Alberta Chemistry 20-30 Sample CAB Questions

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Use the following information to answer the next question. Each molecule has a definite geometry because the atoms combine to form a molecule in order to attain a state of minimum energy. VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory helps to determine the geometry of molecular structures.

In a molecule, if there are three bonding electron groups around a central atom, what is the maximum bond angle between the bonds? A. 180o B. 120o C. 109.5o D. 90o ANS: B
B

A 120o B B

Consider a molecule AB3, in which A is a central atom and B is a surrounding atom. In this molecule, the central atom is surrounded by three shared pairs of electrons. According to VSEPR theory, these electrons should be as far apart as possible, so that the electrostatic force of repulsion between them is the minimum. In such a case, the three electron pairs arrange themselves in trigonal planar geometry, because it is the best arrangement involving the minimum possible energy. In this case, three atoms bonded to the central atom, are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. In this arrangement, the maximum angle between two bonds is 120o. The bond angle can not be less than 120o, because in that case the molecule will become highly energetic and thus unstable. It cannot be more than 120o, because it will contradict the properties of geometry.

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PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.5K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter

OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: VSEPR Theory

2. Use the following information to answer the next question. The electronegativity values of four elements in the same period of the periodic table are listed below: P 3.0 Q 2.0 R 3.5 S 4.0

These elements belong to groups 13, 15, 16, and 17, but not in that order.

Which of these elements belongs to group 16? A. P B. Q C. R D. S ANS: C Electronegativity increases along a period from left to right. Arranged in the increasing order, the values of electronegativity are: 2.0 13 < 3.0 15 < 3.5 16 < 4.0 17

R has an electronegativity of 3.5. Therefore, R belongs to group 16. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A1.3K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Electro negativity

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3. An oxygen atom needs two additional electrons to reach the noble gas configuration of neon. Which of the following Lewis structures represents the oxygen molecule?

A.

B.

C.

D.

ANS: C

Each oxygen atom needs two additional electrons to reach the noble gas configuration of neon gas. Two oxygen atoms share two valence unpaired electrons each and form O = O double bond. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.4K MSC: Knowledge 4. Use the following information to answer the next question. DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Lewis Structure

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Hydrogen fluoride, HF(l), has numerous applications in the petrochemical industry and is an essential ingredient of super acids. Its boiling point is extremely high. It is a liquid at room temperature, while other hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride, HCl(g), hydrogen bromide, HBr(g), and hydrogen iodide, HI(g), are all gases at room temperature.

Hydrogen fluoride, HF(l), has a higher boiling point than the other hydrogen halides because the A. intermolecular hydrogen bonding in HF(l) is stronger than that in other hydrogen halides. B. intramolecular hydrogen bonding in HF(l) is stronger than that in other hydrogen halides. C. intermolecular hydrogen bonding in HF(l) is weaker than that in other hydrogen halides. D. intramolecular hydrogen bonding in HF(l) is weaker than that in other hydrogen halides. ANS: A The boiling points of acids decrease as we proceed from HI(g) to HBr(g) to HCl(g). This is because, with a decrease in molecular mass, London (dispersion) forces decrease. However, HF(l) has an abnormally high boiling point and is a liquid, whereas HCl(g), HBr(g) and HI(g) are gases. This is because of the hydrogen bonding in HF(l). Hydrogen bonding does not exist in other hydrogen halides. HF----- HF----- HF----- HF----- HF----- HF----- HF----- HF----- HF----PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.7K MSC: Knowledge 5. Hydrogen bonds are found in all of the following compounds: glycerol, C3H5(OH)3(l), water, H2O(l), ethanol, C2H5OH(l), and ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH)2(l). Which of the compounds listed would have the highest boiling point? A. water B. ethylene C. ethanol D. glycerol ANS: D DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Intermolecular Bonding

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Glycerol has the highest boiling point due to the presence of three OH groups.
H | O CH3 H | O CH H | O CH3

CH3 OH CH OH

CH3 OH

These OH groups exhibit very strong hydrogen bonding. This results in a high boiling point. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.7K MSC: Knowledge 6. Which of the following compounds is the least ionic in character? A. MgCl2(s) B. BeCl2(s) C. BaCl2(s) D. CaCl2(s) ANS: B Ionic character increases as the difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms increases. Electronegativity values decrease as you move down the periodic table. Be > Mg > Ca > Ba Therefore, BaCl2(s) is the most ionic in character and BeCl2(s) is the least ionic in character. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A1.4K MSC: Knowledge 7. Which statement(s) is(are) true? I. The degree of electronegativity depends predominantly on the size of a cation and an anion. II. The degree of covalence will be the highest if the cation is smaller when compared to the anions size. III. The larger the size of the cation or anion, the stronger the ionic bond. A. I and II are true. B. I and III are true. DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Ionic Bond DIF: Difficult TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Intermolecular Bonding

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C. II and III are true. D. All statements are false. ANS: A The smaller size of a cation distorts the electron cloud of the anion and pulls the electron density towards itself. Thus, it introduces some covalent character is the ionic bond. The smaller the size of cation, the greater is the degree of covalence. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A1.5K MSC: Knowledge 8. An ionic compound contains two ions, X and Y. If the charge on X is +3 and that on Y is 2, which of the following elements could be X and Y respectively? A. Ga, N B. Ca, S C. Na, S D. Al, O ANS: D From the given options, only gallium, Ga, and aluminium, Al, can produce ions with a charge of +3. Between nitrogen, N, and oxygen, O, only oxygen can produce an ion with a charge of 2. Therefore, aluminium and oxygen are X and Y and the chemical formula of this compound is Al2O3. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A1.5K MSC: Knowledge 9. A compound consists of four carbon atoms, ten hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. If there is a COC bond in the compound, what is the molecular formula of this compound? A. C4H9OH B. C2H5OC2H5 C. CH3COC2H7 D. C2H5COCH5 ANS: B DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Ionic bond DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Ionic Bond

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The molecular formula of the given compound will be C2H5OC2H5. Its structural formula will be
H | H | H | H |

H C C O C C H | | | | H H H H

PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.2K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter

OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Molecular formula

10. Which of the following molecules is non-polar? A. H2O(g) B. CO2(g) C. NH3(g) D. CH2Cl2(g) ANS: B Carbon dioxide is a linear molecule in which both the C = O bonds are oriented at an angle of 180o with respect to each other. The bonds are polar since the difference in electronegativity between carbon and oxygen is 0.8, but due to linear geometry of CO2(g), the polarity of the two C = O bonds cancel each other out. Therefore, CO2(g) is a non-polar. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.9K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Polarity

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11. Use the following information to answer the next two questions. Structural formulae of four compounds are given below:
I. H H H III. C H H H Cl Cl IV. C Cl N F II. H F H F

Cl

Which of these compounds is polar? A. I B. II C. III D. IV

ANS: A

H H

NH3(g) is a polar compound because it is pyramidal and asymmetrical so the dipole vectors do not cancel. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.9K MSC: Knowledge 12. Which of the following atoms does not form hydrogen bonds? A. O B. N C. F DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Polarity

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D. Cl ANS: D Chlorine, Cl, does not form hydrogen bonds because of its large size. When chlorine, Cl, bonds to a hydrogen atom, its lower electronegativity, and large atomic size, creates a dipoledipole interaction that is not strong enough to produce hydrogen bonding. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.7K MSC: Knowledge 13. Consider the Lewis structure for the following compound, A2. DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Hydrogen Bond

If there are two electrons in the inner shell of element A, in which of the following groups of the periodic table does element A belong? A. 3 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15 ANS: D From the above Lewis structure, there are five electrons in the valence shell of element A. Atomic number of an element = total number of electrons = number of valence electrons + number of electrons in inner shells = 5 + 2 = 7. Nitrogen has the atomic number of 7 and it corresponds to group 15. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.6K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Lewis Structure

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14.

Which of the following Lewis structures represents the ethene (ethylene) molecule?
H H C H

A.

H C H

B.

C H

C H

C.

H C H

D.

ANS: A
H H C C H H

In this structure, all of the carbon and hydrogen atoms have a completed valence shell. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.3K MSC: Knowledge 15. In a diatomic molecule of an element, each atom has one lone pair and the molecule contains a triple bond. Which of the following elements does it correspond to? A. Sulfur B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Fluorine ANS: C DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Lewis Structure

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A N N

It is a molecule of nitrogen atom. A nitrogen atom has five valence electrons. Each nitrogen atom shares three electrons with the other and two electrons are left unshared. Hence, there exists a triple bond in the molecule. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.3K MSC: Knowledge 16. What is the chemical name for CaSO4(s)? A. Calcium sulfur tetraoxide B. Calcium sulfate C. Calcium sulfite D. Calcium tetraoxysulfur ANS: B The chemical name of CaSO4 is calcium sulfate.
CaSO 4
Calcium sulfate

DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter

OBJ: 1.1 KEY: Lewis Structure

Ca 2+ + SO 4
Caclium ion (cation)

Sulfate ion (anion)

PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.1K MSC: Knowledge 17.

DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter

OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Ionic Bond

What is the chemical name for P4O10(s)? A. Tetraphosphorus dioxide B. Tetraphosphorus oxide C. Phosphorus(IV) decaoxide D. Tetraphosphorus decaoxide

ANS: D The name of the compound (P4O10) is tetraphosphorus decaoxide.

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PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.1K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter

OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Covalent Bond

18. What of the following is the name of the negative ion, also called the anion, in nitrous acid? A. nitrite ion B. nitrate ion C. pernitrite ion D. nitride ion ANS: A HNO2 dissociates in the following way HNO2(aq) H+ + NO2
cation anion

The name of NO2 is nitrite ion. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A1.1K MSC: Knowledge 19. A compound contains an aluminium ion and some chloride ions. If the compound is neutral, how many chlorine ions will this molecule contain? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 ANS: C An aluminium atom releases three electrons to form an Al3+ ion. Al Al3+ + 3e A chlorine atom accepts an electron to form Cl ion Cl + e Cl So when these two atoms combine, three chlorine atoms accept three electrons from an aluminium atom, to form AlCl3. Al Al3+ + 3e DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Ionic Bond

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3Cl+ 3e 3Cl Al + 3Cl+ 3e Al3+ + 3Cl + 3e Al+ 3Cl Al3+ + 3Cl In the above reaction, the charge has been balanced on both sides. In other words, Al3+ and Cl1 combine to form AlCl3. So, there are three chlorine ions in the molecule. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A1.2K MSC: Knowledge 20. Element X has two valence electrons and element Y has 7 valence electrons. Which of the following compounds would you expect to form? A. XY2 B. X2Y C. X7Y2 D. X2Y7 ANS: A The number of valence electrons in the element X is 2. It means it is a metal because an element having less than four valence electrons, generally exhibit metallic character. Moreover, these electrons can also be easily donated to attain the nearest noble gas configuration. X - 2e X2+ The number of valence electrons in the element Y is 7. It can not release 7 electrons to attain electropositive character. However, it can gain one electron to attain the nearest noble gas configuration. So, it is a nonmetal. Y + e-- Y When one cation and two such anions combine, the compound formed is X2+ + 2Y XY2 PTS: 1 LOC: 20A1.2K MSC: Knowledge 21. Which of the following sets of bonds are correctly ordered from least to most polar? DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Ionic Bond DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Ionic Bond

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A. CFe < CH < CO < CF B. CH < CFe < CF < CO C. CH < CFe < CO < CF D. CF < CO < CFe < CH ANS: C In the above given bonds, one element is the same (i.e., carbon) and the electronegativity of other elements increases in the order H < Fe < O < F. So, polar character of the bond increases in the order CH < CFe < CO < CF. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.10K MSC: Knowledge 22. The boiling points of water, H2O(l), ammonia, NH3(g), and hydrogen fluoride, HF(l), are higher than expected due to: A. strong London (dispersion) forces. B. strong hydrogen bonding. C. strong gravitational forces. D. strong Van der waals forces. ANS: B Water, H2O(l), ammonia, NH3(g), and hydrogen fluoride, HF(l), contain hydrogen atoms bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F). In case of such molecules, hydrogen bonding occurs. Because of the presence of strong hydrogen bonding, these molecules require more energy to move into the vapour phase from the liquid phase. Therefore, their boiling points are higher than the expected values. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.8K MSC: Knowledge 23. Which of the following statements correctly reflects the correlation between boiling point and the intermolecular forces of attraction? A. The stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction, the lower the boiling point. B. The stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction, the higher the boiling point. C. The weaker the intermolecular forces of attraction, the higher the boiling point. DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Intermolecular forces DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Electronegativity

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D. There is no relationship between intermolecular forces of attraction and boiling point. ANS: C Boiling point is strongly related to intermolecular forces of attraction. With an increase in the intermolecular forces of attraction, more energy is required for the molecules to go into the gas phase and results in higher boiling point. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.8K MSC: Knowledge 24. Which of the following compounds is the most polar? A. H2O(l) B. H2S(g) C. HF(l) D. HCl(g) ANS: C All the compounds given above contain one element same that is hydrogen and its electronegativity is 2.20. The electronegativity of other elements, i.e., Cl, F, O, and S is 3.16, 3.98, 3.44, and 2.56, respectively. The most electronegative element out of these is fluorine. So, the electronegativity difference in HF is the most, 0.78. Therefore, HF(g) will be the most polar. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.10K MSC: Knowledge 25. Use the following information to answer the next question. The temperature of the Pahoehoe lava can be estimated by observing its color. The results of such estimation agree significantly with the measured temperatures of lava flows, which are invariably greater than 1000 degrees Celsius. DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Electronegativity DIF: Average TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Intermolecular forces

Which of the following cannot be a temperature of a burning particle of the Pahoehoe lava? A. 1010 K B. 1276 K C. 1300 K
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D. 1350 K ANS: A Lava flows at a temperature of more than 1000 oC, i.e., 1273 K. Hence, lava cannot have a temperature less than 1273 K. So, 1010 K cannot be a temperature of a burning particle of the lava. PTS: 1 LOC: 20B1 2K MSC: Knowledge 26. In a reaction following the law of combining gas volumes, 1 L of nitrogen gas would react with i litres of hydrogen gas, to produce ii litres of ammonia gas. The statement given above is completed by the information in row Row A B C D ANS: B Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen takes place as N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) of ammonia gas. PTS: 1 LOC: 20B1.3K MSC: Knowledge 27. Use the following information to answer the next question. Andy took a sample each of milk, silt in water, tomato juice, and wine and tested them for the presence of suspended particles. He was able to detect the presence of suspended particles in all but one of the samples. DIF: Average TOP: Forms of mattergases OBJ: Section 1.2 KEY: Law of combining volumes 2NH3(g) So, we can say that one litre of nitrogen gas reacts with three litres of hydrogen gas to produce two litres Two Three Three One i Three Two Four One ii DIF: Easy TOP: Forms of mattergases OBJ: Section 1.2 KEY: Celsius and Kelvin scales

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Which of the above substances will have uniform composition and appearance? A. Milk B. Silt in water C. Tomato juice D. Wine ANS: D Uniform appearance and composition is the property of a homogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixtures consist of visibly different substances and phases. Of the given substances, milk, silt in water, and tomato juice are examples of suspensions. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which particle sizes are large; visible and will settle when left undisturbed. These three substances will not have uniform appearance and composition. Wine is a solution of alcohol and water. All solutions are homogeneous mixtures and will have uniform appearance and composition. The particles present in homogeneous mixtures cannot be detected even with microscope. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.1K MSC: Knowledge 28. Which of the following compounds is not an electrolyte? A. C2H5OH(aq) B. H2SO4(aq) C. HCl(aq) D. CuSO4(aq) ANS: A C2H5OH(aq) is a molecular compound that will dissolve in water, but, as a molecular compound, does not ionize, and is therefore not an electrolyte. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.4k MSC: Knowledge DIF: Easy TOP: Acid and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Electrolyte DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Homogeneous mixtures

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29. Use the following information to answer the next question. The table shows four experiments, A, B, C, and D, in which a constant mass of sodium chloride, NaCl(s), is dissolved in the same amount of solvent at different temperatures. The time taken (in seconds) for the NaCl(s) to dissolve was 10 s, 15 s, 18 s, and 25 s. Experiment Temperature (oC) A B C D 37 40 25 58

Which experiment would have taken 18 s to dissolve the NaCl(s) completely? A. A B. C C. B D. D ANS: A Solubility of a compound is directly proportional to the temperature at which salt is dissolved. Therefore, the higher the temperature, the faster the dissolution. The events, arranged in ascending order of the time taken to dissolve the salt in water, are C < A < B < D. Therefore, event A took 18 s. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.9k MSC: Knowledge 30. Use the following information to answer the next two questions. The white washing of walls gives shiny finish to them. Slaked lime is the main ingredient used for white washing walls. It can be prepared as follows. CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) The calcium oxide, CaO(s), must dissolve in water for the reaction to occur. DIF: Average TOP: Acid and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Solubility

An increase in pressure will have which of the following effects on the reaction of calcium oxide with water:
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A. Solubility of calcium oxide will increase. B. Solubility of calcium oxide will decrease. C. There will be no effect on the solubility of calcium oxide. D. The product formed will be different. ANS: C The effect of pressure is observed only in case of gases. Since the reaction given above does not include any gaseous component, the increase in pressure will have no effect on the solubility of calcium oxide. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.9K MSC: Knowledge 31. Use the following information to answer the next question. NH4ClO4(s) is used as an oxidizer to provide the required thrust for the lift off of the space shuttle. NH4ClO4(s) reacts with dinitrogen trioxide, to form an acid solution along with water and nitrogen gas. DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Solubility

What is the name of the acid formed in this process? A. Chlorous acid B. Hypochlorous acid C. Perchloric acid D. Chloric acid ANS: C The following reaction takes place 2 NH4ClO4 + N2O3 2N2 + 2 HClO4 + 3H2O The acid obtained in the process is HClO4. It contains ClO4 polyatomic ion and its name is perchlorate ion. According to the nomenclature of acids, the acid obtained in the above process is perchloric acid. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.1K MSC: Knowledge 32. Use the following information to answer the next question. DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Mono/polyprotic acid

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A scientist treats dilute sulfuric acid with barium chlorite to produce an acid. The reaction is shown below: Ba(ClO2)2(aq)+ H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2HOClO(aq)

Name the acid formed in the reaction. A. chloric acid B. hypochlorous acid C. chlorous acid D. hypobromous acid ANS: C The acid obtained in the process is HOClO(aq). It contains ClO2(aq) polyatomic ion. This ion is named chlorite. According to the nomenclature of acids, the suffix ite is changed to ous. Therefore the acid obtained is chlorous acid. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.1K MSC: Knowledge 33. Use the following information to answer the next question. A student compares the ionization of monoprotic acids with that of polyprotic acids, and records the following observations. DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Mono/Polyprotic acid

Acid ethanoic acid tartaric acid hydrosulfuric acid phosphoric acid

Ka1 1.76 105 6.0 104 1.3 107 7.6 103

Ka2 1.5 105 7.1 1015 6.2 108

Ka3

2.2 1013

When the above mentioned acids are titrated with NaOH; which of the following acids will have the highest pH value at the final equivalence point in the titration curve? A. ethanoic acid B. tartaric acid C. hydrosulfuric acid D. phosphoric acid
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ANS: D

pH

Equivalence points

Volume of base

Phosphoric acid, H3PO4(aq), has three ionizable hydrogen atoms, while tartaric acid, C2H4O2(COOH)2(aq), and hydrosulfuric acid,H2S(aq), have two ionizable hydrogen atoms, and ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(aq), has one ionization hydrogen atom. In case of phosphoric acid we will have the maximum number (three) of ionizations and, therefore, the maximum number of equivalence points. So, out of above acids, phosphoric acid will have equivalence point at the highest pH value, as shown above in the titration curve. In the case of other acids, the number of equivalence points will be fewer and they will reach equivalence with the NaOH(aq) at a lower pH value. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.11K MSC: Knowledge 34. Strong acids increase the concentration of H3O+(aq) and OH(aq) ion in aqueous solutions to a large extent. While weak acids and bases increase the concentration of the respective ions to a small extent. The relative strength of an acid or a base is generally determined by the dissociation constant Ka or Kb. Which of the given acids is the strongest acid? A. HCN(aq) B. HF(aq) C. CH3COOH(aq) D. HNO2(aq) ANS: B As per the information, the strength of an acid is directly proportional to the dissociation constant of the acid (Ka). From the given data
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DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Mono/Polyprotic acids

4 107 < 1.8 105 < 4.5 104 < 6.7 104 < 6.7 104 HCN < CH3 COOH < HNO2 < HF HF is the strongest acid. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.10k MSC: Knowledge 35. Use the following information to answer the next question. Acid dissociation constant of some acids Acids hydrofluoric acid methanoic acid ethanoic acid hydrogen sulfide pKa 3.3 3.8 4.8 7.1 DIF: Easy TOP: Acid and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Strong and weak acids

Which of the above mentioned acids will give H+ ions most easily? A. Hydrogen sulfide B. Ethanoic acid C. Methanoic acid D. Hydrofluoric acid ANS: D pKa values are related to Ka (dissociation constant) values as follows pKa = log10Ka The stronger the acid, more will be the dissociation constant Ka and lesser will be the pKa values. Now from the above data we can say that hydrofluoric acid has the smallest pKa values. Hence, it is the strongest acid out of these and will give H+ ions very easily. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.11K MSC: Knowledge 36. Use the following information to answer the next question. DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Strong acids and bases

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When HCl(aq), a strong acid, and NaOH(aq), a strong base, are mixed together, a significant quantity of heat is produced. The products are sodium chloride, NaCl(aq) and water, H2O(l).The reaction that takes place is: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

This reaction is a

reaction and ii ions are the spectator ions. The statement given above is

completed by the information in row Row A B C D ANS: D This reaction is called a neutralization reaction as it involves the combination of hydronium ions, H3O+(aq) and hydroxide ions (OH) to form water. HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) ionize and dissociate into ions in solution according to the following equation: H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l) In this reaction Na+(aq) and Cl(aq) ions remain unchanged during the reaction and they see other ions react. So, Na+(aq) and Cl(aq) ions are the spectator ions. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.9K MSC: Knowledge 37. Use the following information to answer the next question: A student was asked to identify the three acidic compounds among the six samples listed below. She applied the Arrhenius concept to classify the acids. AlCl3(aq), H2SO4(aq) , CuSO4(aq) , HCl(aq) , NH3(aq) , NaOH(aq) She classified both H2SO4(aq) and HCl(aq) as acids. She could not identify the third acid. DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Neutralization i hydrolysis neutralization esterification neutralization ii Cl(aq) and H+(aq) H+(aq) and OH(aq) Na+(aq) and OH(aq) Na+(aq) and Cl(aq)

Which of the remaining compounds could she not select as acid?

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A. AlCl3 B. CuSO4 C. NH3 D. NaOH ANS: A AlCl3 is an acidic compound. However, it does not follow the Arrhenius as it does not contain any proton (or hydrogen ion). CuSO4 is a salt whereas NH3 and NaOH are basic compounds. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.7k MSC: Knowledge 38. Use the following information to answer the next question. The ionization equations of some acids and bases are given below: DIF: Easy TOP: Acid and bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Arrhenius (modified) theory

HCl(aq) + H 2O(l ) H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq)

Acid +
Base

NH 4 (aq) + H 2O (l ) H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)

Acid Base

H 2O(l ) + CO3 (aq) HCO3(aq) + OH(aq)

Acid Base

NH 4 (aq) + CH 3COO (aq) CH3COOH(aq) + NH3(aq)

Acid
Base

Which of the above mentioned bases are Bronsted-Lowry bases but not Arrhenius bases? A. H2O(l) and CO22(aq) B. CO32(aq) and CH3COO(aq) C. CO32(aq) only D. H2O(l), CO32(aq), and CH3COO(aq) ANS: B According to the Arrhenius concept, a base is a substance, which can donate OH ions. Hence, a base must be a source of OH ions. But according to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, a base must be a proton acceptor. H2O(l) can accept a proton. Also it can give OH ions in the solution. Hence, it is an Arrhenius as well as a Bronsted base, while CO32(aq) and CH3COO(aq) ions are only proton acceptors and not OH(aq) donors. Hence, these are Bronsted-Lowry bases but not Arrhenius bases.
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PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.8K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Arrhenius (modified) theory

39. If the pH of a solution, measured with the help of a pH meter, is 5.127, [H3O+] is A. 5.67 105 mol/L B. 7.46 106 mol/L C. 5.23 107 mol/L D. 7.92 106 mol/L ANS: B Reading on the pH meter = 5.127 pH of the solution = 5.127 We know that pH = log [H3O+] or log [H3O+] = pH log [H3O+] = 5.127 mol/L [H3O+] = antilog [5.127] = 7.46 106 mol/L. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.6K MSC: Knowledge 40. Use the following information to answer the next two questions. In an experiment, 30.0 mL of a solution of 0.100 mol/L HCl(aq) is titrated with a standard 0.100 mol/L NaOH(aq) solution. The initial pH of the solution is 1.000. DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Hydronium ion/pH

The pH of the titrant after adding 5.0 mL of 0.100 mol/L NaOH(aq) is A. 2.334 B. 1.523 C. 1.225 D. 1.143 ANS: D After the addition of 5 mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution, the volume of the solution becomes = 30 + 5 = 35 mL
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Initially the amount of H+ ions present in the titration flask = = 3.0 103 M.

0.1 30 1 000

Similarly the amount of OH ions present in 5 mL of solution = = 0.5 103M Amount of H+ ions left after neutralization in solution = 3.0 103 0.5 103 = 2.5 103M Now concentration of H+ ions [H+] =
2.5 10 3 1 000 = 0.072 M 35

0.1 5 . 1 000

pH = log (.072) pH = 1.143. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.5K MSC: Knowledge 41. In the above experiment, the initial pOH of the HCl(aq) solution is 13.000. The pOH of the solution, after adding 30.05 mL of NaOH, will be A. 2.192 B. 3.072 C. 4.079 D. 5.209 ANS: C After adding 30.0 mL of the NaOH solution the acid is completely neutralized. On adding 30.05 mL of NaOH, the additional volume of NaOH = 0.05 mL. Now amount of NaOH in 0.05 mL of NaOH =
0.1 0.05 = 5 106M 1 000

DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids & Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Hydronium ion/pH

Total volume of solution becomes 30 + 30.05 = 60.05 mL. Concentration of OH ions [OH] = =
5 10 6 1 000 60.05

5 100 105 60.05

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500 105 60.05

= 8.327 105 pOH = log [OH] = log [8.327 105] = [log 8.325 5] = [0.921 5] = 4.079. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.5K MSC: Knowledge 42. Use the following information to answer the next two questions. pH value of some of the common substances DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Hydroxide ion/pOH

Substance Battery acid Vinegar Lemon juice Beer Milk Lime water

pH value 0.5 2.4 3.4 2.2 2.4 4.0 5.0 6.8 10.5

In which of the above solutions will the phenolphthalein indicator be pink? A. Lemon juice B. Vinegar C. Battery acid D. Lime water ANS: D Phenolphthalein is light pink in the pH range 8.3 10.0. It is colourless in acidic solutions (low pH); and in basic solutions it is deeper pink. Only lime water has a pH above 8.3, and will be pink in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator.

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PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.2K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Indicators

43. In which of the following solutions, will methyl orange be red? A. Lemon juice B. Beer C. Milk D. Lime water ANS: A Methyl orange is red in solutions with a pH less than 3.2, orange in solutions with a pH of 3.2 to 4.4 and yellow in solutions with a pH greater than 4.4. Methyl orange is red in lemon juice which has a pH of 2.2 to 2.4. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.2K MSC: Knowledge 44. Use the following information to answer the next question. DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Indicators

A 0.20 mol/L solution of HCN(aq) is prepared. Its pH is 4.92 and [H3O+] is 1.2 105 mol/L. Students determined the number of significant digits in the values and recorded them in the table below: Student Number of significant digits in pH Number of significant digits in concentration A B C D 2 3 1 0 2 2 5 7

Which of the students reported the pH and concentration of hydronium ion, H3O+(aq), to the correct number of significant digits? A. A B. B C. C D. D
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ANS: A The number before the decimal point is not significant in pH, so the value, 4.29 has only 2 significant digits. In all other values, all numbers except zeroes before the number are significant, and the exponent is not considered in counting significant digits. Therefore, the value 1.2 x 105 has 2 significant digits. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.4K MSC: Knowledge 45. A student measures 100 mL of a 0.2 mol/L NaCl(aq) solution and dilutes it to 500 mL. The concentration of NaCl(aq) in the diluted solution will be A. 0.02 mol/L B. 0.04 mol/L C. 0.05 mol/L D. 0.06 mol/L ANS: B Applying the molarity equation, (concentrated) C1V1 = C2V2 (dilute) (0.20 mol/L) (100 mL) = C2(500 mL) C2 =
0.20 100 = 0.04 mol/L 500

DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Concentration

PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.11K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Dilution

46. Use the following information to answer the next question. A saturated solution of sodium chloride, NaCl(aq), is prepared with 100 g of water at a temperature of 90 oC. The solubility of sodium chloride, NaCl(s), at different temperatures is shown in the graph below:

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The Solubility of NaCl in 100 g of Water at Varying Temperatures

60 Mass of NaCl (grams) 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (C)

How much NaCl(s) would be needed? A. At least 20 g B. At least 30 g C. At least 40 g D. At least 50 g ANS: D Saturation is a point where the system is in equilibrium so that the rate of dissolution is equal to the rate of crystallization. In the case of NaCl(s) and water this equilibrium is reached on dissolving 50 g of NaCl in 100 g water at 90 oC. Any further addition of NaCl(s) does not dissolve in water. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.10K DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Solubility MSC: Knowledge

47. What amount of NaCl will make the above solution unstable at 90 oC? A. 20 g B. 30 g C. 40 g D. 50 g ANS: D

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When 50 g of NaCl is added to 100 g of water, the solution becomes super saturated. Now in a super saturated solution, the maximum number of solutes is present in the solution. This supersaturated solution is very unstable and the excess amount of solute will precipitate. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.10K MSC: Knowledge 48. The [H+(aq)] in a 0.0500 mol/L solution of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(aq) is A. 4.24 104 mol/L B. 9.49 104 mol/L C. 9.29 104 mol/L D. 5.26 104 mol/L ANS: B The ethanoic acid dissociates as CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CH3COO(aq) Ionization constant is given as Ka =
[CH3 COO ] [H3 O + ] [CH3 COOH]

DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Solubility

The concentration of hydronium ions is equal to the concentration of acetate ions. Ka =

[H3 O] 2 [CH3 COOH]

or 1.8 105 =

[H3 O] 2 0.5

[H3O+]2 = 1.8 105 0.05 9.0 107 mol/L [H3O+] = (90 108)1/2 = 9.49 104 mol L1. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.8K MSC: Knowledge 49. Which of the following expressions describing the concentration of a solution is not correct? A. Molality = DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Concentration

Moles of solute 1000 Mass of solvent in grams

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B. Molarity =

Moles of solute Volume of solution in L

Number of gram equivalents of solute Volume of solution in mL Number of formula masses of solute Volume of solution in L

C. Normality =

D. Formality =

ANS: C The normality of a solution is defined as the number of gram equivalents of a solute dissolved per litre of a solution. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.5K MSC: Knowledge 50. Four compounds, carbon tetrachloride, trichlorofluoro methane, phosphorus pentachloride, and ammonium nitrate, are dissolved in water and the energy changes during the process are noted. Dissolution of which of the above substances will result in an endothermic process? A. Carbon tetrachloride B. Trichlorofluoromethane C. Ammonium nitrate D. Phosphorus pentachloride ANS: C Dissolving some salts (ionic compound) in water results in an endothermic process. Out of the given substances, ammonium nitrate is a salt and the rest are covalent compounds. So, when ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water, it takes in energy. Hence, it is an endothermic process. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.3K MSC: Knowledge 51. Most of the cleaning detergents are in the form of liquids because A. less quantity is required in the liquid form. B. in the liquid form, the electrons are in the excited state. C. in the liquid form, the surface area between the reacting substances is increased.
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DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Concentration

DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Solubility

D. in the liquid form, there is a greater force of attraction between the reactants and the products. ANS: C The cleaning power of the detergent increases when the surface area between the reactive chemicals is increased. Now in liquid form, the substances are broken down into molecules or ions and hence, surface area between the reacting substances is increased. This results in increasing the cleaning power. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.2K MSC: Knowledge 52. When iron nails are kept in a test tube containing water, they change their color after some time. This is because a redox reaction takes place. Dissolving reactants in water is often a prerequisite for redox chemical changes, because A. B. C. D. ANS: D Redox reaction involves the transference of electrons between the reactants. These reactions do not occur by direct contact between the reactants, but by transfer of electron from reactants to water. Ionization of reactants is possible only in water, such that one reactant is oxidized and the other is reduced. Hence, chemical reaction takes place faster when reactants are dissolved in water. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.2K MSC: Knowledge 53. Use the following information to answer the next question. Soda ash, chemically known as sodium carbonate (Na2CO3(s)), is used to soften water for laundering clothes. When treated with hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), the reaction produces a gas. DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Dilution atoms get excited when a substance is dissolved in water catalyst is more effective when dissolved in water ionization energy of reactants decreases when they are dissolved in water the transference of electrons becomes possible when reactants are dissolved in water DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Dilution

Which of the following gases is released in the above process? A. Cl2(g)

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B. H2(g) C. CO(g) D. CO2(g) ANS: D Carbonates and bicarbonates react with acids to give CO2 gas Na2CO3(aq)+ 2HCl(aq) PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.1K MSC: Knowledge 54. Use the following information to answer the next question. Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2(s) is a blue, crystalline solid in its anhydrous form. Nitric acid, HNO3(aq), is formed when copper(II) nitrate is heated until it decomposes and the resulting gas fumes are passed directly into water. 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Chemical equations

DIF: Difficult TOP: Chemical Changes

What are the products obtained after the decomposition as above? A. NO(g), O2(g), Cu2O(s) B. CuO(s), NO2(g), O2(g) C. NO2(g), O2(g), Cu2O(s) D. Cu(g), O2(g), NO2(g) ANS: B The decomposition reaction of Cu (NO3)2 is 2Cu(NO3)2(s) 2CuO(s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) The brown colored gas is NO2(g), nitrogen dioxide. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.1K MSC: Knowledge 55. In a metallurgical process for the generation of tin metal, tin(IV) oxide is reacted with hydrogen gas to produce tin metal and water vapour. When the chemical equation representing the above reaction is balanced using lowest whole number coefficients, the coefficient for H2(g) is DIF: Average TOP: Chemical Changes OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Chemical Reaction Equations

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A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four ANS: B The skeleton equation is SnO2(s) + H2(g) Sn(s) + H2O(g) Balancing the oxygen atom, we get SnO2(s) + H2(g) Sn(g) + 2H2O(g) Now hydrogen atom becomes unbalanced. So, balancing hydrogen atom, we get SnO2(s) + 2H2(g) Sn(g) + 2H2O(g) This is the balanced equation and the coefficient of H2 is two. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.2K MSC: Knowledge 56. A chemist wants to change the oxidation state of iron from +3 to 0. For this purpose, he treats Fe2O3 with carbon. The coefficient of carbon in the balanced chemical equation for the above reaction will be A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four ANS: C (i) The skeleton equation for the above reaction Fe2O3 + C
+3 2

DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Chemical reaction equations

Fe + CO
+2 2

(ii) Now skeleton equation along with the oxidation number of each atom is
Fe2 O2 + C
O

Fe + C O

(iii) The equation may be written as

O.N decreases by 2 per atom
+3 o o +2

Fe2 O3 + C

Fe + CO

O.N decreases by 3 per atom or 3 2 per two atom McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 35

(iv) To balance the increase or decrease, multiply C by 3 and Fe2O3 by 1 Fe2O3 + 3C Fe2O3 + 3C Fe + Co 2Fe + 3CO (v) Balancing all other atoms we get Coefficient of carbon is three. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.2K MSC: Knowledge 57. In a metallurgical process, Pb3O4 undergoes a reaction with carbon as shown: Pb3O4(s) + 2C(s) A. 39.8 g B. 35.3 g C. 43.1 g D. 57.0 g ANS: B Molar mass of Pb3O4 = 310 g According to the balanced chemical equation, Pb3O4(s) + 2C(s) 3Pb(s) + 2CO2(g) Amount of Pb produced by 310g of Pb3O4= 246 g Amount of Pb produced by 1g of Pb3O4=
246 g 310 246 x 44.5 = 35.3 g 310

DIF: Average TOP: Chemical changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Chemical reaction equations

3Pb(s) + 2CO2(g)

If 44.5 g of of Pb3O4(s) is, consumed, what mass of lead will be produced?

Amount of Pb produced by 44.5g of Pb3O4 =

PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.3K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Stoichiometry

58. Use the following information to answer the next question. Potassium dichromate is used in industries, in calico printing, in tanning of leather. It is used in photography for hardening of gelatin film.

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As an oxidizing agent, acidified potassium dichromate oxidizes tin(II) salts to tin(IV) salts. What is the balanced ionic equation for this reaction? A. Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 3Sn2+ B. Cr2O72 + 7H+ + Sn2+ C. Cr2O72 + Sn2+ + 7H2 2Cr3+ + 3Sn4+ + 7H2O Cr3+ + Sn4+ + 7H2O 2Cr3+ + Sn4+ + 7H2O + 2Cr3+ + 3Sn4+ + 7H2O

D. Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e + Sn2+ ANS: A

Tin(II) salt (Sn2+) is changed to tin(IV) salt (Sn4+) in the following way Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 3Sn2+ PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.4K MSC: Knowledge 59. Use the following information to answer the next question. In volumetric analysis of redox reaction, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used as an oxidizing agent. Estimation of ferrous salts, oxalates etc is done in such a reaction between KMnO4 and Mohrs salt [FeSO4 (NH4)2 SO4 6H2O]. KMnO4 acts as a self indicator. DIF: Average TOP: Chemical Changes 2Cr3+ + 3Sn4+ + 7H2O OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Ionic Equation

What is the net ionic equation in this redox reaction? A. MnO4 + Fe2+ + H2 B. MnO4 + Fe2+ + 2OH C. MnO4 + Fe2+ + 4H2 D. MnO4 + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ ANS: D In acidic medium, KMnO4 acts as a strong oxidizing agent. MnO4 + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.4K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Ionic Equation Mn2+ + Fe3+ + 2H+ + 2O2 Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O + 3O2 Mn2+ + Fe3+ + 4H2O Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

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60. Use the following information (along with the graphs) to answer the next two questions.
In an experiment of acid - base titration HCl, NaOH, NH3, and CH3COOH are titrated against a strong acid or a strong base. The data obtained are represented in the following curves.

Graph 1

Graph 2

14
pH Value pH Value

14

Volume of acid (in mL)

Volume of base (in mL)

Graph 3

Graph 4

14
pH Value pH Value

14

Volume of acid added (in mL)

Volume of base added (in mL)

Match each of the graphs, as numbered above, with the corresponding titration species listed below. HCl strong base _______ NaOH strong acid NH3 strong acid CH3COOH strong base ANS: 2, 1, 3, 4 HCl strong base NaOH strong acid
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_______ _______ _______

2 1
38

NH3 strong acid CH3COOH strong base PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.5K MSC: Knowledge

3 4 OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Titration

DIF: Average TOP: Chemical Changes

61. Out of the graphs plotted above, which titration curve corresponds to a strong monoprotic base and a strong monoprotic acid? A. Graph 1 B. Graph 2 C. Graph 3 D. Graph 4 ANS: A In the beginning, strong monoprotic base is present, there the pH is high. When a strong monoprotic acid is run into it, there is a rapid fall of pH in the beginning, but the rate of fall slows down. The equivalence point in a strong acid/strong base titration is at pH 7. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.5K MSC: Knowledge 62. A sample mixture of acids, amines and salts is given to students for analysis. Determination of which of the following characteristics in the above sample will come under the category of qualitative analysis? A. Number of moles of acids present. B. Concentration of amines expressed in percentage by mass. C. Parts per million of salt present. D. The presence of COOH group in the sample with the help of spectroscopy. ANS: D The purpose of qualitative analysis is to confirm the presence of an element, compound, phase, functional group, organic compound or liquid in a sample. Qualitative analysis does not involve amounts. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.3K DIF: Average TOP: Chemical changes OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Reaction stoichiometry DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Titration

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MSC: Knowledge 63. Use the following information to answer the next question. Iron is available in three forms: cast iron, wrought iron and steel. These forms differ from each other in the carbon content and, of course, traces of certain other elements.

An iron sample of cast iron is 1.5% impure. The following reaction shows the formation of pentacarbonyl iron:
Fe + 5CO
[Fe(CO) 5 Pr essure Pentacarbonyl iron

If 4.2 g of this sample is used in the formation of pentacarbonyl iron, what is the actual yield of [Fe(CO)5]? A. 25.2 g B. 12.9 g C. 14.5 g D. 27.1 g ANS: C 56 g of Fe can give 196 g of [Fe(CO)5]. Since the iron sample is 1.5% impure, mass of impure iron = 4.2 Mass of pure iron = 4.2 0.063 = 4.137 g Amount of [Fe(CO)5] produced by 4.136 g of pure iron = PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.3K MSC: Knowledge 64. Use the following information to answer the next question. Carbon monoxide gas reacts with solid iron(III) carbonate to produce iron metal and carbon dioxide gas. The reaction that takes place is Fe2CO3(s) + CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 2CO2(g) DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes
196 4.137 = 14.5 g 56 1.5 = 0.063 g 100

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Actual, theoretical and percent yield

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Assuming stoichiometric quantities of all reactants and products, what mass of Fe2CO3(s) is consumed when it is reacted with 5.6 g CO(g), producing 22.4 g of Fe(s) and 17.6 g of CO2(g)? A. 17.4 g B. 34.4 g C. 37.2 g D. 41.6 g ANS: B
Fe 2 CO 3 + CO 2 Fe + 2CO 2
?

5.6 g

22.4 g

17.6 g

According to the law of conservation of mass: Mass of reactant = mass of products. Mass of Fe2CO3 + mass of CO = mass of iron + mass of CO2 Mass of Fe2CO3 + 5.6 g = 22.4 g + 17.6 g Mass of FeCO3 = 40 5.6 = 34.4 g PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.1K MSC: Knowledge 65. In a fertilizer factory, 410 kg of ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH(aq), reacts with 738 kg of nitric acid, HNO3(aq), to produce 937.14 kg of the fertilizer ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3(s). Assuming all reactants and products are in stoichiometric quantities, what is the mass of all other products is formed in this reaction? A. 412 kg B. 383.65 kg C. 327.1 kg D. 210.86 kg ANS: C The chemical equation is
NH4 OH + HNO 3 NH 4NO 3 + H 2 O
410 kg
738 kg 937.14 kg
?

DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Reaction Stoichiometry

According to the law of conservation of mass: Mass of reactants = mass of products 410 kg+ 738 kg = 937.14 kg + mass of H2O Mass of H2O = 1148 937.14 = 210.86 kg.
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PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.1K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Average TOP: Chemical Changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Reaction Stoichiometry

66. Use the following information to answer the next question. In a precipitation reaction, 8.5 g of Na2SO4(s) is added to an aqueous solution containing of 15 g of BaCl2(aq). A white precipitate, insoluble BaSO4(s), is formed. Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Which of the following compounds acts as a limiting reagent in this chemical change? A. Na2SO4 B. BaCl2 C. BaSO4 D. NaCl ANS: A 142 g Na2SO4 reacts with BaCl2 = 208 g. Now 15 g BaCl2 will react with NaSO4 = Mass of Na2SO4 present = 8.5 g. Mass of Na2SO4 required = 10.2 g. Hence, Na2SO4 is the limiting reagent. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.2K MSC: Knowledge 67. Iron can be extracted from iron (III) oxide in the reaction Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) A. 0.40 mol or less B. 1.5 mol or less C. 1.6 mol or less D. 2.5 mol or less ANS: A
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142 . 15 = 10.2 g 208

DIF: Average-Difficult TOP: Chemical Changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Limiting and excess species

2Fe(s) + 3CO(g). If

0.50 moles of Fe2O3(s) is present, carbon will be limiting reagent if its number of moles are

We have the following chemical equation Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g) Moles of Fe2O3(s) = 0.5 mol The mole ratio of reactants in the chemical reaction is given as Fe2O3: C 1:3 or C: Fe2O3 1:
1 3

If 0.50 mol Fe2O3(s)is consumed in the reaction, it would require 0.50 mol Fe2O3(s) 3 mol C(s)/1 mol Fe2O3(s)= 1.5 moles of C(s). Now if there is only 0.40 mol of C(s) present, this is less than the required 1.5 mol. So if only 0.4 moles of carbon is provided, carbon, C(s), will be the limiting reagent. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.2K MSC: Knowledge 68. Which indicator is used for the titration between hydrochloric acid and ammonia? A. Phenolphthalein B. Methyl orange C. Thymol blue C. Cresol red ANS: B In this kind of titration, the equivalence point is below 7 because the salt (NH4Cl) formed at the neutralization reacts with water to give H+ ions. The equivalence point lies at about pH 5.3. It is, therefore, necessary to use an indicator with pH range slightly on the acidic side. Therefore, methyl orange can be used. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.6K MSC: Knowledge 69. While performing an acidbase titration between HCl(aq) and Na2CO3(aq) solutions, a student forgot to use the indicator. What would be an appropriate indicator to use? A. Phenolphthalein B. Methyl red C. Methyl orange D. Bromthymol blue
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DIF: Average TOP: Chemical changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Limiting and excess species

DIF: Average TOP: Chemical changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Titration

ANS: C The titration is between a strong acid (HCl(aq)) and a weak base Na2CO3(aq). The pH at the final equivalence point will be below 7. The most appropriate indicator will have a Ka halfway between the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3(aq), and water, which would be methyl orange. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.6K MSC: Knowledge 70. Solid sulfur, S8(s), and fluorine gas, F2(g), react to produce SF6(s). If 384 grams of S6(s) is reacted with a limited amount of F2(s) producing 1420 g of SF6(s), what is the percent yield? A. 44.3% B. 59.7% C. 81.1% D. 93.2% ANS: C
S 6 + 18F2 6SF6
( s) ( g)
( g)

DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Titration

192 g S6 produces SF6 = 876 g. 384 g S6 produces SF6 = Percent yield =

876 384 = 1752 g. 192

Actual yield 1420 100 = 100 = 81.1%. 1752 Predicted yield

DIF: Average TOP: Chemical Changes OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Actual, theoretical and percent yield

PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.4K MSC: Knowledge

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71. Use the following information to answer the next question. The pH curve for the titration of HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq).

14 4 HCl(aq) 1 7 2 3

Volume of HCl(aq) added (mL)

The equivalence point in the titration curve between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq), shown above, is numbered A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 ANS: B The equivalence point for a strong acidstrong base occurs when pH is equal to 7, labeled #2 on the graph. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.7K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Equivalence point

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NUMERIC RESPONSE 1. The electron dot diagrams of four elements, A, B, C, and D, which are in the same period of the periodic table are shown below:

1.

2.

3.

4.

The elements in increasing order of electronegativity are _____, _____, _____, and _____, respectively. ANS: 4, 3, 2, 1 The number of valence electrons of elements increases as you move across a period from left to right. The electron dot diagram of an atom shows its number of valence electrons. The atom having the fewest number of valence electrons will be the least electronegative and the element having the highest number of valence electrons will be the most electronegative. Hence, the elements in the increasing order of electronegativity are D < C < B < A. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A2.4K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Easy TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Lewis Structure

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2. Use the following information to answer the next question In a leading chemical factory, fractional distillation is used to separate ethanol from water. In this process, ethanol separates from water when the temperature reaches 352 K. The boiling point of a substance is 22 oC less than the boiling point of ethanol. The boiling point of that substance is _____K. (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 330 K The boiling point of the substance is 22 oC less than the boiling point of ethanol on the Celsius scale. So, the boiling point of the substance on the Celsius scale will be 79 oC 22 oC = 57 oC, and its boiling point on the Kelvin scale will be = 57 oC + 273 = 330 K. PTS: 1 LOC: 20B1.2K MSC: Knowledge 3. A 2.00 L flask is filled with 3.20 g H2(g). If the temperature inside of the tube is 27.0 oC, the gas will exert a pressure of _____. (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 1 105 atm The number of hydrogen molecules left in the tube = 4.879 1017 The number of moles of hydrogen molecules left = Now we know PV = nRT P=x R = 0.082 litre atm K1 mol1 V=2L T = 27 + 273 = 300 K n = 8.1 107 mol Substituting the values 8.1 107 mol = x = 1 105 atm
x2 0.082 300
4.879 1017 6.022 10
23

DIF: Easy TOP: Forms of mattergases

OBJ: Section 1.2 KEY: Celsius and Kelvin scales

= 8.1 107moles

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PTS: 1 LOC: 20B1.4K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Average TOP: Forms of mattergases

OBJ: Section 1.2 KEY: Ideal Gas Law

4. You want to prepare 1.00 L of a 0.0200 mol/L H2SO4(aq) solution from a 90% (M/M) solution of H2SO4(aq), with a density 1.80 g/mL. The volume of the 90% H2SO4 solution required to prepare the 1.00 L of 0.0200 mol/L H2SO4(aq) is _____ mL. (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 1.21 mL Number of moles of H2SO4 = In 100 mL of solution: nH2SO4(aq) = =
90 . 98

m M

90 g H2SO4 H2SO4 98 g mol

= 0.918 mol H2SO4(aq)

Volume of solution =

mass of solution density

Mass of solution = 100 g Density = 1.80 g mL1 Volume of solution =

100 = 55.6 mL 1.8 g

Therefore the molar concentration of the original solution is: CH2SO4(aq) = =

n V

0.918 mol H2SO4(aq) 0.0556 L

= 16.5 mol/L H2SO4(aq) To calculate the quantity of the solution required, use the dilution formula, C1V1 = C2V2 16.5 mol/L V1 = 0.0200 mol/L 1.00 L V1 =
0.02 1 000 = 1.21 mL. 16.5

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PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.6K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Dilution

5. Use the following information to answer the next two questions. Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl(s), has extensive application in completion of well and prevention of damage that would result from interaction of clay and water. It is easily soluble in fresh water. The pH of ammonium chloride brines lies in the range of 5 7.

The number of significant digits reported for the concentration of H3O+(aq) ions in a solution of ammonium chloride with a pH of 5.1 is _____. (Record your answer on the numerical-response sheet provided). ANS: 2 pH of the solution is 5.1 pH = log [H+] log [H+] = pH = 5.1 [H+] = antilog [5.1] = 7.46 106 Since pH value has only 1 significant digit, the concentration of [H+] can be represented as 7 106 mol/L, which has one significant digit. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.4K MSC: Knowledge 6. Use the following information to answer the next question. DIF: Easy TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Concentration

The following steps are used to calculate of volume of dilute solutions from concentrated solutions: (1) Apply molarity equation. (2) Determine volume of solution. (3) Determine the density of acid in solution. (4) Calculate the molar mass and number of moles of acid.

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The correct order of the above steps for calculating the volume of 70% sulfuric acid, by weight (density = 1.8 g mL1), required to prepare 500 mL of 0.02 M H2SO4, is _____; _____; _____; and _____. ANS: 4, 3, 2, 1 70% H2SO4 solution means that 70g of sulfuric acid is present in 100g of solution in water. Now molecular mass of H2SO4 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98 Weight of H2SO4 = 70 g. Moles of H2SO4 present =
70 . 98

Mass of the acidic solution = 100 g. Density of the acid in solution = 1.8 g mL1. Volume of the solution = Molarity of solution = Applying molarity equation, (concentrated) M1V1 = M2V2 (dilute) 12.9 V1 = .02 500 V1 =
0.02 500 = 0.77 mL 12.9

Mass 100 = = 55.5 mL Density 1.8

70 1 000 = 12.9 M 98 55.5

So correct order of steps is 4, 3, 2, 1. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.11K MSC: Knowledge 7. Use the following information to answer the next question. The following compounds were provided to students for carrying out various syntheses in a practical exam. However, when dissolved in water, all the chemicals do not act the same way. 1. Sodium hydroxide 2. Ammonium nitrate 3. Table sugar DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Dilution

The respective order in which the above chemicals will release energy; absorb energy; and neither release nor absorb energy, is _____, _____, and _____ respectively.

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ANS: 1, 2, 3 Sodium hydroxide, when dissolved in water, releases energy to give an exothermic reaction. Ammonium nitrate absorbs energy, when it is dissolved in water, to give an endothermic reaction. Table salt neither absorbs energy nor releases energy, when it is dissolved in water. So the correct order is 1, 2, and 3. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.3K DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Solubility MSC: Knowledge

8. A solution with a concentration of 0.387 mo/L is prepared by dissolving 1.55 g sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq) The volume of solution obtained is a.bc 10d L. The values of a, b, c, and d are _____, _____, _____, and _____. (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 1001 The concentation of solution is 0.387 mol/L mass of NaOH(s) = 1.55 g nNaOH = =

m M

1.55 g NaOH 40.00 g NaOH mol NaOH

n V n C

= 0.0388 mol NaOH CNaOH = V=

0.0388 mol NaOH 0.387 mol NaOH L

= 0.100 L When converted to scientific notation, 0.100 L is reported as 1.00 x 101 mol/L. The correct answer is 1001. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.6K MSC: Knowledge
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DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases

OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Concentration

9. Use the following information to answer the next question.

In case of a very dilute acidic solution, H+ ion concentrations from acid and water are comparable. In this case the concentration of H+ ions from water can not be neglected. Therefore, [H+]total = [H+]acid +[ H+]water Total concentration of H+ ions in a 108 M HCl solution, in scientific notation is abc 10d. The values of a, b, c, and d are _____, _____, _____, and _____, respectively. ANS: 1, 0, 5, 7 Since HCl is a strong acid and is completely ionized, [H+] = 1.0 108 The concentration of H+ ions in water is equal to concentration of OH ions in water.
[H+ ]H2O = [OH ]H2O = x

[H + ] Total = 1.0 108 + x

But [H+] [OH] = 1.0 1014 (1.0 108 + x) (x) = 1.0 1014 x2 + 108x 1014 = 0 x=
10 8 (10 8 ) 2 4.1.(10 14 ) 2.1

Solving for x we get x = 9.5 108 [H+]total = 1.0 108 + 9.5 108 = 10.5 108 = 1.05 107 So, the values of a, b, c, and d are 1, 0, 5, and 7, respectively. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.3K MSC: Knowledge 10. Use the following information to the answer the next question. DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Concentration

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Sodium acetate (NaCH3COO(aq)) is a strong electrolyte and it dissociates completely when dissolved in water. Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH(aq)) is a weak electrolyte which ionizes only partially when dissolved in water.

The concentration of hydronium ion in a mixture of 0.01 M CH3COOH and 0.2 M CH3COONa will be _____. (Ka for ethanoic acid = 1.8 105) (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 0.09 105 mol L1 From the above information, the ionization of ethanoic acid and sodium acetate may be represented as CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O+ CH3COONa CH3COO + Na+ Now let us assume that the concentration of acetate ions obtained from ethanoic acid is A. Since sodium acetate is completely ionized, the concentration of acetate ions from sodium acetate is = 0.2 M Total concentration of acetate ion is = A + 0.2 Concentration of unionized ethanoic acid = 0.01 A Now, A is very small as compared to 0.2. So, we can write [CH3COO]= 0.2 + A = 0.2 mol L1 [CH3COOH] = 0.01 A = 0.01 mol L1 Now the value of dissociation constant is given as K=
[H3 O + ] [CH3 COO ] [CH3 COOH] [H3 O + ] 0.2 0.01

1.8 105 = [H3O+] =

1.8 10 5 0.01 0.2

[H3O+] = 0.09 105 mol L1 PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.8K MSC: Knowledge 11. Use the following information to answer the next question. A solution is made by mixing two substances A of molecular mass 10 and B of molecular mass 15. DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Concentration

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If the mole fraction of A in a solution with B is 0.30, the mass percentage of A in the solution will be _____. (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 23.23% Let the mass percentage of A in solution be x. So 100 g of solution contains x g of A and (100 x) g of B Moles of A = Moles of B =
mass of A x = mol. mass of A 10
100 x 15

Now mole fraction of A = 0.3 0.3 =

moles of A moles of A + moles of B

x 10 0.3 = x 100 x + 10 15 x 10 0.3 = 15x + 10(100 x ) 150

0.3 = 0.3 =

150 x 15x + 10(100 x ) 10 x 15 15x + 10(100 x )

0.3 (15x + 1 000 10x) = 15x 0.3 (5x + 1 000) = 15x` 5x + 1 000 =
15x = 50x 0.3

1 000 = 50x 5x 45x = 1 000 x=

1 000 = 22.23 45

So, mass percentage of A = 23.23%. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.5K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Difficult TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Percent by mass

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12. Use the following information to answer the next question. A scientist was working on the ionization of water. He calculated ionic product of water at different temperatures. At a specific temperature, ionic product of water comes out as 8.25 1014.

The pH of the water at the same temperature will be _____. (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 6.54 Ionic product of water = 8.25 1014 or [H3O+] [OH] = 8.25 1014 For water, concentration of hydronium ions is equal to concentration of hydroxide ions. So we can write [H3O+] [H3O+] = 8.25 1014 [H3O+] =
8.25 10 14

= 8.25 107 = 2.88 107 Now pH = log [H3O+] = log (2.88 107) = [log 2.88 7] = [.46 7] = [6.54] pH = 6.54 PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.4K MSC: Knowledge 13. The reaction representing the decomposition of nitramide is is shown below. NH2NO2 (aq) ____________ L. (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 2.18 L Molar mass of NH2NO2 = 63 g N2O(g) + H2O (l) If 6.14 g of NH2NO2(aq) decomposes completely, the volume of N2O(g) produced at STP is DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Hydronium ion/pH

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Stoichiometrically, 63 g of NH2NO2 produced N2O at STP is 22.4 L 6.14 g of NH4 NO2 will produce N2O at STP =
22.4 6.14 = 2.18 L 63

PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.5K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Stoichiometry

14. Use the following information to answer the next question. Eudiometry is a branch of science that deals with the analysis of a gaseous mixture, including the determination of molecular formula of a gaseous hydrocarbon. The general chemical equation for the combustion of a hydrocarbon is given as under: CxHy + x +
y O2 4

xCO2 +

y H2O 2

Butane, a gaseous hydrocarbon is combusted in the presence of oxygen. CO2 gas and 90 g of water are recovered. How many moles of CO2 gas are recovered? ANS: 4 The formula of the hydrocarbon = C4H10 Number of moles of H2O = x = 4, y = 10 Hence, CxHy = C4H10 Number of moles of CO2 = 4 PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.5K MSC: Knowledge 15. 2.66 g of phosphorus, P4(s), is heated in the presence of 2.43 of oxygen gas, O2(g) The theoretical yield of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5(s)) is _____ g. (Record your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) ANS: 4.31 g
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y 90 = 5 or x = 4, = 5 18 2

DIF: Easy TOP: Chemical Changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Stoichiometry

P4 2.66 g

+ 5O 2 2P2 O 5
2.43 g
4.31g

Since Amount of P2O5 produced by 124 g of phosphorus = 2 142 g Amount of P2O5 produced by 2.66 g of phosphorus= Theoretical yield of P2O5 = 6.092 g
2 142 2.66 = 6.092 g 124

mass P2O5 (s) produced (if P4 (s) is limiting) x g P2O5 (s) = 2.66 g P4 (s) 1 mol P4 (s) 2 mol P2O5 (s) 141.94 g P2O5 (s) 123.88 g P4 (s) 1 mol P4 (s) 1 mol P2O5 (s)

= 6.10 g P2O5 (s) mass P2O5 (s) produced (if O 2 (g) is limiting) x g P2O5 (s) = 2.43 g O2 (g) = 4.31 g P2O5 (s)
Since the theoretical mass of P2O5(s) produced with 2.43 g of oxygen gas, O2(g) is less than with phosphorus, P4(s), oxygen gas is the limiting reagent, and the theoretical mass of P2O5(s) produced is 4.31 g, the theoretical mass produced when all of the limiting reagent is consumed. PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.3K MSC: Knowledge 16. Use the following information to answer the next question. In a lab experiment, a solution of an unknown ionic compound AB(s) (molar mass 80 g/mol) is prepared by dissolving 30 g of AB(s) in a 250 mL volumetric flask, which is then filled with water up to the mark on the neck. DIF: Difficult TOP: Chemical Changes OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Actual, theoretical and percent yield

1 mol O 2 (g) 2 mol P2O5 (s) 141.94 g P2O5 (s) 32.00 g O2 (g) 5 mol O2 (g) 1 mol P2O5 (s)

The molar concentration of the solution formed in the above experiment will be A. 0.015 m B. 0.025 m C. 0.030 m D. 0.035 m ANS: A Mass of the compound AB dissolved = 0.30g Molar mass of AB = 80 g/mol
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Moles of AB dissolved =

.30 80

Volume of solution = 250 mL So, concentration of the solution will be = =

0.30 / 80 1 000 250

0.30 1 000 = 0.015 M. 80 250

PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.5K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Easy TOP: Solutions

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Calculating Concentration

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WRITTEN RESPONSE 1. Use the following information to answer the next question. Element Number of Valence Electrons Electronegativity A B C D 2 7 7 4 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.6

A and B combine to form an ionic compound whereas C and D do not, why? Which will form ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and polar covalent bonds? ANS: If difference in electro negativity between two atoms is high, the bonding between them takes place with complete transfer of electrons, resulting in an ionic bond. In this type of bonding, one of the atoms loses electrons while the other gains and acquires the nearest noble gas configuration. The bonding between atoms A and B can be represented by Lewis dot structure as shown below:
A B

A2+ , B

[A]2+ 2[B] or AB2

During the formation of this bond, A will lose its two electrons. Now, B requires only one electron to complete its octet. So, for the formation of a neutral ionic compound, A will combine with two atoms of B to form AB2. No such bonding is possible in the case of atoms C and D, which have almost the same electronegativity. C and D will combine by sharing electrons to form a covalent bond. PTS: 1 LOC: 20A1.4K MSC: Knowledge 2. Use the following information to answer the next question. Ink and air both are form of mixture. Ink is a liquid, which is composed of various pigments while air is a mixture of various gases in no definite proportion. DIF: Difficult TOP: Diversity of matter OBJ: Section 1.1 KEY: Valence electron and Lewis Structure

Why ink has visible boundary of separation while air does not?

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ANS: Ink is an example of heterogeneous mixture in which one component of mixture is suspended into the other component while air is an example of non-homogeneous mixture which has same composition through out. Heterogeneous mixture does contain visible boundary of separation while homogeneous mixtures do not contain visible boundary of separation. So, ink has visible boundary of separation while air does not. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C1.1K MSC: Knowledge 3. Use the following information to answer the next question. Most of the common substances used in our home are acidic; slightly acidic; basic; or slightly basic. The following substances were tested with a pH meter. Compound Soda pop Lemon juice Coffee Milk Sea water Color Red Dark red Yellow Green Blue pH value 3.0 2.2 5.0 6.5 7.8 DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Homogenous mixture

(A) Determine the concentration of H+ ions in a sample of milk (B) Which of the above substances has the highest hydronium ion concentration? ANS: (A) In a sample of milk, pH paper shows light green color which corresponds to a pH value of 6.5. Now pH = 6.5 or log [H3O+] = 6.5 log [H3O+] = 6.5 [H3O+] = antilog (6.5) [H3O+] = 3.16 107 (B) The pH paper turns from blue to red as the acidity of the solution increases. Out of the above substances lemon juice gives the darkest red color which corresponds to the lowest pH value and the highest concentration of hydronium ions. So among these substances, lemon juice is the most acidic. PTS: 1 LOC: 20C2.6K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Average TOP: Acids and Bases OBJ: Section 1.3 KEY: Concentration

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4. (A) On a graph paper, draw a graph that represents the titration curve of 0.3 M hydrochloric acid and 0.3 M sodium hydroxide solution mark the equivalence point of.

10 8 Equivalence point 6 4 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 Volume of NaOH

A.

pH

(B) In an experiment, titration is being performed between 25 ml of a solution of HCl and a standard NaOH solution (concentration of both is 0.1M). What will be the value of pH at the equivalence point? ANS: (A) When we add a solution of NaOH to the solution of HCl, pH progressively increases. This is because OH ions from the base will react with the H+ ions from the acid to form water. This decreases the concentration of H+ ions and pH increases. Near the stoichiometric point there is a sudden jump in pH. It has been observed that at the equivalence point pH is 7 and the pH increases sharply afterwards. (B) Initially the pH of HCl is given as pH = log [0.1] = 1.0 Now we add 10 ml of 0.1 m NaOH to HCl. The total volume is then = 25 + 10 = 35 ml. Concentration of H+ ions initially present =
0.1 25 = 2.5 103M 1 000 0.1 10 = 1.0 103M 1 000

Concentration of OH ions in the added NaOH solution =

After the neutralization of the OH ions of the added solution, the concentration of H+ ions left = 2.5 103 - 1.0 103 = 1.5 103 M Concentration of H+ ions =
1.5 10 3 1 000 = 0.043 M 35

pH = log (0.043) = 1.37 Processing as above, we can calculate the pH of the solution on the addition of 20 ml, 24 ml, 24.9 ml and 24.95 ml of NaOH solution. The pH values come to 1.95, 2.69, 3.70 and 4.00 respectively. Now, on addition of 25 ml of NaOH, the acid is completely neutralized giving NaCl. The pH of the resulting solution is 7.

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PTS: 1 LOC: 20D2.7K MSC: Knowledge

DIF: Average TOP: Chemical changes

OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Titration graphs, acids, bases

5. Use the following information to answer the next question. In qualitative analysis, group 2 and group 4 cations are precipitated as sulfides by passing H2S(g) through the aqueous mixture. But in case of group 2, the solution must be acidified with dilute HCl, before passing the H2S(g), so that the cations of group 4 are not precipitated, if present in the mixture as sulfide. Group 2 cations Hg2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, As3+, Sb3+, Sn2+ Group 4 cations CO2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+

(A) Explain the function of acid in the aqueous mixture solution, along with the relevant chemical equation(s). (B) What is the minimum required concentration of S2 ions, to cause precipitation of ZnS from a 1 103 M Zn (NO3)2 solution? (Ksp for ZnS = 7.0 1016) ANS: (A) When H2S is passed, the acid is added to suppress the S2 ion (sulfide ion) concentrate in the solution, due to the common ion effect. H2s(aq) 2H+ (aq) + S2(aq) HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq) common ion In this way S ion concentration in the solution is controlled and any cation of group 4 is not precipitated along with the cation of group 2. Also the Ksp (solubility product values) of the sulfides of second group cations are low and the concentration of S2 ions released by H2S is sufficient to precipitate these sulfides because the ionic product exceeds the solubility product. As the Ksp values of the sulfides of cations of fourth group are higher, the ionic products in their case will remain lesser than the solubility products. Hence, these cations will not be precipitated in the second group. If the medium is not made acidic, the cations of fourth group may also be precipitated in the second group. (B) To get precipitates of ZnS, the product [Zn2+] [S2] should exceed the Ksp for ZnS i.e. 7.0 1016 or [Zn2+] [S2] > 7.0 1016 As [Zn2+] = 1 103 mole L1 in Zn (NO3)2 solution [Zn2+] [S2] = 7.0 1016 [1 103] [S2] = 7.0 1016
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2

[S2] =

7.0 10 16 1 10
3

= 7.0 103 mole L1

Thus, minimum concentration of S2 ions required for the precipitation of ZnS is 7.0 1013 mole L1 PTS: 1 LOC: 20D1.3K MSC: Knowledge DIF: Average TOP: Chemical Changes OBJ: Section 1.4 KEY: Chemical equations, Stoichiometry

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