GOG-SOFT

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THUT NG TIN HC
Absolute: Tuyt i. (ca mt gi tr), thc v khng i. V d, absolute address (a ch tuyt i) l mt v tr trong b nh v an absolute cell reference (tham chiu tuyt i) l mt c nh n trong mt mn hnh bn tnh. Phn ngha ca absolute (tuyt i) l relative (lin quan). Accelerator borad: Th tng tc. Kiu bn m rng lm cho mt my tnh chy nhanh hn. N thng cha mt n v x l trung ng b sung. Access time: Thi gian truy cp. Hay reaction time (thi gian hot ng), thi gian cho my tnh sau mt lch c cho, c t b nh hay vit ln b nh. Accumulator: Thanh ghi tm thi: mt b ng k c bit hay v tr b nh trong mt n v s hc v logic trong b x l my tnh. N c s dng gi kt qu ca mt s tnh ton tm thi hay lu d liu ang c chuyn. Accustic coupler: B ghp m thanh. Thit b cho php d liu my tnh c tuyn v nhn thng tin qua mt in thoi c nh (in thoi con) thng thng, my in thoi ny gn trn b ghp to s ni. Mt loa nh trong thit b c s dng chuyn d liu tn hiu dng k thut s ca my tnh thnh tn hiu m thanh m phng sau c in thoi con NHN. IN THOI NHN, MT B GHP M THANH TH hai hay mt mdem chuyn cc tn hiu m thanh tr li thnh d liu k thut s cho tn hiu vo my tnh. Khng ging nh mem, mt ghp m thanh khng yu cu s ni trc tip ti h thng in thoi. Acrobat: H thng m do h Adoble pht trin cho cc ng dng in n (xut bn) in t. M Acrobat c th c pht ra trc tip t tp tin Post Script. Acronym: T vit tt t ch u, t c to ra t cc ch u v/hay vn ca cc t khc, c dng nh mt ch vit tt pht m c. V d, RAM (random access memory: b nh truy cp ngu nhin) v FORTRAN (formula translation: phin dch cng thc). Ngc li, cc ch u to thnh mt ch vit tt c pht m tch ring mi ch, v d, ALU (arithmetic and logic unit: n v s hc v logic).

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Ada -

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Ngn ng lp trnh my tnh mc cao, do US Department of Defense (B quc phng M) pht trin v gi bn quyn, c thit k s dng trong cc tnh hung m mt my tnh trc tip iu khin mt qu trnh hay my, nh mt my bay qun i. Phi mt hn 5 nm chuyn mn ha ngn ng ny v n ch tr nn tin dng ph bin vo cui nhng nm 1980. N c t theo tn nh ton hc Anh Ada Augusta Byron. ADC Ch vit tt ca Analogue to digital converter: b chuyn i k thut m phng thnh k thut s. Adder: B cng: mch in t trong mt my vi tnh hay my tnh ton thc hin qu trnh cng hai ch s nh phn. Mt b cng ring cn thit cho vic cng mi cp bit nh phn. Cc mch nh th l nhng thnh phn thit yu ca mt n v thut ton v logic ca my tnh (ALU). Address: A CH: S CH TH MT V TR C BIT CA B NH MY TNH. MI A CH, MT MU N CA D LIU C TH C LU. I VI MY VI tnh, a ch ny c tng li thnh 1 byte ( biu th mt k t n, nh l mt ch hay s). Address bus: THANH GP A CH: NG DN IN T HAY l thanh gp c dng chn hnh trnh cho bt c d liu ring no nh khi n di chuyn t phn ny n phn khc ca my tnh. AI: Ch vit tt artificial intelligence: tr thng minh nhn to. Algol: (t ch u ca algorithmic language: ngn ng thut ton) ngn ng lp trnh mc cao trc y, c pht trin vo nhng nm 50 v 60 cho cc ng dng khoahc. Mt ngn ng mc dch tng qut, ALGOL l thch hp nht i vi cng vic ton hc v c mt kiu i s. D khng cn thng dng na nhng n nh hng ln n cc ngn ng ngy nay nh ADA v PASCAL. Algorithm: Thut ton: trnh t hay chui cc bc c dng gii quyt mt vn . Trong khoa hc my tnh, trnh t logic cc thao tc c thc hin bi mt chng trnh. Mt s dng l s biu th nhn thy c ca mt thut ton. Aliasing: C BIT DNH CANH PHI: NH HNG C nhn thy trn mn hnh hay tn hiu ra my

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GOG-SOFT

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in, khi cc ng cong mn xut hin cu thnh cc bc do phn gii khng cao. Chng bit hiu l mt k thut phn mm gim nh hng ny bng cch dng cc thang o mu xm. Alpha: Mt th mch RISC 64 bit c phng ra vo nm 1993 bi thit b k thut s (DEC). N c xem nh l mt cnh tranh vi th mchPentium ca Intel. Alphanumeric data: D liu ch s, d liu cu thnh cc ch ci v bt k ch s t 0 n 9. S phn loi ca d liu ty theo kiu k t c cha cho php h thng hiu lc my tnh kim tra chnh xc ca d liu; mt my tnh c th c lp trnh loi b cc u vo cha cc k t sai. V d, tn ca mt ngi c th c loi b nu n cha bt k d liu s v mt s ti khon ngn hng c loi b nu n cha bt k d liu ch ci. So vi s ng k xe th s cha d liu ch s nhng khng c cc du chm cu. Alu Ch vit tt ca arithmetic and logic unit (n v s hc v logic). American National Dtandards Institute (ANSI): Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K. Vin t cc th tc chnh thc trong (gia cc lnh vc khc) my tnh v in t. Annalogue: Tng t, lin bin (ca mt s lng hay thit b) t l hay song song vi cc gi tr thay i lin tc v so snh trc tip bng cch i chiu mt s lng m phng hay thit b thay i trong cc chui bc ring bit. V d, mt ng h m phng o thi gian bng cc phng tin ca mt chuyn ng lin tc bng tay xung quanh mt mt s ni mt ng h k thut s o thi gian vi mt hin th s thay i trong mt chui cc c ring bit. Analogue computer: My tnh m phng, my tnh tng t: my tnh c thc hin mch v x l d liu k thut (m phng) thay i lin tc. Cc my tnh k thut s m phng him hn nhiu so vi cc my k thut s v thng l cc my c mc ch c bit c xy dng vi mn hnh v iu khin cc thit b khc. Analogue to -didital converter (ADC): B chuyn i k thut m phng thnh k thut s: mch in chuyn mt tn hiu k thut m phng thnh mt tn hiu k thut s. Mt mch nh th th chng trnh chuyn tn hiu t mt thit b k thut m phng thnh mt tn hiu k thut s cho vic nhp vo my tnh. V d, nhiu cm bin c thit k o cc gi tr vt l nh nhit v p sut, sinh ra mt tn hiu m phng di dng in th v c truyn qua mt ADC trc khi my tnh nhp v x l n. Mt b chuyn i k thut s thnh k thut m phng (DAC) thc hin qu trnh ngc li.

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GOG-SOFT

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Analytical engine: NG C PHN TCH. THIT B MY TNH C TH lp trnh c do nh ton hc ngi Anh Charles Baddage thit k nm 1833. N c da trn cc ng c khc nhau nhng c hng ti t ng ha c qu trnh tnh ton. N gii thiu nhiu quan im v my tnh k thut s nhng do hn ch trong qu trnh sn xut, n khng c xy dng cho ti nm 1992 khi mt phin bn lm vic c gii thiu trong bo tng KHOA HC, LUN N. AND gate: Cng AND. Kiu cng logic. ANSI: Vit tt ca American National Standards Institule. Vin Tiu Chun Quc gia Hoa K. API: Vit tt ca Applications Program Interface: Giao din Chng trnh ng dng. Apple: Cng ty my tnh Hoa K, nh sn xut loi my Macintosh. Application: Chng trnh ng dng, chng trnh cng vic c thit k tin li cho ngi s dng nh mt h bng lng hay b x l t ng. Cch dng nhn bit cc chng trnh nh th, t iu khin my tnh hay gip tho chng vin mt b bin dch. Application package: B chng trnh ng dng. B chng trnh v cc ti liu lin quan (nh s tay hng dn) c dng trong mt ng dng c bit. Application program: Chng trnh ng dng. Chng trnh thnh lp thc hin mt cng tc cho s tin li ca ngi s dng my tnh - v d, tnh ton s tr lng hay x l t. Ngc li, mt chng trnh h thng thc hin nhiu cng tc lin quan ti hot ng v thc hin ca chnh my tnh. Application program Interface (API) : Giao din chng trnh ng dng, trng tiu chun bao gm cc dng c, th tc v cc trnh t khc trong cc chng trnh c th c vit. Mt API bo m rng tt c cc ng dng l ph hp vi h iu hnh v c mt giao din s dng tng t.

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GOG-SOFT
Argument argumen,

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i s, gi tr trn mt hm s thc hin. V d, nu argument 16 c thc hin trn hm s ''cn bc hai th a ra kt qu l 4. Arithemetic and logic unit (ALU): N V THUT TON V LOGIC: PHN CA N V x l trung ng thc hin cc thao tc s hc c bn v logic trn d liu. Array Chui: trong mt my tnh lp trnh, mt chui cc gi tr c th c tham kho ti bi mt tn bin i n. Cc gi tr ring c phn bin bng cch dng mt hay nhiu ch s di dng vi mi tn bin i. V d, xem danh sch v nhit cao nht mi ngy. Nhit (0C) Ngy 1 22 Ngy 2 23 Ngy 3 19 Ngy 4 21 Chui ny c th c xem vi tn bin i n temp. Cc yu t ring ca chui sau s c xc nh vi cc ch s di dng. V d, phn t chui temp1 s lu gi tr 22, 'temp 3 s lu gi tr 19. Mt chui c th s dng nhiu hn mt ch s di dng. V d, xem danh sch sau y ch s panh sa (n v o lng bng 0,57 1 Anh v 0,47 1 M) c phn ra trong bn nh. Nh 1 Nh 2 Nh 3 Nh 4 Ngy 1

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2 2 3 1 Ngy 2 2 1 2 1 Ngy 3 3 2 0 1 Ngy 4 2 1 2 1 Ngy 5 4 1 2 2 Ngy 6 4 5 4 4

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Nu chui ny c cho tn bin i pint (panh) th cc yu t ca n s c xc nh vi hai ch s: mt i vi nh v mt i vi ngy trong tun. Do , phn t chui pints (,2,6) s lu gi tr

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GOG-SOFT
5, pints (3,3) lu gi tr 0.

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Cc chui th hu dng v chng ch cho php cc tho chng vit cc trnh t tng qut c th x l cc danh sch d liu di. V d, nu mi gi c lu trong mt chng trnh k ton s dng mt tn bin i khc nhau th cc lnh chng trnh phn tch s c yu cu x l mi gi. Tuy nhin, nu tt c cc gi c lu trong mt chui th mt trnh t tng qut c th c vit x l, ni nh gi (J) v bnh cch cho php J ly cc gi tr khc nhau, sau c th x l bt c cc d liu ring no. Artificial imtelligence (AI): Tr thng minh nhn to. Mt ngnh khoa hc lin quan ti vic to cc chng trnh my tnh c th thc hin cc hot ng so snh vi nhng hot ng ca mt con ngi thng minh. Nghin cu AI hin thi bao trm cc lnh vc nh lp k hoch (cho cch x rb), hiu bit ngn ng, nhn bit mu, biu th kin thc. Cc chng trnh AI trc kia c pht trin nm 1960 t c s m phng tr thng minh con ngi hay c gip k thut gii quyt vn tng qut. By gi ngi ta ngh rng cch c x thng minh ty thuc nhiu vo kin thc mt h thng c c nh trn ngun l l ca n. Do , s nhn mnh hin c trong cc h thng da trn kin thc. Ascii (t ch u ca American Standard Code for Information Interchange) h lp m trong cc s c quy nh cho cc ch, ch s v cc biu tng chm cu. D cc my tnh lm vic trong m s nh phn, cc s ASCII thng c nh nh cc s thp phn hay thp lc phn, 32 m u c dng cho cc chc nng iu khin nh tr hp bng v xa ngc. Ni chnh xc, ASCII l mt m nh phn 7 bit cho php 128 k t khc nhau c biu th nhng mt bit th tm th thng c dng cung cp tnh chn l hay cho php i vi cc k t ph. H thng ny c dng rng ri i vi vic lu vn bn. Assembly language: Ngn ng chng trnh hp ng, ngn ng lp trnh my tnh mc thp lin quan mt thit ti cc m bn trong mt my tnh. N gm ch yu mt b cc chui ngn vi ch (thut nh) c b dch hp ng dch thnh m my cho n v x l trung ng ca my tnh lm theo mt cch trc tip. Trong ngn ng chng trnh hp ng, JMP c ngha l nhy (Jump) v LDA c ngha l Load accumulation (b tr ti) m chng trnh hp ng c cc tho chng vin s dng vit cc chng trnh rt nhanh v hiu qu. Asynchronus: Khng ng b (d b). Khng theo qui lut hay khng ng b. Thng c cung cp trong s truyn thng truyn d liu khng qtho qui lut so vi mt dng n nh. S thng tin khng ng b dng cc bit bt u v bit kt thc ch s bt u v s kt thc mi mu d liu. Audit trail: Vt kim tra. bn ghi li cc hot ng my tnh ch nhng g c thc hin v ai thc hin n (nu thng tin ny c sn). Thut ng ny c ly trong k ton nhng cc vt kim tra (chui kim ton trong k ton ngy nay c dng rng ri kim tra nhiu kha cnh an ton my tnh cng nh trong cc chng trnh k ton.

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GOG-SOFT

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Autoexec.bat File trong iu hnh MS-Dos bao gm cc lnh c thi hnh khi my tnh c khi ng, n c chy t ng vo lc ny.

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GOG-SOFT
Bandwidth

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rng di tn. Trong my tnh v trong thng tin lin lc, khi nim ny xc nh tc chuyn d liu, c o bng s bit mi giy. Benchmark Mc, chun Php o hiu qu ca mt mu thit b hay phn mm, thng bao gm mt chng trnh tiu chun hay mt b chng trnh. Cc mc c th ch ra xem mt my tnh c mnh thc hin mt tc v c bit no hay khng v cho php so snh cc my vi nhau. Tuy nhin, chng ch o cc thng s c bit v c th khng a ra mt hng dn chnh xc tng tc cc ng dng thc t. Mc o bao gm Whetstones, Dhrystones, TPC v SPECmarks. SPECmarks da trn 10 chng trnh c chp nhn bi h thng thc hin nh ga kt hp cho cc trm lm vic chun. Mc TCP-B ca hi ng thc hin x l giao dch c s dng th c s d liu v h thng trc tuyn trong phm vi ngn hng. Beta version Bn th nghim trc pht hnh Phin bn trc khi tung ra chnh thc ca mt phn mm hay chng trnh ng dng, thng c phn phi ti mt s hn ch cc chuyn vin s dng (v thng l cc nh ph bnh). S phn phi ca phin bn ny cho php ngi s dng kim tra v phn hi li ngi pht trin bt c bin i cn thit no cng c th c thc hin trc khi pht hnh. Bitmap S bit L mng bit c s dng m t mt t chc d liu. Cc s bit c dng lu cc hnh nh ha bng cch dng gia tr 1 biu th en (hay mu) v gi tr 0 biu th trng. Tuy nhin ha dng s bit khng c s dng cho cc hnh nh yu cu o c (trong trng hp ny ngi ta s dng ha vc t lu di dng cng thc hnh hc). Cc s bit c th c s dng lu tr kiu ch hay phng ch nhng mi c hay kiu ch i hi phi c mt bt s bit ring. Mt b phng kiu vc t c th c gi lm d liu mu v o c khi cn thit. Bridge Cu ni Thit b ni hai mng a phng tng t nhau. Cc cu ni l th tc c lp, chuyn d liu trong cc b gia hai mng m khng lm mt bt k thay i no. Brouter Cu ch ng Thit b kt ni cc mng t hp chc nng ca c hai thit b l cu ni v b ch ng. Cc cu ch ng thng a ra hnh trnh c th theo v ni cu nhng th tc cn li.

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Bus Thanh gp

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NG DN IN T THNG QUA MT B VI X L my tnh lin lc vi cc thnh phn khc ca n hay vi cc thit b ngoi vi. V mt vt l, thanh gp l mt b cc ng song song c th mang cc tn hiu k thut s . N c th c dng vt lt ng trn bng mch in my tnh (PCBs) hay ca mt cp bn ngoi hay s ni kt. Mt my tnh in hnh c ba thanh gp bn trong nm trn bn mch chnh ca n, mt thanh gp d liu (data bus) mang d liu gia cc thnh phn my tnh, mt thanh gp a ch (address bus) chn cc th tc c lm theo bi bt c mu d liu ring bit no i dc thanh gp d liu v mt thanh gp iu khin (control bus) c dng quyt nh xem d liu c c hay ghi t thanh gp d liu. Mt thnh gp m rng (expansion bus) bn ngoi c dng cho vic ni b x l my tnh ti thit b ngoi vi nh modem v my in. Backing storage: B nh d liu, b nh bn ngoi n v x l trung ng dng lu cc chng trnh v o lng khng c dng hin thi. B nh d tr phi khng d bay hi ngha l ni dung ca n phi khng c mt khi ngun cung cp ti my tnh khng c ni na. Backup: Sao chp d tr, cc file sao chp c chuyn ti cc phng tin khc, thng l ly i c, l a mm hay bng. Mc ch ca iu ny l c bn sao ca mt file m n c th c phc hi trong trng hp c d h hng trong h thng hay trn chnh file . cc file sao chp cng c to bi nhiu ng dng (vi phn m rng l BAC hay BAK), do , mt phin bn l s c sn ca mt file gc trc khi n c bin i bi ng dng hin thi. Backup system: H thng sao chp: mt h thng my tnh sao chp m c th tip nhn hot ng ca my my tnh trong bin c ca s h hng thit b hay cho nhu cu bo tr. Cc h thng sao chp m rng sao chp d phng tng v h thng sao chp y . Bar code: M thanh: mu ca cc thanh v cc khong trng c th c c bng mt my tnh. Cc m thanh c s dng rng ri trong s bn l, phn phi cng nghip v cc th vin cng cng. Cc m ny c c bi mt thit b qut, my tnh xc nh m t cc rng ca cc thanh v khong trng. Basic : ( t vit tt ch u ca beginer's all purpose symbolic instruction code: m ch dn biu tng tt c mc ch ca ngi mi s dng), ngn ng lp trnh my tnh mc cao, c pht trin nm 1964, c thit k nguyn thy nhn s tin b ca cc h thng nhiu ngi s dng (c th c s dng bi nhiu ngi cng lc). Ngn ng ny d lin h hc v ph bin trong s nhng ngi s dng my vi tnh. N l phn c bn tip theo cho cc ngn ng mi nh Visual Basic.

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GOG-SOFT
Batch processing:

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X l b, h thng x l d liu vi t hay khng c s can thip ca ngi vn hnh. Cc b d liu c chun b tin ti c x l trong qu trnh chy bnh thng (v d, mi ti). IU NY CHO PHP MY TNH S DNG C HIU QU V thch hp tt cho cc ng dng ca mt kiu lp li nh mt bn lng cng ty. B x l tng phn vi my tnh tc ng xen k, trong d liu v cc lnh c nhp vo trong khi chng trnh x l ang chy. Baud: N V O TC CHUYN D LIU. Nu mt tn hiu hiu th mt bit, sau mt baud biu th mt tc chuyn ca mt bit mi giy (bps). Baudot code: M Baudot, m 5 bit c pht trin bi mt k s ngi Php Emil Baudot vo nhng nm 1870. N cn dng trong telex. Bzier curve : NG CONG BZIER, NG CONG NI MT CHUI im (hay nt) bng phng php mn nht c th. Hnh dng ng cong MI NT C IU HNH BI BA IM IU KHIN. NG cong Bezier c s dng trong ha my tnh v CAD (computer aided design: my tnh gip thit k ). Binary number code: M s nh phn, m s da trn h thng s nh phn, c dng biu th cc lnh ch dn v d liu trong tt c cc my tnh k thut s iu s dng trong hu ht cc my vi tnh, ch hoa A u th bi s nh phn 01000001 Do cc s nh phn ch dng cc ch s 0 v 1 nn chng c th c biu th bi bt c thit b no c th tn ti trong hai trng thi khc nhau. Trong mt my tnh k thut s, nhiu thit b hai trng thi khc nhau c dng lu hay chuyn cc m s nh phn v d nh - cc mch, c th hay khng th mang in th, a hay bng m cc phn ca n c th khng th c t ha v cng tc (chuyn mch) c th m hay ng. Cc my tnh k thut s c thit k theo cch ny bi hai l do. Th nht, to thit b hai trng thi th d v r hn nhiu so vi thit b tn ti nhiu hn hai trng thi. Th hai s truyn thng gia cc thit b hai trng thi th rt ng tin cy v ch c hai tn hiu khc nhau, 0 hay 1 (m hay tt cn c nhn bit. Binary number system: H thng s nh phn, h thng s c s hai c dng trong my tnh v in t. Tt c cc s nh phn c vit bng cch dng s kt hp ca cc ch s 0 hay 1. S thp phn thng thng hay c s 10, cc s c th c xem nh c vit dc cc u ct da trn s 10. V d, s thp phn 2,567 vit tt ca: 1.000 s 100s

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GOG-SOFT
10s 1s (103) (102) (101) (10) 2 5 6 7

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Nh phn, hay c s 2, c s c vit di cc u ct da tn s 2. V d, s nh phn ca 1101. 8s 4s 2s 1s (23) (22) (21) (20) S nh phn 1101 do tng ng vi s thp phn 13 v (1x8) + (1x4) + (1x1) = 13 Binary search: Tm h nh phn, k thut nhanh c dng tm bt c bn ghi no trong mt danh sch cc bn ghi c gi trong th t sp xp. My tnh c lp trnh so sch bn ghi c tm thy vi bn ghi gia trong DANH SCH TH T. IU NY ANG C THC HIN, my tnh loi b na danh sch trong bn ghi khng xut hin do gim s bn ghi tm kim xong ti phn na, qu trnh ny c lp li cho ti khi bn yu cu c tm thy. Biological computer: My tnh sinh hc, xut k thut i vi cc thit b my tnh da trn d tng trng cc phn t hu c phc tp ( phn t sinh hc) nh l cc cu t, c s l thuyt ca n l cc , khi xy dng ca tt c vt th sng c cc h thng ha hc c th lu v trao i cc in t v do hot ng nh cc cu t c in. N l ti hin thi c nghin cu lu di.

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GOG-SOFT
Bios:

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(t ch u ca basic input/output system: h nhp xut c bn) phn ca h iu hnh iu khin nhp v xut. Thut ng ny cng c dng m t cc chng trnh c lu trong ROM (v c gi l ROM Bios), m n chy t ng khi mt my tnh c bt ln cho php n khi ng. BIOS khng b nh hng bi s nng cp ln h iu hnh c lu trn a. Bestable circuit: Mch lt, hay mch in n gin bp bnh cn tn ti trong mt hay hai trng thi n nh cho ti khi n nhn mt xung (tn hiu logic 1) thng qua mt trong nhng u vo ca n, trong n chuyn hay ''flip trn trng thi khc. Do n l thit b hai trng thi nn n c th c s dng lu cc ch s nh phn v c s dng rng ri trong mch t hp. Bit: Ch s nh phn, ch s nh phn n, hoc l 0 hoc l 1. Mt bit l n v nh nht ca d liu c lu trong my tnh, tt c cc d liu khc phi c m ha thnh mt mng ring bit. Mt byte biu th b nh my tnh y lu mt k t d liu n v thng cha 8 bit. V d, trong h m ASCII c dng trong hu ht cc myvi tnh, th ch hoa A c lu trong mt byte n ca b nh nh mt mng bit 01000001. S bit ti a m mt my tnh c th x l thng thng vo mt lc c gi l mt t. Bit mapped font: Phng c lp s bit, phng c gi trong b nh my tnh nh mt b s bit. Bit pad: M BIT: THIT B NHP CA MY TNH, XEM BNG ha. Block : Khi; nhm h s c x l nh mt n v hon chnh cho vic chuyn i hay chuyn li b nh d tr. V d, nhiu a chuyn d liu trong khi 512 byte. Bollean algebra: I S BOOLEAN, B QUI TC I S, C T TN THEO NH TON HC GEORGE BOOLE, TRONG TRUE (NG) v False gm mt chui ton t AND (v), OR (hoc), Not (khng), NAND (NOTAND: khng, v), NOR (hoc khng) v XOR (exclusive OR: hoc loi tr) m n c th C DNG NH TN HIU NG (TRUE) V SAI (False) (xem bng tht) v l c s ca logic my tnh v gi tr tht c th c nhn bit trc tip bng cc bit. I S BOOLEAN: CC TON T Ton t Ngha

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GOG-SOFT

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x AND y Kt qu ng nu c hai x & y u ng, ngc li kt qu sai.

x OR y Kt qu ng nu x hoc y ng, ngc li kt qu sai

x XOR y Kt qu ng ch nu x v y khc bit, ngc li kt qu sai

NOT x Kt qu ng nu x sai, kt qu sai nu x ng. Boot: Khi ng (mi) hay qui trnh mi bt u my tnh. Hu ht cc my tnh c mt chng trnh mi nh, gn lin (BIOS) bt u t ng khi my tnh c bt ln - nhng cng tc ca n l ch ti chng trnh ln hn mt cch nh nhng, thng t mt a m ngc li np v b iu hnh. Trong my vi tnh, BIOS thng c gi trong b nh ROM thng tr v chng trnh mi khi ng hot ng ca n mt cch n gin. Bps (vit tc ca bits per second: s bit mi giy) mt php o c dng xc nh tc truyn d liu. Bubble jet printer: My in phun bt kh, my in phun mc trong c nung nng ti im si n to mt bt kh u mt bec phun. Khi bt kh n, mc c chuyn ti giy. Bubble memory: B nh bot, thit b b nh da trn to ra cc bt nh trn mt b mt t tnh. Cc b nh? Bubble in hnh lu ti 4 megabit (4 triu bit) thng tin. Chng khng nhy v va p v s rung ng, khng ging nh thit b b nh khc nh a nhng ging nh a t tnh, chng khng d bay hi v khng lm mt thng tin khi tt my tnh.

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GOG-SOFT
Bubble sort:

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Sp xp bot, k thut sp xp d liu. Nhng mc k cn c trao i lin tc cho ti khi d liu thnh mt trnh t. Buffer: B m. Phn ca b nh c dng lu d liu mt cch tm thi. V d, mt chng trnh c th lu d liu trong mt b m my in cho ti khi my in sn sng in chng. Bug: Li trong mt chng trnh. N c th l li trong mt cu trc logic ca chng trnh hay mt li c php nh li chnh t. Mt vi bug lm cho mt chng trnh hng ngay tc khc, mt s khc cn khng l ra, gy ra cc vn ch khi mt s kt hp ring bit ca cc chng c xy ra. Qu trnh tm v tr li i t mt chng trnh c gi l debugging. Bulletin board: Bng thng bo, trung tm lu tr ca cc tn hiu, thng c truy cp trn mng in thoi thng qua th tn mt mem. Cc bng thng bo thng c chuyn dng cc nhm c bit v c th mang tn hiu, lu , v chng trnh. Burreau: T chc a ra mt chui dch v my tnh nh x l bng lng, chuyn mn ha vic in hay ci t kiu. Byte: B nh my tnh y lu mt k t d liu n. K t c lu trong mt byte ca b nh nh mt mng bit (ch s nh phn), dng mt m nh ASCII. Mt byte thng cha 8 bit v d, ch hoa F c th c lu nh mng bit 01000110. Kch c b nh my tnh c o bng kilobyte (1.024 byte) hay megabyte (1.024 kilobyte).

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GOG-SOFT
Cache memory B nh m

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Khu vc dnh ring cho vic nhp d kin tc th, c s dng tng tc hot ng ca chng trnh my tnh. B nh m c th c xy dng t SRAM, n nhanh hn nhng cng t hn DRAM bnh thng. Hu ht cc chng trnh nhp vo vi cng mt ch dn v d liu ging nhau. Nu thng xuyn s dng cc ch dn v d liu c tr sn trong b nh m SDRAM th chng trnh s hot ng nhanh hn. Trong trng hp khc, b nh m l DRAM nhng c s dng lu tr thng xuyn s dng cc ch dn v d liu th s c lu tr tr li mt cch n gin. Nhp d liu vo DRAM nhanh hn lu tr tr li v li mt ln na chng trnh chy nhanh hn. Kiu b nh m ny thng c gi l m a. CAD (Computer Aided Design) Thit k vi s tr gip ca my tnh My tnh s dng trong to dng v thit lp cc bn v thit k. CAD cng cho php ngi s dng thc hin nhng tc v nh kim sot nhng thit k phc tp mt cch t ng hay lm linh hot thm khng gian ba chiu ca thit k. H thng CAD c s dng rng ri trong kin trc, in t v k thut (th d trong cng nghip sn xut xe hi, ni m gi y cc thit k mu xe c s tr gip ca nhng chic my tnh). Mi quan h pht trin ny c gi l CAM CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) Sn xut vi s tr gip ca my tnh My tnh c s dng kim sot qu trnh sn xut, c bit l kim sot my cng c v cc ngi my trong cc x nghip. Trong mt s nh my, ton b h thng thit k v sn xut c kt ni vi nhau mt cch t ng t CAD n CAM. Mng linh hot CAD v CAM trong sn xut n cc my bn hng v phn phi vi phng php ny c th cho php sn xut mt s lng hng ha tiu dng vi gi thp hn. Clipboard Bng ghi tm Tp tin tm thi hay vng nh ti d liu c th c lu tr trc khi c sao chp vo mt tp tin ng dng. V d nh c dng trong cc thao tc ct v dn tp tin. Clock interrupt Ngt tn hiu C PHT SINH BI NG H IN T BN TRONG MY tnh. Clock rate Tn s ng h Tn s ca ng h in t bn trong my tnh. N sinh ra mt dy xung in c b phn iu khin s dng ng b ha cc b phn ca my tnh v iu ho chu trnh thc hin - tr v theo cc ch dn ca chng trnh c x l. Mt s c nh ca cc xung thi gian c i

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GOG-SOFT

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hi thc hin tng lnh ring. Vn tc ti my vi tnh c th x l cc lnh s ph thuc vo tn s ng h ny. Tn s ng h c o bng megahertz (Mhz) hay triu xung ng trong 1 giy. My vi tnh thng c tn s ng h 8 - 50 MHz. C: Ngn ng chng trnh my tnh cao cp vi nhiu chc nng a dng c pht trin vo u thp nin 70 v trc c gi tt l BCPL. C c s dng trc tin nh l ngn ng hot ng h thng Unix, thng qua n v t tr nn rng ri b xa Unix. N hu ch trong vic son tho nhanh v cc chng trnh hon thin, c hai h thng cng hot ng (iu hnh hot ng ca my) v gn lin vi nhau. C ++ Chng trnh ngn ng cao cp s dng gn vi nh hng mc tiu. - Cal - Vit tt ca s c mt ca my tnh trong hc tp) my tnh s dng trong gio dc v o to. My tnh trnh by cc ti liu hng dn sinh vin v hi v thng tin c a ra, nhng cu tr li ca sinh vin v bi hc c xc nh r rng v lin tc. Carriage return : Chuyn tr v, mt m s c bit (ASCII gi tr 13) l chuyn con tr mn hnh my in v im bt u ca dng hin ti. Hu ht cc t hin th v h MS-DOS hot ng s dng s kt hp ca CR v dng cung cp (LF-ASCII gi tr 10) th hin cho s chuyn v kh khn. D sao h Unix ch s dng LF v do cc tp tin chuyn i gia MS-Dos v Unix cn mt chng trnh chuyn i. CCITT Vit tt ca: Comite Consultatif International Telephonique et. Telegraphique. CD-T Tng tc a compact: (Vit tc cho tc ng qua li ca a Compact) kh a Compact pht trin bi Philips vi s sung cp kt hp ca truyn hnh, m thanh, ch u v hnh nh. Vi nh ch yu cho th trng tiu dng c s dng trong h thng kt hp ca my tnh v v tuyn truyn hnh. S chn la kh a l s tng giao ngi - my ca truyn hnh (DVI). CD-R: (S thu a Compact) kiu a Compact c th ghi li d liu trn (SO SNH VI CD-ROM) . A L S KT HP CA CNG ngh t tnh v quang hc. Trong khi thu a, tia lade chiu trn b mt a c sp xp theo quy nh. CD-ROM B nh ch c dung lng. (Vit tc cho a Compact b nh ch c). My vi tnh lu tr sng ch pht trin ca cng ngh m thanh l a compact. N gm c mt a nha cng trng a Compact. N gm c mt a nha cng trng kim loi, trn s thng tin nh phn c khc

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GOG-SOFT

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axt theo trt t ca lm rt nh. Ri n c th c c bng cch cho MT CHM TIA SNG I QUA TRN MT A. A CD-ROM IN HNH CHA KHONG 550 MT A. A CD-ROM in hnh cha khong 550 magebyte d liu, v c s dng xy dng s lng ln nhng vn bn v th nh nhng b sch bch khoa, catalog v s sch k thut. Thu a CD-R cng c pht trin. Xem nh a CD-I. Cefeax: Mt trong hai h thng teletext ca Anh (ci kia l Teletext) hoc nhng tp ch hng khng pht trin bi BBC v pht ln u tin nm 1973. Central processing unit (CPU): B x l trung tm, b phn cu thnh chnh ca my tnh, phn cu to th hin chng trnh ring v iu khin hot ng ca cc phn khc. N thng c gi l trung tm iu hnh hay khi bao gm t hp mch in ring, mt d kin cha trong mch vi tnh. CPU c ba b phn cu thnh chnh: b phn s hc v l-gic (ALU), ni thc hin mi tnh ton v l-gic hc; b phn iu khin; gii m, ng b ha v th hin ch dn chng trnh; v b nh nhp d liu tc th: n lu tr cc d liu v chng trnh trn my tnh hin ti lm vic. Tt c cc cu hnh thnh ny gm nhng ghi nhn ni v tr b nh lu tr cho nhng mc ch c bit. Nhng ghi nhn bao gm s tch ly, ghi nhn ch dn v ghi nhn s iu khin lin tip. Centronics interface: Giao din centronics, tn ring cho mt tip gip song song (Centronics l nh sn xut my in quan trng trong bnh minh ca my tnh hin i). CGA Thit b tng hp ha mu (Vit tc cho s iu hp mu sc v th) h thng biu din mu u tin cho my tnh c nhn (IBMPC) v cc my tng hp. N c thay th bi EGA, VGA, SVGA v XGA. Character: K t: Mt trong nhng k t c th c hiu din trong my tnh. N bao gm cc ch ci, s, khong trng, du chm v cc k hiu c bit khc. Character printer: My in k t. My in vi tnh in mt du hiu ti mt thi im. Character set: Tp hp k t. Tp hp y cc k t c dng trong 1 chng trnh c nhn ra bi my vi tnh. N bao gm cc cha ci, ch s, khong trng du chm v cc k hiu c bit khc.

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GOG-SOFT
Character type check:

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Kim tra dng l t. S kim tra c hiu lc chc chn rng mt chi tit d kin c a vo khng cha cc du hiu khng c gi tr. V d nh 1 tn c a vo c th c kim tra chc chn rng n ch cha cc ch trong bng ch ci hoc ngy thng c 6 ch s a vo c th c kim tra chc rng n ch cha cc s. Check digit: Ch s kim tra. Ch s c gn vi mt m s quan trng nh kim tra ph chun. Checksum: Tng kim tra. Tng s kim tra cc chi tit c bit ca d kin m khng c ngha khc. Tng ny c dng nh mt du hiu nhn din rng d liu c a vo hoc chuyn i 1 cch chnh xc. N c dng trong vic chuyn i 1 cch chnh xc. N c dng trong vic trao i thng tin v v d nh trong chng trnh tng thut. Xem validation. Chip or silicon chip: Vi mch in t, tn gi khc ca integrated circuit, l 1 mch in t y trn mt tm silic (hay mt cht bn dn khc), tinh th ch vi milimt vung. CISC My tnh c tp lnh phc tp. (Vit tt cc ch u c complex instruction set computer). Thit b vi x l (b x l trn mt vi mch in t n) c th thc hin c mt s ln cc lnh ca mt m my - v d Intel 80486. Thut ng ny c a vo phn bit nhng vi mch in t ny vi thit b vi x l RISC (Reduced Inatruction Set Computer) iu khin mt tp hp cc lnh nh hn. Client - server architecture: Cu trc khch - ch. H thng mng li trong vn hnh theo di cc d liu c tch ra khi chng trnh s dng d liu . Mi my vi tnh hoc l ngi ch, cha cc d liu hoc iu khin cc hng ca h thng - v d nh my in hoc mng li, hoc khch hng trn qun l cc chng trnh ng dng. Cmos Bn dn b oxit - kim loi: (Vit tt ca Comlementary metal - oxide Semiconductor). H cc b vi mch in t c s dng rng ri trong vic thit lp cc h thng in t. CMYK (Vit tc ca Cyan - Magenta - Yellow - black: xanh l cy - ti - vng en). S phn ly 4 mu c dng trong hu ht cc qu trnh in mu. C TRNG TRN MY TNH L MN HNH, TUY NHIN THNG s dng phng php RGB b sung thm v v th s chuyn i thng l cn thit b phn cho ra kt qu in hoc trn my in mu hoc phn tch.

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GOG-SOFT
CNC Vit tc ca Computer numerical control Coaxial cable:

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Cp truyn ng trc, cp truyn in gm dy dn in rn c cch in v bao quanh bng ng hay bao bo v rn. N c th truyn nhng tn hiu tn s cao c s dng trong tivi, in thoi cc phng tin truyn thng khc. N ang c thay th bi si cp quang hoc cp cp xon trn. Cobol (Vit tc ca Commnon Business Oriented language). Ngn ng chng trnh my tnh cao cp, c son tho vo cui nhng nm 1950 dnh cho cc vn x l d liu thng mi, n tr thnh ngn ng chnh trong lnh vc ny. Cc a im ca COBOL rt thun tin cho cc tp tin s hc iu khin v kinh doanh. Nhng lnh ca chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng ny m rng vic s dng cc t v trng rt ging vi cu vn bng TING ANH. IU NY LM CHO COBOL TR THNH MT TRONG nhng ngnh d hc v d hiu nht. COM Vit tt ca Computer output on micro - film/microfiche. Comit Consuktatif International telephonique et tlgraphique (CCITT) Y BAN T VN V IN THOI V IN BO quc t. T chc quc t xc nh cc tiu chun v vn bn truyn thng quc t cho cc d liu truyn thng, bao hm c fax. Command language: Ngn ng mnh lnh. Tp hp cc lnh v quy tc iu khin cch s dng ca chng m theo ngi s dng iu khin 1 chng trnh. V d nh h thng thao tc hoc c cc lnh nh Save v delete, hay 2 chng trnh v danh sch tr lng cho nhn vin c th c cc lnh thm v sa i cc h s nhn vin. Command line interface: (cLI): GIAO DIN DNG LNH. NG PHN GII DA trn cc k t trong li nhc nh c biu din trn mn hnh m ti ngi s dng gi mt lnh bng b phn chuyn i nhng phn xc nh, y nu mt im ca mnh lnh c gi tr th n s c thc hin. Compact disc (CD): A COM-PACT. A quang hc, khong 12 cm chiu ngang, c dng lu tr cc thng tin bng K THUT S. A C LM BNG NHM C PH 1 lp nha trong sut. Cc vt lm rt nh c khc bng lade trn b mt kim loi c dng lu tr d liu trong m nh phn. Trong lc pht li, chm lade s c m hiu v to ra cc tnh hiu l bn sao gn nh hon ho

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GOG-SOFT
ca bn gc. Xem CD-ROM, CD-I v CD-R. Compiler: Chng trnh bin son

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Chng trnh my tnh dch cc chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng mc cao sang mt m my. Chng trnh ny dch mi lnh bng ngn ng mc cao sang mt s lnh mt m my trong 1 qu trnh c gi l s bin son v to ra mt chng trnh hon ton c lp c th qun l c bng my tnh m khng cn s c mt ca chng trnh gc. Cc chng trnh bin son khc nhau cn cc ngn ng cao cp khc nhau v cho cc my tnh khc nhau. Tri vi vic s dng chng trnh dch, vic s dng chng trnh bin son cn thm 1 cht thi gian a ra 1 chng trnh bng mt m my phi c bin son tr li sau mi thay i hoc hiu chnh. Tuy nhin vi 1 ln c bin son, chng trnh mt m my s chy nhanh hn chng trnh c dch nhiu. Computer: My tnh. Thit b in t c th lp chng trnh x l v thc hin cc php tnh v cc nhim v thao tc bng k hiu khc. C 3 dng chnh: my tnh k thut s, hot ng vi cc thng tin c m ha nh cc s h nh phn; my tnh tng t: lm vic vi cc i lng bin i lin tc; v my tnh lai: c cc c tnh ca c 2 loi trn. C 4 cch phn loi my tnh k thut s, tng ng vi kch thc v mc ch s dng ca n: my vi tnh (k c my tnh xch tay) l loi nh nht v thng dng nht, c dng trong cc c s kinh doanh nh, ti nh v ti cc trng ph thng; my tnh mini c dng trong cc c s kinh doanh c trung v cc khoa ca trng i hc (mc d s khc bit gia my tnh v my tnh mini ang bin mt); v dn my tnh thng c th phc v cho vi trm ngi s dng ng thi, thng c s dng trong cc t chc ln nh cc cng ty quc t; v sin my tnh, c s dng ch yu cho cc nhim v khoa hc ht sc phc tp nh phn tch kt qu ca d bo thi tit. Computer - aided design: Xem CAD Computer -aided manufacturing: xem CAM Computer- Assisted Learning: Xem CAL Computer game or video game: Tr chi trn my tnh. Tr chi c iu khin bng my tnh trong my tnh i chi vi ngi chi. Tr chi my tnh s dng nhng hnh nh nhanh v sng ng trn mn hnh, v c m thanh tng hp. Computer generation: Th h my tnh. Mt trong 5 nhm tng qut trong cc my tnh c th c phn loi th h th nht l nhng my tnh sm nht ra i vo nhng nm 1940 v 1950, c ch to t cc mch in t dy v n in t; Th h th hai c t nhng nm 1960, da trn cc transistor v mch in; Th h th ba c t nhng nm cui ca thp k 1960, s dng cc mch vi in t v thng c bn nh h ca cc my tnh, v d nh loi IBM 360; th h th t s dng cc b vi mch x l, cc t hp vi in t ln (LSI) v cc ngn ng lp trnh tinh vi, n vn cn c

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GOG-SOFT

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dng trong nhng nm 1990; v th h th 5 da trn vic x l song song v cc t hp vi in t rt ln (VLSI), hin ang c pht trin. Computer graphis: HA MY TNH. S DNG MY TNH BIU din v lm vic vi cc thng tin dng hnh v. Cc hnh v c lu li trong my tnh nh cc ha bng mnh hay ha vect. Cc hnh trn my tnh c s dng ngnh cng tng trong CAD (computer-aided design), v to ra cc m hnh v s m phng trong k thut, kh tng, y t v phu thut, v cc lnh vc khoa hc khc, cng nh trong vic xut bn. Computer numerical control: (CNC): IU KHIN K THUT S MY TNH. IU KHIN CC MY CNG C, THNG L CC MY THAY bng my tnh. Mu thit k cng vic cho my lm theo, thng l lin quan n vic thc hin cc hnh ng c lp li nhiu ln, c m t bng cch s dng ngn ng lp trnh mc ch c bit. Computer output on microfilm: Micro fiche (COM): Vi phim xut t my tnh. K thut to kt qu u ra ca my trong dng rt c ng v rt gn. Computer program: Chng trnh my tnh cc lnh c m ha cho mt my tnh. Computer simulation: S m phng trn my tnh. S biu din 1 tnh hung c thc ca i sng trong 1 chng trnh my tnh. Vi d nh chng trnh c th m phng s lu thng ca cc khch hng n 1 ngn hng. Ngi s dng c th thay cc bin s, nh s ngi thu ngn ang lm vic, v xem xt hiu qu. S m phng phc tp hn c th to c cch thc xy ra ca mt phn ng ha hc hay thm ch mt v n ht nhn. My tnh cng iu khin hot ng ca my mc. V d nh vt m phng chuyn bay to nn hot ng ca mt my bay thc v cho php hun luyn trong iu kin an ton. S m phng bng my tnh c ch khi n qu nguy him, tiu dng nhiu thi gian, hay n gin l khng th thc hin c mt thc nghim hay kim tra tht s. Computer terminal: Trm nhp, nhn tin t my tnh. Cng c m nh n ngi vn hnh my chuyn tin c vi my tnh. Compuserve: S phc v d liu cho cng chng rng ri. N c s dng cho th in t v ba tp san.

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GOG-SOFT
Cofig.sys.

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H thng sp xp. Cch thc m mt h thng, a cng hay/v a mm c b tr. S sp xp ti thiu thng c gn cho 1 s ng dng c bit, v n thng bao gm bn k chi tit ca b x l, a v kch thc b nh, v thit b ngoi vi c yu cu. Console: T hp ca bn phm v mn hnh ( cng c m t nh 1 trm nhp V NHN TIN). I VI H THNG NH UNIX TH CH C 1 h thng bng iu khin m t h thng c th c thc hin, trong khi c th c nhiu trm nhn v nhp tin c s dng. Control bus: BUS IU KHIN. NG I BNG IN C s dng truyn cc tn hiu iu khin. Control character: K t iu khin. K t bt k c to ra khi n phm iu khin (Ctrl) cng lc vi 1 phm khc (thng l phm ch ci). Cc k t iu khin to thnh 32 k t ASCII u tin v hu ht u c ngha xc nh i vi h iu hnh c s dng. Chng cng cn c dng trong t hp to ra s kim sot khun kh kch thc trong nhiu thit b x l t, mc d ngi s dng c th khng a chng vo mt cch r rng. Control total: Tng iu khin. S kim tra ph chun trong tng s hc ca 1 vng xc nh t 1 nhm thng tin ghi li c tnh ton. Tng ny c a vo cng vi d liu m n lin quan n. Chng trnh tnh ton li tng ny v so snh n vi 1 tng khc c a vo chc chn rng khng mt sai st no c thc hin. Control unit: N V IU KHIN. MT THNH PHN CA KHI x l trung tm, n gii m, lm ng b v iu hnh s ch dn chng trnh. Copro cessor: B ng x l: B x l b sung, chc nng ca n l cng hp vi khi x l trung tm cung cp 1 chc nng xc nh. Hai b phn x l ph ph bin nht l b x l ph ton hc, c dng tng tc tnh ton v b x l ph th, c dng hon thin vic x l cc th. Copy protection: Chng sao chp. K thut c dng ngn chn s sao chp bt hp php mt chng trnh. S bo v trong sao chp khng cn c c s dng thng xuyn nh trc y v n cng ngn chn s sao chp hp php ( vi cc mc ch d tr). K thut thay th n ngn chn s sao chp bt hp php l s dng cc mt lnh.

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GOG-SOFT
Corruption of data:

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S h hng d liu. S c mt ca cc h hng trong d liu. Hu ht cc my vi tnh u s dng vng cc l trnh thm tra v ph chun ngn chn d liu b h hng i vo h thng my tnh hoc pht hin cc d liu h hng tht s c mt trong my. CP/M Vit tt ca control program/monitor hay control program for microcomputers). Chng trnh iu khin mn hnh gim st. Chng trnh iu khin mn hnh hay chng trnh iu khin dnh cho my vi tnh. Mt trong nhng h thng iu khin hot ng s khi nht dnh cho my vi tnh. Chng trnh ny do Gary Kidall vit ra, ng l ngi t nn mng cho vic nghin cu k thut s, v n tr thnh tiu chun i vi cc my vi tnh da trn cc b mch vi x l Intel 8080 v Zilog Z80 8 bit. Trong nhng nm 1980 chng trnh ny c thay th bng chng trnh MS-DOS ca Microsoft, c vit cho cc b mch vi x l 16 bit. N cn c s dng trong phm vi ca th gii my vi tnh c nhn h Amstrad. CPU: VIT TT CA CENTRAL PROCESSING UINT: N V X l trung tm. Critical path analysis: S phn tch ng ti hn. Qui trnh c dng trong vic qun l cc n phc tp lm gim ti a thi gian cn thit. S phn tch ch cho thy nhng n con no phi c hon thnh trc khi bt u 1 n con khc. Bng cch xc nh thi gian cn thit cho mi n con ring bit v mi quan h gia chng, ta c th lp bng k hoch ch r rng lc no th 1 n con ny cn c bt u v kt thc hon thnh c ton b n 1 cch hiu qu nht. Cc n phc tp c th lin quan n hng trm n con, v vic ng dng my tnh phn tch ng ti hn c s dng rng ri nhm lm gim thi gian v cng sc trong vic phn tch chng. Cursor: Con tr, im nhy trn mn hnh ch v tr. Trn mn hnh my tnh, k hiu m ch v tr vo hin hnh (v tr m k t k tip s xut hin). Trong cc ng dng da trn k t, n thng l mt khi ch nht hoc k t c gch di, v n nhp nhy. Trong cc mt phn gii c hnh nh, n c th thay i hnh dng da trn ng cnh. Cylinder: NG TR: T HP CC RNH TRN TT C CC a to nn 1 a c nh m c th thu c khng cn s chuyn ng ca u c/vit

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DAC- (Vit tt ca Digital - to - analogue convete) B chuyn i t k thut s sang k thut tng t. DAISY WHEEL: U IN hnh hoa cc

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U IN TRONG MY IN T MY TNH HAY MY nh ch cha mt a trn nh bng kim loi hoc nha tng hp, gm nhiu nan hoa (nh cc cnh ca hoa cc), mi nan hoa mang mt k t c chm ni trn b mt. Bnh xe hnh hoa cc c quay cho n khi nan hoa mang k t cn thit i din vi ruy bng tm mc; Lc mt ci ba s g nan hoa vo dy ruy bng, li du n ca k t trn giy bn di. U IN HNH HOA CC C TH C THAY I TO ra cc kiu ch khc nhau. Tuy nhin my in vi u in hnh hoa cc khng th in c th v ch c th in nhiu hn mt kiu ch trong cng mt ti liu nu u in c thay i, mt s phn mm cho php thc hin iu ny. Data D liu Cc s kin, hnh nh v k hiu, c bit khi c lu tr trong my tnh, thut ng ny thng c s dng ch cc s kin th cha c x l, khc vi thng tin ch mt ngha hay s din gii c p dng. Data bus NG D LIU NG IN, C DNG VN CHUYN D LIU gia cc thnh phn ca my tnh. Data capture Thu nhp d liu S thu nhp thng tin cho vic phn tch v x l bng my tnh. Cc d liu c thu thp t ng - v d nh, bng mt b cm bin lin tc theo di cc iu kin vt l nh nhit ; hoc c thu thp bng tay - v d bng cch c dng c o in. Data communications S truyn d liu Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua mt mi trng trao i bt k, nh ng in thoi. Thut ng ny thng ng ch d liu l cc s (nh d liu my tnh) hn l cc kiu khc (nh cc thng ip bng ging ni). Tuy nhin trong h thng ISDN (Intergrated Ser Vies Didital Network: mng li phc v t hp s), tt c cc d liu bao gm c ging ni v hnh nh video, u c truyn bng k thut s. Data compresion S nn d liu.

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K thut lm gim ni lu tr cn thit cho mt s lng d liu xc nh. chng bao hm vic k hiu ha cc t (trong cc t thng s dng c lu tr dng mt m ngn gn hn), thay i di ca n v thng tin (bit) (trong cc k t ph bin c biu din bng t n v thng tin hn vi k t thng) v m ha chiu di (trong mt ngha lp li c lu tr mt ln). Data dictionary T in d liu Tp tin c dng trong s qun l c s d liu, n mang d liu v cc d liu, v d nh danh sch cc tp tin, s cc s kin trong mi tp tin, v cc dng ca mc tin. Cc t in d liu c phn mm ca c s d liu s dng c th thu nhn cc d liu. Data flow chart Biu d liu Biu minh ha cc l trnh c th m d liu c th ly qua mt h thng hay chng trnh. Data input A D LIU VO Vic a d liu vo mt h thng my tnh Data logging Nhp d liu Qu trnh thu nhp v ghi, thng l t ng, mt dy cc gi tr cho vic x l v phn tch bng my tnh sau ny. Data preparation S chun b d liu S chun b d liu cho u vo ca my tnh bng cch chuyn n sang mi trng my c th c c. Qu trnh ny thng lin quan n vic nh my d liu bn phm cho n c th c chuyn trc tip vo bng hay a. Cc phng php thu nhp d liu trc tip khc nhau nh mt m thanh, s nhn bit du hiu bng th gic, v s nhn bit k t bng th gic c a ra gim hoc loi tr vic chun b d liu di dng trc khi a vo my tnh. Data processing (DP) S x l d liu Vic s dng cc my tnh thc hin cc cng vic Vn phng nh kim sot kho hng, lp danh sch tr lng cho nhn vin, v gii quyt cc n t hng. H thng x l d liu l mt h thng nhm tiu biu, chy trn cc my tnh ln. S x l d liu i lc cn c gi l s x l d liu in t (EDP).

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Data protection S bo v d liu

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S bo v an ton cho cc thng tin v cc c th c lu tr trn cc MY TNH. IU NY I HI CC C S D LIU ca my tnh cha cc thng tin ring v c nhn phi c ghi li, v nhng ngi s dng ch x l nhng thng tin chnh xc v vn gi nguyn cc thng tin ch cho mt giai on cn thit v cho nhng mc ch xc nh. Data security S an ton d liu S phng ngn chn s mt hay dng sai d liu, hoc tnh c hoc c . Chng bao gm cc phng thc m bo m rng ch nhng ngi c cng nhn mi c th vo c h thng my tnh hay cc tp tin, v cc quy trnh thng xuyn dnh cho vic lu li v d tr cc d liu. C th cung cp cc tp tin c tm li hoc thit lp li trong trng hp mt hoc lm h hi d liu. Mt s cc k thut kim tra v gim st cng c dng ngn nga cc d liu b mt i hoc b lm hng. Data terinator or rogae value Gi tr d liu cui Gi tr c bit c dng nh du s kt thc mt danh sch cc chi tit d liu c a vo. My tnh c th pht hin rng d liu khc vi cc d liu a vo theo nhiu cch. V d nh mt s m c th c dng lm tn hiu ch s kt thc ca mt danh sch gm cc s dng. Dabase chng trnh base Hc cc chng trnh ca my vi tnh c dng lm vic trn mt s lng d liu ln; n cng l ngn ng th h th 4. Trong phin bn th nht. dBase II - xut hin vo nm 1981, n tr thnh nn tng cho tiu chun ca cc ng dng ca c s d liu, c gi l Xbse. Debugging S sa cha li Tm v loi b cc li t mt chng trnh hay h thng my tnh. Decimal numer system or denary number system H s thp phn H thng s c s dng ph bin nht, vi c s 10. Cc h thng khc ch yu c s dng trong tnh ton v bao gm h nh phn, h thng tam s v h thng mt s. Decision table Bng quyt nh Phng php m t mt quy trnh dnh cho mt chng trnh i theo. Da trn vic so snh cc

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kt lun c th v kt qu ca n. N thng c s dng nh mt phng tin tr gip trong vic thit k cc h thng. Phn trn ca bng cha cc iu kin rt ra kt lun (v d mt s m hoc dng v nh hn mt), v phn di m t cc kt lun khi gp nhng iu kin ny. Chng trnh ny hoc kt thc hoc lp li qu trnh hot ng. Declarative programming S lp trnh khai bo S lp trnh m khng m t cch gii quyt vn , nhng li m t cu trc hp l ca vn . N c s dng trong ngn ng lp trnh Prolog. N c s dng trong ngn ng lp trnh Prolog. Vic chy mt chng trnh nh vy ging nh l s chng t mt li tuyn b hn l chy theo mt quy trnh. Decoder B phn gii m Mch in t c dng chn mt trong mt s ng d liu c th. V d nh cc b gii m thng quen vi cc d liu trc tip vi cc vng nh ring bit trong b nh tc thi ca my tnh. Dedicated computer My tnh chuyn bit My tnh c ch to nm trong mt cng c khc cho mc ch iu khin hoc cung cp thng tin cho cng c . Cng dng ca n c tng nhanh nh s ra i ca cc b vi mch x l: my git, ng h in s, xe hi, my ghi hnh video..., ngy nay tt c chng u c cc b mch x l ring. Defragmentation Chp lin Qu trnh sp xp li cc d liu trn a sao cho cc tp tin khng b lu tr trong cc vng nh. Delete Xa i, gch i S xa b mt k t khi mt tp tin. S xa b mt tp tin thng c ngha l xa mc t trong th mc ca n hn l thc s xa b n khi a. Ngy nay nhiu h thng c phng tin khng xa b cho php lu tr li cc mc t th mc. Trong khi cc tp tin b xa b khng th b xa i khi a, chng c th c vit chng ln. Desktop Trnh lm vic Dekstop S biu din cc h thng tp tin bng biu th, trong cc ng dng v cc tp tin c biu din bng cc hnh v (cc biu tng m c th c gi ra bng cch nhp n hoc p con chut).

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Desktop pulishing (DTP) In bng my vi tnh

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Vic s dng my vi tnh xp ch vi cp bc nh v sp xp trang. Cc h thng ny c kh nng to ra cc trang trong khoan chun b (cc trang chun b sao chp v in) cha cc biu v vn bn, vi b vn bn c cc kiu c v kch thc khc nhau. Cc trang ny c th c xem li ton b trn mn hnh trc khi c in trn my in lade. Diane (Vit tt ca direct information access network for Europe) S THU THP THNG TIN CUNG CP CHO MNG MY TNH CA CHU U. Difference engine My tnh My tnh c hc c thit k (v c ch to mt phn nm 1822) bi nh ton hc ngi Anh, Charles Barrles, to ra cc bng tnh tui th ng tin cy. Tin thn ca my phn tch, n tnh c cc hm s ton hc bng cch gii. S khc nhau gia cc gi tr c cho trc ca cc bin s trong cc chng trnh. Digit Ch s S bt k t 0 n 9 trong h thp phn. Cc c s khc nhau c phm vi cc ch s khc nhau. V d nh h 16 s c cc ch s t 0 n 9 v t A ti F, trong khi h nh phn ch c 2 ch s l 0 v 1. Digital K thut s Thut ng c ngha l m ha bng s. H thng k thut s s dng 2 trng thi, hoc cc xung in th m/tt hoc cao/thp gii m, nhn v truyn thng tin. S biu din k thut s ch ra cc gi tr ring bit nh cc s (khc vi cc k hiu tng t, nh cc on lin tc ca kim ch trn bng s). Digital audio tape (DAT) Bng ghi m bng k thut s Bng tn cha n vi nige byte thng tin, c dng d tr. Cc d liu c truyn i vi mc vi megabyte trong mt pht. Digital computer My tnh hin s Cng c tnh ton hot ng trn h thng 2 trng thi, s dng cc k hiu c m ha bng ch s dng h nh phn (cc s c cu thnh t cc t hp ca cc ch s 0 v 1).

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Digital data transmaission Truyn d liu bng k thut s

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Cch thc truyn d liu bng cch bin i tt c cc du hiu (hnh nh, m thanh hoc t) thnh cc m s (thng l h nh phn) trc khi truyn i, ri li bin i tr li nh ban u ni nhn d liu. Phng php ny loi tr c s mo m hay thoi ha cc tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn, lu tr v x l. Didital to - analogue converter B bin i - tng t Mnh in t bin i cc tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng ng. Mch in t ny c dng bin i u ra bng s t mt my tnh thnh in th tng ng cn thit sinh ra mt m thanh t b khuych i quy c. Digital video interractive (DVI) S tng tc video - s K thut c s dng lu tr cc hnh nh ca ti vi trn my tnh. N s dng k thut nn d liu v cc b mch x l c bit. Digitizer B s ha Cng c bin cc tn hiu hnh nh video thnh dng s sao cho cc nh video c th c a vo, lu tr biu din v thao tc bi mt my tnh. Thut ng ny i lc cng c dng ch mt khi th. Ding bat K t c bit K t phi l s v ch ci, nh du sao, du n hay mi tn. Cc k t ny c t hp thnh cc phng ch Ti bt v dng thng s dng vi cc b x l v cc chng trnh v th. DIP Vit tt ca documen imgge processing: x l ti liu nh Direct access or random access S truy cp trc tip Mt dng truy cp tp tin. tp tin truy cp trc tip c cha cc ghi chp c th c truy cp trc tip nh my tnh v mi ghi chp c a ch ring ca n trn a lu. Direct memory access (DMA) Truy cp b nh trc tip K thut c dng chuyn d liu n v i khi cc thit b bn ngoi m khng cn i qua

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khi x l trung tm v v th tng tc truyn. S truy cp b nh trc tip c dng cho cc cng c nh b qut hnh. Directory Th mc S xp nhm ca tn cc tp tin di tn th mc, cng vi cc thng tin cung cp cho my tnh c th tm li c nhng tp tin ny t vng lu tr m. Disc or disk A Mi trng ph bin lu tr d liu (mt loi thay th l bng t). A T C QUAY VI MT TC CAO TRONG A KHI u c/ghi (m my xem hoc ghi a) i qua trn b mt ca n s c hay ghi li cc bin i t gii m d liu. Gn y, cc a quang hc nh CD-ROM; CD-R v WOEN c dng lu tr d liu bng my tnh. CC A T C MT S DNG. A CNG C NH c to bn trong khoang a, thng trc xp chng ln nhau. Cc a cng c th ly i c thng c trong cc h thng my tnh. Cc a c cha hoc ring bit hoc nh mt khi xp chng trong mt hp bo v bng nha tng hp, v c th c ly ra khi khoan a v gi S DNG SAU NY. A MM L DNG PH BIN nht ca s lu tr dng cho my vi tnh. N c kch thc v dung tch nh hn a cng nhiu v c gi nh vy v n c sn xut t mng nha tng hp mng c ph mt lp vt liu t tnh. Dise Drive A Dng c c hc c d liu t a v ghi d liu vo a. Trong trng hp a cng, a bao hm c chnh a cng. Dise formatting S nh dng a S chun b mt a t trng cc d liu c th lu tr c trn n, cc d liu c ghi trn b mt a trn nhng ng trn, mi ng c phn chia thnh mt s cung. Trong vic nh dng mt a, h thng hot ng ca my tnh s gip iu khin cc thng tin nh s ng v s cung gip cho cc d liu c lu tr c th c truy cp trc tip bi b phn trong a. Mt s h thng x l t c hn dng cc a mm c cung ng, trong vic nh dng a c xc nh bi cc l trong a. Ngy nay, tt c cc h thng my tnh u s dng cc a cung mm n hoc c nh dng trc lc bn hoc c nh dng bng cch s dng chng trnh tn dng c cung cp vi mi h thng my vi tnh hot ng. Discman Nhn hiu my nghe a la de Nhn hiu thng mi ca hng Sony dng cho my nghe a lade xch tay, tng ng vi nhn hiu Walkman, n cng l nhn hiu ca kiu my c mng tinh th lng cho cc a d liu.

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Disc optimizer: Chng trnh nhm cc on nh li Distributed processing S x l phn tn S x l bng my tnh m s dng hn mt my tnh tin hnh mt s ng dng. N bao gm vic x l bng cch s dng mng li vng, kin trc khch/ch v x l song song. Ditheking To lay ng, lm lung linh K thut dng cho cc mu chm gch khc nhau trn th, biu to n tng ca cc vng b che khut. Mi du chm u c cng kch thc v cng m. Document Ti liu, chng t D liu lin quan n mt ng dng ring. V d, nh ti liu vn bn c th c sinh ra bi b mch x l v ti liu biu c th c sinh ra vi khi CAD. Ti liu OMR hay OCR l ti liu trn giy cha cc d liu c th c a trc tip vo my tnh nh s dng mt b phn c ti liu. Documentation Cung cp d liu, su liu Thng tin vit lin quan n mt chng trnh my tnh hay mt khi ng dng, su liu thng c chia thnh phm tr: su liu chng trnh v su liu s dng. Su liu chng trnh l s m t hon chnh k thut ca mt chng TRNH. C SON THO NH MT PHN MM C vit v d nh gip s duy tr hoc pht trin sau ny ca chng trnh . Su liu s dng gii thch cch thc vn hnh phn mm . Document image processing S x l ti liu S phn tch cc ti liu v lu tr trn CD-ROM. Cc nh phn tch c xp theo mc lc, m bo s truy cp nhanh hn, kh nng trn giy HOC DNG CC NH. IU NY TNG T NH S LU tr ti liu c nhiu cng ty iu chnh phc v khch hng tt hn v gim khong khng lu tr cn thit. Document reader B phn c ti liu Thit b u vo c cc du hiu hay k t, thng dng c chun b trc v cc ti liu. Cc thit b nh vy c dng nhn d liu bng s nhn bit cc du hiu quang hc, s nhn bit cc k t quang hc v vic d du hiu.

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Dongle

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Thit b bo m vic s dng hp php ca mt chng trnh ng dng. N thng gn vo b phn in ca my vi tnh v chng trnh s khng chy c nu khng c mt n. Thng cng cn thit phi bt my in. Dos H iu hnh Dos. H thng iu hnh my tnh c thit k c bit cho vic s dng vi a lu tr; n cng c dng ch h thng iu hnh ring MS-DOS. Dot Matrix printer My in kim My in ca my tnh sinh ra mi l t ring bit bng cch in mt hnh hay MT KHUN MU GM RT NHIU CHM NH. U IN L mt ng thng ng hay mt khi gm 9 hoc 24 kim in. Khi u in c chuyn ng t bn ny sang bn kia trang giy, cc kim in c y v pha trc mt cch chn lc, nh vo ruy bng tm mc v to nn cc hnh mu gm cc chm cho mi l t trn t giy nm bn. My in kim linh ng hn my in c u in hnh hoa cc v n c th in c th, hnh v v vn bn trong nhiu dng ch khc nhau. My in ny c mua v bo tr r hn my in lade, v v cc kim ca n g ln giy bng phng php vt l nn c th to ra cc bn sao bng giy than. Tuy nhin n gy n o khi hot ng v khng th to bn in cht lng cao nh cc my in khng c s va chm trc tip. Double - click N I NHN (N V TH NT NHN TRN CON CHUT) 2 LN LIN TIP. N i trn mt biu tng c bin din trn mn hnh nn c s dng khi u mt ng dng. Double precision S chnh xc gp i Dng k hiu im ni c chnh xc cao, c nhiu ch s thp phn c ngha. Thut ng gp i ch s chnh xc khng cht ch, c ngun gc t nhng s s dng hn 1 bit lm k hiu im ni tiu chun. DPI (vit tt ca dots per inch) S chm trong mt inch N V O NH C SINH RA TRN MN HNH MY tnh v my in. DRAM (vit tt ca dynamic random - access memory) B nh truy cp ngu nhin ng Thit b ca b nh my tnh trong dng mch Silicon, thng c s dng bo m s truy cp tc th trong b nh ca my vi tnh. B nh ny xa ni dung ca n nu chng khng c c v vit li sau mi 2 mili giy. Qu trnh ny c gi l s lm ti mi b nh. B nh truy cp ngu nhin ny chm hn nhng r hn SRAM - l b nh mch silicon.

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Driver Trnh iu khin

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Chng trnh iu khin thit b ngoi bin ca my vi tnh. Mi thit b c ni vi my tnh cn mt chng trnh iu khin ring. Chng trnh iu khin ring bo m s lin lc gia my tnh v thit b. V d nh n thng c th ni nhiu dng my in khc nhau, mi my in c mt mt m hot ng ring ca n, vi loi my tnh ging nhau. IU NY THC HIN C V NH CHNG TRNH DN c cung cp dch cc lnh in tiu chun ca my tnh thnh cc lnh c bit cn thit cho mi my. Dry running S kim tra bng tay S kim tra s tin trin ca cc d liu, bng tay (vi v d nh giy v bt ch) mt chng trnh my tnh trc khi chng trnh c chy trn my tnh. DYP (vit tt ca Desktop publithing) In bng my tnh Dummtnl Thit b u cui khng thng minh B phn khng c kh nng x l ca ring n. N lm vic nh mt phng tin tip cn vi khi x l trung tm chnh. Dump Kt sut Qu trnh truyn d liu nhanh chng n b nh ngoi hoc n my in. N thng c thc hin gip iu chnh cc sai st hay nh mt phn ca quy trnh khm ph h hng c thit k bo m s an ton cho d liu. Dvorak key board Bn phm dvorak BN PHM NM NGOI CA MT MY NH CH BNH THNG ( Anh l Qwerty). Trong bn phm Dvorak cc phm thng c s dng nht c xp trung tm vic n phm c nhanh. Bn phm QWERTY nguyn c thit k cho nhng ngi nh my ch chm h khng gy ra s mc kt trn my nh ch c hc. Dynamic data exchange (DDE) S trao i d liu ng. Mt dng giao tip x l qua li c s dng trong ca s Microsoft, n bo m s trao i cc lnh v d liu gia 2 chng trnh ng dng. S trao i ny c s dng ch yu cho cc d liu trc tip t ng dng ny sang ng dng khc, v d nh d liu tri rng trong bng bo co c x l t. Trong ca s 3.1 s trao i ny c nng cao bng cc vt b sung c ni v gn vo.

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Dynamic link library Th vin ni lin kt ng

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Cc tp tin c chc nng thc hin m c th c np vo nhu cu ca ca s Microsoft v ni kt ti thi im thc hin. Ca s Microsoft t n s dng cc tp tin ny iu khin bn phm, v d nh chng trnh x l ca ca s s dng cc tp tin ny cho cc chc nng nh sa li chnh t v kim tra du.

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EBCDIC Vit tt ca extended binary coded decimak interchange code.

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M chuyn i thp phn m ha nh phn m rng. Mt m do hng IBM ngh ra, c dng lu tr v chuyn giao cc k t s v ch ci. N l mt mt m gm 8 n v thng tin (8 bit), c kh nng cha 256 k t khc nhau, mc d trong ch c 85 k t c xc nh trong trong phin bn tiu chun. N vn cn c dng trong nhiu my tnh hn, nhng ngy nay hu ht cc my tnh nh v my vi tnh s dng mt m ASCII. Edege connector - B ni cnh Phn chuyn tip in c to thnh bng cch ni mt s vng kim loi trn mt bn mch in vi cnh ca bn v s dng chng cn trc tip vo cm in. B ni ra thng c s dng ni bn mch chnh ca my tnh vi cc bn m rng cung cp cho my tnh b nh ph hoc cc phng tin khc. EDI (Vit tt electronic dissemination of information or electronic data interchange): s ph bin thng tin bng in t hay s trao i d liu bng in t. S truyn thng tin c t chc trong dng in t gia cc h thng my tnh trong cc t chc khc nhau. EDI ch yu c dng trao i thng tin c lin h ti hot ng kinh doanh v trao i qu tin bng in t. EDP (Vit tt ca electrically erasable programmable read memory). B nh ch c lp trnh xa c bng in. B nh ca my tnh c th ghi cc d liu v gi n li mt cch khng r rng. Cc d liu c th b xa i bi s tch in v d liu mi c ghi li. Mt s b nh loi ny phi c loi b khi my tnh, b xa v c lp trnh li bng cch s dng mt thit b c bit. Mt s khc, c gi l b nh chp nhong, c th b xa b v lp trnh li m khng cn loi b n khi my tnh. Xem EPROM EFTPOS (vit tt ca electronic funds transfer at proint of sale): S chuyn qu tin bng in t ti im bn. Vic chuyn qu tin t mt ti khon ca ngn hng ny sang ngn hng khc, bng cc phng tin in t. V d nh mt khch hng gi mt tm th plastic vo b phn my tnh ti im bn hng trong mt siu th, v cc ng in thoi c s dng t ng ghi n t ti khon ngn hng ca khch hng vo ha n. EGA (Vit tt ca enhanced graphics array): B sp xp ha nng cao. H thng biu din bng mu, tt hn CGA, n cung cp 16 mu trn mn hnh v mt s gii quyt vn 640 x 350, nhng khng tt nh VGA.

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EIS (Vit tt ca executiveinformation systems): H thng thng tin iu hnh.

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S ng dng ca phn mm m tch thng tin t cc ng dng my tnh ca mt t chc, cc tp tin d liu v a d liu vo dng m vic qun l i hi. electronic mail or e-mail Bu in in t. S ng dng cho php ngi s dng trn cng mt ch, hoc cc vng khc nhau trn th gii lin lc vi nhau bng cch gi cc thng ip thng qua hp th c t trong my tnh trong vng hay xa. Cc thng ip thng c t trong vng nhn ca b nh m trong my tnh trung tm cho n khi chng c ngi nhn thu ly. Cc mt m thng c s dng ngn chn s truy cp khng hp php ti cc thng ip c lu tr. Tn ti c h thng chuyn th in t ring v th x hi. H thng cng cng thng c cung cp bi cng ty truyn thng cng cng hoc trong hip hi vi cc tp san. Mng li cng cng bao gm Internet compuserve, ARPAnet v BITnet. S giao tip gia cc mng li c thc hin qua cc cng vo. electronic publishing Ch bn in t. S xut bn thng tin thng c xem xt trn mn hnh hn l trn trang in. Cc thng tin c thu thp hoc t CD-ROM, hoc t mng li vng rng ln, t mt c s d liu tch bit. Cc thng tin nh vy phi c nh xut bn t chc v nh dng nh s dng cc h thng nh Acrobat v SGML. electronics IN T HC Mt nhnh ca Khoa hc lin quan n s pht ra cc in t t cc cht dn c v cht bn dn, n s hot ng tip theo sau ca cc in t ny v n vic ch to cc thit b in t. Thit b in t u tin l n in t hay ng chn khng, trong cc in t chuyn ng trong chn khng, v dn n cc pht minh nh radio, tivi, radar v my tnh k thut s. S thay th ca cc n in t bng cc transistor kh nh v ng tin cy vo nm 1948 m ra cuc cch mng trong s pht trin ngnh in t. Cc thit b in t hin i trn cc mch in, cc lt tinh th rt mng c hng chc ngn hp phn in t. Bng cch s dng cc thit b trng thi rn nh mch in, cc mch in t ht sc phc tp c th c ch to ra, dn n s pht minh ra ng h hin s, my tnh b ti, my vi tnh hng mnh v b x l t. e-mail (Vit tt ca electronic mail). Bu in in t.

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EMS (Vit tt ca expanded memory specification). B nh m rng. emulator B nh phng

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Chi tit ca phn mm hoc phn do cho php mt thit b bt chc chc nng ca thit b khc. Phn mm m phng thng c dng cho php mt my tnh thc hin nhng chng trnh c vit cho my khc. encapsulated postScripe (EPS) Dng tp tin bng hnh v c dng bi Post Script. N l mt tp tin PostScript vi cu trc c bit c thit k s dng bi cc ng dng khc. encryption S mt ha Vic bo m s an ton ca d liu bng cch m ha d liu sao cho n v ngha vi nhng ngi khng c quyn s dng m khng c phn mm gii m cn thit. Hai k thut c s dng rng ri nht l DES (data Encryption Standart: tiu chun m ha d liu) v RSA (s vit tt da trn tn ca ngi pht minh). end user Ngi, b phn s dng cui chng trnh my tnh C BIT N CH MT NGI NO S DNG mt chng trnh thc hin mt cng vic (nh tnh ton hay chi tr chi trn my tnh) hn l ch ngi vit ra chng trnh. EPROM (Vit tt ca erasable progammable read - only memory). B nh ROM xa c v lp trnh c. Thit b nh ca my tnh trong dng vi mch in t m c th ghi cc d liu v gi n li mt cch khng r rng. Cc d liu c th b xa b. Khi phi n ra nh sng cc tm, v d liu mi li c ghi. Cc dng khc ca vi mch in t ca b nh my tnh l ROM (b nh ch c th c c) PROM (b nh ch c c, c th lp trnh c) v RAM (b nh truy cp ngu nhin). Xem EEPROM. EPS (Vit tt ca electronic randomnumber indicator equipment) Thit b biu th s ngu nhin bng in t. My c trm nghin cu thuc Tng cc Bu in Anh thit k v ch to chn mt dy s 9 ch s ngu nhin xc nh ngi thng gii trong x s quc gia. error Li hoc s h hng

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Sai st hoc s h hng trong phn mm hoc trong phn ca ngi s dng m lm cho chng trnh ngng thc hin hoc sinh ra cc kt qu khng mong i. Cc li ca chng trnh c loi tr, trong mt chui cc quy trnh kim tra ban u ca ngi lp trnh, nhng mt s li vn cn li trong hu ht cc chng trnh. Tt c cc h iu hnh ca my tnh c thit k sinh ra cc thng ip bo li (trn mn biu din, hoc trong mt tp tin hng) vo bt c lc no m mt li c pht hin, n bo rng li xy ra v cc kh nng d on nguyn nhn gy li. Cc li c th c nhm thnh vi dng. Li v c php gy ra do vic s dng dng ngn ng lp trnh khng chnh xc. Li v s hp l l sai st trong khi lp trnh. Li do thc hin gy ra do s kt hp ca cc d liu m ngi lp trnh khng liu trc. Mt li do vn hnh tiu biu gy ra do vic c gng chia mt s cho s 0. Cc my tnh c thit k lm vic vi mt tp hp, cc s trong mt mc chnh xc c cho trc. Nhiu li b gy ra do s gii hn ny. Mt li vt gii hn xut hin khi s qu ln my tnh x l vi n; St li do lm trn s b gy ra do s cn thit phi lm trn s mt s thp phn. error detection S khm ph li K thut cung cp mt chng trnh pht hin cc d liu khng ng. Phng php thng gp l thm mt ch s kim tra vo mt m quan trng, nh cc s m v cc mt m to thnh. Ch s c chn sao cho mt m ph hp vi quy tt rng chng trnh c th thay i. Mt k thut khc lin quan n vic tnh tng ca mi trng hp ca chi tit ring ca d liu, v lu tr n to ni kt thc ca d liu. S pht trin li cng c dng trong vic truyn d liu bng cch dng cc modem. error message Thng bo li Thng bo c my tnh to ra bo cho ngi s dng bit rng c mt li xut hin. executable file Tp tin kh thi Tp tin, lun l mt chng trnh ca mt s dng, n c th c thc hin trc tip bi mt my tnh. Tp tin s c sinh ra t chng trnh ngun bi mt b phn lp rp hay thu thp tin. V th n s khng c m ha trong ASCII v s khng th c c nh mt vn bn trn h MS-DOS cc tp tin thc hin c c phn m rng .EXE hay .COM execution error or run - time error Li thc hin Li b gy ra do s kt hp ca cc d liu m ngi lp trnh khng d on trc. expanded memory B nh m rng B nh ph trong my tnh da trn MS-DOS, thng c lp trn mt bn b nh m rng. B nh m rng i hi mt b phn qun l n nhm to s tip cn ti s b nh gii hn ti mt

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thi im bt k, v n chm hn b nh ph. Phn mm c th chy c MS-DOS v Windows m phng b nh m rng cho nhng ng dng i hi n. expansion board or expansion brand card Bn m rng Bn mch in m c th c gi vo my tnh tng cng cc kh nng ca chng (v d nh tng b nh ca chng) hoc thm cc phng tin (v d nh hnh nh) expert system H thng chuyn gia Chng trnh my tnh a ra li khuyn (nh cc d on s suy yu hay gii thch cc lut) m kt hp kin thc t nhng tinh hoa ca con ngi. N l mt dng ca h thng da trn c s kin thc cha cc quy lut m c th c p dng tm li gii cho mt vn . N l mt dng ca tr thng minh nhn to. export Xut U RA CA MT TP TIN TRONG DNG KHC M T n c s dng bi cc ng dng hin hnh. V d nh chng trnh x l t chy trn my tnh kiu Apple Macintosh c th c phng tin lu tr mt tp tin trn a mm trong dng c th c c bi chng trnh x l t chy trn my tnh c nhn IBM. extended memory B nh m rng B nh trong h da trn MS-DOS trn mt byte m DOS tr gip. B nh m rng khng th hiu c h iu hnh v n i hi b phn qun l b nh m rng. Windows v cc ng dng ca Windows i hi c b nh ph

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