Lu (Flowchart) v cch v lu (Flowcharting)

Lu (flowchart) l phng tin trnh by mt cch trc quan:

-

Cc thao tc phi thc hin v trnh t thc hin chng nhm mc ch gii quyt mt vn hay thc hin mt cng tc, Cc dng thng tin lu chuyn trong h thng x l thng tin, cc thng tin nhp vo h thng v cc thng tin kt xut t h thng trong qu trnh gii quyt cng vic,

Lu l cng c thng dng phn tch v thit k cc quy trnh. N cho php chia quy trnh thnh nhng thao tc nh c th hiu d dng qua tn gi (hoc thm mt vi ghi ch ngn gn, nu cn) v sp xp cc thao tc ny mt cch hp l. Vic v lu s gip hiu r, truyn t d dng v ci tin, hp l ha hu ht cc quy trnh trong mt h thng. Tiu chun c p dng rng ri trong vic v lu hin nay c T chc Tiu chun ha Quc t (ISO) quy nh trong ti liu ISO 5807 Information processing -- Documentation symbols and
conventions; program and system flowcharts.

Trong giai an 1 cng tc ng dng TQM ti cng ty Thnh Ti, vic xy dng quy trnh cho tt c cc b phn cng tc l ht sc quan trng. Lu s c chn nh mt cng c chnh phn tch, thit k v truyn t cc quy trnh. Ti liu ny c vit nhm thng nht phng php v lu v nu ln cc quy tc phi tun theo trong khi v lu cho cc quy trnh ca cc b phn. Hng dn v lu 1. K hiu s dng trong lu C hai loi k hiu dng trong lu : a. K hiu cng tc:
i. Thao tc c bn (hay quy trnh c bn-Basic Operation/process): Mt thao tc hay

mt nhm cc thao tc c nh ngha v t tn r rng, d hiu, c trnh by bng mt hnh ch nht cha tn thao tc:

Tn thao tc

Th d: Mt thao tc n gin:
Ghi s lng xut vo th kho

Mt nhm cc thao tc:

Chit np gas lng vo bnh

ii. Quy trnh, thu tc, chng trnh c xc nh (Predefined

process/subroutine/module): Trng hp mt nhm thao tc c th tc, trnh t c quy nh r rng trong mt ti liu ring, hay mt module chng trnh my tnh lp trnh, ta s dng k hiu hnh ch nht c hai vch bn:

Tn quy trnh, th tc

Th d:
To phiu nhp bng phn mm Sunsoft

iii. Thao tc th cng (Manual process): Mt thao tc hay mt nhm thao tc do

ngi thc hin, khng pht sinh hay truy cp d liu thng c k hiu bi mt hnh thang c cnh ngn pha di:

Tn thao tc

Th d

Xp hng ln xe

iv. Thao tc chun b (Preparation): Cc thao tc ph khng c ngha quyt nh

trong quy trnh, nhng nhm chun b cho mt thao tc khc thng c k hiu nh sau:

Tn thao tc

Th d:

M cng chnh

Chun b phng hp

v. Lung thao tc (flow line): Cc thao tc c ni vi nhau theo trnh t thc hin

bng cc mi tn mt u:

Th d:

Cn xe

Cho xe ra cng

Thao tc cn xe phi thc hin trc thao tc cho xe ra cng

vi. Quyt nh (Decision): Khi sau mt thao tc phi ty theo mt iu kin no

m chn la thao tc tip theo trong t hai thao tc tr ln, ta phi dng mt thao tc quyt nh, k hiu bng mt hnh thoi cha mt cu hi iu kin c t hai cch tr li tr ln, mi cch tr li ng vi mt lung ra:
Cu hi iu kin Trng hp 2

Trng hp 1

Th d:

Xe ca cng ty?

Phi

a vo bi xe cng ty

Khng phi a vo bi xe dnh cho khch

vii. u cui (Terminator): Trong mi quy trnh lun lun c t nht mt im khi u v mt im kt thc quy trnh (C th c nhiu im khi u hay nhiu im kt thc), k hiu bng hnh sau:
Bt u Kt thc

S kin kch hot quy trnh thng c ghi vo terminator bt u:

Xe Route v ti cng ty

Cn xe

Nhp v

viii. K hiu ni trang (Off-page Connector): Khi khng ch v lu trong mt trang, ngi ta ni mt lung no vo k hiu ni trang, sau sang trang mi v v lung t k hiu ni trang tng ng i ra:

Trang trc

Trang sau

ix. Thao tc song song (Parallel Operation): Trng hp sau mt thao tc c t hai

thao tc tip theo c thc hin song song ng thi, dng k hiu sau:

x. Thi gian ch, tr hon cng tc (Delay) c v bng k hiu hnh ch D

Ch k duyt

b. K hiu d liu: Gm cc thao tc lin quan n d liu, nhp liu, kt xut) i. Ti liu trn giy (Document): Cc vn bn, bn in, phiuhay bt k bn in, bn

vit no con ngi c th c (human-readable) dc v bng hnh tng trng cho t giy nh sau::

Phiu nhp

ii. B ti liu trn giy (Multiple Document): Th d: B ha n c nhiu lin:

Ha n (3 lin)

iii. Thao tc nhp liu vo my tnh t bn phm (Manual Input): c k hiu bng hnh v tng trng cho bn phm nh sau:

Nhp phiu t hng

iv. a cng, c s d liu (Harddisk, Database) hay bt k phng tin lu tr truy

xut trc tip no trong h thng my tnh (th d USB drive, a CDROM) c v bng hnh tng trng cho a cng nh sau:

CSDL Sunsoft

v. D liu cha xc nh phng tin lu tr (data) c k hiu bng hnh bnh

hnh:
S liu k ton kho

vi. D liu lu tr vo h thng my tnh nhng cha xc nh phng tin lu tr (stored data) c v nh sau:

S liu lu tr k ton

vii. D liu hin th trn mn hnh (Displayed data) c v bng hnh v tng trng mn hnh nh sau:

Bo co kho hin th trn mn hnh

viii. Lung d liu (data flow): Cc lung bt u hay kt thc bng mt k hiu d liu trn y c v bng mi tn nt t phn bit vi lung thao tc. Th d:

Nhp n t hng

CSDL Sunsoft

2. Cc quy tc phi tun th khi v lu m bo mt lu c th hiu v thc hin c, cn tun th cc quy tc sau:
a. R rng: Lu phi c v r rng, trnh by gn gng v d theo di trnh t. Trnh

to ra s hiu lm bi cc t ng, tn gi khng r rng (th d: qun l cng nhn, iu hnh vn phng). Trnh v cc lu qu phc tp. B tr cc bc t trn xung di, tri sang phi nu c th. b. C u c cui: Mi lu phi c t nht mt im bt u u v mt im kt thc (terminator). Khng nn c nhiu im bt u. C th c nhiu im kt thc, nhng nu ch c mt im kt thc th tt hn.

Tt

Sai

Sai

c. C vo c ra: Tr cc terminator, mi thao tc trong lu u phi c lung vo v

lung ra. d. Trnh t hon ton xc nh: Mi thao tc c th nhn nhiu lung thao tc vo, nhng ch c c mt lung thao tc ra (c th c thm nhng lung d liu ra, tc l nhng lung dn ti mt ti liu kt xut). S d nh vy l v nu c hn mt lung ra th khng bit phi chn lung no, dn n trnh t thc hin khng xc nh.

Khng c

e. Quyt nh r rng v y : Trng hp sau mt thao tc c hn mt la chn cho

thao tc tip theo, nht thit phi c mt bc quyt nh (k hiu hnh thoi). Mt quyt nh phi c cu hi la chn r rng v c y cc trng hp la chn, cc la chn phi loi tr ln nhau (ngha l khng c trng hp no tha mn hai la chn tr ln). Tt nht, cu hi la chn nn c dng tr li c hay khng, ng hay sai Nu c nhiu trng hp la chn, phi c mt li thot cho trng hp khc cho nhng tnh hung cha d kin.

TH1 TH2

THkhc

iu ki c f. Quy tc v vng lp: Vng lp l nhng phn lu n dng nh sau: kt thc lp

khng

Thao tc lp

Sau khi thc hin thao tc lp, quy trnh kim tra iu kin kt thc vng lp, nu cha tho iu kin ny th s tip tc lm li thao tc lp cho n khi iu kin kt thc vng lp c tho. Th d: on lu m t vic tin 1 ci cht 1 cm t mt phi ln hn 1cm, sai s cho php 1mm:
ng knh 1cm

khng
Tin nh bt ng knh 1 mm

Khi v vng lp, lu thao tc lp phi chc chn lm cho iu kin kt thc lp tha mn vo mt lc no , nu khng vng lp c th tr thnh v tn khng th thot ra. Th d: vng lp sau s khng bao gi kt thc nu ngay ln lp u ng knh ln hn 1cm:

ng knh 1cm

khng
p thm ng knh 1mm

g. D liu khng t chy t ni ny sang ni kia:

CSDL A

CSDL B

CSDL A

Chuy n d liu

CSDL B

Nhp s liu

CSDL A

CSDL A

Lp bo co

Sai

ng

h. Dng k hiu ni s bt phc tp: Th d trnh cho cc lung khng ct nhau:

g.

Ghi ch khi cn thit: Dng k hiu nh sau ghi ch thm khi bn cm thy bn thn cc k hiu cha r :

y l d liu tuyt mt

Lu l phng tin rt ph thng v tin dng, r rng, d hiu, d truyn t. Nu s dng ng, lu gip phn tch, thit k v ph bin quy trnh rt hiu qu. Nhiu phn mm thng dng nh Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Visio, Microsoft Powerpointc h tr vic v lu .