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Martin Hulman
Top-down approach for formation of nanostructures: Lithography with light, electrons and ions
Outline
History Physical foundations of lithography Overview of lithographic techniques Resists Future and perspectives Lithography in our lab
A piece of history
invented in 1798 first technique for colorprinting pictures made by impressing flat embossed slabs (of limestone), each covered with greasy ink of a particular color, onto a piece of stout paper
Lithographic techniques
with electromagnetic waves: optical ultra-violet deep UV X-ray with charged particles: electrons ions
Diffraction!
finite resolution of the imageforming system results in the light distribution which does not have clearly defined edges
The quality of image is determined by: resolution power of the optics focusing accuracy contrast of the resist process
x=r d / z
the light intensity distribution from a point source projected through a circular aperture
Proximity printing:
there is a typical separation between the mask and the wafer in a range of 20 - 50 m; the defects resulting from proximity printing are not as bad as contact printing ; its resolution is not as good as compared to that of contact printing ; the mask used has a longer lifetime
Projection printing:
larger separation between mask and wafer; higher resolution than proximity printing; the system cost is approximately five times that of contact printing
X - ray lithography
X ray wavelength = 6 14 nm diffraction effects can be ignored because of a small wavelength ability to define very high resolution images masks consists of an absorber (Au) on a transmissive membrane substrate (Si, SiC, Si3N4)
lithography with charged ions (He+ and Ar +) at energies up to 200keV very small particle wavelength ~10-5 nm electrostatic ion optics with a small numerical aperture ~ 10-5 resolution down to 50 nm diffraction limit 3 nm
Resists
positive resist more soluble after exposing to light, chemical bonds are destroyed in a photoactive component negative resist less soluble after exposing to light, crosslinks between molecules are created PMMA for UV, deep-UV, X-ray and e-beam lithography higher resolution is possible with positive resists in OL factors limiting resist resolution: - swelling of the resist in the developer - index of refraction > 1 (for OL) - electron scattering (neglible for X-ray)
physical limitations
Year of introduction 4004 8008 8080 8086 286 386 processor 486 DX processor Pentium processor Pentium II processor Pentium III processor Pentium 4 processor 1971 1972 1974 1978 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000 Transistors (per IC) 2,250 2,500 5,000 29,000 120,000 275,000 1,180,000 3,100,000 7,500,000 24,000,000 42,000,000
trends for technology for the scaling into deep nanometer regime
Resolution down to 10 nm
no masks required !
Eexc (eV)
2.41
174.1
Intensity (a.u.)
178.0
230.7
2.50 1
174.8
150
Eexc (eV)
4 Intensity (a.u.) 180.6 212.2 206.9 2 231.9 2.50 2.41 2.60
181.7
0 150