03_Ch17- Luther leads the Reformation

Timeline: 15th - 17th C. FQ: How did religion and its practice experience the revolutionary changes that the Renaissance wrought? Main Idea: Dating back to the earliest fathers of the Catholic Church, the role of the Church and its relationship to the secular world had to be dened and redened. Great battles over authority between pope and monarch (remember Gregory VII and the Holy Roman Emperor?) made society turbulent at times. Outside the halls of power there were other questions about the clergy and its responsibilities to believers, local rulers, and the Church hierarchy. The core values and concepts of the Renaissance makes the 'questioning of what could not be questioned' possible. Martin Luthers protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches. The impact is as much Renaissance as any masterpiece of art. PO: SWBAT... Describe the nature of the difculties plaguing the Church. Identify the reforms Renaissance thinkers believed were necessary in the Church. Describe the Church abuses that Martin Luther became an ardent critic of. Explain how these abuses were relevant to Luther's stance on the Bible, Pope, and salvation. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Church and imperial government reactions to Luther's growing movement. Describe three specic reforms and/ or statements of faith put forth by the Council of Trent. Explain how John Calvin made Luther's movement one that encompassed much of Europe. Do Now: TBA I. Church Under Siege A. Renaissance Values 1. Humanism, Secularism, & Materialism 2. Scientic Method (Socratic & ConfucianMethods) B. Popes and the Clergy 1. Poorly Educated Clergy vs. an increasingly literate population 2. Preoccupied Popes: Julius II => Warrior Pope as well as a Renaissance patron. 3. Papal Conduct/ Great Schism1 C. Early Protesters/ Protests 1. John Wycliffe (latter half 14th C. England) a. Championed use of vernacular in Bible translations. b. Bible, not Pope, is nal religious authority. c. Christ is Head of the Church, not Pope/ one is meek while the other is bold and arrogant. One is poor while the other is rich. d. Charged with heresy; a supportive but riotous crowd kept him safe from punishment. 2. John Huss (Late 14th & Early 15th C. Bohemia/ Present day Czech Republic) a. Inuenced by Wycliffe's writings. b. Bible, not Pope, is nal religious authority. c. Championed use of vernacular in Church services. d. Excommunicated in 1411 e. Burned at Stake as a Heretic (1414: a trap was set by the Holy Roman Emperor to lure Huss to the Council of Constance. He was sentenced to death) 3. Girolamo Savonarola (Late 15th C., Florence) a. Friar b. Loud advocate of Church reform. c. Led rebellion against Medici (Piero, son of Lorenzo) that forced family into exile. Ruled Florence 1494 - 1497. d. Asked that Florentines destroy 'vanities' (luxury items, makeup, wigs, jewelry, etc.) in a bonre. His rule ended violently when a mob formed and hanged him in 1498.

1Great

Schism: Not to be confused with the schism of the Christian Church into Roman Catholicism and Eastern (Greek) Orthodox in 1054.This latter schism was settled at The Council of Constance in 1417

4. Christian Humanists 2 a. Desiderius Erasmus: (15th-16th C. Holy Roman Empire) In Praise of Folly Critical of Church aws b. Sir Thomas More: (15th-16th C. England) How might a truly good society be formed? Utopia (Greek Meaning=> 'No where') II. Martin Luther: The Reformation Begins A. 15th-16th C. Holy Roman Empire (Monk). B. A Point of Enlightenment? 1. Struggled with the path his life should take. Unsure of his adherence to God's will with a 'Feeling of Sinfulness'. 2. Fasted and deprived himself of comforts => no peace of mind achieved. 3. "The Just shall live by faith" => "I felt myself reborn and to have gone...into paradise" C. The Pardon Merchants 1. John Tetzel & the selling of Indulgences 3 2. Ninety-ve Theses (formal statements) => Nailed on door of Wittenberg Castle Church a. Widely and quickly distributed via printing press. b. Principles Salvation by Faith Alone [vs. Good Deeds] Bible is the only religious authority on earth. [Is a pope mentioned in the Bible?] Priesthood of all Believers: Clergy not necessary to interpret the faith. III. The Church and Holy Roman Emperor React A. Religious & Political 1. Pope Leo X (a Medici family member) issues Papal Bull ordering Luther to stop criticism. => With support of the public, Luther publicly refuses. 2. Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther 3. Charles I/V a. Convenes the Diet of Worms, 18 April 1521. b. Luther is on trial to answer charges of heresy. Luther defends himself passionately. c. Luther is found guilty of heresy. He refuses to recant. d. Edict of Worms: He is sentenced to internal exile with everyone forbidden to offer food or shelter. Luther, with public support, lived another 25 years. The edict failed to stop him. e. Military action taken against princes supportive of Luther. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) ends general conict be stating that local princes will decide religion followed in their area. This further divides the Holy Roman Empire politically/ religiously. B. Reforming Popes & the Catholic Reformation/ Counter-Reformation (early-16th C.) 1. Addressed the difculties with Simony, Indulgence sales, etc. 2. Council of Trent (1545) a. Pope's interpretation of scripture is nal. b. Faith and good deeds lead to salvation c. The Bible and Church traditions are equal authorities d. Indulgence selling was banned. e. Indulgence, pilgrimage, veneration of relics are pious acts. f. Index of Forbidden Books => Public book burnings. 3. Ignatius of Loyola: (1540, Spain) Authorized by the Vatican to create and lead the Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus). a. Discipline & Obedience b. "Religious soldiers in a religious conict" c. Scholars of the Church

2As Northern European Renaissance thinkers with a religious focus were often called. Northern Europe at this time had a greater afnity to

religious matters than other parts of Europe. The Renaissance world view and the values it nurtured were brought to bare on the religious issues of the day.
3Indulgence: Pardons one from earthly penance. Many at this time (by intention or ignorance) accepted this as a guaranteed entrance into

heaven. The Church may have justied this power by traditional belief that the Church is Jesus' representative on earth. If Jesus can pardon sinners in the afterlife, then the Church can do it in the physical life.

IV. The Ramications A. Europe 1. Religion, Economics, & Politics mix. a. Princes Support Luther in Holy Roman Empire Ponder: Could there be a non-religious reason for the princes' support of Luther? Could it be that they want greater autonomy over their realms? Do they have an interest in acquiring Church lands in their realms? b. Trend to establish "New" Churches=> Henry VIII of England/ Denmark/ Norway c. Calvinism in Scotland & Switzerland 2. John Calvin (1506-1564, France => Switzerland) a. Formalized Protestant Ideals. Provided greater structure to the developing faith. b. Predestination and the concept of 'The Elect' c. Church must dominate the state (Theocracy) => This runs counter to Luther's stance which supported the state. Leads a theocratic movement (The Geneva Reforms) in Switzerland. Inuences John Knox of Scotland (1505 - 1572). Through his efforts in thought and leadership, the Catholic monarch of Scotland, Mary (Queen of Scots), was overthrown. His form of Calvinism is called the Presbyterian church. 3. Science Challenges Religious Assumptions B. Americas 1. Conquest of New Spain (1519-1521) a. New converts to Catholicism b. Massive nancial support (in the form of specie) for the ght to halt the spread of Protestantism. 2. English Colonies of Persecuted Christians C. Global and Historical 1. Printing Press becomes indispensable in social discourse and inquiry. a. More books printed b. Cost & Price of books decline c. More people have access to expanding knowledge d. Literacy improves e. People can come to their own conclusions without being told what to believe by others. 2. National Identity a. Literary works (e.g. Bible and the writings of great thinkers) are written in the vernacular. b. Books depict/ portray the faith in a fashion agreeable to the local population => Faith tied to people's identity. (Ex. Prints published in the Holy Roman Empire depict Jesus' life in a fashion that a local German could relate to => similar dress, housing, appearance) c. Any would-be ruler must reect the religious values of the populace. The mutual support given by Luther and the princes of the Holy Roman Empire begin a political religious collaboration that The Peace of Augsburg exemplies => the faith of monarch and people must match. V. Summary: Why it matters now.

Nearly one-fth of the Christians in todays world are Protestants.

Curriculum Linkage Unit Three: Global Interactions (1200 - 1650 CE) Section G1- 8 Materials/Sources:Refer to the course calendarfor additional assignments and pertinent due dates. Slide Presentations 3 Films and discussion Crossword Puzzle Texts: New York Public Librarys Searching the Bible Online. http://tech4classrooms.org/2012/11/12/searching-the-bible-online-thenew-york-public-library/ (Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Hebrew biblical resources) Mindmaps