip>inum) < 0)
panic("create: dirlink");
iunlockput(dp);
return ip;
}
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
int
sys_open(void)
{
char *path;
int fd, omode;
struct file *f;
struct inode *ip;
if(argstr(0, &path) < 0 || argint(1, &omode) < 0)
return 1;
if(omode & O_CREATE){
begin_trans();
ip = create(path, T_FILE, 0, 0);
commit_trans();
if(ip == 0)
return 1;
} else {
if((ip = namei(path)) == 0)
return 1;
ilock(ip);
if(ip>type == T_DIR && omode != O_RDONLY){
iunlockput(ip);
return 1;
}
}
if((f = filealloc()) == 0 || (fd = fdalloc(f)) < 0){
if(f)
fileclose(f);
iunlockput(ip);
return 1;
}
iunlock(ip);
f>type = FD_INODE;
f>ip = ip;
f>off = 0;
f>readable = !(omode & O_WRONLY);
f>writable = (omode & O_WRONLY) || (omode & O_RDWR);
return fd;
}
Sheet 55
int
sys_mkdir(void)
{
char *path;
struct inode *ip;
begin_trans();
if(argstr(0, &path) < 0 || (ip = create(path, T_DIR, 0, 0)) == 0){
commit_trans();
return 1;
}
iunlockput(ip);
commit_trans();
return 0;
}
int
sys_mknod(void)
{
struct inode *ip;
char *path;
int len;
int major, minor;
begin_trans();
if((len=argstr(0, &path)) < 0 ||
argint(1, &major) < 0 ||
argint(2, &minor) < 0 ||
(ip = create(path, T_DEV, major, minor)) == 0){
commit_trans();
return 1;
}
iunlockput(ip);
commit_trans();
return 0;
}
Sheet 55
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
int
sys_chdir(void)
{
char *path;
struct inode *ip;
if(argstr(0, &path) < 0 || (ip = namei(path)) == 0)
return 1;
ilock(ip);
if(ip>type != T_DIR){
iunlockput(ip);
return 1;
}
iunlock(ip);
iput(proc>cwd);
proc>cwd = ip;
return 0;
}
int
sys_exec(void)
{
char *path, *argv[MAXARG];
int i;
uint uargv, uarg;
if(argstr(0, &path) < 0 || argint(1, (int*)&uargv) < 0){
return 1;
}
memset(argv, 0, sizeof(argv));
for(i=0;; i++){
if(i >= NELEM(argv))
return 1;
if(fetchint(proc, uargv+4*i, (int*)&uarg) < 0)
return 1;
if(uarg == 0){
argv[i] = 0;
break;
}
if(fetchstr(proc, uarg, &argv[i]) < 0)
return 1;
}
return exec(path, argv);
}
Sheet 56
int
sys_pipe(void)
{
int *fd;
struct file *rf, *wf;
int fd0, fd1;
if(argptr(0, (void*)&fd, 2*sizeof(fd[0])) < 0)
return 1;
if(pipealloc(&rf, &wf) < 0)
return 1;
fd0 = 1;
if((fd0 = fdalloc(rf)) < 0 || (fd1 = fdalloc(wf)) < 0){
if(fd0 >= 0)
proc>ofile[fd0] = 0;
fileclose(rf);
fileclose(wf);
return 1;
}
fd[0] = fd0;
fd[1] = fd1;
return 0;
}
Sheet 56
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/exec.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/exec.c Page 2
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750 // Allocate two pages at the next page boundary.

5751 // Make the first inaccessible. Use the second as the user stack.
5752 sz = PGROUNDUP(sz);
5753 if((sz = allocuvm(pgdir, sz, sz + 2*PGSIZE)) == 0)
5754
goto bad;
5755 clearpteu(pgdir, (char*)(sz 2*PGSIZE));
5756 sp = sz;
5757
5758 // Push argument strings, prepare rest of stack in ustack.
5759 for(argc = 0; argv[argc]; argc++) {
5760
if(argc >= MAXARG)
5761
goto bad;
5762
sp = (sp (strlen(argv[argc]) + 1)) & ~3;
5763
if(copyout(pgdir, sp, argv[argc], strlen(argv[argc]) + 1) < 0)
5764
goto bad;
5765
ustack[3+argc] = sp;
5766 }
5767 ustack[3+argc] = 0;
5768
5769 ustack[0] = 0xffffffff; // fake return PC
5770 ustack[1] = argc;
5771 ustack[2] = sp (argc+1)*4; // argv pointer
5772
5773 sp = (3+argc+1) * 4;
5774 if(copyout(pgdir, sp, ustack, (3+argc+1)*4) < 0)
5775
goto bad;
5776
5777 // Save program name for debugging.
5778 for(last=s=path; *s; s++)
5779
if(*s == /)
5780
last = s+1;
5781 safestrcpy(proc>name, last, sizeof(proc>name));
5782
5783 // Commit to the user image.
5784 oldpgdir = proc>pgdir;
5785 proc>pgdir = pgdir;
5786 proc>sz = sz;
5787 proc>tf>eip = elf.entry; // main
5788 proc>tf>esp = sp;
5789 switchuvm(proc);
5790 freevm(oldpgdir);
5791 return 0;
5792
5793 bad:
5794 if(pgdir)
5795
freevm(pgdir);
5796 if(ip)
5797
iunlockput(ip);
5798 return 1;
5799 }
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"defs.h"
"x86.h"
"elf.h"
int
exec(char *path, char **argv)
{
char *s, *last;
int i, off;
uint argc, sz, sp, ustack[3+MAXARG+1];
struct elfhdr elf;
struct inode *ip;
struct proghdr ph;
pde_t *pgdir, *oldpgdir;
if((ip = namei(path)) == 0)
return 1;
ilock(ip);
pgdir = 0;
// Check ELF header
if(readi(ip, (char*)&elf, 0, sizeof(elf)) < sizeof(elf))
goto bad;
if(elf.magic != ELF_MAGIC)
goto bad;
if((pgdir = setupkvm(kalloc)) == 0)
goto bad;
// Load program into memory.
sz = 0;
for(i=0, off=elf.phoff; i<elf.phnum; i++, off+=sizeof(ph)){
if(readi(ip, (char*)&ph, off, sizeof(ph)) != sizeof(ph))
goto bad;
if(ph.type != ELF_PROG_LOAD)
continue;
if(ph.memsz < ph.filesz)
goto bad;
if((sz = allocuvm(pgdir, sz, ph.vaddr + ph.memsz)) == 0)
goto bad;
if(loaduvm(pgdir, (char*)ph.vaddr, ip, ph.off, ph.filesz) < 0)
goto bad;
}
iunlockput(ip);
ip = 0;
Sheet 57
Sheet 57
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/pipe.c Page 1
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"fs.h"
"file.h"
"spinlock.h"
#define PIPESIZE 512

struct pipe {
char data[PIPESIZE];
uint nread;
// number of bytes read
uint nwrite;
// number of bytes written
int readopen; // read fd is still open
int writeopen; // write fd is still open
};
int
pipealloc(struct file **f0, struct file **f1)
{
struct pipe *p;
p = 0;
*f0 = *f1 = 0;
if((*f0 = filealloc()) == 0 || (*f1 = filealloc()) == 0)
goto bad;
if((p = (struct pipe*)kalloc()) == 0)
goto bad;
p>readopen = 1;
p>writeopen = 1;
p>nwrite = 0;
p>nread = 0;
initlock(&p>lock, "pipe");
(*f0)>type = FD_PIPE;
(*f0)>readable = 1;
(*f0)>writable = 0;
(*f0)>pipe = p;
(*f1)>type = FD_PIPE;
(*f1)>readable = 0;
(*f1)>writable = 1;
(*f1)>pipe = p;
return 0;
Sheet 58
bad:
if(p)
kfree((char*)p);
if(*f0)
fileclose(*f0);
if(*f1)
fileclose(*f1);
return 1;
}
void
pipeclose(struct pipe *p, int writable)
{
acquire(&p>lock);
if(writable){
p>writeopen = 0;
wakeup(&p>nread);
} else {
p>readopen = 0;
wakeup(&p>nwrite);
}
if(p>readopen == 0 && p>writeopen == 0){
release(&p>lock);
kfree((char*)p);
} else
release(&p>lock);
}
int
pipewrite(struct pipe *p, char *addr, int n)
{
int i;
acquire(&p>lock);
for(i = 0; i < n; i++){
while(p>nwrite == p>nread + PIPESIZE){
if(p>readopen == 0 || proc>killed){
release(&p>lock);
return 1;
}
wakeup(&p>nread);
sleep(&p>nwrite, &p>lock);
}
p>data[p>nwrite++ % PIPESIZE] = addr[i];
}
wakeup(&p>nread);
release(&p>lock);
return n;
}
Sheet 58
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/string.c Page 1
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
int
piperead(struct pipe *p, char *addr, int n)
{
int i;
acquire(&p>lock);
while(p>nread == p>nwrite && p>writeopen){
if(proc>killed){
release(&p>lock);
return 1;
}
sleep(&p>nread, &p>lock);
}
for(i = 0; i < n; i++){
if(p>nread == p>nwrite)
break;
addr[i] = p>data[p>nread++ % PIPESIZE];
}
wakeup(&p>nwrite);
release(&p>lock);
return i;
}
Sheet 59
#include "types.h"
#include "x86.h"
void*
memset(void *dst, int c, uint n)
{
if ((int)dst%4 == 0 && n%4 == 0){
c &= 0xFF;
stosl(dst, (c<<24)|(c<<16)|(c<<8)|c, n/4);
} else
stosb(dst, c, n);
return dst;
}
int
memcmp(const void *v1, const void *v2, uint n)
{
const uchar *s1, *s2;
s1 = v1;
s2 = v2;
while(n > 0){
if(*s1 != *s2)
return *s1 *s2;
s1++, s2++;
}
return 0;
}
void*
memmove(void *dst, const void *src, uint n)
{
const char *s;
char *d;
s = src;
d = dst;
if(s < d && s + n > d){
s += n;
d += n;
while(n > 0)
*d = *s;
} else
while(n > 0)
*d++ = *s++;
return dst;
}
Sheet 59
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
// memcpy exists to placate GCC. Use memmove.

void*
memcpy(void *dst, const void *src, uint n)
{
return memmove(dst, src, n);
}
int
strncmp(const char *p, const char *q, uint n)
{
while(n > 0 && *p && *p == *q)
n, p++, q++;
if(n == 0)
return 0;
return (uchar)*p (uchar)*q;
}
char*
strncpy(char *s, const char *t, int n)
{
char *os;
os = s;
while(n > 0 && (*s++ = *t++) != 0)
;
while(n > 0)
*s++ = 0;
return os;
}
// Like strncpy but guaranteed to NULterminate.
char*
safestrcpy(char *s, const char *t, int n)
{
char *os;
os = s;
if(n <= 0)
return os;
while(n > 0 && (*s++ = *t++) != 0)
;
*s = 0;
return os;
}
Sheet 60
int
strlen(const char *s)
{
int n;
for(n = 0; s[n]; n++)
;
return n;
}
Sheet 60
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mp.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mp.h Page 2
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
// See MultiProcessor Specification Version 1.[14]

struct mp {
uchar signature[4];
void *physaddr;
uchar length;
uchar specrev;
uchar checksum;
uchar type;
uchar imcrp;
uchar reserved[3];
};
// floating pointer
// "_MP_"
// phys addr of MP config table
// 1
// [14]
// all bytes must add up to 0
// MP system config type
struct mpconf {
uchar signature[4];
ushort length;
uchar version;
uchar checksum;
uchar product[20];
uint *oemtable;
ushort oemlength;
ushort entry;
uint *lapicaddr;
ushort xlength;
uchar xchecksum;
uchar reserved;
};
// configuration table header

// "PCMP"
// total table length
// [14]
// all bytes must add up to 0
// product id
// OEM table pointer
// OEM table length
// entry count
// address of local APIC
// extended table length
// extended table checksum
struct mpproc {
// processor table entry
uchar type;
// entry type (0)
uchar apicid;
// local APIC id
uchar version;
// local APIC verison
uchar flags;
// CPU flags
#define MPBOOT 0x02
// This proc is the bootstrap processor.
uchar signature[4];
// CPU signature
uint feature;
// feature flags from CPUID instruction
uchar reserved[8];
};
struct mpioapic {
uchar type;
uchar apicno;
uchar version;
uchar flags;
uint *addr;
};
Sheet 61
// I/O APIC table entry

// entry type (2)
// I/O APIC id
// I/O APIC version
// I/O APIC flags
// I/O APIC address
// Table entry types

#define MPPROC
0x00
#define MPBUS
0x01
#define MPIOAPIC 0x02
#define MPIOINTR 0x03
#define MPLINTR 0x04
Sheet 61
//
//
//
//
//
One
One
One
One
One
per
per
per
per
per
processor
bus
I/O APIC
bus interrupt source
system interrupt source
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mp.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mp.c Page 2
6200
6201
6202
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6204
6205
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6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
// Multiprocessor support
// Search memory for MP description structures.
// http://developer.intel.com/design/pentium/datashts/24201606.pdf
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mp.h"
"x86.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
struct cpu cpus[NCPU];

static struct cpu *bcpu;
int ismp;
int ncpu;
uchar ioapicid;
int
mpbcpu(void)
{
return bcpucpus;
}
static uchar
sum(uchar *addr, int len)
{
int i, sum;
sum = 0;
for(i=0; i<len; i++)
sum += addr[i];
return sum;
}
// Look for an MP structure in the len bytes at addr.
static struct mp*
mpsearch1(uint a, int len)
{
uchar *e, *p, *addr;
addr = p2v(a);
e = addr+len;
for(p = addr; p < e; p += sizeof(struct mp))
if(memcmp(p, "_MP_", 4) == 0 && sum(p, sizeof(struct mp)) == 0)
return (struct mp*)p;
return 0;
}
Sheet 62
// Search for the MP Floating Pointer Structure, which according to the

// spec is in one of the following three locations:
// 1) in the first KB of the EBDA;
// 2) in the last KB of system base memory;
// 3) in the BIOS ROM between 0xE0000 and 0xFFFFF.
static struct mp*
mpsearch(void)
{
uchar *bda;
uint p;
struct mp *mp;
bda = (uchar *) P2V(0x400);
if((p = ((bda[0x0F]<<8)| bda[0x0E]) << 4)){
if((mp = mpsearch1(p, 1024)))
return mp;
} else {
p = ((bda[0x14]<<8)|bda[0x13])*1024;
if((mp = mpsearch1(p1024, 1024)))
return mp;
}
return mpsearch1(0xF0000, 0x10000);
}
// Search for an MP configuration table. For now,
// dont accept the default configurations (physaddr == 0).
// Check for correct signature, calculate the checksum and,
// if correct, check the version.
// To do: check extended table checksum.
static struct mpconf*
mpconfig(struct mp **pmp)
{
struct mpconf *conf;
struct mp *mp;
if((mp = mpsearch()) == 0 || mp>physaddr == 0)
return 0;
conf = (struct mpconf*) p2v((uint) mp>physaddr);
if(memcmp(conf, "PCMP", 4) != 0)
return 0;
if(conf>version != 1 && conf>version != 4)
return 0;
if(sum((uchar*)conf, conf>length) != 0)
return 0;
*pmp = mp;
return conf;
}
Sheet 62
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mp.c Page 3
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mp.c Page 4
6300 void
6301 mpinit(void)
6302 {
6303 uchar *p, *e;
6304 struct mp *mp;
6305 struct mpconf *conf;
6306 struct mpproc *proc;
6307 struct mpioapic *ioapic;
6308
6309 bcpu = &cpus[0];
6310 if((conf = mpconfig(&mp)) == 0)
6311
return;
6312 ismp = 1;
6313 lapic = (uint*)conf>lapicaddr;
6314 for(p=(uchar*)(conf+1), e=(uchar*)conf+conf>length; p<e; ){
6315
switch(*p){
6316
case MPPROC:
6317
proc = (struct mpproc*)p;
6318
if(ncpu != proc>apicid){
6319
cprintf("mpinit: ncpu=%d apicid=%d\n", ncpu, proc>apicid);
6320
ismp = 0;
6321
}
6322
if(proc>flags & MPBOOT)
6323
bcpu = &cpus[ncpu];
6324
cpus[ncpu].id = ncpu;
6325
ncpu++;
6326
p += sizeof(struct mpproc);
6327
continue;
6328
case MPIOAPIC:
6329
ioapic = (struct mpioapic*)p;
6330
ioapicid = ioapic>apicno;
6331
p += sizeof(struct mpioapic);
6332
continue;
6333
case MPBUS:
6334
case MPIOINTR:
6335
case MPLINTR:
6336
p += 8;
6337
continue;
6338
default:
6339
cprintf("mpinit: unknown config type %x\n", *p);
6340
ismp = 0;
6341
}
6342 }
6343 if(!ismp){
6344
// Didnt like what we found; fall back to no MP.
6345
ncpu = 1;
6346
lapic = 0;
6347
ioapicid = 0;
6348
return;
6349 }
6350 if(mp>imcrp){
6351
// Bochs doesnt support IMCR, so this doesnt run on Bochs.
6352
// But it would on real hardware.
6353
outb(0x22, 0x70); // Select IMCR
6354
outb(0x23, inb(0x23) | 1); // Mask external interrupts.
6355 }
6356 }
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
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Sheet 63
Sheet 63
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/lapic.c Page 1
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// The local APIC manages internal (nonI/O) interrupts.

// See Chapter 8 & Appendix C of Intel processor manual volume 3.
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"memlayout.h"
"traps.h"
"mmu.h"
"x86.h"
// Local APIC registers, divided by 4 for use as uint[] indices.

#define ID
(0x0020/4) // ID
#define VER
(0x0030/4) // Version
#define TPR
(0x0080/4) // Task Priority
#define EOI
(0x00B0/4) // EOI
#define SVR
(0x00F0/4) // Spurious Interrupt Vector
#define ENABLE
0x00000100 // Unit Enable
#define ESR
(0x0280/4) // Error Status
#define ICRLO (0x0300/4) // Interrupt Command
#define INIT
0x00000500 // INIT/RESET
#define STARTUP
0x00000600 // Startup IPI
#define DELIVS
0x00001000 // Delivery status
#define ASSERT
0x00004000 // Assert interrupt (vs deassert)
#define DEASSERT 0x00000000
#define LEVEL
0x00008000 // Level triggered
#define BCAST
0x00080000 // Send to all APICs, including self.
#define BUSY
0x00001000
#define FIXED
0x00000000
#define ICRHI (0x0310/4) // Interrupt Command [63:32]
#define TIMER (0x0320/4) // Local Vector Table 0 (TIMER)
#define X1
0x0000000B // divide counts by 1
#define PERIODIC 0x00020000 // Periodic
#define PCINT (0x0340/4) // Performance Counter LVT
#define LINT0 (0x0350/4) // Local Vector Table 1 (LINT0)
#define LINT1 (0x0360/4) // Local Vector Table 2 (LINT1)
#define ERROR (0x0370/4) // Local Vector Table 3 (ERROR)
#define MASKED
0x00010000 // Interrupt masked
#define TICR
(0x0380/4) // Timer Initial Count
#define TCCR
(0x0390/4) // Timer Current Count
#define TDCR
(0x03E0/4) // Timer Divide Configuration
volatile uint *lapic; // Initialized in mp.c
static void
lapicw(int index, int value)
{
lapic[index] = value;
lapic[ID]; // wait for write to finish, by reading
}
Sheet 64
void
lapicinit(int c)
{
if(!lapic)
return;
// Enable local APIC; set spurious interrupt vector.
lapicw(SVR, ENABLE | (T_IRQ0 + IRQ_SPURIOUS));
// The timer repeatedly counts down at bus frequency
// from lapic[TICR] and then issues an interrupt.
// If xv6 cared more about precise timekeeping,
// TICR would be calibrated using an external time source.
lapicw(TDCR, X1);
lapicw(TIMER, PERIODIC | (T_IRQ0 + IRQ_TIMER));
lapicw(TICR, 10000000);
// Disable logical interrupt lines.
lapicw(LINT0, MASKED);
lapicw(LINT1, MASKED);
// Disable performance counter overflow interrupts
// on machines that provide that interrupt entry.
if(((lapic[VER]>>16) & 0xFF) >= 4)
lapicw(PCINT, MASKED);
// Map error interrupt to IRQ_ERROR.
lapicw(ERROR, T_IRQ0 + IRQ_ERROR);
// Clear error status register (requires backtoback writes).
lapicw(ESR, 0);
lapicw(ESR, 0);
// Ack any outstanding interrupts.
lapicw(EOI, 0);
// Send an Init Level DeAssert to synchronise arbitration IDs.
lapicw(ICRHI, 0);
lapicw(ICRLO, BCAST | INIT | LEVEL);
while(lapic[ICRLO] & DELIVS)
;
// Enable interrupts on the APIC (but not on the processor).
lapicw(TPR, 0);
}
Sheet 64
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6572 }
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6599
int
cpunum(void)
{
// Cannot call cpu when interrupts are enabled:
// result not guaranteed to last long enough to be used!
// Would prefer to panic but even printing is chancy here:
// almost everything, including cprintf and panic, calls cpu,
// often indirectly through acquire and release.
if(readeflags()&FL_IF){
static int n;
if(n++ == 0)
cprintf("cpu called from %x with interrupts enabled\n",
__builtin_return_address(0));
}
if(lapic)
return lapic[ID]>>24;
return 0;
}
// Acknowledge interrupt.
void
lapiceoi(void)
{
if(lapic)
lapicw(EOI, 0);
}
// Spin for a given number of microseconds.
// On real hardware would want to tune this dynamically.
void
microdelay(int us)
{
}
#define IO_RTC 0x70
// Start additional processor running entry code at addr.
// See Appendix B of MultiProcessor Specification.
void
lapicstartap(uchar apicid, uint addr)
{
int i;
ushort *wrv;
// "The BSP must initialize CMOS shutdown code to 0AH
// and the warm reset vector (DWORD based at 40:67) to point at
// the AP startup code prior to the [universal startup algorithm]."
outb(IO_RTC, 0xF); // offset 0xF is shutdown code
outb(IO_RTC+1, 0x0A);
Sheet 65
wrv = (ushort*)P2V((0x40<<4 | 0x67)); // Warm reset vector

wrv[0] = 0;
wrv[1] = addr >> 4;
// "Universal startup algorithm."
// Send INIT (leveltriggered) interrupt to reset other CPU.
lapicw(ICRHI, apicid<<24);
lapicw(ICRLO, INIT | LEVEL | ASSERT);
microdelay(200);
lapicw(ICRLO, INIT | LEVEL);
microdelay(100);
// should be 10ms, but too slow in Bochs!
// Send startup IPI (twice!) to enter code.
// Regular hardware is supposed to only accept a STARTUP
// when it is in the halted state due to an INIT. So the second
// should be ignored, but it is part of the official Intel algorithm.
// Bochs complains about the second one. Too bad for Bochs.
for(i = 0; i < 2; i++){
lapicw(ICRHI, apicid<<24);
lapicw(ICRLO, STARTUP | (addr>>12));
microdelay(200);
}
Sheet 65
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/ioapic.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/ioapic.c Page 2
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6699
// The I/O APIC manages hardware interrupts for an SMP system.

// http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/datashts/29056601.pdf
// See also picirq.c.
#include "types.h"
#include "defs.h"
#include "traps.h"
#define IOAPIC 0xFEC00000
// Default physical address of IO APIC
#define REG_ID
0x00 // Register index: ID
#define REG_VER
0x01 // Register index: version
#define REG_TABLE 0x10 // Redirection table base
// The redirection table starts at REG_TABLE and uses
// two registers to configure each interrupt.
// The first (low) register in a pair contains configuration bits.
// The second (high) register contains a bitmask telling which
// CPUs can serve that interrupt.
#define INT_DISABLED 0x00010000 // Interrupt disabled
#define INT_LEVEL
0x00008000 // Leveltriggered (vs edge)
#define INT_ACTIVELOW 0x00002000 // Active low (vs high)
#define INT_LOGICAL
0x00000800 // Destination is CPU id (vs APIC ID)
volatile struct ioapic *ioapic;
// IO APIC MMIO structure: write reg, then read or write data.
struct ioapic {
uint reg;
uint pad[3];
uint data;
};
static uint
ioapicread(int reg)
{
ioapic>reg = reg;
return ioapic>data;
}
static void
ioapicwrite(int reg, uint data)
{
ioapic>reg = reg;
ioapic>data = data;
}
Sheet 66
void
ioapicinit(void)
{
int i, id, maxintr;
if(!ismp)
return;
ioapic = (volatile struct ioapic*)IOAPIC;
maxintr = (ioapicread(REG_VER) >> 16) & 0xFF;
id = ioapicread(REG_ID) >> 24;
if(id != ioapicid)
cprintf("ioapicinit: id isnt equal to ioapicid; not a MP\n");
// Mark all interrupts edgetriggered, active high, disabled,
// and not routed to any CPUs.
for(i = 0; i <= maxintr; i++){
ioapicwrite(REG_TABLE+2*i, INT_DISABLED | (T_IRQ0 + i));
ioapicwrite(REG_TABLE+2*i+1, 0);
}
}
void
ioapicenable(int irq, int cpunum)
{
if(!ismp)
return;
// Mark interrupt edgetriggered, active high,
// enabled, and routed to the given cpunum,
// which happens to be that cpus APIC ID.
ioapicwrite(REG_TABLE+2*irq, T_IRQ0 + irq);
ioapicwrite(REG_TABLE+2*irq+1, cpunum << 24);
}
Sheet 66
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/picirq.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/picirq.c Page 2
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6784 }
6785
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// Intel 8259A programmable interrupt controllers.

#include "types.h"
#include "x86.h"
#include "traps.h"
// I/O Addresses of the two programmable interrupt controllers
#define IO_PIC1
0x20
// Master (IRQs 07)
#define IO_PIC2
0xA0
// Slave (IRQs 815)
#define IRQ_SLAVE
// IRQ at which slave connects to master
// Current IRQ mask.

// Initial IRQ mask has interrupt 2 enabled (for slave 8259A).
static ushort irqmask = 0xFFFF & ~(1<<IRQ_SLAVE);
static void
picsetmask(ushort mask)
{
irqmask = mask;
outb(IO_PIC1+1, mask);
outb(IO_PIC2+1, mask >> 8);
}
void
picenable(int irq)
{
picsetmask(irqmask & ~(1<<irq));
}
// Initialize the 8259A interrupt controllers.
void
picinit(void)
{
// mask all interrupts
outb(IO_PIC1+1, 0xFF);
outb(IO_PIC2+1, 0xFF);
// Set up master (8259A1)
// ICW1: 0001g0hi
//
g: 0 = edge triggering, 1 = level triggering
//
h: 0 = cascaded PICs, 1 = master only
//
i: 0 = no ICW4, 1 = ICW4 required
outb(IO_PIC1, 0x11);
// ICW2: Vector offset
outb(IO_PIC1+1, T_IRQ0);
Sheet 67
// ICW3: (master PIC) bit mask of IR lines connected to slaves

//
(slave PIC) 3bit # of slaves connection to master
outb(IO_PIC1+1, 1<<IRQ_SLAVE);
// ICW4: 000nbmap
//
n: 1 = special fully nested mode
//
b: 1 = buffered mode
//
m: 0 = slave PIC, 1 = master PIC
//
(ignored when b is 0, as the master/slave role
//
can be hardwired).
//
a: 1 = Automatic EOI mode
//
p: 0 = MCS80/85 mode, 1 = intel x86 mode
outb(IO_PIC1+1, 0x3);
// Set up slave (8259A2)
// ICW1
outb(IO_PIC2+1, T_IRQ0 + 8);
// ICW2
outb(IO_PIC2+1, IRQ_SLAVE);
// ICW3
// NB Automatic EOI mode doesnt tend to work on the slave.
// Linux source code says its "to be investigated".
outb(IO_PIC2+1, 0x3);
// ICW4
// OCW3: 0ef01prs
// ef: 0x = NOP, 10 = clear specific mask, 11 = set specific mask
//
p: 0 = no polling, 1 = polling mode
// rs: 0x = NOP, 10 = read IRR, 11 = read ISR
// clear specific mask
outb(IO_PIC1, 0x0a);
// read IRR by default
outb(IO_PIC2, 0x0a);
if(irqmask != 0xFFFF)
picsetmask(irqmask);
Sheet 67
// OCW3
// OCW3
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/kbd.h Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/kbd.h Page 2
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6896
6897
6898
6899
// PC keyboard interface constants

#define KBSTATP
#define KBS_DIB
#define KBDATAP
0x64
0x01
0x60
#define NO
#define SHIFT
#define CTL
#define ALT
(1<<0)
(1<<1)
(1<<2)
#define CAPSLOCK
#define NUMLOCK
#define SCROLLLOCK
(1<<3)
(1<<4)
(1<<5)
#define E0ESC
(1<<6)
// Special keycodes
#define KEY_HOME
#define KEY_END
#define KEY_UP
#define KEY_DN
#define KEY_LF
#define KEY_RT
#define KEY_PGUP
#define KEY_PGDN
#define KEY_INS
#define KEY_DEL
0xE0
0xE1
0xE2
0xE3
0xE4
0xE5
0xE6
0xE7
0xE8
0xE9
// C(A) == ControlA
#define C(x) (x @)
static uchar shiftcode[256] =
{
[0x1D] CTL,
[0x2A] SHIFT,
[0x36] SHIFT,
[0x38] ALT,
[0x9D] CTL,
[0xB8] ALT
};
static uchar togglecode[256] =
{
[0x3A] CAPSLOCK,
[0x45] NUMLOCK,
[0x46] SCROLLLOCK
};
Sheet 68
// kbd controller status port(I)

// kbd data in buffer
// kbd data port(I)
static uchar normalmap[256] =

{
NO, 0x1B, 1, 2, 3, 4,
7, 8, 9, 0, , =,
q, w, e, r, t, y,
o, p, [, ], \n, NO,
d, f, g, h, j, k,
\, , NO, \\, z, x,
b, n, m, ,, ., /,
NO, , NO, NO, NO, NO,
NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO,
8, 9, , 4, 5, 6,
2, 3, 0, ., NO, NO,
[0x9C] \n,
// KP_Enter
[0xB5] /,
// KP_Div
[0xC8] KEY_UP,
[0xD0] KEY_DN,
[0xC9] KEY_PGUP, [0xD1] KEY_PGDN,
[0xCB] KEY_LF,
[0xCD] KEY_RT,
[0x97] KEY_HOME, [0xCF] KEY_END,
[0xD2] KEY_INS, [0xD3] KEY_DEL
};
static uchar shiftmap[256] =
{
NO, 033, !, @, #, $,
&, *, (, ), _, +,
Q, W, E, R, T, Y,
O, P, {, }, \n, NO,
D, F, G, H, J, K,
", ~, NO, |, Z, X,
B, N, M, <, >, ?,
NO, , NO, NO, NO, NO,
NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO,
8, 9, , 4, 5, 6,
2, 3, 0, ., NO, NO,
[0x9C] \n,
// KP_Enter
[0xB5] /,
// KP_Div
[0xC8] KEY_UP,
[0xD0] KEY_DN,
[0xC9] KEY_PGUP, [0xD1] KEY_PGDN,
[0xCB] KEY_LF,
[0xCD] KEY_RT,
[0x97] KEY_HOME, [0xCF] KEY_END,
[0xD2] KEY_INS, [0xD3] KEY_DEL
};
Sheet 68
5,
\b,
u,
a,
l,
c,
NO,
NO,
NO,
+,
NO,
6,
\t,
i,
s,
;,
v,
*,
NO,
7,
1,
NO,
// 0x00
%,
\b,
U,
A,
L,
C,
NO,
NO,
NO,
+,
NO,
^,
\t,
I,
S,
:,
V,
*,
NO,
7,
1,
NO,
// 0x00
// 0x10
// 0x20
// 0x30
// 0x40
// 0x50
// 0x10
// 0x20
// 0x30
// 0x40
// 0x50
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/kbd.h Page 3
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/kbd.c Page 1
6900 static uchar ctlmap[256] =

6901 {
6902 NO,
NO,
NO,
NO,
6903 NO,
NO,
NO,
NO,
6904 C(Q), C(W), C(E), C(R),
6905 C(O), C(P), NO,
NO,
6906 C(D), C(F), C(G), C(H),
6907 NO,
NO,
NO,
C(\\),
6908 C(B), C(N), C(M), NO,
6909 [0x9C] \r,
// KP_Enter
6910 [0xB5] C(/),
// KP_Div
6911 [0xC8] KEY_UP,
[0xD0] KEY_DN,
6912 [0xC9] KEY_PGUP, [0xD1] KEY_PGDN,
6913 [0xCB] KEY_LF,
[0xCD] KEY_RT,
6914 [0x97] KEY_HOME, [0xCF] KEY_END,
6915 [0xD2] KEY_INS, [0xD3] KEY_DEL
6916 };
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
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6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
Sheet 69
NO,
NO,
C(T),
\r,
C(J),
C(Z),
NO,
NO,
NO,
C(Y),
NO,
C(K),
C(X),
C(/),
NO,
NO,
C(U),
C(A),
C(L),
C(C),
NO,
NO,
NO,
C(I),
C(S),
NO,
C(V),
NO,
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"x86.h"
"defs.h"
"kbd.h"
int
kbdgetc(void)
{
static uint shift;
static uchar *charcode[4] = {
normalmap, shiftmap, ctlmap, ctlmap
};
uint st, data, c;
st = inb(KBSTATP);
if((st & KBS_DIB) == 0)
return 1;
data = inb(KBDATAP);
if(data == 0xE0){
shift |= E0ESC;
return 0;
} else if(data & 0x80){
// Key released
data = (shift & E0ESC ? data : data & 0x7F);
shift &= ~(shiftcode[data] | E0ESC);
return 0;
} else if(shift & E0ESC){
// Last character was an E0 escape; or with 0x80
data |= 0x80;
shift &= ~E0ESC;
}
shift |= shiftcode[data];
shift ^= togglecode[data];
c = charcode[shift & (CTL | SHIFT)][data];
if(shift & CAPSLOCK){
if(a <= c && c <= z)
c += A a;
else if(A <= c && c <= Z)
c += a A;
}
return c;
}
void
kbdintr(void)
{
consoleintr(kbdgetc);
}
Sheet 69
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/console.c Page 1
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
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7020
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7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
// Console input and output.

// Input is from the keyboard or serial port.
// Output is written to the screen and serial port.
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"traps.h"
"spinlock.h"
"fs.h"
"file.h"
"memlayout.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"x86.h"
static void consputc(int);

static int panicked = 0;
static struct {
int locking;
} cons;
static void
printint(int xx, int base, int sign)
{
static char digits[] = "0123456789abcdef";
char buf[16];
int i;
uint x;
if(sign && (sign = xx < 0))
x = xx;
else
x = xx;
i = 0;
do{
buf[i++] = digits[x % base];
}while((x /= base) != 0);
if(sign)
buf[i++] = ;
while(i >= 0)
consputc(buf[i]);
}
Sheet 70
// Print to the console. only understands %d, %x, %p, %s.

void
cprintf(char *fmt, ...)
{
int i, c, state, locking;
uint *argp;
char *s;
locking = cons.locking;
if(locking)
acquire(&cons.lock);
if (fmt == 0)
panic("null fmt");
argp = (uint*)(void*)(&fmt + 1);
state = 0;
for(i = 0; (c = fmt[i] & 0xff) != 0; i++){
if(c != %){
consputc(c);
continue;
}
c = fmt[++i] & 0xff;
if(c == 0)
break;
switch(c){
case d:
printint(*argp++, 10, 1);
break;
case x:
case p:
printint(*argp++, 16, 0);
break;
case s:
if((s = (char*)*argp++) == 0)
s = "(null)";
for(; *s; s++)
consputc(*s);
break;
case %:
consputc(%);
break;
default:
// Print unknown % sequence to draw attention.
consputc(%);
consputc(c);
break;
}
}
Sheet 70
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
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7112
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7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
if(locking)
release(&cons.lock);
}
void
panic(char *s)
{
int i;
uint pcs[10];
cli();
cons.locking = 0;
cprintf("cpu%d: panic: ", cpu>id);
cprintf(s);
cprintf("\n");
getcallerpcs(&s, pcs);
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
cprintf(" %p", pcs[i]);
panicked = 1; // freeze other CPU
for(;;)
;
}
Sheet 71
#define BACKSPACE 0x100

#define CRTPORT 0x3d4
static ushort *crt = (ushort*)P2V(0xb8000); // CGA memory
static void
cgaputc(int c)
{
int pos;
// Cursor position: col + 80*row.
outb(CRTPORT, 14);
pos = inb(CRTPORT+1) << 8;
outb(CRTPORT, 15);
pos |= inb(CRTPORT+1);
if(c == \n)
pos += 80 pos%80;
else if(c == BACKSPACE){
if(pos > 0) pos;
} else
crt[pos++] = (c&0xff) | 0x0700; // black on white
if((pos/80) >= 24){ // Scroll up.
memmove(crt, crt+80, sizeof(crt[0])*23*80);
pos = 80;
memset(crt+pos, 0, sizeof(crt[0])*(24*80 pos));
}
outb(CRTPORT, 14);
outb(CRTPORT+1, pos>>8);
outb(CRTPORT, 15);
outb(CRTPORT+1, pos);
crt[pos] = | 0x0700;
}
void
consputc(int c)
{
if(panicked){
cli();
for(;;)
;
}
if(c == BACKSPACE){
uartputc(\b); uartputc( ); uartputc(\b);
} else
uartputc(c);
cgaputc(c);
}
Sheet 71
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
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7210
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7290
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7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
#define INPUT_BUF 128

struct {
char buf[INPUT_BUF];
uint r; // Read index
uint w; // Write index
uint e; // Edit index
} input;
#define C(x) ((x)@) // Controlx
void
consoleintr(int (*getc)(void))
{
int c;
acquire(&input.lock);
while((c = getc()) >= 0){
switch(c){
case C(P): // Process listing.
procdump();
break;
case C(U): // Kill line.
while(input.e != input.w &&
input.buf[(input.e1) % INPUT_BUF] != \n){
input.e;
consputc(BACKSPACE);
}
break;
case C(H): case \x7f: // Backspace
if(input.e != input.w){
input.e;
consputc(BACKSPACE);
}
break;
default:
if(c != 0 && input.einput.r < INPUT_BUF){
c = (c == \r) ? \n : c;
input.buf[input.e++ % INPUT_BUF] = c;
consputc(c);
if(c == \n || c == C(D) || input.e == input.r+INPUT_BUF){
input.w = input.e;
wakeup(&input.r);
}
}
break;
}
}
release(&input.lock);
}
Sheet 72
int
consoleread(struct inode *ip, char *dst, int n)
{
uint target;
int c;
iunlock(ip);
target = n;
acquire(&input.lock);
while(n > 0){
while(input.r == input.w){
if(proc>killed){
ilock(ip);
return 1;
}
sleep(&input.r, &input.lock);
}
c = input.buf[input.r++ % INPUT_BUF];
if(c == C(D)){ // EOF
if(n < target){
// Save ^D for next time, to make sure
// caller gets a 0byte result.
input.r;
}
break;
}
*dst++ = c;
n;
if(c == \n)
break;
}
ilock(ip);
return target n;
}
Sheet 72
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/timer.c Page 1
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
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7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
int
consolewrite(struct inode *ip, char *buf, int n)
{
int i;
iunlock(ip);
acquire(&cons.lock);
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
consputc(buf[i] & 0xff);
release(&cons.lock);
ilock(ip);
return n;
}
void
consoleinit(void)
{
initlock(&cons.lock, "console");
initlock(&input.lock, "input");
devsw[CONSOLE].write = consolewrite;
devsw[CONSOLE].read = consoleread;
cons.locking = 1;
picenable(IRQ_KBD);
ioapicenable(IRQ_KBD, 0);
}
Sheet 73
// Intel 8253/8254/82C54 Programmable Interval Timer (PIT).

// Only used on uniprocessors;
// SMP machines use the local APIC timer.
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"traps.h"
"x86.h"
#define IO_TIMER1
0x040
// 8253 Timer #1
// Frequency of all three countdown timers;

// (TIMER_FREQ/freq) is the appropriate count
// to generate a frequency of freq Hz.
#define TIMER_FREQ
#define TIMER_DIV(x)
1193182
((TIMER_FREQ+(x)/2)/(x))
#define
#define
#define
#define
(IO_TIMER1
0x00
//
0x04
//
0x30
//
TIMER_MODE
TIMER_SEL0
TIMER_RATEGEN
TIMER_16BIT
+ 3) // timer mode port

select counter 0
mode 2, rate generator
r/w counter 16 bits, LSB first
void
timerinit(void)
{
// Interrupt 100 times/sec.
outb(TIMER_MODE, TIMER_SEL0 | TIMER_RATEGEN | TIMER_16BIT);
outb(IO_TIMER1, TIMER_DIV(100) % 256);
outb(IO_TIMER1, TIMER_DIV(100) / 256);
picenable(IRQ_TIMER);
}
Sheet 73
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/uart.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/uart.c Page 2
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7499
// Intel 8250 serial port (UART).

#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"defs.h"
"param.h"
"traps.h"
"spinlock.h"
"fs.h"
"file.h"
"mmu.h"
"proc.h"
"x86.h"
#define COM1
static int uart;
0x3f8
// is there a uart?
void
uartinit(void)
{
char *p;
// Turn off the FIFO
outb(COM1+2, 0);
// 9600 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, parity off.
outb(COM1+3, 0x80);
// Unlock divisor
outb(COM1+0, 115200/9600);
outb(COM1+1, 0);
outb(COM1+3, 0x03);
// Lock divisor, 8 data bits.
outb(COM1+4, 0);
outb(COM1+1, 0x01);
// Enable receive interrupts.
// If status is 0xFF, no serial port.
if(inb(COM1+5) == 0xFF)
return;
uart = 1;
// Acknowledge preexisting interrupt conditions;
// enable interrupts.
inb(COM1+2);
inb(COM1+0);
picenable(IRQ_COM1);
ioapicenable(IRQ_COM1, 0);
// Announce that were here.
for(p="xv6...\n"; *p; p++)
uartputc(*p);
}
Sheet 74
void
uartputc(int c)
{
int i;
if(!uart)
return;
for(i = 0; i < 128 && !(inb(COM1+5) & 0x20); i++)
microdelay(10);
outb(COM1+0, c);
}
static int
uartgetc(void)
{
if(!uart)
return 1;
if(!(inb(COM1+5) & 0x01))
return 1;
return inb(COM1+0);
}
void
uartintr(void)
{
consoleintr(uartgetc);
}
Sheet 74
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/initcode.S Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/usys.S Page 1
7500
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# Initial process execs /init.

#include "syscall.h"
#include "traps.h"
# exec(init, argv)
.globl start
start:
pushl $argv
pushl $init
pushl $0 // where caller pc would be
movl $SYS_exec, %eax
int $T_SYSCALL
# for(;;) exit();
exit:
movl $SYS_exit, %eax
int $T_SYSCALL
jmp exit
# char init[] = "/init\0";
init:
.string "/init\0"
# char *argv[] = { init, 0 };
.p2align 2
argv:
.long init
.long 0
Sheet 75
#include "syscall.h"
#include "traps.h"
#define SYSCALL(name) \
.globl name; \
name: \
movl $SYS_ ## name, %eax; \
int $T_SYSCALL; \
ret
SYSCALL(fork)
SYSCALL(exit)
SYSCALL(wait)
SYSCALL(pipe)
SYSCALL(read)
SYSCALL(write)
SYSCALL(close)
SYSCALL(kill)
SYSCALL(exec)
SYSCALL(open)
SYSCALL(mknod)
SYSCALL(unlink)
SYSCALL(fstat)
SYSCALL(link)
SYSCALL(mkdir)
SYSCALL(chdir)
SYSCALL(dup)
SYSCALL(getpid)
SYSCALL(sbrk)
SYSCALL(sleep)
SYSCALL(uptime)
Sheet 75
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/init.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 1
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// init: The initial userlevel program

#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"stat.h"
"user.h"
"fcntl.h"
char *argv[] = { "sh", 0 };

int
main(void)
{
int pid, wpid;
if(open("console", O_RDWR) < 0){
mknod("console", 1, 1);
open("console", O_RDWR);
}
dup(0); // stdout
dup(0); // stderr
for(;;){
printf(1, "init: starting sh\n");
pid = fork();
if(pid < 0){
printf(1, "init: fork failed\n");
exit();
}
if(pid == 0){
exec("sh", argv);
printf(1, "init: exec sh failed\n");
exit();
}
while((wpid=wait()) >= 0 && wpid != pid)
printf(1, "zombie!\n");
}
}
Sheet 76
// Shell.
#include "types.h"
#include "user.h"
#include "fcntl.h"
// Parsed command representation
#define EXEC 1
#define REDIR 2
#define PIPE 3
#define LIST 4
#define BACK 5
#define MAXARGS 10
struct cmd {
int type;
};
struct execcmd {
int type;
char *argv[MAXARGS];
char *eargv[MAXARGS];
};
struct redircmd {
int type;
struct cmd *cmd;
char *file;
char *efile;
int mode;
int fd;
};
struct pipecmd {
int type;
struct cmd *left;
struct cmd *right;
};
struct listcmd {
int type;
struct cmd *left;
struct cmd *right;
};
struct backcmd {
int type;
struct cmd *cmd;
};
Sheet 76
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 2
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 3
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int fork1(void); // Fork but panics on failure.

void panic(char*);
struct cmd *parsecmd(char*);
// Execute cmd. Never returns.
void
runcmd(struct cmd *cmd)
{
int p[2];
struct backcmd *bcmd;
struct execcmd *ecmd;
struct listcmd *lcmd;
struct pipecmd *pcmd;
struct redircmd *rcmd;
if(cmd == 0)
exit();
switch(cmd>type){
default:
panic("runcmd");
case EXEC:
ecmd = (struct execcmd*)cmd;
if(ecmd>argv[0] == 0)
exit();
exec(ecmd>argv[0], ecmd>argv);
printf(2, "exec %s failed\n", ecmd>argv[0]);
break;
case REDIR:
rcmd = (struct redircmd*)cmd;
close(rcmd>fd);
if(open(rcmd>file, rcmd>mode) < 0){
printf(2, "open %s failed\n", rcmd>file);
exit();
}
runcmd(rcmd>cmd);
break;
case LIST:
lcmd = (struct listcmd*)cmd;
if(fork1() == 0)
runcmd(lcmd>left);
wait();
runcmd(lcmd>right);
break;
Sheet 77
case PIPE:
pcmd = (struct pipecmd*)cmd;
if(pipe(p) < 0)
panic("pipe");
if(fork1() == 0){
close(1);
dup(p[1]);
close(p[0]);
close(p[1]);
runcmd(pcmd>left);
}
if(fork1() == 0){
close(0);
dup(p[0]);
close(p[0]);
close(p[1]);
runcmd(pcmd>right);
}
close(p[0]);
close(p[1]);
wait();
wait();
break;
case BACK:
bcmd = (struct backcmd*)cmd;
if(fork1() == 0)
runcmd(bcmd>cmd);
break;
}
exit();
}
int
getcmd(char *buf, int nbuf)
{
printf(2, "$ ");
memset(buf, 0, nbuf);
gets(buf, nbuf);
if(buf[0] == 0) // EOF
return 1;
return 0;
}
Sheet 77
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 4
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 5
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int
main(void)
{
static char buf[100];
int fd;
// Assumes three file descriptors open.
while((fd = open("console", O_RDWR)) >= 0){
if(fd >= 3){
close(fd);
break;
}
}
// Read and run input commands.
while(getcmd(buf, sizeof(buf)) >= 0){
if(buf[0] == c && buf[1] == d && buf[2] == ){
// Clumsy but will have to do for now.
// Chdir has no effect on the parent if run in the child.
buf[strlen(buf)1] = 0; // chop \n
if(chdir(buf+3) < 0)
printf(2, "cannot cd %s\n", buf+3);
continue;
}
if(fork1() == 0)
runcmd(parsecmd(buf));
wait();
}
exit();
}
void
panic(char *s)
{
printf(2, "%s\n", s);
exit();
}
int
fork1(void)
{
int pid;
pid = fork();
if(pid == 1)
panic("fork");
return pid;
}
Sheet 78
// Constructors
struct cmd*
execcmd(void)
{
struct execcmd *cmd;
cmd = malloc(sizeof(*cmd));
memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(*cmd));
cmd>type = EXEC;
return (struct cmd*)cmd;
}
struct cmd*
redircmd(struct cmd *subcmd, char *file, char *efile, int mode, int fd)
{
struct redircmd *cmd;
cmd>type = REDIR;
cmd>cmd = subcmd;
cmd>file = file;
cmd>efile = efile;
cmd>mode = mode;
cmd>fd = fd;
}
struct cmd*
pipecmd(struct cmd *left, struct cmd *right)
{
struct pipecmd *cmd;
cmd>type = PIPE;
cmd>left = left;
cmd>right = right;
}
Sheet 78
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 6
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 7
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struct cmd*
listcmd(struct cmd *left, struct cmd *right)
{
struct listcmd *cmd;
cmd>type = LIST;
cmd>left = left;
cmd>right = right;
}
struct cmd*
backcmd(struct cmd *subcmd)
{
struct backcmd *cmd;
cmd>type = BACK;
cmd>cmd = subcmd;
}
Sheet 79
// Parsing
char whitespace[] = " \t\r\n\v";
char symbols[] = "<|>&;()";
int
gettoken(char **ps, char *es, char **q, char **eq)
{
char *s;
int ret;
s = *ps;
while(s < es && strchr(whitespace, *s))
s++;
if(q)
*q = s;
ret = *s;
switch(*s){
case 0:
break;
case |:
case (:
case ):
case ;:
case &:
case <:
s++;
break;
case >:
s++;
if(*s == >){
ret = +;
s++;
}
break;
default:
ret = a;
while(s < es && !strchr(whitespace, *s) && !strchr(symbols, *s))
s++;
break;
}
if(eq)
*eq = s;
s++;
*ps = s;
return ret;
}
Sheet 79
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 8
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 9
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int
peek(char **ps, char *es, char *toks)
{
char *s;
s = *ps;
s++;
*ps = s;
return *s && strchr(toks, *s);
}
struct
struct
struct
struct
cmd
cmd
cmd
cmd
*parseline(char**, char*);
*parsepipe(char**, char*);
*parseexec(char**, char*);
*nulterminate(struct cmd*);
struct cmd*
parsecmd(char *s)
{
char *es;
struct cmd *cmd;
es = s + strlen(s);
cmd = parseline(&s, es);
peek(&s, es, "");
if(s != es){
printf(2, "leftovers: %s\n", s);
panic("syntax");
}
nulterminate(cmd);
return cmd;
}
struct cmd*
parseline(char **ps, char *es)
{
struct cmd *cmd;
cmd = parsepipe(ps, es);
while(peek(ps, es, "&")){
gettoken(ps, es, 0, 0);
cmd = backcmd(cmd);
}
if(peek(ps, es, ";")){
cmd = listcmd(cmd, parseline(ps, es));
}
return cmd;
}
Sheet 80
struct cmd*
parsepipe(char **ps, char *es)
{
struct cmd *cmd;
cmd = parseexec(ps, es);
if(peek(ps, es, "|")){
cmd = pipecmd(cmd, parsepipe(ps, es));
}
return cmd;
}
struct cmd*
parseredirs(struct cmd *cmd, char **ps, char *es)
{
int tok;
char *q, *eq;
while(peek(ps, es, "<>")){
tok = gettoken(ps, es, 0, 0);
if(gettoken(ps, es, &q, &eq) != a)
panic("missing file for redirection");
switch(tok){
case <:
cmd = redircmd(cmd, q, eq, O_RDONLY, 0);
break;
case >:
cmd = redircmd(cmd, q, eq, O_WRONLY|O_CREATE, 1);
break;
case +: // >>
cmd = redircmd(cmd, q, eq, O_WRONLY|O_CREATE, 1);
break;
}
}
return cmd;
}
Sheet 80
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 10
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/sh.c Page 11
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struct cmd*
parseblock(char **ps, char *es)
{
struct cmd *cmd;
if(!peek(ps, es, "("))
panic("parseblock");
cmd = parseline(ps, es);
if(!peek(ps, es, ")"))
panic("syntax missing )");
cmd = parseredirs(cmd, ps, es);
return cmd;
}
struct cmd*
parseexec(char **ps, char *es)
{
char *q, *eq;
int tok, argc;
struct execcmd *cmd;
struct cmd *ret;
if(peek(ps, es, "("))
return parseblock(ps, es);
ret = execcmd();
cmd = (struct execcmd*)ret;
argc = 0;
ret = parseredirs(ret, ps, es);
while(!peek(ps, es, "|)&;")){
if((tok=gettoken(ps, es, &q, &eq)) == 0)
break;
if(tok != a)
panic("syntax");
cmd>argv[argc] = q;
cmd>eargv[argc] = eq;
argc++;
if(argc >= MAXARGS)
panic("too many args");
ret = parseredirs(ret, ps, es);
}
cmd>argv[argc] = 0;
cmd>eargv[argc] = 0;
return ret;
}
Sheet 81
// NULterminate all the counted strings.

struct cmd*
nulterminate(struct cmd *cmd)
{
int i;
struct backcmd *bcmd;
struct execcmd *ecmd;
struct listcmd *lcmd;
struct pipecmd *pcmd;
struct redircmd *rcmd;
if(cmd == 0)
return 0;
switch(cmd>type){
case EXEC:
ecmd = (struct execcmd*)cmd;
for(i=0; ecmd>argv[i]; i++)
*ecmd>eargv[i] = 0;
break;
case REDIR:
rcmd = (struct redircmd*)cmd;
nulterminate(rcmd>cmd);
*rcmd>efile = 0;
break;
case PIPE:
pcmd = (struct pipecmd*)cmd;
nulterminate(pcmd>left);
nulterminate(pcmd>right);
break;
case LIST:
lcmd = (struct listcmd*)cmd;
nulterminate(lcmd>left);
nulterminate(lcmd>right);
break;
case BACK:
bcmd = (struct backcmd*)cmd;
nulterminate(bcmd>cmd);
break;
}
return cmd;
}
Sheet 81
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/bootasm.S Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/bootasm.S Page 2
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8299
#include "asm.h"
#include "memlayout.h"
#include "mmu.h"
#
#
#
#
Start the first CPU: switch to 32bit protected mode, jump into C.
The BIOS loads this code from the first sector of the hard disk into
memory at physical address 0x7c00 and starts executing in real mode
with %cs=0 %ip=7c00.
.code16
.globl start
start:
cli
# Assemble for 16bit mode

# BIOS enabled interrupts; disable
# Set up the important data segment registers (DS, ES, SS).

xorw
%ax,%ax
# Segment number zero
movw
%ax,%ds
# > Data Segment
movw
%ax,%es
# > Extra Segment
movw
%ax,%ss
# > Stack Segment
# Physical address line A20 is tied to zero so that the first PCs
# with 2 MB would run software that assumed 1 MB. Undo that.
seta20.1:
inb
$0x64,%al
# Wait for not busy
testb $0x2,%al
jnz
seta20.1
movb
outb
$0xd1,%al
%al,$0x64
seta20.2:
inb
$0x64,%al
testb $0x2,%al
jnz
seta20.2
movb
outb
$0xdf,%al
%al,$0x60
# 0xd1 > port 0x64
# Wait for not busy
# 0xdf > port 0x60
# Switch from real to protected mode. Use a bootstrap GDT that makes
# virtual addresses map dierctly to physical addresses so that the
# effective memory map doesnt change during the transition.
lgdt
gdtdesc
movl
%cr0, %eax
orl
$CR0_PE, %eax
movl
%eax, %cr0
Sheet 82
# Complete transition to 32bit protected mode by using long jmp

# to reload %cs and %eip. The segment descriptors are set up with no
# translation, so that the mapping is still the identity mapping.
ljmp
$(SEG_KCODE<<3), $start32
.code32 # Tell assembler to generate 32bit code now.
start32:
# Set up the protectedmode data segment registers
movw
$(SEG_KDATA<<3), %ax
# Our data segment selector
movw
%ax, %ds
# > DS: Data Segment
movw
%ax, %es
# > ES: Extra Segment
movw
%ax, %ss
# > SS: Stack Segment
movw
$0, %ax
# Zero segments not ready for use
movw
%ax, %fs
# > FS
movw
%ax, %gs
# > GS
# Set up the stack pointer and call into C.
movl
$start, %esp
call
bootmain
# If bootmain returns (it shouldnt), trigger a Bochs
# breakpoint if running under Bochs, then loop.
movw
$0x8a00, %ax
# 0x8a00 > port 0x8a00
movw
%ax, %dx
outw
%ax, %dx
movw
$0x8ae0, %ax
# 0x8ae0 > port 0x8a00
outw
%ax, %dx
spin:
jmp
spin
# Bootstrap GDT
.p2align 2
gdt:
SEG_NULLASM
SEG_ASM(STA_X|STA_R, 0x0, 0xffffffff)
SEG_ASM(STA_W, 0x0, 0xffffffff)
gdtdesc:
.word (gdtdesc gdt 1)
.long gdt
Sheet 82
# force 4 byte alignment

# null seg
# code seg
# data seg
# sizeof(gdt) 1
# address gdt
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/bootmain.c Page 1
Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/bootmain.c Page 2
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//
//
//
//
//
//
Boot loader.
Part of the boot sector, along with bootasm.S, which calls bootmain().
bootasm.S has put the processor into protected 32bit mode.
bootmain() loads an ELF kernel image from the disk starting at
sector 1 and then jumps to the kernel entry routine.
#include
#include
#include
#include
"types.h"
"elf.h"
"x86.h"
"memlayout.h"
#define SECTSIZE 512

void readseg(uchar*, uint, uint);
void
bootmain(void)
{
struct elfhdr *elf;
struct proghdr *ph, *eph;
void (*entry)(void);
uchar* pa;
elf = (struct elfhdr*)0x10000; // scratch space
// Read 1st page off disk
readseg((uchar*)elf, 4096, 0);
// Is this an ELF executable?
if(elf>magic != ELF_MAGIC)
return; // let bootasm.S handle error
// Load each program segment (ignores ph flags).
ph = (struct proghdr*)((uchar*)elf + elf>phoff);
eph = ph + elf>phnum;
for(; ph < eph; ph++){
pa = (uchar*)ph>paddr;
readseg(pa, ph>filesz, ph>off);
if(ph>memsz > ph>filesz)
stosb(pa + ph>filesz, 0, ph>memsz ph>filesz);
}
// Call the entry point from the ELF header.
// Does not return!
entry = (void(*)(void))(elf>entry);
entry();
}
Sheet 83
void
waitdisk(void)
{
// Wait for disk ready.
while((inb(0x1F7) & 0xC0) != 0x40)
;
}
// Read a single sector at offset into dst.
void
readsect(void *dst, uint offset)
{
// Issue command.
waitdisk();
outb(0x1F2, 1); // count = 1
outb(0x1F3, offset);
outb(0x1F4, offset >> 8);
outb(0x1F5, offset >> 16);
outb(0x1F6, (offset >> 24) | 0xE0);
outb(0x1F7, 0x20); // cmd 0x20 read sectors
// Read data.
waitdisk();
insl(0x1F0, dst, SECTSIZE/4);
}
// Read count bytes at offset from kernel into physical address pa.
// Might copy more than asked.
void
readseg(uchar* pa, uint count, uint offset)
{
uchar* epa;
epa = pa + count;
// Round down to sector boundary.
pa = offset % SECTSIZE;
// Translate from bytes to sectors; kernel starts at sector 1.
offset = (offset / SECTSIZE) + 1;
// If this is too slow, we could read lots of sectors at a time.
// Wed write more to memory than asked, but it doesnt matter
// we load in increasing order.
for(; pa < epa; pa += SECTSIZE, offset++)
readsect(pa, offset);
}
Sheet 83

XV6, A Simple, Unix-Like Teaching Operating System (Source Code)

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Sep 5 23:39 2011 README Page 1

Sep 5 23:39 2011 table of contents Page 1

xv6 is a reimplementation of Dennis Ritchies and Ken Thompsons Unix

If you spot errors or have suggestions for improvement, please send

The source listing is preceded by a crossreference that lists every defined

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 1

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 2

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 3

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 4

6417 6480 6481

3713 6354 6964

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 5

2833 3034 7442

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 6

6525 6556 6557

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 7

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 8

2418 2557 2580

6238 6264 6268 6271

5490 5494 7063

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 9

2955 3004 3006

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 10

0365 1267 2006

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 11

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 12

1474 1502 1544 2107

0258 0285 3560 4060 4278

3248 3266 5277

Sep 5 23:39 2011 crossreferences Page 13

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/types.h Page 1

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/param.h Page 1

unsigned int uint;

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/memlayout.h Page 1

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/defs.h Page 1

// Start of extended memory

// same as V2P, but without casts

readsb(int dev, struct superblock *sb);

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/defs.h Page 2

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/defs.h Page 3

stati(struct inode*, struct stat*);

ioapicenable(int irq, int cpu);

pipealloc(struct file**, struct file**);

swtch(struct context**, struct context*);

memcmp(const void*, const void*, uint);

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/defs.h Page 4

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/x86.h Page 1

// number of elements in fixedsize array

// Routines to let C code use special x86 instructions.

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/x86.h Page 2

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/x86.h Page 3

static inline void

static inline void

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/x86.h Page 4

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/asm.h Page 1

// Layout of the trap frame built on the stack by the

// The 0xC0 means the limit is in 4096byte units

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mmu.h Page 1

Sep 5 23:39 2011 xv6/mmu.h Page 2

// This file contains definitions for the

// Control Register flags

// Page size extension

Low bits of segment limit

stati(struct inode, struct stat);

pipealloc(struct file, struct file);

memcmp(const void, const void, uint);