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DNG PHN MM

PHN TCH V
TNH TON LI IN
PSS/ADEPT
The Power System Simulator/Advanced
Distribution Engineering Productivity TooL

Phn 1
Kin thc chun b

TP H CH MINH THNG 04/2007

GIO TRNH TP HUN

S DNG PHN MM
PHN TCH V TNH
TON LI IN
PSS/ADEPT
Bin son-Trnh by:
Nguyn Hu Phc
ng Anh Tun
Ch bin:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phc

Bn quyn thuc Cng ty in lc 2 - EVN


Mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phi c s ng bng vn bn ca Cng ty in lc 2.

Li ni u
Li in phn phi v truyn ti khng ngng pht trin m rng v qui
m cng nh phc tp. Theo , cc yu cu cung cp in lin tc cho khch
hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao cng gia tng. Thit b trn li
in phn phi hin nay vn c c im l a dng v chng loi, phc tp v
cu to. Qu trnh vn hnh nhm thc hin nhng thao tc mang tnh lp i lp
li nhiu ln nhng li i hi chnh xc cao v vy rt cn thit phi t ng
ha bng cch a nhiu thit b t ng, x l thng tin t ng nhm tng kh
nng truyn t v x l thng tin. Bng my tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng
chng ta c th ngn chn trc v hn ch hng hc trong qu trnh vn hnh
li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v Cng ngh Thng tin nh v kh nng lu tr
ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng php h chuyn gia, mng
neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c mnh tng cng nghin
cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc in nng. m bo v gi vng mi lin
h hu c ca cc thnh phn trong h thng sn xut truyn ti, phn phi v s
dng in nng.
p ng kp thi cc yu cu trn, t thng 01-2005 Tng cng ty in
lc Vit Nam (EVN) trc y, nay l Tp on in lc Vit Nam ch o
p dng th im phn mm PSS/ADEPT tnh ton li in theo a bn do
cc n v trc thuc qun l.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn
tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa
v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao
din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power
Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b
sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Cng ty in lc 2-Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) phi hp cng
Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh nghin
cu p dng phn mm ny. Cng ty in lc 2 thc hin tp hun cho cc n
v trc thuc nhm trang b kh nng s dng phn mm chun tnh ton v phn
tch li in da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. iu ny, nhm gip Cng ty
in lc 2 tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton v
in trong cc hot ng ca Cng ty nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh
li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b

cng sut phn khng, tin cy,l cc vn m cc n v cn gii quyt


hng ngy, thm ch hng gi.
Cc Cng ty in lc cn trin khai cng tc o to n mc chi tit v
s dng phn mm tnh ton k thut in chuyn ngnh nh PSS/U,
PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E, cc n v trc thuc s dng thnh tho cc chng
trnh ny.
Cng ty in lc 2 s trang b kin thc Cng ngh Thng tin ni chung v
phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc n vi trc
thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2 thng qua cc kho o to kt hp vi v trng
i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tin khai ng dng cc phn mm
tnh ton k thut in trong ton Cng ty theo yu cu ca EVN. To iu kin
cc n v trong Cng ty tm hiu cc phng php tnh ton cc bi ton in
c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm tnh ton
chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power Technologics
Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht trin xy dng
mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc n v da vo
cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s
i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v nm bt cc phm mm
khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower,
Vic t chc o to s gp phn nng cao kh nng ng dng my tnh,
nht l s dng cc phn mm tnh ton chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v trc
thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2. Ph bin kinh nghim v trin khai cc kt qu
nghin cu cc phn mm, cc n v tip tc p dng vo thc t cng tc ti
n v. Gp phn hon thnh tt cng tc sn xut kinh doanh ca n v trn c
s cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm mnh. To ra s phi hp sn sng da
trn quan h tt p vn c gia Cng ty in lc 2-n v qun l li in v
trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh-n v gio dc o to
V gio trnh ny c bin son nhm mc ch phc v cho cc bui tp
hun phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 nh trn.
Nhm bin son rt cm n s hp tc m Cng ty in lc 2 dnh cho
nhm ni ring cng nh cho Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa
thnh ph H Ch Minh ni chung. Nhm bin son cng cm n mt s cng tc
vin h tr xy dng gio trnh ny.
Nhm bin son

II

Tm tt ni dung
Gio trnh ny c bin son phc v cho cc bui tp hun s dng phn
mm phn tch v tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Gio trnh gm cc phn:
Phn 1: Kin thc chun b yu cu-n tp kin thc
Phn 2: Hng dn s dng PSS/ADEPT
Phn 3: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn cn bn
Phn 4: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn nng cao
hc vin cc n v nm bt v p dng nhanh, cn c thm cc phn:
Phn 5: Cm nang s dng
Phn 6: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging phn
mm PSS/ADEPT
Phn 7: Cc slide bi ging ca chuyn gia PTI software.
Ngoi ra cn c Gio trnh in t lu tr trn a CD-ROM: Gm cc ti
liu a phng tin (Multimedia) h tr thm cho cc hc vin chun b bi hc
trc khi ln lp, n tp sau kha hc v a phng cng tc. c thc hin
bng k thut lp trnh Web v x l Multimedia (dng phim c m thanh, Web
page,)
Cc chng trnh chuyn i:
1. Chng trnh Chuyn Excel DAT File.
2. Chng trnh Chuyn DAT File Excel.
3. Chng trnh x l s liu u vo
4. Chng trnh Tnh Cng Sut Ngun.
5. Chng trnh Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th.
6. Chng trnh chia s PSS/ADEPT qua mng LAN, WAN v internet
7. H thng cc bi tp trc nghim trn my tnh sut kho hc
8. Chng trnh thi kt thc kho hc bng trc nghim trc tip trn my
tnh
V cc CD-ROM:
-CD1: Gio trnh in t h tr
-CD2: Cc bi ging v bi tp

III

-CD3: D liu li in
-CD4: D liu li in (tt) v source cc chng trnh h PSS/*
-CD5: Cc chng trnh h tr kho hc
Gm cc ti nguyn hc tp nh: ti liu tham kho, Users Guide, website
PTI (offline, xem khng cn kt ni internet), web documents, source software
PSS/ADEPT and untilities, cc phn mm chuyn i d liu v demo phc v
ng dng tnh ton bng PSS/ADEPT,
Qua kinh nghip tp hun v gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v in lc
p dng nhanh phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc
tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings

To s
Creating diagrams

Chy 8 bi ton phn tch


Power System Analysis

BO CO
Reports, diagrams

V cc ni dung nng cao:


Biu din trng thi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn
tch.
S dng cc lp d liu.
T chc v qun l ph ti v khch hng s dng in.
Kh nng h tr cc c s d liu khc.
B sung cc thng s dy dn vo t in cu trc dy dn.
B sung thit b bo v vo th vin thit b bo v.

IV

M rng bi ton phn tch cho li in qui m ln, nhiu cp in


p
nh gi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn tch.
p dng kt qu tnh ton lm c s vn hnh li in. Thc hin
lp v bo v cc k hoch tiu, trung v i tu hay pht trin mi li
in.
Phn tch v tnh ton li in trn nn H thng thng tin a lGIS.
M phng vn hnh li in.
Tham kho cc phn mm tnh ton phn tch li in khc.
Nhng ni dung ny gip hc vin tm hiu thm mt s kin thc hu ch
lin quan.
Chi tit ni dung s c trnh by trong phn u cc tp gio trnh v cc
chng trong cc phn.
Nhm bin son

Thut ng, k hiu v vit tt.


CAD:
CAM:
CNPM:
CNTT:
CSDL:
GUI:
GIS:
IA:
MIS:
NNLT:
PC:
SQL:
CB:
DS:
EVN:
H s dng in:
HT:
IEC:
ISO:
Khch hng:
LBS:
LPP:
LTD:
MBA:
LKV:
PC HCMC:
PC 2
REC:
SCADA:
TP.HCM:
VHL:
KC:
Network:

Computer Aided Design


Computer Aided Manufacture
Cng ngh phn mm
Cng ngh thng tin.
C s d liu.
Graphic user interface.
H thng thng tin a l-Geographic Information System
Tr tu nhn to-Inlelligence Artificielle
H Thng Tin qun l
Ngn ng lp trnh.
Personal computer
Structured query language.
Cn b
Disconect Swicth-Dao cch ly.
Tp on in lc Vit Nam
H s dng in qua cu li, qua in k ph.
H thng in.
y ban k thut in quc t-International Electrotechnical Commission.
T chc tiu chun quc t-International Organization for
Standardization
H s dng in theo hp ng cung ng s dng in vi
ngnh in qua in k chnh.
Load break switch-Dao cch ly ng ct c ti.
Li in phn phi.
Dao cch ly chu sc cng-Line Tenson Disconect
My bin p
in lc khu vc.
Cng ty in lc TP HCM
Cng ty in lc 2
My ct t ng ng li-Recloser
H thng iu khin v gim st thu thp d liu.
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Vn hnh li in.
Khi ng ng c
Li in

VI

Ch

Lin quan

V d, bi tp

Lu tp tin v d mu
D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

Ht chng !

VII

Ht chng

Mc lc tng qut
Phn Mt: Kin thc chun b
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN
CHNG 2 PHN B CNG SUT
CHNG 3: NGN MCH
CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM DNG TI U
CHNG 5: PHI HP BO V
CHNG 6: SNG HI
CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U
CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY
CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Hai: Hng dn s dng phn mm
CHNG 1: HNG DN CI T PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
CHNG 2: HNG DN S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
PH LC 1: M HNH XUT TUYN DY C LP
PH LC 2: NGUYN TC PHN PHI
PH LC 3: KIU D LIU
Phn Ba: K nng p dng-Phn c bn
CHNG 1: D LIU CHUN B
CHNG 2: CC BC THC HIN
CHNG 3: MT S KT QU P DNG
Phn Bn: Cm nang s dng
Phn Nm: K nng p dng-Phn nng cao
CHNG 1: X L S LIU
CHNG 2: B SUNG CC THNG S VO PHN MM
CHNG 3: BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT QU TNH TON H TR
RA QUYT NH
CHNG 4: C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI IN CA CC
IN LC KHU VC
CHNG 5: QUN L V TNH TON LI IN PHN PHI TRN NN H
THNG THNG TIN A L
CHNG 6: M PHNG VN HNH LI IN
CHNG 7: GII PHP CHIA S KHA CNG PHN MM TRN MY N CHO
NHIU NGI S DNG
CHNG 8: TM HIU MT S PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN KHC
Phn Su: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging
Phn By: Cc slide bi ging ca PTI software

VIII

GIO TRNH TP HUN


S DNG PHN MM PHN TCH V
TNH TON LI IN

PSS/ADEPT

Phn Mt
Kin thc chun b

01

MC LC CHI TIT PHN 1


MC LC CHI TIT PHN 1 ........................................................................ 1
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN............................................................. 7
I. Li in phn phi ....................................................................................... 8
I.1. Li in phn phi .................................................................................................... 9
I.2. Cc loi s h thng li phn phi:.................................................................... 10
I.2.1. S hnh tia: .................................................................................................... 11
I.2.2. S hnh tia c ci tin................................................................................ 12

II. M hnh li in ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ................................... 14


II.1. Nt ........................................................................................................................... 14
II.2. Ngun....................................................................................................................... 15
II.2.1. Nhiu ngun hot ng..................................................................................... 15
II.2.2. Ngun 3 pha...................................................................................................... 16
II.3. Ph ti ...................................................................................................................... 17
II.4. T b ........................................................................................................................ 18
II.5. ng dy................................................................................................................ 18
II.6. My bin th ............................................................................................................ 19
II.6.1. My bin th lc ............................................................................................... 20
II.6.2. My bin th lc c kt ni thnh my bin th t ngu.............................. 23
II.6.3. B iu p ......................................................................................................... 24
II.7. M hnh my in .................................................................................................... 31

CHNG 2: PHN B CNG SUT ......................................................... 39


I. Phng trnh i s phi tuyn ...................................................................... 40
I.1. Phng php Gauss Seidel..................................................................................... 40
I.2. Phng php Newton Raphson.............................................................................. 41

II. Phn b cng sut trong li in .............................................................. 42


II.1.1. Phng trnh cn bng cng sut...................................................................... 42
II.1.2. Phng php Gauss Seidel ............................................................................ 42
II.1.3. Phng php Newton Raphson gii bi ton phn b cng sut................... 43

III. Phng php tnh phn b cng sut ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 .... 45
III.1.1. Ngun .............................................................................................................. 46
III.1.2. Dy v cp ....................................................................................................... 46
III.1.3. My bin th .................................................................................................... 46
III.1.4. M hnh my in............................................................................................ 47

CHNG 3: NGN MCH......................................................................... 50


I. L thuyt bi ton ngn mch...................................................................... 51
I.1. Phng php n v tng i.................................................................................. 51
I.2. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin ............................................................................... 52
I.3. S c khng i xng ............................................................................................... 54
I.4. Xy dng mng th t ca h thng in ................................................................. 56
I.5. S c trn ng dy phn phi hnh tia: ................................................................. 57

II. Phng php tnh ngn mch ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ................. 58
II.1.1. Ngun................................................................................................................ 58
II.1.2. ung dy v cp ............................................................................................. 58
II.1.3. My bin p ...................................................................................................... 59

II.1.4. M hnh my in ............................................................................................. 59


II.1.5. M hnh ti tnh................................................................................................. 60
II.1.6. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin....................................................................... 60

CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM


DNG TI U .............................................................................................. 63
I. Kho st v tnh ton my in.................................................................... 64
I.1. My in ng b...................................................................................................... 64
I.2. My in khng ng b........................................................................................... 64
I.3. Tnh khi ng ng c ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ........................................ 67
I.3.1. Ngun ................................................................................................................. 67
I.3.2. My in ang hot ng ................................................................................... 67
I.3.3. Khi ng my in ........................................................................................... 67
I.3.4. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh ............................................................... 67
I.3.5. Cc phng php tnh khi ng ng c ......................................................... 68
I.3.6. Gia tc ng c .................................................................................................. 69
I.3.7. Khi ng ng c tnh...................................................................................... 69
I.3.8. Khi ng ng c vi kho st n nh qu ................................................ 70
I.3.9. Nhng c trng khc ca kho st khi ng ng c .................................... 70

II. Tnh ton xc nh im dng ti u ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ..... 71


II.1. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................. 71
II.2. Thit t thng s kinh t cho bi ton TOPO ........................................................ 73
II.3. t cc ty chn cho bi ton TOPO....................................................................... 73

CHNG 5: THIT B BO V V PHI HP CC THIT B BO V


TRN LI PHN PHI ............................................................................. 76
I. Cc thit b bo v........................................................................................ 77
I.1. Cu Ch...................................................................................................................... 77
I.1.1. Gii thiu............................................................................................................ 77
I.1.2. c tnh bo v: ................................................................................................. 78
I.1.3. Phn loi............................................................................................................. 78
I.1.4. Phm vi ng dng ca cu ch ........................................................................... 81
I.2. My Ct v Relay...................................................................................................... 82
I.2.1. Gii thiu: .......................................................................................................... 82
I.2.2. c tnh v phn loi my ct ............................................................................ 82
I.2.3. Relay: ................................................................................................................. 87
I.3. Recloser..................................................................................................................... 89
I.3.1. Gii thiu chung:................................................................................................ 89
I.3.2. Phn loi:............................................................................................................ 89
I.3.3. V tr lp t Recloser ........................................................................................ 92
I.3.4. Cc thng s chnh ca Recloser ....................................................................... 92

II. Phi hp cc thit b bo v........................................................................ 92


II.1. C s phi hp:........................................................................................................ 92
II.2. Cc phng php phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch:.............................................. 93
II.2.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 93
II.2.2. Cc phng php phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch........................................ 93
II.2.3. Cu ch cho my bin p................................................................................... 97
II.3. Phi hp Recloser vi cu ch ................................................................................. 98
II.3.1. Cc nguyn tc phi hp Recloser.................................................................... 98
II.3.2. S dng c tuyn TCC c hiu chnh. ............................................................ 99
II.4. Phi hp Relay vi cu ch .................................................................................... 101
II.4.1. Phi hp cu ch pha ngun vi relay ........................................................... 102
2

II.4.2. Phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti ................................................................. 103


II.5. Phi hp Recloser vi Recloser............................................................................. 104
II.5.1. Phi hp bng cch s dng c tuyn TCC .................................................. 104
II.5.2. Nguyn tc phi hp c bn ca Recloser in t.......................................... 104
II.5.3. Nhng trng thi c bit v ph tr ca Recloser in t............................. 105

CHNG 6: SNG HI ............................................................................ 109


I. L thuyt sng hi...................................................................................... 110
I.1. Cc ngun gy sng hi trong li in: ................................................................ 110
I.1.1. Ti phi tuyn: ................................................................................................... 110
I.1.2. Bo ha mch t my bin p: ......................................................................... 114
I.1.3. My pht cp cho ti khng i xng:............................................................. 115
I.1.4. Li in: ......................................................................................................... 115
I.2. nh hng ca sng hi n cc thit b in: ....................................................... 116
I.2.1. My in quay:................................................................................................. 116
I.2.2. My bin p:..................................................................................................... 116
I.2.3. Dy trung tnh: ................................................................................................. 117
I.2.4. Dy dn in: ................................................................................................... 118
I.2.5. Nhiu in t:................................................................................................... 118
I.2.6. T in: ............................................................................................................ 118
I.2.7. nh hng n cc thit b khc:..................................................................... 120
I.3. Phng php khc phc ha tn: ............................................................................ 121
I.3.1. Dng cun khng trit sng hi: ...................................................................... 121
I.3.2. Dng cc mch lc: .......................................................................................... 123
I.3.3. Dng b chuyn i xung trong thit b i in, iu khin:......................... 125

II. Phng php tnh sng hi ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ................... 126
II.1. Phng php phn tch .......................................................................................... 126
II.1.1. Ti tnh ............................................................................................................ 126
II.1.2. ng c khng ng b.................................................................................. 128
II.1.3. ng c ng b............................................................................................. 129
II.1.4. T in mc shunt........................................................................................... 130
II.1.5. ng cy v cp ........................................................................................... 131
II.1.6. My bin p .................................................................................................... 133
II.2. Tnh ton sng hi.................................................................................................. 134
II.2.1. Tng dn v tng tr....................................................................................... 134
II.2.2. Tnh ton sng hi........................................................................................... 135

CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U........................................... 138


I. L thuyt b cho li phn phi:............................................................... 139
II. Phng php tnh xc nh v tr b ti u ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0
....................................................................................................................... 141
II.1. Thit lp cc thng s kinh t li in cho CAPO .............................................. 141
II.2. Cch PSS/ADEPT tnh cc vn kinh t trong CAPO ....................................... 143
II.3. Thit lp cc ty chn cho php phn tch CAPO ................................................. 143
II.4. Cch PSS/ADEPT tm v tr t t b ti u ......................................................... 145
II.5. Cch chy bi ton tm v tr t t b ti u......................................................... 147
II.6. Report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton .................................................................... 147

CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY..................................................... 150


I. L thuyt bi ton nh gi tin cy....................................................... 151
I.1. tin cy l g ........................................................................................................ 151
I.2. C 4 phn lin quan n tin cy ......................................................................... 151
I.3. tin cy ca h thng in................................................................................... 151
3

I.4. p ng h thng ................................................................................................... 151


I.5. An ninh h thng..................................................................................................... 151
I.6. Cc lnh vc chc nng ........................................................................................... 151
I.7. Cc mc nh ga tin cy p ng tnh. ............................................................. 152
I.7.1. Mc th nht: ................................................................................................... 152
I.7.2. Mc th hai: ..................................................................................................... 152
I.7.3. Mc th ba: ...................................................................................................... 152
I.8. Cc k hiu trong tin cy: .................................................................................. 152
I.9. Ch s h thng (System Indices)............................................................................ 153
I.10. Xc nh cc ch s tin cy- .................................................................................. 154
I.11. Cc thut ng c bn ca hng hc, ct thit b v ngng cung cp in ............ 154
I.11.1. S c hng hc:............................................................................................. 154
I.11.2. Ct thit b: ..................................................................................................... 154
I.11.3. Ngng cung cp in: .................................................................................... 154
I.12. Cc ch s ti nt ti h thng phn phi ............................................................ 155
I.13. Tnh ton , r v U ................................................................................................ 155
I.14. Kh nng sn sng lm vic ca thit b ............................................................... 156
I.15. Tng quan c bn v tin cy ca h thng phn phi ...................................... 157
I.16. nh ngha cc ch tiu tin cy:........................................................................ 157
I.17. Cc tnh ton c bn cho mng hnh tia ................................................................ 160
I.18. Nguyn tc tnh ton: ........................................................................................... 160
I.19. Cc ch s tin cy c bn ti nt ti: .............................................................. 160

II. Phng php tnh nh gi tin cy ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 .. 160


II.1.1. H s SAIFI (Tn sut ngt in trung bnh trong h thng) ......................... 160
II.1.2. H s SAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh trong h thng)....................... 161
II.1.3. H s CAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh mt v) .................................. 161
II.1.4. H s CAIFI (S ln ngt in trung bnh trn mt khch hng) ................... 161
II.1.5. H s ASAI (Mc cung cp in).............................................................. 161
II.1.6. ENS = La(i)ui............................................................................................. 161
II.1.7. Phng php tnh ............................................................................................ 162
II.1.8. S dng module DRA trong PSS/ADEPT...................................................... 162
II.1.9. Tnh ton ch s tin cy................................................................................... 163

CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN............................. 167


I. Cc khi nim v nh ngha v cht lng in nng .............................. 168
I.1. Cht lng in nng l g ? ................................................................................... 168
I.2. Cht lng in nng chnh l cht lng in p.................................................. 169
I.3. Ti sao chng ta cn quan tm n cht lng in nng ?.................................... 170
I.4. Cc khi nim v nh ngha ................................................................................... 170
I.4.1. Qu : ............................................................................................................. 170
I.4.2. Qu xung: .................................................................................................... 170
I.4.3. Qu dao ng: ............................................................................................. 171
I.4.4. Nhng thay i in p trong khong thi gian di:........................................ 172
I.4.5. Nhng thay i in p trong khong thi gian ngn:..................................... 173
I.4.6. S khng cn bng in p: ............................................................................. 176
I.4.7. Mo dng sng: ................................................................................................ 176
I.4.8. S dao ng in p:........................................................................................ 179
I.4.9. Nhng thay i tn s ngun in: .................................................................. 179

II. Tn tht in nng ca li in .............................................................. 179


II.1. Tng quan .............................................................................................................. 179
II.2. Tn tht in p ..................................................................................................... 180

II.2.1. Trng hp 1 ph ti tp trung ....................................................................... 180


II.2.2. Trng hp c nhiu ph ti........................................................................... 181
II.2.3. Tnh ton tn tht in p li khi c ti phn b u ................................... 182
II.2.4. Tnh ton tn tht in p khi li c phn nhnh ......................................... 183
II.2.5. Tnh ton tn tht in p mng in c ti khng i xng ......................... 184
II.3. Tn tht cng sut.................................................................................................. 186
II.3.1. ng dy c 1 ph ti................................................................................... 186
II.3.2. ng dy c nhiu ph ti............................................................................ 186
II.3.3. ng dy c ph ti phn b u ................................................................. 187
II.3.4. Tn tht cng sut khi ph ti c phn nhnh ................................................ 188
II.3.5. Tn tht cng sut khi ph ti bt i xng.................................................... 189

III. Cc phng php tnh ton tn tht p dng ti cc Cng ty in lc... 193
III.1. Tng qut:............................................................................................................. 193
III.2. Mt s phng php tnh tn tht in nng cho li in phn phi:................ 194
III.2.1. Cc phng php tnh ton:........................................................................... 195
III.2.2. nh gi cc phng php tnh ton: ............................................................ 198

IV. S liu tnh ton tn tht li in thnh ph H Ch Minh nm 2001.. 201


IV.1. Kt qu tnh tn tht in nng li truyn ti TP.HCM nm 2001: ................... 201
IV.2. Kt qu tnh ton tn tht in nng li in phn phi nm 2001. .................. 202
IV.2.1. Tn tht li phn phi h th: ..................................................................... 202
IV.2.2. Tn tht in nng li phn phi trung th: ................................................ 204

TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................ 207

CHNG 1:
M HNH LI IN

CHNG 1:
M HNH LI IN
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 l cng c hiu qu gip cho cc n v in lc
phn tch v tnh ton li in trn a bn qun l. Qa trnh p dng phn mm
cho thy, phn mm s dng rt tt cho cc qui trnh phn tch li in phn phi.
Chng u ca gio trnh tp trung gii thiu hai ch chnh l li in
phn phi v m hnh th hin cc phn t ca li in phn phi trong phn
mm. Phn kin thc v li phn phi tr nn rt quen thuc vi cc in lc
khu vc thuc cc Cng ty in lc, do vy c trnh by ngn gn. Phn m hnh
ho cc phn t li in c trnh by chi tit. Khi kin thc ny rt quan
trng, gip chng ta bc u tm hiu v qu trnh m hnh ho v li in trn
my tnh. m bo tnh chnh xc v mt ton hc trong qu trnh m phng khng
ch trn my tnh m cn th hin y cc tnh cht v in hc ca m hnh
phn t li in c m phng.
M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh ang l mt k thut c p dng
cho tt c cc ngnh khoa hc k thut v kinh t. Nu trc kia vic thit lp mt
m hnh, trin khai cc d ton, tnh ton thng k v trnh by s liu, i hi c
kin thc v ton ng dng nhiu, gii cc phng trnh vi phn, tnh cc tnh tch
phn, cc phng php thng k th hin nay vi s gip ca my tnh v nht l
cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao (nh Matlab, Mapple), cc kin thc ton ny
tch hp hon ton trong cc hm v lnh ca cc ngn ng, to iu kin cho
ngi dng tip cn trc tip v tp trung vo vn mnh nghin cu m khng
phi dnh qu nhiu thi gian cho k thut lp trnh hay cng c ton l thuyt.
Hin nay c hai phng php m phng m hnh ha cc phn t trong k thut
m hnh ha bng my tnh. l m phng qua m hnh tnh ton v qua m hnh
ha trc quan. V phng php m phng qua m hnh tnh ton ch cho php
ngi dng thit k thnh nhng s n tuyn, thng dng trong cc phn mm
k thut, i hi ngi s dng c nhng hiu bit c bn v lnh vc h ang
nghin cu. i vi m phng qua m hnh ha trc quan th ngc li, phn
ln cc phn mm i theo hng ny tp trung vo tnh ph bin, d s dng cho
ngi dng. Tuy nhin, c hai phng php u c c im chung l ngi dng
ch cn tp trung su vo cc ni dung k thut v thut ton gii bi ton. iu
ny lm cho nhiu ngi khng c chuyn mn su v cng ngh thng tin c th
gii quyt nhng vn ca chuyn mn mnh bng my tnh.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT s dng phng php m phng qua m hnh tnh
ton. Cc phn t trn li in c m hnh ch nhng ngi lm vic trong
ngnh mi s dng uc. Ngi s dng ch cn hiu su v vn k thut v cc

thut ton v tnh ton phn b cng sut, ngn mch, b cng sut v.v..V l
th mnh ca cc phng php m phng thng qua cc m hnh bng my tnh.

I. Li in phn phi
Li h thng: Li h thng bao gm cc ng dy ti in v trm bin
p khu vc, ni lin cc nh my in to thnh h thng in, c cc c im:
- Li c nhiu mch vng kn khi ngt in bo qun ng dy hoc s
c l n 2 ng dy vn m bo lin lc h thng.
Vn hnh kn bo m lin lc thng xuyn v chc chn gia cc nh
my in vi nhau v vi ph ti.
- in p t l10 kV n 500 kV.
Li truyn ti: Li truyn ti lm nhim v ti in t cc trm khu vc
n cc trm trung gian (TTG). Cc c im ca li truyn ti:
- S kn c d phng: 2 l song song, c d phng li phn phi. Vn
hnh h v l do hn ch dng ngn mch. c thit b t ng ngun d tr khi s
c. in p 35, l10, 220 kV.
Thc hin bng ng dy trn khng l chnh, trong cc trng hp khng
th lm ng dy trn khng th dng cp ngm. Phi bo qun nh k hng nm.
Li phn phi: Li phn phi lm nhim v phn phi in nng t cc
trm trung gian (hoc TKV hoc thanh ci nh my in) cho cc ph ti.
+ Li phn phi gm 2 phn
- Li phn phi trung p c in p 6,10,15,22kV phn phi in cho cc
trm phn phi trung p / h p v cc ph ti trung p.
Li h p cp in cho cc ph ti h p 380/220 V.
i tng quan tm chnh ca gio trnh tp hun ny l li in phn phi,
sau y trnh by kin thc n tp v li in phn phi.

Hnh 1: S khi cp in p

Hnh 2: Li in truyn ti cao th

I.1. Li in phn phi


c im chnh ca h thng li phn phi l cung cp in trc tip n
ngi s dng. Trong cng cuc pht trin t nc hin nay, vic cung cp in
nng l mt trong nhng ngnh quan tm hng u ca Chnh Ph ni chung v ca
Thnh Ph ni ring. V vy m bo cht lng in nng th vic nghin cu,
thit k h thng li in phn phi l ht sc quan trng.
H thng phn phi in nng c xy dng v lp t phi m bo nhn
in nng t mt hay nhiu ngun cung cp v phn phi n cc h tiu th.
Li phn phi trung p c in p 6, 10,15,22, 35KV phn phi in cho cc
trm phn phi trung h p, li h p 220/380V cp in cho cc ph ti h p.

Hnh 3: Li in phn phi trung th

Hnh 4: Li in phn phi h th

Hnh 5: Trm h th
m bo cung cp in tiu th t gy ra mt in nht. Bng cc bin php c
th nh c th c nhiu ngun cung cp, c ng dy d phng, c ngun thay th
nh my pht
Li in phn phi vn hnh d dng linh hot v ph hp vi vic pht trin
li in trong tng lai.
m bo cht lng in nng cao nht v n nh tn s v n nh in
p. bin thin in p cho php l 5% Um
m bo chi ph duy tu, bo dng l nh nht.

I.2. Cc loi s h thng li phn phi:


Khi thit k xy dng li phn phi c th chn mt trong cc h thng in
chnh sau:
H thng hnh tia n gin.
H thng hnh vng pha cao p hnh tia pha h p
10

H thng chn lc pha cao p h thng chn lc pha h p.


Hai ngun pha cao p h thng chn lc pha h p.
H thng mang hnh nt.
I.2.1. S hnh tia:
* iu thun li hnh tia n gin nhn in cp in p c bn ti mt trm
n v h in p xung cp s dng.
Trong trng hp ny khch hng nhn in t h thng cao p v thng qua
c cu ng ct cao p, my bin p cng vi t phn phi pha h p, thit b c
th tho ra bng cu dao, cch ly pha cao p, cch ly my bin p v cch ly t
phn phi pha h p. ng dy pha h p chy t t phn phi ni vi cc
Panelboard, y l ni tip nhn ti ca n. Mi ng dy c ni vi t phn
phi thng qua my ct hay thit b qu dng.
T ng ton b ti c cung cp in t mt ngun n, iu thun li
y l c th cp in cho nhiu loi ti khc nhau lm gim ti a vic lp t
my bin p. Tuy nhin st p cao v hiu qu s dng li thp bi v nhng
ng dy cp in bn h p l ngun cung cp n. Gi thnh ca ng dy v
my ct bn h p rt cao khi dy dn v cng sut MBA trn 1000KVA.
Khi c s c thanh ci th cp hay trong my bin p ngun th s ct ton
b ti. Khng th phc v cp in cho n khi vic sa cha kt thc. S c
ng dy h p s ct ton b ti trn ng dy .
Mt s hnh tia ci tin c th cung cp in tt hn cho h tiu th
c trnh by trong s sau y:
My ct chnh

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

My ct ng dy
pha s cp

Trm bin p
pha th cp

Cp truyn ti

Hnh 6: Mt s hnh tia ci tin

11

I.2.2. S hnh tia c ci tin


T my bin p chnh, cc ng dy c ni n cc trm h p thng qua
nhng my ct phn phi. Mi vng ph ti s nhn c in nng t trm h p
n v. in p cao tng bc c h xung cp in p thp hn ph hp vi
tng ph ti. My bin p c ni n cc thanh ci ph ti ca chng thng qua
mt my ct.
Mi trm h p n v l s kt hp gia my bin p ba pha, cu ch bn cao
p v t phn phi bn h p. Tt c c ni vi my ct hoc cu ch. Nhng
mch ny c kt ni vi ti qua nhng thit b bo v.
Mi my bin p xc nh r mt vng ph ti v phi c kh nng p ng
trong trng hp ti ln nht. Nu c bt k s thay i gia cc vng ph ti, i
hi cc my bin p phi c cng sut ln hn so vi trong trng hp s hnh
tia n gin. Tuy nhin do cng sut c phn phi n ti in p cao nn tn
tht in nng, chi ph lp t gim xung, n nh in p c ci thin.
So vi s hnh tia cha ci tin, s ny s gim c chi ph u t khi
cng sut yu cu ln hn 1000kVA. Mt s c pha th cp hoc my bin p
phn phi ch lm mt in trong phm vi ph ti m my bin p m trch.
Vic gim s lng my bin p trn ng dy pha s cp s lm tng tnh
linh hot cung cp in ca h thng. Ti u ha v vn hnh cng nh chi ph lp
t h thng phi c tnh ton sao cho mc an ton v tnh lin tc cung cp
in nm trong cc tiu chun ra.
Hnh vng pha cao p hnh tia pha h p:
H thng ny bao gm mt hay nhiu vng pha cao p vi hai hay nhiu
my bin p ni trn mt vng. H thng ny l loi c hiu qu nht. Khi c hai
vng phc v khng nh hng n nhau.

12

My ct chnh
pha s cp

My ct phn on

52

My ct chnh
pha s cp

52

52
52

52

52
NC NO

NC

52

NC

Mch vng

Cm bin pht hin


s c

NC NC

NO

NC

NC

NC

Hnh 7: S hnh vng pha cao p - hnh tia pha h p


Mi vng pha cao p c vn hnh khi c mt cu dao phn on v tr m
ngn s hot ng song song ca nhng ngun. Khi trm n v bn h p c
dng, mi my bin p c hai dao cch ly phn on v cu ch ca ti bn cao p.
Bng cch ng cu dao phn on thch hp, n c th khng ni vi mt vi phn
cn li ca h thng. Bng cch m c cu ng ngt my bin p, n c th khng
ni mt vi my bin p ca vng.
C cu kho thng c dng ngn nga s hot ng song song ca hai
ng dy ngun. Mt c cu t ng c th c iu khin gia hai my ct
chnh v my ct lin kt.
S ny rt m bo v phc hi nhanh chng khi c s c:
1. Vic cch ly thit b c bn xy ra trn mt ng dy n, my ct chnh
lin quan c m ra v sau my ct lin kt c ng li c th bng tay hay
bng c cu chuyn i t ng.
2. Khi mt ng dy pha cao p b s c, my ct vng lin quan c m
ra v thit b ct ton b ti tnh n dao cch ly vng thng m. Xc nh chnh
cc phn cp b s c, sau dao cch ly phn on vng khc ng li v vic cp
in cho trm n v h p c phc hi trong khi ng dy b s c c thay
th.
3. Nu s c xy ra trn ng dy dn n pha ti ca mt my ct ng
dy vng, my ct vng s c gi v tr m sau khi n ct v dao cch ly phn
on c thao tc m ra v th on dy s c c th c phn ra v thay th.
13

Di tnh trng ny tt c cc trm n v h p c cung cp thng qua mt


my ct ng dy vng khc. V th tt c ng dy ni ca vng phi c chn
cung cp cho ton b ti ca vng y.
4. Khi my bin p b s c hay b qu ti, cu ch cao p ca my bin p s
chy ra, v sau c cu ng ngt c thao tc m ra, khng ni my bin p vi
vng na v vic tch ra vi tt c cc ti ca nhng trm n v khc khng b nh
hng.

II. M hnh li in ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0


PSS/ADEPT lm vic vi m hnh h thng ba pha, bn dy vi dng tng
qut. H thng c m t bng cc thnh phn tng tr cn bng th t thun v
th t khng. Cc phn t trong h thng in c m phng bao gm:
Cc nt
Ngun ba pha cn bng v khng cn bng
ng dy v thit b ngt
My bin th
ng c v my pht
Ti
Cc phn ng dy, thit b ngt, v my bin th ca h thng hnh thnh
kt ni gia cc nt. Ngun, ti, v cc t shunt c gn ti nt.
Ba pha ca h thng l c t tn l A, B, v C. Tt c ba pha, hai pha, hay
mt pha c th th hin trong mi ng dy hay my bin th. V vy c th m
hnh mt pht tuyn phn phi t mt ngun ba pha, vi mch chnh ba pha, vi cc
nhnh r hai v mt pha, v vi ti ba, hai, v mt pha. Nu h thng ni t ti
trung tnh th PSS/ADEPT gi thit rng dy trung tnh lin tc, c kt ni tt, v
c kt ni ti tt c nt. H thng khng ni t c th c m hnh trong
PSS/ADEPT bng cc qui cch k thut thch hp ca my bin th v cc tng tr
ng dy, v quy cch k thut thch hp ca cc loi ti.

II.1. Nt
Tt c cc mi ni ca thit b c qui nh l nt. Mi nt trong m hnh
h thng PSS/ADEPT bao gm:
im trung tnh (nu c ni t)
Ba, hai, hay mt im ca pha A, B, v C

14

Cc pha c trong mt nt c xc nh bng s hin din ca chng trong


ng dy, my bin th, hay thit b ngt nui n, v khng c qui nh nh l
thuc tnh ca cc nt. Do , mt nt c th bao gm ban u ch mt im pha A,
v sau cc im pha th hai v ba theo h thng nui n khi c nng cp t
mt ln nhiu pha.

Hnh 8: M hnh nt
Mi im nt phi c t mt tn c t mt n tm k t. Tn ny c
th l s, s v ch, hay mt chui k t. Tn nt c th c t theo s nht
qun vi c s d liu ca ngi s dng. Tn nt khng c din dch v s
lng hay ch v mc ch bo co hay lit k danh sch d liu.Ngoi ra, th t
lit k cc nt c qui nh bng cch lit k chng mt cch tun t trong file d
liu th ba pha. Th t tn nt c lit k trong file s thc hin vic thit lp th
t tn nt lit k trong bo co, v nh hng n th t nhnh r trong bn s
topo v c gii thch trong phn k.

II.2. Ngun
Nhiu ngun c th c s dng cng lc trong PSS/ADEPT. Tuy nhin, h
thng phi c t mt ngun hot ng (chng hn, mt nt c bin in p th t
thun l hng s v gc l hng s). Ngun l tp hp cc ngun p ni sao cn
bng c ni t c nh ti im trung tnh. Ngun c tng tr sao cho n c
dng th t thun v khng.
Trong bi ton phn b cng sut, ngun c xem l c in p hng s
trong th t thun, b qua tng tr th t thun. Trong tnh ton khi ng ng c
v ngn mch, ngun c xem l c in p hng s sau khi nhp vo tng tr
trong th t thun. Tng tr th t nghch v khng c s dng cho tt c cc
tnh ton.
II.2.1. Nhiu ngun hot ng
V d khi ngi s dng PSS/ADEPT mun phn tch h thng c nhiu hn
mt mt ngun hot ng, chng hn, trong nghin cu k hoch phn phi. Mc
d PSS/ADEPT ch cho php mt ngun hot ng th c vi k thut m hnh h
thng c nhiu ngun hot ng.

15

K thut n gin l gi li mt ngun nh nt ngun v m hnh ngun cn


li nh cc my cng pht tng ng, ngha l cc my in ng b c ti kW
m. D liu th t ca cc ngun ny l c phn nh trong d liu th t ca cc
my cng pht ring tng ng.
II.2.2. Ngun 3 pha
Mt ngun 3 pha bao gm 3 ngun in p 1 pha c u ni hnh Y. Mi
ngun in p 1 pha c tr khng v gi tr in p xc nh. Ngun 3 pha c cng
bin in p c 3 pha nhng cc pha lch nhau 1200 v 3 tng tr pha cng bng
nhau. Mt ngun 3 pha cn c th hin qua tng tr tng th t thun, nghch
v zero.

Hnh 9: Cc thnh th t ca ngun 3 pha


M hnh mt ngun 3 pha c trnh by hnh 10. Ngun c th ni vi tng
tr t Zg = Rg + jXg, mi cun dy ca mi pha c tr khng ring l Zs v tr
khng h cm gia 2 pha l Zm. Chng ta c 2 cch tnh ton mt ngun: mt l
thng m hnh 3 pha ABC hoc thng qua cc tr khng th t thun, ngch v
zero. C 2 cch u c s tng ng ln nhau. Tr khng th t thun Z1=ZsZm
v th t 0 l Z0=Zs+2Zm, tr khng th t nghch Z2=Z1. Khi ngun c ni vi
t, tng tr th t 0 c xc nh l Z0=Zs+2Zm+3Zg

16

Hnh 10: M hnh ngun 3 pha

II.3. Ph ti
Ph ti chnh l cc khch hng s dng in. C 2 loi: ph ti 1 pha v ph ti
3 pha v c biu din nh hnh 11 di y:

Hnh 11: M hnh ti 1 pha v 3 pha


Ph ti trong PSS/ADEPT c th ni gia 2 node (line-to-line or line-to-neutral)
hoc gia pha v t (line-to-ground). Mt node trong PSS/ADEPT c th t c
nhiu ph ti (khng hn ch). Ph ti 3 pha ni Wye cn c tr khng t Rg+jXg
Cc ti tnh c th c qui nh l c cng sut bng hng s, tng tr hng
s, hay c tnh dng l hng s. Ngoi ra, ti c th c qui nh c ni t hay
khng ni t. i vi loi ti c ni t, ti c nu trong PSS/ADEPT nh

17

c kt ni gia pha v trung tnh, trong khi , ti khng ni t c nhp vo


trong pha A th thc t l c kt ni gia pha A B, ti khng ni t nhp vo
trong pha B l c kt ni gia pha B C, v ti khng ni t nhp vo trong pha
C l c kt ni gia pha C A. V th, pha thch hp cn phi hin th trn nhnh
ni vi nt m ti khng c ni t c qui nh.

II.4. T b
Chng ta kho st t b ngang nh sau:
T b ngang dng gim st p trong mt vng xc nh bng cch pht
cng sut khng ln ng dy. Ngoi ra, b ngang cn lm tng kh nng truyn
ti trn li, gim tn tht cng sut v nng cao h s cng sut.
Cc t b ngang thng c lp t thnh cc gin t b v d dng trong vic
ng ct cc t khi vn hnh li in.
T b ngang 3 pha c 2 cch u ni l sao v tam gic Y. Trong trng hp
u Y, trung tnh c ni vi tr khng t Rg+jXg

Hnh 12 M hnh t b ngang

II.5. ng dy
on dy chy gia hai nt. Mt on dy lun bao gm t nht mt dy pha.
N c th c mt, hai, hay ba dy pha. Mt on dy thng bao gm mt dy
trung tnh, nhng dy trung tnh c th khng c trong trng hp ca h thng
khng c ni t.
ng dy truyn ti c qui nh bng cc tng tr i xng th t thun
v khng, v bng cc gi tr np th t thun v khng. V vy, tnh bt i xng
ca ng dy truyn ti do v tr ca cc dy dn trn tr khng c th r rng i
vi PSS/ADEPT; ng hn l tt c cc ng dy c gi thit l c hon v
hay cc dy dn c t sao cho c th b qua s bt i xng.
18

Cc on dy mt hay hai pha phi c qui nh nh th n l ng dy


ba pha vi cc pha b mt. V th, nu mt ng dy hai pha c xy dng nh
hnh 13a, tng tr th t thun v khng ca n phi c qui nh nh th n c
xy dng nh hnh 13b. Tng t, ng dy mt pha c xy dng nh hnh 13c
phi c qui nh nh th n l ng dy ba pha c b tr nh hnh 13d.

Hnh 13 M hnh cc ng dy

II.6. My bin th
PSS/ADEPT c kh nng m hnh nhiu loi kt ni my bin th k c my
bin th lc, my bin th t ngu, b iu p v my bin th ba cun dy. Mt s
kt ni my bin th l c m hnh ngm trong PSS/ADEPT v c phn bit
bi m LOI my bin th nh c trong hnh 14. i vi mi loi kt ni c
minh ho, PSS/ADEPT chp nhn d liu tng tr th t thun v khng t T in
xy dng hay Tp tin d liu th v t ng s dng cc in p v dng in khi
gii bi ton kt ni my bin th. Ngi s dng c trch nhim qui nh tng tr
m c tng tr tht ca dy my bin th hp l trong cc kt ni c bit.
Cc kt ni my bin th m c th khng c m t trc tip bng mt
trong cc loi c cho trong hnh 14 thng c th c m hnh bng cch kt
hp ca cc m hnh tuyt i. Chng hn, m hnh mt dy my bin th ba pha,
cn thit phi nhn bit c cch m tng my bin th mt pha ring l c kt
19

ni, v xy dng ln mt m hnh in tng ng s dng 1, 2, hay 3 m hnh my


bin th ring l v cc gi tr thch hp cho cc tng tr th t thun v khng ca
dy. My bin th ba cun dy c th c trnh by trong PSS/ADEPT dng m
hnh sao tng ng.
II.6.1. My bin th lc
Cc loi my bin th 1, 2, 3, v 11 s dng cc kt hp thch hp ca hai
dy tng ng c trnh by trong hnh 14. Tng tr th t ca my bin th
c m hnh theo kiu ngc li v tr iu p ca my bin th v vn khng i
bt k v tr ca iu p. Cc my bin th ba, hai, hay mt pha c in p c bn s
cp l khc in p c bn th cp phi c a ra bng cch s dng cc loi my
bin th .

20

Hnh 14 M hnh cc my bin p


T s vng dy n v ca my bin th, t, phi l
n
t =

n 2nom

n1

n 1nom

trong
n1nom S ca cc vng dy cun s cp c in p h mch bng vi in
p c bn ca nt s cp vi thng lng nh mc trong my bin th.
n2nom S ca cc vng dy cun th cp c in p h mch bng vi
in p c bn ca nt th cp vi thng lng nh mc trong my bin th.
n1

S vng thc t ca cun s cp.

n2

S vng thc t ca cun th cp.

Mt nh ngha khc ca t l vng dy, t, l


v 20c
t =

n 1oc

n 2nom
n 1nom

Trong
V1oc in p tng ng vi v tr nc iu p s cp vi thng lng nh
mc trong my bin th.
21

V2oc in p tng ng vi v tr nc iu p th cp vi thng lng nh


mc trong my bin th.
V1nom in p tng ng vi nc iu p s cp danh nh vi thng lng
nh mc trong my bin th.
V2nom in p tng ng vi nc iu p th cp danh nh vi thng lng
nh mc trong my bin th.
Trong hu ht nhng khng trong tt c cc trng hp, V1nom v V2nom
s bng cc in p c bn ca cc nt m cc cun dy s cp v th cp kt ni.
Bt chp vic kt ni ca dy my bin th hay v tr vt l ca cc nc iu
p trn cc cun dy s cp v th cp, PSS/ADEPT yu cu v tr nc c nh
r bng t l cc vng dy n v thc t, nh c nh ngha trn. Bi v t l
cc vng dy n v lin kt in p s cp v th cp vi cc gi tr in p danh
nh ca cc in p , h s 1.7320508 (3) khng xut hin trong t l cc vng
dy c qui nh cho cc dy sao tam gic hay tam gic sao trong PSS/ADEPT. V
vy t l cc vng dy n v ca mt my bin th c kt ni cho:

13.8 kV pha-pha v 7.969 kV pha-t s cp


4.8kV pha-pha v 2.771 kV pha-t th cp
Hnh sao s cp-tam gic th cp c kt ni, v c iu p cng 5%
pha th cp l

(4.8 * 1.05/4.8)/(13.8/13.8) = 1.05 n v


Trong khi t l cc vng dy thc t cho mi my bin th ring l l

(4.8 * 1.05)/(13.8/1.7320508) = 1.05 * (4.8/7.967)


Khi dy my bin th ba pha l c hnh thnh t ba my bin th mt pha
ring l trong mi bn du ca n, cc tng tr th t thun v khng ca dy thng
thng phi ci t bng tng tr r n v ca mt my bin th ring mt pha
kVA c bn. (Ghi ch: kch c my bin th lun lun c qui nh trong
PSS/ADEPT theo kVA/pha v tng tr c nhp vo theo n v c bn my bin
th). Khi my bin th c ch to vi cc cun pha cho ba pha trn mt li n,
cc tng tr th t thun v khng ca tng n v bnh thng s c cho trong
bn tn ca n v c th c qui nh trc tip trong PSS/ADEPT, v kch thc
my bin th phi c nhp PSS/ADEPT nh mt phn ba nh mc tng kVA.
T ng x l kt ni dy my bin th trong PSS/ADEPT c p dng ch
khi tt c cc my bin th ring bit c kt ni thnh dy l c cng kch thc.
Khi s dng cc my bin th pha c kch thc khng ng u, cn thit phi a
ra cc nt o cho phn ci t PSS/ADEPT, v a ra cch trnh by dy khng
i xng bng hai hay nhiu kt ni.

22

Ngi s dng cn phi nhn bit v qui nh c kt ni c dng trong dy


my bin th v pha ca n. Pha c qui nh qua PSS/ADEPT c tham chiu ti
quy c. Trong quy nh pha:

tng ng.

Cc pha A, B, v C l lun lun c xc nh bi cc s 1, 2, v 3,

Cc cp pha AB, BC, v CA l lun lun c xc nh bi cc s 1,


2, v 3, tng ng.

Cc my bin th ring bit, hay cc cp cun dy trong my bin th


ba pha lun lun c cp i vi cc pha A, B, v C. Chnh l, cun dy A-n-trung
tnh lun lun c cp vi A-n-trung tnh hay cun A-n-B tng ng, v.v Ch
c s thay i pha +30 trong my bin th sao-tam gic c th c m hnh vi
PSS/ADEPT; cc s sp xp thay i pha 120 c th c bng cch cp cun
dy A-n-trung tnh/cp dy B-n-C chng hn, l khng c nhn bit.
S chuyn i pha t 30 ti m 30 l c c bi o du m loi my
bin th.
II.6.2. My bin th lc c kt ni thnh my bin th t ngu
My bin th lc c kt ni trong cu hnh t ng phi c m hnh
bng cch s dng loi 1, 2, 3, hay 11.
Tng tr ca my bin th t ngu t hn ca mt my bin th c kt ni
trong cu hnh hai cun dy thng thng v v vy nn c nhp vo
PSS/ADEPT mt cch thch hp. Cng vy, vic chuyn i kVA ca mt my
bin th t ngu c tng nh c so snh ti my bin th hai cun dy chun
v phi c nhp vo tng ng. Thay i cp ti t ng
My bin th lc c th c m hnh vi b iu ti (LTC) trong
PSS/ADEPT. Cch thc iu chnh LTC c nh r nh vo tnh trng nhnh ca
my bin th.
Mi my bin th trong PSS/ADEPT c th c cho mt dy mc tiu in
p, t l cc vng dy cao nht c th n v, v t l cc vng dy thp nht c th,
v bc iu p n v. Cc my bin th c th c thit k trc tip iu
khin in p ti nt s cp hay th cp ca n. Nt TO trong h s minh ha nt
no c hiu chnh mc nh. Cch khc, mt my bin th c th c m hnh
iu khin in p ti mt nt xa qui nh t v tr my bin th xung
ng dy hay gi cho in p nt TO b p ri trn dy. Tt c cc my bin th
iu p, t l cc vng dy n v l c iu chnh, trong gii hn qui nh,
gi in p gim st hay b trong dy mc tiu nh.

23

i vi cc my bin th LTC, cc iu p c th c t pha cao hay pha


h p. Ngi s dng c th qui nh v tr t bng cch xc nh im nt TO
trong d liu my bin th l pha iu p, nh c trnh by trong hnh 15

Hnh 15 Xc nh nt TO trong d liu my bin p


My bin th iu chnh in p vi cun dy ni sao v tr TO ca n s
lun iu chnh in p pha-trung tnh. My bin th iu chnh in p vi cun
dy ni tam gic v tr TO ca n s lun iu chnh in p pha-pha.
B b in p ri trn ng dy l mt dng c m hnh thay i in p
th cp my bin th trc khi n n sensor in p. Chc nng ca b b in p
ri ng dy l cho in p c nh trc tng ln gim bin ng in p dc
ng dy do thay i ti n mc ti thiu.
B in p ri ng dy c thc hin bng cch tnh ton cc in p
biu kin cho bi

VAPP = (in p pha-t nt TO) ZCOMP * (dng pha TO)


i vi mi pha v sau xem xt bin ca VAPP (AN, BN, hay CA) cho
my bin th ni sao hay ca VAPP (AB, BC, hay CA) cho my bin th ni delta.
iu p tng ng c di chuyn nu in p biu kin di dy c qui
nh trong d liu my bin th hay n c i chuyn tr xung ngc li.
Nu s dng nt xa, cc tng tr n b s c tnh ton ngi s
dng xem xt. Ghi ch, tng tr n b ng trc trn iu khin nt xa.
Dy mc tiu in p ca my bin th khng c hp hn kch thc ca
bc iu p my bin th, v iu ny c th khin cho vic iu chnh in p
my bin th phi tm kim tip tc. Dy in p hp l quy c l mt phn trm
i vi my bin th c bc 5/8%.
II.6.3. B iu p
Ngc vi my bin th lc thay i bc in p t bc ny ti bc
khc, B iu p n thun tng hay gim in p th cp theo yu cu bi cc iu

24

kin ti. Cc b iu p hin i thng cung cp mt dy +10% in p iu chnh


trong cc bc 32/0.00625. y l cc gi tr mc nh cho vic iu chnh my
bin th trong PSS/ADEPT. Cc loi my bin th 4 ti 10 v 12 ti 15 l cc m
hnh tuyt i c dng cho cc b iu p gii thiu. Tng tr ca cc my bin
th ny l c chnh i vi v tr iu p ngc vi cc loi 1, 2, 3 v 11 vi tng
tr l hng s. Tng tr l c m t l zero lc b i nc my bin th l danh
nh v b iu p cho c tnh dng thng. Lc b iu p ti mc in p y
th s s dng tng tr nhp vo. i vi cc b chuyn i trung gian, in tr l
mt hm ca s vng dy, v in khng l mt hm ca cc vng dy bnh
phng.
B iu p c nh mc quy c theo kVA iu chnh hay amp.
V d, mt b iu p ba pha, +10%, 750 kVA thc s c th c p dng cho
mch ba pha nh mc 8250 kVA v c th thay i in p ng dy dng hay m
10% nh mc. Nu c p dng ti mt pht tuyn c bn 13.2 kV, dng nh mc s l:
750kVA
328A
3 13.2kV 0.1
Tng nh mc kVA ba pha ca b iu p l:
3 13.2kV 1.1 (328)A = 8250kVA
nh mc mt pha phi c nhp vo m hnh PSS/ADEPT:
8250kVA
2750kVA
3
Tng tr ca mt b iu p c bit rt nh v cu hnh t ng c dng.

V d minh ho nh th no tnh gn ng tng tr ca b iu p c m t trn:


Nu my bin th c kt ni nh my bin th hai cun dy tiu chun, ta s c cho
mi pha:

Hnh 16 M hnh b iu p
My bin th phn phi quy c c tng tr khong 2%. Ngha l, nu th cp ca my
bin th trn b ngt mch, tng tr ca my bin th khong chng 2% trn c s 250
kVA v in p nh mc 0.762 kV.
Nu my bin th c kt ni trong cu hnh t ng, ta c:

25

vi tng kVA l 2750 cho tng pha.


Vi th nghim ngn mch nh trn, cng tng tr s c xc nh, tuy nhin, c bn
mi l 2750 kVA v 8.38 kV. V vy, tng tr trn cc gi tr c bn l:
2
2750kVA (0.762kV )
X = (2%)

= 0.18%
250kVA
(8.38kV )2
Gi tr 0.0018 phi c nhp vo i vi khng th t thun (X1) trong PSS/ADEPT
m hnh b iu p ny. Gi thit rng b iu p c ni t c nh, khng th t
khng(X0) s c cng gi tr.

II.6.3.1. M hnh tng tr trung tnh trong my bin th


M hnh tng tr trung tnh ca mt my bin th c x l trong
PSS/ADEPT bng cch chnh i tng tr th t khng my bin th. Mt my bin
th c ni t c nh, tng tr th t khng (Z0) l ci t bng tng tr th t
thun (Z1). Khi tng tr trung tnh c (Zg), tng tr th t khng c nh ngha
nh sau y:
Z0 = Z1 + 3Zg
V tng tr cn phi c nhp vo theo n v trong PSS/ADEPT, tng tr
trung tnh cn phi chuyn i thnh n v c bn kVA ca my bin th v in
p c bn ca cun dy m tng tr ni t c kt ni.
V d sau phc tho th tc tnh ton tng tr th t khng ca my bin th ba
pha, 12 MVA, 69 kV/13.2 kV, 8%, ni tam gic sao vi in tr trung tnh 10 ohm:

Trn c bn my bin th chng ta c: Z1 = 0.0+j0.08p.u.


Chuyn i tng tr ni t (Rg) thnh n v nh sau:

II.6.3.2. My bin th 3 cun dy


Mc d PSS/ADEPT khng c cc m hnh ring cho my bin th ba pha,
chng c th c m hnh chnh xc dng tng ng hnh Y. Cc thng s
tng ng c th c t nh sn xut hay t mt th nghim. Trong phn th
nghim ny, mt cun dy c ngn mch v mt h mch trong khi mt in
p c p dng cho cun dy cn li. Th nghim ny cho ta bit ba tr khng r

26

r biu kin khi trn in p c bn ca tng cun dy tng ng v c bn MVA


chung, cc tng tr ny l: Zlh, Zlt, v Zht.
Lin h cc tng tr ny vi mch tng ng, Zlh l tng ca tng tr r r
cun dy in p cao v thp Xi+Xh, v.v
Cc thng s th nghim ny l c o ti v tr nc iu p danh nh,
theo, c lin quan n tng tr nhnh iu p danh nh ca mch tng ng,
nh c thit k trong hnh 17 bi:

ZLH = Zl+Zh
ZLT = Zl+Zt
ZHT = Zh+Zt
Bi ton yu cu l:

Zl = (ZLH+ZLT-ZHT)/2
Zh = (ZLH+ZHT-ZLT)/2
Zt = (ZLT+ZHT-ZLH)/2
Trong tt c cc tng tr l dng n v i vi cng mt c bn kVA.

Hnh 17 M hnh my bin p 3 cun dy

27

Hnh 18 M hnh tng ng my bin p 3 pha 3 cun dy


Cc tng tr Zh, Zl, v Zt l th t thun c xc nh nh trnh by
trn. ZNh, ZNl, v ZNt l cc tng tr ni t n v ca cun dy cao, h v th ba
tng ng. V vy, nu cun dy hnh sao c ni t c nh, ZN bng 0. Nu
cun dy hnh sao khng c ni t ZN l v cc.
V d nh nh mc ba pha ca my bin th ba cun dy l:
S cp ni Y, 66 kV, 1500 kVA, ni t c nh.
Th cp ni Y, 13.2 kV, 1000 kVA, 10 ohm in tr ni t.
Th ba ni , 2.3 kV, 500 kVA
Cc thng s th nghim l:

ZHL = 0.004 + j0.07, c bn 1500 kVA, 66-kV


ZHT = 0.005 + j0.09, c bn 1500 kVA, 66-kV
ZLT = 0.005 + j0.08, c bn 1000 kVA, 13.2 kV
Chuyn i ZLT thnh c bn cun dy pha cao kVA:
dng n v trn c bn 1500 kVA, ta c:

i vi th t khng:

Trong PSS/ADEPT mi nhnh ca ba cun dy tng ng c th hin bi mt


my bin th ni ti nt o. in p ca nt o l tu .

28

i vi v d trn, cc kt ni c trnh by trong hnh 19

Hnh 19 V d mt my bin p 3 pha 3 cun dy

II.6.3.3. My bin th ni t
Trong mt h thng khi th cp hon ton c kt ni delta, khng c ti
mt pha v h thng trung tnh ni t khng tn ti. Trong h thng , khi c
ngh phc v ti mt pha, cc my bin th ni t c dng thit lp mt h
thng trung tnh ni t. Hu ht cc loi my bin th ni t thng thng l loi
sao-tam gic hay zig-zag. C hai loi cung cp mt ng dn tng tr thp cho
dng th t khng v ng dn tng tr cao cho s ci t c cn bng cc
dng ba pha v c th m hnh trong PSS/ADEPT dng my bin th lc sao-tam
gic. V tr hnh sao ca my bin th cn phi c kt ni ti h thng delta nh
c minh ha di cung cp ng dn cho dng t. Th cp tam gic ca
dy ni t c th c ti, nhng thng th khng.

Hnh 20 My bin th ni t
Tng pha kVA v bn tn cc tng tr ca my bin th ni t phi c
nhp vo trc tip trong PSS/ADEPT cho cc loi hnh sao tam gic. Tuy nhin cho
cc loi zig-zag, nu kch c kVA l nh mc ca cun dy ring l ca nhnh,
kVA phi c nhn 3 khi nhp vo trong PSS/ADEPT. Cch khc, lun lun

29

nhp vo tng dung lng kVA mt pha ca dy. Cho hai loi my bin th ni t,
bt k tng tr trung tnh no phi c m hnh trong PSS/ADEPT bng cch hiu
chnh tng tr th t khng.
II.6.3.4. My bin th lc 1 pha
My bin th lc mt pha c th c m hnh trong PSS/ADEPT bng cch
dng loi 1(sao-sao), 2 (sao-delta), 3 (delta-sao) hay 11 (delta-delta) v qui nh pha
nhnh thch hp. nh mc mt pha kVA phi c nhp vo trong PSS/ADEPT
vi bn tn cc tng tr. Sau y minh ho vi loi my bin th lc mt pha v
tho lun cch trnh by trong PSS/ADEPT v cc s hn ch t bit c th p
dng:
M hnh my bin th loi 1(sao-sao) v qui nh pha nhnh l pha my bin
th kt ni. Pha nhnh phi l B i vi v d cho. Ghi ch, tt c ti c nui
bi my bin th ny phi c ni t v ch nhp vo trong pha i vi my bin
th c kt ni.
M hnh my bin th loi 3 (tam gic-sao) v qui nh pha nhnh l pha
hin hu pha sao (dy-trung tnh) ca my bin th. Pha nhnh phi l A cho v d
nu v pha AB cn phi tn ti pha s cp ca my bin th.
Tt c ti c nui bi my bin th ny phi c ni t v ch nhp vo
pha c qui nh cho pha nhnh my bin th.
M hnh my bin th loi 2 (sao-tam gic) v qui nh pha nhnh l pha
hin din pha sao (dy-trung tnh) ca my bin th. Pha nhnh phi l A cho v d
nu v pha A phi tn ti pha s cp my bin th.
Tt c ti c nui t phn th cp phi khng c ni t, c kt ni
gia hai pha c ni t my bin th. i vi v d minh ho, ti th cp phi l
loi khng c ni t v ch nhp vo trong pha A.
II.6.3.5. My bin th lc hnh sao m ti tam gic m
Kt ni my bin th hnh sao m ti hnh tam gic m cho php ti ba pha
c phc v bi pht tuyn hai pha ni t nh c trnh by y:

Hnh 21 My bin p lc hnh sao m

30

My bin th ny c theo m hnh trong PSS/ADEPT cho tnh ton dng


cng sut v khi ng ng c. Cc s tnh ton ngn mch cho nt pha th cp
ca loi my bin th ny khng c x l thch hp bi cc thut ton
PSS/ADEPT.
My bin th hnh sao m ti hnh tam gic m phi c m t trong
PSS/ADEPT bng cch qui nh mt my bin th loi 2 (sao tam gic) vi pha
nhnh my bin th c nh ngha l c hai pha pha sao ca my bin th. i
vi v d c trnh by trn, pha nhnh my bin th phi nhp vo nh AB. Cc
b tr pha hp l l:
Cc pha c qui nh cho my bin th cn phi tn ti trn nt chnh. Tt
c ti ni t my bin th ny phi qui nh khng c ni t.
nh mc kVA ca my bin th mt pha phi nhp vo trong PSS/ADEPT
cng vi tng tr qui nh trn kVA c bn.

II.7. M hnh my in
Cc my in ba pha ng b v khng ng b c th c m hnh r rng
vi PSS/ADEPT. C hai loi c th c thit k nh my pht in hay ng c
bng cch la chn du hiu thch hp cho thng s ti kW trong h s d liu ti
th. Cc c tnh c trng ca my in c m hnh bi PSS/ADEPT phi c
nhp vo trong Tp tin T in D liu My in. Cc loi ti l c dng phn
bit cc loi my in:
Cc loi my in khng ng b:
Loi ti 51 70, 151 170 c nhp vo theo kW
nh mc theo kVA. Loi ti 71 90, 171 190 c nhp vo theo hp c
nh mc theo hp c. Cc loi my ng b. Loi ti 91 99, 191 199
c nhp vo theo kW
nh mc theo kVA
My in c th c m hnh ti nt ba pha trong bt k nhm ti no. My
in c xem nh trc tuyn lc loi ti l dng. Bng cch thm du m loi ti
(chng hn nh -51), my s c xem nh phi trc tuyn.
II.7.1.1. My in ng b
Trong bi ton dng cng sut v sau khi ng ng c ca PSS/ADEPT,
m hnh my ng b (cc loi 90 99 hay 190 199) s gi in p cc bng
hng s ti gi tr ngi s dng qui nh. u ra hay hp thu cng sut phn khng
s c iu chnh tng ng vi in p cc. Nu yu cu phn khng ca m
hnh vt gii hn kh nng phn khng c qui nh, in p cc s c chnh
31

sao cho cc gii hn khng b vt qu. im thit lp in p v gii hn phn


khng ca loi my c trng c qui nh trong file T in My in. im thit
lp in p c th c nh ngha khc i cho my ng b ring l trong h s d
liu ti th. iu ny s b qua gi tr t T in My in.
Nu my ng b l c vn hnh trn dng nh mc ca n hay trn in
p cc th mc tng nhit nh mc ca ng v st s c vt qu tng ng.
Vng cung t B ti C, vi bn knh bng kVA nh mc ca my in v tm ti
im gc, cho ta gii hn dng in phn ng nh mc ti in p nh mc. im
B cho ta h s cng sut nh mc ca my in. Vng cung t A ti B cho ta gii
hn dng in phn cm ca my in. Khi vn hnh my ng b di kch thch,
c mt t thng bin cao cc u li my in. Vng cung t C ti D cho ta
gii hn nhit theo t thng ny.
ng cong cng sut phn khng nh c trnh by trong hnh 22 c th
c s dng xc nh cc gii hn phn khng ca my nh c yu cu bi
PSS/ADEPT. Gii hn cng sut phn khng cc i v cc tiu quy c tng
ng vi cc im B v C tng ng. Ghi ch, tuy nhin, cc gii hn phn khng
c th thay i ty theo mc cng sut thc.
Trong tnh ton ngn mch v khi ng ng c tc thi tiu chun trong
PSS/ADEPT, my ng b ang chy c xem l c in p hng s sau tng tr
sau qu. Trong tnh ton ngn mch, in p c gi c nh l 1 n v. Trong
tnh ton khi ng ng c tc thi, in p c gi hng s nh c xc nh
t dng ti trc , hay c gi l 1 n v.

Hnh 22 M hnh my in
Khi ngn mch c a ra vi hu t TR, cc my ng b ang chy c
xem nh c in p hng s pha sau tng tr qu trong th t thun.
32

Trong qu trnh tnh ton dng ti, khi ng ng c v ngn mch, cc


my ng b ang chy c m t nh c minh ho trong hnh 23 trong th t
nghch v khng tng ng.
i vi my ng b c cc cun dy ni tam gic, tng tr th t khng
phi c ci t l 99. +j99. m t mi ni h.

Hnh 23 Cc thnh phn th t trong my in


II.7.1.2. My in cm ng
Trong tnh ton dng cng sut v sau khi khi ng ng c ca
PSS/ADEPT, my in cm ng ang chy c xem nh ti cng sut hng s. H
s cng sut ang chy c xc nh t ng cong in p v h s cng sut
nh c qui nh trong Tp tin T in My in.
My in cm ng ang chy c m t ging nh cc my ng b trong
bi ton gii ngn mch v khi ng ng c tc thi; tc l chng c xem xt
nh hng s in p pha sau tng tr trong th t thun. Tng tr l tng tr sau
qu quy c nh c trnh by trong hnh 23. Tng tr qu c dng khi
ngn mch v my in cm ng ang chy c m t nh c trnh by trong
hnh 23. S trnh by th t nghch v th t khng c minh ha trong hnh 23.
Hu ht cc my in cm ng khng c ni t, tng tr th t khng thng
ci t l 99. +j99. n v.
D liu m t my in cm ng s thng trng thi n nh tng
ng. Mch tng ng hai nhnh quy c c trnh by trong hnh 24. Biu
thc sau c th c dng bin i d liu t m hnh ny ti d liu nh c
yu cu trong Tp tin T in D liu My in trong PSS/ADEPT:

33

Hnh 24 Mch in tng ng ca ng c khng ng b


II.7.1.3. Khi ng ng c tc thi v khi ng li
Khi ng mt ng c ln trong cng nghip hay h thng cng sut yu c
th dn ti vic in p khng chp nhn c gim trong h thng. Khi in p
gim thp ti nt ng c khi ng, thi khong khi ng s ko di v trong mt
vi trng hp bt li, ng c c th khng c lc gia tc t tc nh
mc. Phm vi thi gian khi ng ng c quy c t mt vi giy ti mi giy
hay nhiu hn. Vic nghin cu khi ng ng c trong PSS/ADEPT cho php
ngi s dng xc nh phm vi ca st p trong h thng.
Trong PSS/ADEPT, ng c khi ng c mc nh ni tip vi b khi
ng ca my bin th t ngu gim dng ng c cao lin tc (t l vi in p
cc ca n) v vy lm gim st p. ng c ang khi ng c m t bi tng
tr rotor b kho. i vi ng c ba pha, tng tr rotor b kha l:

vi Ilr l dng rotor b kha ti in p nh mc, cch khc:

34

vi Ifl l dng y ti ti in p nh mc vung gc vi in p cc ng


c. Quy c, Ilr l khong chng 6 ln Ifl.
Bng cch m t khi ng ng c nh mt ti tng tr hng s, st p
mng c th c tnh ton vi bi ton dng ti.
PSS/ADEPT cho php ngi s dng xem hai cch khi ng ng c khc
nhau trn mng vi my ang chy.
Khi khi ng ng c tc thi, tt c cc my ang chy c gi s vn
gi vng t thng hng s v v th gip cho ng c c khi ng. Tt c my
ang chy c m hnh nh ngun in p pha sau tng tr th t thun ca n v
tng tr ca n n trung tnh trong cc th t khc. Gi s vic khi ng ng c
tc thi ko di trong khong thi gian rt ngn, c l 3-5 chu k trong h thng
60 Hz. T thng ca my ang chy phn tn n mt mc cn bng mi kh xa
trc khi khi ng ng c t n tc nh mc.
Khi khi ng ng c li, gi thit t thng ca my ang chy b phn
tn. Trong tnh trng ny, tt c cc my ang chy c m hnh nh cc ti tng
ng v v th khng th h tr ng c khi ng. Hin nhin, thc t st p
nghim trng hn v l c tnh khi ng ng c ln trong h thng in cng
nghip.
Th t khi ng ng c nh sau:
1.
ng c cn khi ng c tch khi mng bng cch ci t gi tr
m cho loi ca n.
2.
Khi ng ng c tc thi c thc hin. Kt qu dng ti c th
c lit k, trng by, in, hay v ra.
3.
Khi ng ng c li c th c thc hin. Kt qu dng ti c
th c lit k, trng by, in, hay v ra.
4.
Vi ng c c khi ng ti tc chy, bi ton dng ti thng
thng c th c thc hin v kt qu c th c so snh vi cc bc 2 v 3.
Khi khi ng ng c tc thi trong bc 2, vic khi ng ng c tc
thi thnh cng vi t l nc my bin th khi ng khc nhau c th c thc
hin. iu ny cng ng trong bc 3 khi khi ng ng c li.
Nu ngi s dng ch quan tm n khi ng ng c tc thi hay khi
ng li, th t 1, 2, 4, hay 1, 3, 4 cn c thc hin. Ngi s dng c cnh
bo dng th t 1, 3, 2, 4 xem c hai trng hp khi ng ng c tc thi

35

hay khi ng li bi v cc iu kin tin khi ng l khng cn trong b nh


sau khi khi ng ng c li.
II.7.1.4. Phng php khi ng ng c
Trong PSS/ADEPT ng c khi ng c gi s mc ni tip vi my
bin th t ngu l tng (b khi ng). Tng tr my bin th t ngu c qui
nh trong Tp tin T in My in trn c bn ca my bin th v mt nh n
zero n v. Nc iu p my bin th t ngu c gi s pha my in v mc
nh l t s nh mc (1.0) nh trong hnh 25:

Hnh 25 Khi ng ng c
Nu cc gi tr mt nh ca tng tr my bin th t ngu v nc iu p
c s dng, ng c c m t khi khi ng vi in p y c p dng cho
cc cc. iu ny thnh thong tham chiu n vic khi ng cho. Ch , my
bin th t ngu c gi s c ngt ra (b qua) trong tnh ton dng cng sut
v ngn mch.
II.7.1.4.1. in p khi khi ng ng c b gim
Khi ng cc my bin th t ngu tng qut c cc nc chuyn i 50%,
65%, v 80% c th c chn gim in p cc ng c di mc bnh thng
trong khi khi ng nhm gim dng ln vo. trnh by nc chuyn i 65%
trong PSS/ADEPT chng hn, mt nc chuyn i 0.65 phi c qui nh khi khi
ng my in.
II.7.1.4.2. Khi ng t mc shunt
Trong mt vi trng hp, cc t mc shunt c ng ct trc tuyn khi
mt ng c bt u c khi ng gim st p trn h thng. Phng php
ny c th c m hnh trong PSS/ADEPT n gin bng cch thm t l mt dy
c nh v ch ng ct trc tuyn. Nu t phi trc tuyn khi tnh ton tin khi
ng v ng vo trc khi tnh ton khi ng. Mt khi ng c chy, t phi
c ngt ra (ci trng thi= 0) cho tnh ton dng cng sut v ngn mch.
II.7.1.4.3. Khi ng mm SCR
Phng php khi ng ny iu khin dng khi ng ng c hay gia tc
vi thit b m t trng thi. Tng tr ng c thc ti im dng c tnh nh l

36

nghch o ca dng ng c n v ti im dng. Nu, v d, dng gii hn khi


ng ng c cao ti 3 n v (300%), tng tr rotor thc b kho l ZLR = 0.33 pu.
II.7.1.4.4. Khi ng ng c dy qun
ng c dy qun c hn mt mch mc song song trong dy qun stator
(thng thng l hai). N c khi ng khi p dng in p nh mc vung gc
ch mt mch. Mch song song cn li c ng in khi gia tc. Tng tr ng
c phi hin th phn cun dy c ng in khi gia tc. Tng tr ng c phi
hin th phn cun dy c ng in u tin. Nu, v d 50% ca cun dy c
ng in u tin, tng tr rotor thc b kho l ZLR = 2.0 * ZLR c bn.
Hai phng php khi ng sau c nh hng n gi tr ZLR. Cc s thay
i ti ZLR c th c thc hin trc tip trong Tp tin T in My in cho cc
loi my vi b khi ng t bit hay Tp tin T in My in y phi c
to s dng khi khi ng ng c c thay i cc gi tr ZLR. Cch khc, gi
tr ca nc chuyn i my bin th t ngu c th c qui nh thc s trnh
by ZLR thay i. Tng tr khi ng ng c thc c trnh by trong
PSS/ADEPT nh:
Zeff =

ZLR

(tap )2

vi tap l t s nc chuyn i ca my bin th t ngu theo n v. V th,


thc s nhn i tng tr rotor b kha th qui nh tap = 0.707.

Ht chng !

37

CHNG 2:
PHN B CNG SUT

CHNG 2:
PHN B CNG SUT
Chng ta bit rng c ba phng php tnh phn b cng sut thng c s
dng l: phng php Newton-Raphson, phng php phn lp nhanh, v phng
php Gauss-Seidel. Mi phng php c nhng c tnh hi t khc nhau, thng
th ta chn phng php c kh nng thc hin tt nht. Vic la chn phng
php tnh no cn tu thuc vo cu hnh h thng, my pht, c tnh ti v mc
in p ti ban u ti cc nt.
Trong chng ny, chng ta n tp li cc kin thc cn thit phc v cho vic
tm hiu cch gii bi ton phn b cng sut trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Cc
kin thc c s v phng php gii bi ton phn b cng sut nh phng trnh
i s phi tuyn, sau l bi ton phn b cng sut trong li in v sau cng
l tm hiu v phng php gii bi ton phn b cng sut trong phn mm
PSS/ADEPT.
Trong bi ton phn b cng sut trong li in thng dng phng trnh
lin lc gia in p nt v dng nt thng qua ma trn tng dn nt. Nu bit
dng nt, c th tm c in p nt. Tuy vy, trong li in thng cho cng
sut hn l dng in. Nh vy, phng trnh lin quan l phng trnh phi tuyn
v l phng trnh phn b cng sut c gii bng phng php lp. Sau y ta
n tp v phng trnh i s phi tuyn.

39

I. Phng trnh i s phi tuyn


Sau y, chng ta n li cc phng php gii phng trnh i s phi tuyn.
I.1. Phng php Gauss Seidel
T phng trnh f(x) = 0 ta suy
ra x = g(x)
Nh vy quan h gia ln lp th k
v k+1 l x(k+1) = g(x(k))
Kt qu chp nhn khi
x ( k +1) x ( k )

V d: Cho f(x) = x3 6x2 + 9x 4 = 0


1 3 6 2 4
x + x +
9
9 = g(x)
x= 9
x(0) = 2
x(1) = g(2) = 2.2222
x(2)=(2.2222)= 2.5173
x(3) = 2.8966
x(4) = 3.3376
x(5) = 3.7398
x(6) = 3.9568
x(7) = 3.9988
x(8)=4.0000

=> Nhn xt: Tc


hi t chm, v th c th
lm tng tc hi t bng cch dng thut ton gia tc vi h s gia tc :
x(k+1) = x(k) + [g(x(k)) x(k)]
Nu c n phng trnh vi n n s:
=>
x1 = c1 + g1(x1,x2,,,xn)
f1(x1,x2,,xn) = c1
=>
x2 = c2 + g2(x1,x2,,,xn)
f2(x1,x2,,xn) = c2

=>
xn = cn + gn(x1,x2,,,xn)
fn(x1,x2,,xn) = cn
Bng phng php lp, ta c c: x1(0); x2(0);; xn(0)
x1(1); x2(1);; xn(1)

Trong phng php Gauss Seldel, cc gi tr mi ca cc n s xi va c
tnh trong cc phng trnh trn lin c thay th ngay vo cc phng trnh k
tip. Hi t s t c khi sai bit gia cc gi tr cn tnh sau so vi ln tnh trc
nh hn mt h s quy nh. C th dng h s gia tc x(k+1) = x(k) + (xi(k+1) xi(k))

40

I.2. Phng php Newton Raphson


Cho
phng trnh f(x)
= c, ta xy dng
c nh sau:
x(k+1) = x(k) +
c f (x ( k ) )

df

dx

lng

(k)

v i

c f (x ( k ) )

df

dx

(k)

gi l sai s ln
lp th k x(k)
=> Nhn xt:
Phng php hi
t rt nhanh

V d: Gii phng trnh f(x) = x3 6x2 + 9x 4 = 0


x(0) = 6
(0)

df
2
= 3(6) 12(6) + 9 = 45
dx
0 [(6) 3 ] 6(6) 2 + 9(6) 4
x(1) = 6 +
= 1.1111
45
ti cui ln lp th 1: x1(1) = x(0) + x(0) = 6 1.1111 = 4.8889
Cc ln lp k tip:
13.4431
x(2) = x(1) + x(1) = 4.8889 = 4.2789
22.037
2.9981
x(3) = x(2) + x(2) = 4.2789 = 4.0405
12.5797
0.3748
x(4) = x(3) + x(3) = 4.0405 = 4.0011
9.4914
0.0095
x(5) = x(4) + x(4) = 4.0011 = 4.000
9.0126

f1 (x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) = c1
f (x , x ,..., x ) = c

n
2
Nu c n phng trnh vi n n s: 2 1 2
...
fn (x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) = c n

Suy ra X(k+1) = X(k) + X(k)


x 1( k )

(k)

x
c ( k )
Vi X(k) = 2 = ( k )
J
...
x ( k )
n
c1 (f1 ) ( k )

c 2 ( f2 ) ( k )
(k)
c =

...

c (f ) ( k )
n

41

f ( k )
1
x 1

(k)
f2

J(k) = x
1
... ( k )
fn

x
1

(k)

f1

x 2
(k)
f2

x 2
...
(k)
fn

x 2

...
...
...
...

(k)
f1

x n
(k)
f2

l ma trn Jacobian
x n
...

(k)
fn


x n

II. Phn b cng sut trong li in


Phn b cng sut trong li in nhm quy hoch, hoch nh kinh t, d kin
tng lai,. Mc ch l tm gi tr in p, gc pha ti mi nt v cng sut tc
ng, phn khng chy trn mi nhnh (|V|, ,P,Q). c 3 loi nt:
Nt ngun: c chn lm c s khi in p v gc pha ti bit
trc. Nt ny cn bng khc nhau gia ti tiu th v cng sut pht
ra do c tn tht trn li in
Nt ph ti: Ti P, Q ca ti c bit, cn in p, gc pha cha
bit, cn gi l nt P - Q
Nt iu chnh in p: Ti , P, V c xc nh, gc pha v Q cn
c xc dnh, cn gi l nt P V
II.1.1. Phng trnh cn bng cng sut
Ii = yi0Vi + yi1(Vi V1) + yi2(Vi V2) + + yin(Vi - Vn)
= (yi0 + yi1 + yi2 + + yin)Vi yi1Vi1 yi2V1 - - yinVn
n

j= 0

j=1

Ii = Vi y ij y ij Vj vi j i
Cng sut ti nt i:
Pi + jQi = Vi I *i hay Ii =

Pi jQ i
Vi*

j=1

j=1

Pi jQ i
Vi*

= Vi y ij y ij Vj vi j i

II.1.2. Phng php Gauss Seidel


Pi

Vi(k+1) =

Sch

jQ *

V*

(k)

(k)

+ y ij Vj
j=1

ij

42

(k)

trong (j i)

Vi PiSch jQiSch: cng sut tc dng v phn khng (vi nt ngun, PiSch
v QiSch c gi tr dng; vi nt ti, PiSch v QiSch c gi tr m

j= 0

j=1

Pi(k+1) = Real Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k ) y ij y ij Vj ( k ) ]

j= 0

j=1

-Qi(k+1) = Image Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k ) y ij y ij Vj ( k ) ]


(k+1)

Hay:

Pi

(k+1)

Qi

*( k ) ( k ) n
(k)
= Real Vi [Vi + Yij Vj ]
j=1

j i

n
*( k ) ( k )
(k)
= -Image Vi (Vi Yii + Yij Vj )
j=1

j i

C th dng thm h s gia tc : Vi(r+1)c th chp nhn = Vi(r) + (Vi(r+1) Vi (r))


Vi(k+1)c th chp nhn = Vi(k) + (Vi(k+1) Vi (k)) vi = 1.3 1.7
Qu trnh hi t khi so snh gia phn thc, phn o ca in p nt gia cc
ln lp st nhau trong vng cho php:
| ei(k+1) ei(k)| v | fi(k+1) fi(k)|
Tnh ton dng chy cng sut v tn tht:
Iij = Il + Ii0 = yij(Vi - Vj) + yi0Vi
Iji = -Il + Ij0 = yij(Vj - Vi) + yj0Vj
Dng cng sut Sij t nt i n nt j v Sji t nt j n nt i ln lt l Sij =
*
ViIij v Sji = VjIji*
Tn tht trn ng dy ni nt i v j l: SLij = Sij + Sji
II.1.3. Phng php Newton Raphson gii bi ton phn b cng sut
Do hi t bc hai, phng php Newton Raphson thng c dng. S
ln hi t khng ph thuc vo s nt
n

Ii = Vi y ij y ij Vj vi j i
j= 0

Vit li: Ii* =

Y V vi j c th bng i
j=1

ij

Vit di dng cc: Ii =

Y
j=1

ij

Vj ij + j

Cng sut ti nt i: Pi jQi = Vi* Ii = Vi i

Y
j=1

ij

Vj ij + j

Tch ring phn thc v phn o, ta c:


Pi =

V
j=1

Vj Yij cos( ij i + j )

(1)

43

Qi = - Vi Vj Yij sin( ij i + j )

(2)

j=1

y l phng trnh phi tuyn theo cc bin c lp, in p c tnh theo


n v tng i, gc pha l rad. Ta c 2 phng trnh cho mi nt ti cho bi (1)
v (2) v 1 phng trnh cho mi nt iu khin in p cho bi (2)
Theo phng php Newton Raphson:
P2 ( k )


P2 ( k ) 2

...
... Pn ( k )
Pn ( k )
= 2

(k)
Q 2 Q 2 ( k )
...
2

(k)

Q
n

Q ( k )
n

2

...
...
...
...
...

(k)

(k)

P2
n
...
(k)
Pn
n
(k)
Q 2
n
(k)
Q n
2

P2
V2
...
(k)
Pn
V2
(k)
Q 2
V2
(k)
Q n
V2

...
...
...
...
...

(k)

P2

Vn
2 ( k )

...
(k)
...
Pn
( k )
n
Vn

V
(k)
2

Q 2
...
Vn
(k)
( k ) Vn

Q n
Vn

Trong phng trnh trn, nt i c coi l nt c s


P J1
=
Q J 3

=>

J 2

J 4 V

Thnh phn J1:


n
Pi
= Vi Vj Yij sin( ij i + j )
i i j

(3)

Pi
= Vi Vj Yij sin( ij i + j ) vi i j
j

(4)

Thnh phn J2:

n
Pi
= 2 Vi Yii cos ii + Vj Yij cos( ij i + j )
Vi
j i

(5)

Pi
= Vi Yij cos( ij i + j ) vi i j
Vj

(6)

Thnh phn J3:

n
Q i
= Vi Vj Yij cos( ij i + j )
i
i j

(7)

Q i
= Vi Vj Yij cos( ij i j )
j

(8)

Thnh phn J4:

n
Q i
= 2 Vi Yii sin ii Vj Yij sin( ij i j )
Vi
j i

Q i
Vj

= Vi Yij sin( ij i + j ) vi i j

(9)
(10)

44

Cc s hng Pi(k) v Qi(k) l sai bit gia gi tr tnh ton v gi tr t sn,


gi l sai bit cng sut
Pi(k) = PiSch Pi(k)
(11)
(k)
(k)
Qi = QiSch Qi
(12)
Cc gi tr mi ca in p nt:
i(k+1) = i(k) + i(k)
(13)
(k+1)
(k)
(k)
| Vi
| = | Vi | + | Vi |
(14)
Nh vy, gii thut Newton Raphson nh sau:
i vi nt ti, PiSch, QiSch cho sn, in p v pha ti nt ngun t
bng 1 v 0, suy ra | Vi |(0) = 1.0 v i(0) = 0. i vi iu chnh in p, | Vi |
v PiSch- cho sn, gc pha c cho bng gc pha ca nt ngun, ngha l
i(0) = 0
i vi nt ti, Pi(k) v Qi(k) c tnh t (1) v (2) v Pi(k) v Qi(k) t (11)
v (12)
i vi nt iu khin in p, Pi(k) v Pi(k) tnh t (1) v (11)
Cc phn t ca ma trn Jacobian (J1, J2, J3, J4) c tnh t (3), (4), .,(10)
P

trc tip bng phng php kh


Gii phng trnh = 1 2

V
J
J

3
4

Gauss hay tha s tam gic c sp xp ti u


Tnh ton cc gi tr mi ca | Vi | v i t (13), (14)
Tip tc cho n khi | Pi(k) | v | Qi(k) | nh hn mt sai s cho trc

III. Phng php tnh phn b cng sut ca phn


mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0

Kho st m hnh c bn gii bi ton phn b cng sut ca PSS/ADEPT


lit k di y.
Trong PSS/ADEPT, cc b phn ca li in c chia thnh nhiu loi:
im ni (cn gi l nt bus): l ni cc b phn khc trong li in gp
nhau. im ni c th c hoc khng tng ng vi thit b trong thc t.
Thit b ni Shunt tng trng cho b phn vt l t ti mt im ni.
Thit b nhnh tng trng cho b phn vt l tn ti gia hai (hay nhiu)
im ni vi nhau.
H thng in cp y thng l h thng ba pha, v trong PSS/ADEPT
mi b phn trong li ba pha bao gm thng tin cho c ba pha v c th thao tc
nh mt b phn mt pha.

45

Mt nt, chng hn nh cho ba im ni, mi im c ba pha A, B v C.


Tng t vy, mi nhnh cng c ba pha (gia A vi B hoc C) gia hai nt.
S lng thc ca dy dn hoc pha l thuc tnh ca nhnh. V th, mt
nhnh ba pha c th tng trng cho c mt, hai hoc ba pha.
Thit b mc Shunt, tr t in mc Shunt, u c nh ngha tng t nh
nhnh, cng c 3, 2, hay 1 pha.
III.1.1. Ngun
Bi ton mng in gii trong PSS/ADEPT phi c ti thiu mt ngun ba
pha cn bng. PSS/ADEPT, c th gii bi ton c nhiu ngun hot ng cng mt
lc.
Mt ngun c t trng bi in p, tng tr th t thun v th t khng.
Ch khi bit c cng sut ngn mch ca ngun th mi c th chuyn sang tng
tr th t thun v th t khng.
III.1.2. Dy v cp
Dy ni lin hai nt vi nhau v ti thiu phi c t nht mt dy pha. Mt
dy c th c 1, 2 hoc 3 dy pha. Dy chuyn v c t trng bi tng tr th t
thun v th t khng, v bi in np th t thun v khng.
Dy mt v hai pha cn c t trng bi thnh phn th t thun v khng
ca tng tr/ dn np. Dy mt pha ch c mt tng tr ni tip v mt thnh
phn dn np. Khi nhp liu cho dy mt pha, t thnh phn th t thun v
khng ca tng tr/ dn np bng nhau.
Dy dn hai pha c tng tr t cm Zs v h cm Zm. Khi nhp liu cho dy
hai pha t thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng nh cch t cho dy ba pha
(vd Z1 = Zs Zm v Z0 = Zs + 2 Zm). Dy hai pha c hai thnh phn dn np,
Bs c trng cho mi dy dn n t, Bm c trng cho hai dy dn vi nhau.
Tng t, rt ra cch lm cho dy ba pha, B1 = Bs + 2 Bm, B0 = Bs. Cch
n gin nhp vo tng tr/ dn np l s dng lun gi tr ca dy ba pha; sai
s nu c cng s rt nh. Hin nay, d liu cho cp thng c nhp ging nh
dy trn khng, bng cch ch nh thnh phn th t thun v khng. i vi cp
ngm, thnh phn dn np th t thun v th t khng thng thng bng nhau.
III.1.3. My bin th
PSS/ADEPT m hnh nhiu dng ni dy my bin th gm: Y-Y, Y-, -,
iu chnh in p.v.v.
Mi my bin p c thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng, gi tr ny
ghi bn ngoi hoc trong bn hng dn.

46

Thnh phn tng tr th t khng t trng cho tng tr ni t trong s


ni dy dng sao tam gic. Nu my bin th khng c tng tr ni t, t thnh
phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun.
i vi my bin th u dng -, hoc dng Y- bn phn Y ni t trc
tip, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun; PSS/ADEPT kho
st dng th t khng, dng th t khng ni Shunt qua t.v.v.
V PSS/ADEPT qun l cc loi my bin th v cch ni dy khc vi
PSS/U, s c vi thay i trong chuyn i d liu khi s dng file d liu th raw
data (*.dat) gia cc chng trnh ny.
III.1.4. M hnh my in
My in ng b v khng ng b u c m hnh ho trong
PSS/ADEPT.
C hai loi ny u c thit k sn cho c dng my pht ln ng c bng
cch chn c trng thch hp thng qua cng sut thc tng th, gi tr m cho bit
l my pht.
III.1.4.1. My in ng b
Trong bi ton phn b cng sut, m hnh my in ng b trong
PSS/ADEPT gi c nh gi tr in p l hng s bng vi gi tr ngi dng a
vo. Lng cng sut phn khng pht ra hay thu vo c s dng iu chnh
in p.Nu lng cng sut yu cu ca m hnh vt qu gii hn kh nng cho
php th kh nng iu khin in p cng s mt theo, v my in ng b lc
tr thnh ti tiu th cng sut.
Nu my in ng b hot ng dng ln hn dng nh mc, th nhit
trong ng v st s ln lt tng vt mc theo. Nhng hn ch ny c t t
nh l hm ca cng sut phn khng theo cng sut thc.
Cung trn t B n C, c bn knh bng cng sut nh mc ca my in,
biu th t c dng nh mc in p nh mc. im B biu th h s cng
sut nh mc ca my in. Cung t A n B biu th dng kch t nh mc ca
my in.
Khi my in hot ng trong min di kch t, tn ti bin t thng ln
trong li st. Cung t C n D biu th gii hn nhit gy ra do t thng.
ng cong cng sut phn khng dng xc nh gii hn cng sut phn
khng ca my in. Gi tr ti hn ln nht v nh nht ln lt tng ng vi hai
im B v C. Tuy nhin cn lu rng, gii hn cng sut phn khng c th thay
i tu theo mc cng sut thc

47

Khi mt my in khi ng, n th hin qua tng tr rotor. Nu mt my


in ang hot ng, v c mt my in khc cng khi ng, th my in ang
hot ng s c m hnh bi mt ngun ghp sau tng tr qu .
Gi tr ca in p ngun v gc pha c xc nh bng cch cho chy
chng trnh tnh ton mng in iu kin trc khi ng kha ni ng c vo
mng in.
Trong m phng s c ngn mch, mt my in m hnh bi mt ngun
dng gn theo sau tng tr qu hay sau qu , tu thuc vo ch no ta
mun kho st.
Gi tr ca ngun c xc nh tng t nh cch lm i vi khi ng
ng c (vd chy bi ton phn b cng sut trc s c).
III.1.4.2. ng c khng ng b
Trong khi m phng bi ton phn b cng sut, ng c khng ng b
(DCKDB) th hin bi cng sut thc n s dng. Lng cng sut phn khng tiu
th v trt c xc nh t m hnh my in. C 5 loi DCKDB trong
PSS/ADEPT, tng ng vi cc mu thit k A, B, C, D, v E.
Tuy nhin, nu DCKDB i ra bn ngoi vng c Momem ln nht, n s b
gi li. Khi iu xy ra, DCKDB s c biu th bi tng tr kho Rotor
(locked rotor impedance).
Khi mt DCKDB khi ng, n th hin qua tng tr kho rotor. Nu mt
DCKDB ang hot ng, v c mt DCKDB khc cng khi ng, th DCKDB
ang hot ng s c m hnh bi mt ngun ghp sau tng tr, tng t nh
trng hp my in ng b.
Trong m phng s c ngn mch, mt DCKDB m hnh bi mt ngun gn
theo sau tng tr qu hay sau qu , tng t nh trng hp my in ng
b.

Ht chng !

48

CHNG 3:
NGN MCH

CHNG 3:
NGN MCH
Tnh ton ngn mch xc nh nh hng ca s c trn li in (v d: 1
hoc nhiu pha chm nhau, chm t, chm vo cy ci)

Tnh ton s c.
Chui s c.
- Trong tnh ton s c, tt c in p, dng in nhnh v dng in s
c khi s c xy ra ti mt hoc nhiu nt trn mng li.
- Trong tnh ton chui s c: p dng tnh ton mt chui cc s c
lin tc v ring l. Tnh ton chui s c cho tt c cc loi s c c ng
dng lin tc v ring l ti mi nt trong ton h thng in.
Tnh ton ngn mch s s dng trng thi h thng trc khi s c xt hin.
Khi khng c s c, dng ti s c tm v in p ti cc nt trc s c c
tnh.
i vi ti tnh th c quy i thnh khng tr khng i tnh theo cng
st v in p ti nt m ti c ni..
My pht c ni ngun in p ni tip mt khng tr, ln v gc ca
ngun c xc nh t li gii dng ti.
Mi chng trong phn kin thc n tp gm 2 chnh: phn kin thc l
thuyt v phnkin thc p dng trin khai xy dng thnh thut ton trong phn
mm PSS/ADEPT. Vi cch trnh by nh vy s gip cc hc vin n tp tt hn
v tip thu nhanh cc kin thc trong cc phn khc.
Sau y trnh by phn l thuyt bi ton ngn mch.

50

I. L thuyt bi ton ngn mch


I.1. Phng php n v tng i
Xt phng trnh n gin gia in p, dng in v tng tr:
E = IZ
E, I, Z c tnh theo n v Vn, Ampe v ohm. Chia c 2 v ca phng
trnh trn cho cng mt s do s cn bng khng b ph v, gi s ny l in p
c bn EB:
E
I.Z
=
E cb E cb

Xc nh dng in c bn IB v tng tr c bn ZB ph thuc vo iu kin:


Ecb = Icb.Zcb
suy ra:
E
I.Z
=
E cb I cb .Z cb

Cui cng, cc i lng trong n v tng i c xc nh nh sau:


E
Ecb
I
I vt = I =
I cb
Z
Z vt = Z =
Z cb
E vt = E =

Do :
Evt = Ivt.Zvt
Ly phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia cng sut, in p v dng in
S = E.I
v xc nh cng sut c bn SB theo Vn, Ampe nh sau:
Scb = Ecb. Icb
Suy ra:

S
E I
.
=
Scb E cb I cb

T , cng sut trong n v tng i S c xc nh nh sau:


Svt =

Do :

S
Scb

Svt = Evt. Ivt

Tnh ton trong h thng in mt pha:

i vi h thng in 1 pha hay h thng in 3 pha, dng in pha, in p


pha v cng sut mi pha c tnh nh sau:
Scb = kVAcb: cng sut c bn mi pha hoc cng sut c bn 1 pha
Ecb: in p pha c bn, in p 1 pha, tnh bng kV
I cb =

kVA cb
: Dng in dy c bn tnh bng A
E cb

51

Z cb =

1000.E 2cb
: Tng tr c bn tnh bng
kVA cb

Tnh ton trong h thng in 3 pha:


Scb = kVAcb: cng sut c bn 3 pha kVA
Ecb: in p dy c bn, kV
I cb =

Z cb =

kVA cb
: Dng in pha c bn tnh bng A
3.E cb

1000.E 2cb
: Tng tr c bn tnh bng
kVA cb

Tng tr trong n v tng i ca mt thnh phn trong mch c tnh nh sau:


Z vt =

Z . S cb
( ).( kVA )
=
2
( kV ) .1000 1000.E cb2

Vi: gi tr c bn c th l in p pha v cng sut 1 pha hoc in p dy


v tng cng sut 3 pha.
i t tng tr trong n v tng i theo h c bn cho sang tng tr
trong n v tng i theo h c bn mi:
Z

mi
vt

=Z

cu
vt

U cbcu
. mi
U cb

S mi
. cbcu
S cb

I.2. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin


RTh + jXTh

Node

Node

Full network

Hnh 26 Mch tng ng Thevenin.


Tng tr tng ng Thevenin l tng tr phc nhn t mt im (nt) v h
thng.Trong h thng tt c ti v ngun c thay th bi mt ngun p tng
ng ni tip vi mt tng tr tng ng.

52

Mch tng ng Thevenin c s dng thay th ton b h thng tnh


ton ngn mch.
Trong h thng mng ba pha khng i xng.Tng tr Thevenin l mt ma
trn phc ch khng phi l mt s n phc tp.Tng t in p tng ng l
mt vecto phc thay v l mt s n phc.
Trong thnh phn i xng (khng, thun, nghch) tng tr tng ng
Thevenin cng l mt ma trn phc v in p tng ng cng l mt vecto
phc.
Z0
Z012 = 0
0

0
Z1
0

0
0 V012 =
Z 2

V0
V
1
V2

T s khng tr v in tr l mt i lng quan trng v c th tnh c


trc tip t tng tr tng ng Thevenin.
Th t khng: X0/R0
Th t thun: X1/R1
Th t nghch: X2/R2
Dng ngn mch
Khi tng tr tng ng Thevenin c xc nh ta c th tnh tan dng
ngn mch.
S c c biu din bng tng tr ca chnh n v phn cn li ca h
thng c thay th bng mt in p ni tip vi tng tr tng ng Thevenin.
I.2.1.1. Ngn mch i xng
Xt mt h thng in n nt vn hnh tnh trng xc lp
Cc bc cho vic tnh ton ngn mch:
Bc 1: Tnh in p ti tt c cc nt v dng in trn cc ng dy
trc khi xy ra s c thng qua vic tnh ton phn b cng sut.
Biu din vect in p nt trc s c nh sau:

0
Vnu
t

V10
0
V2
= M
0
Vk
V0
n

Gi s s c xy ra ti thanh ci th k qua tng tr s c Zf = Rf + jXf


Vect in p nt khi s c c cho bi cng thc:
f
0
Vnu
t = Vnut + V
Vi V l vect lch in p nt do s c

Bc 2: Lp ma trn tng tr thanh ci (nt) ca mng in:

53

Z11 L L
M O
Z nut =
M
Z kk

Z n1 L L
Bc 3: Tnh dng ngn mch

Dng ngn mch 3 pha:


If =

Z1n
M
M

Z nn

Vr0
Z kr + Z f

Vi: Zkr l tng tr tng ng Thevenin nhn t nt s c k


v h thng
Bc 4: Tnh in p
in p nt r khi s c:
Vrf = Vr0 + Vr0 = Vr0 Z rr I f

in p ti nt i:
Vif = Vi0 Z ir I f (i = 1, 2, , n)

I.3. S c khng i xng


Tng tr th t v mng thay th ca ng dy:
I1 Z1 I2 Z2 Io Z0
a/Mng th t thun b/Mng th t nghch c/Mng th t zero
Hnh Mng th t ca ng dy.
Z1=j(Xs -Xm)
Z2=j(Xs - Xm)
Z0=j(Xs+Xm)
Xs in khng t thn ca ng dy
Xm in khng tng h ca cp dy dn
Gi s ng dy c hon v
+ Khng tr th t thun v th t nghch bng nhau.
+ Khng tr th t khng ln hn so vi th t thun v nghch.

54

Tng tr th t thun v mng thay th ca my in ng b:


Z1

Z0

Z2
3ZN

Mng th t ca my pht
= jXd Nu tinh tan trong chu ky u tin.
Z1
= jXd Nu tinh ton chu k 3-4.
= jXd Nu tnh ton ch xc lp.
Z2 = j

X"q + X"d
2

; Z 2 Z1

Z og < Z 2 < Z1

Zn-tng tr my pht, motor.


Tng tr th t v mng thay th ca my bin p.
Z1(Z2)
Tng tr th t thun v nghch my bin p:
Z1 = Z2 = Zleakage
Thc t chng ta gi s rng tng tr ca cc mng th t bng nhau bt k
loi my bin p no:
Z=Z1 = Z2 Mng th t khng ph thuc vo t u dy ca my bin p:
Bng mng th t khng ca cc my bin p:

55

Hnh 27 S thay th th t khng ca cc loi MBA.

I.4. Xy dng mng th t ca h thng in


Ngi ta s dng mng th t ca nhng phn t ring bit h thng in
khc nhau nh ng c ng b, my bin p, ng dy, t xy dng mng th
t ca h thng in mt cch d dng. Bt u vi mng th t thun c xy
dng t s n tuyn ca h thng. T mng th t thun suy ra mng th t
nghch d dng.

56

T mng th t khng ca cac phn t trong h thng in c th d dng kt


hp vi nhau hon thnh s mng th t khng ca h thng. Bt k tng tr
ni trung tnh no gm c my pht, my bin p c trung tnh u bng 3 ln gi tr
ca n mng th t khng. c bit cn ch n t u dy ca my bin p
mng th t khng.
T nhng mng trn ca h thng in, chng ta xy dng ma trn tng tr

][

][

1
2
0
th t thanh ci ca mng: Z bus , Z bus , Z bus

Ngn mch 1 pha chm t:


F

Ia

b
c
Zf

Hnh 28a ngn mch 1 pha chm t.


3Vf0
Ia =
( Z kk1 + Z kk 2 + Z kk 0 ) + 3Z f

Ngn mch 2 pha:


a
b
c
Ib

Ic
Zf

Hnh 29b ngn mch 2 pha chm nhau.


I b = I c =

j 3Vf0
Z kk1 + Z kk 2 + Z f

I.5. S c trn ng dy phn phi hnh tia:


ZS

ZT

ZL

Hnh 30 Trm phn phi v ng dy hnh tia

57

Loi s c
3PH

Dng in s c
I=

L-L

VF
ZS + ZT + ZL + ZF

Ib = -Ic =

1LG

Ia =

j 3VF
2( Z S + Z T + Z L ) + Z F

3VF
2 Z S + 3Z T + (2 + k 0 )Z L + 3Z F

Trong :
: in p tng ng Thevenin(11,1).
: khng tr tng ng Thevenin ca ngun.
: khng tr my bin p.
: khng tr s c.
: khng tr ng dy phn phi.
3040 cho trng hp s c cc tiu.
0 cho trng hp s c cc i.
k0 : h s nhn.
VF
ZS
ZT
ZF
ZL

Gi tr c lng ca k0
k0
1
4
4.6

Cc iu kin gia t v dy trung tnh


t dn in tt
Dy ni t cng c vi dy pha
Dy ni t mt c nh hn dy pha

II. Phng php tnh ngn mch ca phn mm


PSS/ADEPT 5.0

Kho st m hnh c bn gii bi ton tnh ngn mch trong PSS/ADEPT


c lit di y.
II.1.1. Ngun
Trong bi ton tnh ngn mch, cc ngun c xem nh c in p khng i
v tng tr phi c xc nh r. Tng tr ngun da trn h n v c bn ca h
thng (kVA).
II.1.2. ung dy v cp
Dy ni lin hai nt vi nhau v ti thiu phi c t nht mt dy pha. Mt dy
c th c 1, 2 hoc 3 dy pha. Dy chuyn v c t trng bi tng tr th t
thun v th t khng, v bi in np th t thun v khng.

58

Dy mt v hai pha cn c t trng bi thnh phn th t thun v khng


ca tng tr/ dn np. Dy mt pha ch c mt tng tr ni tip v mt thnh
phn dn np. Khi nhp liu cho dy mt pha, t thnh phn th t thun v
khng ca tng tr/ dn np bng nhau.
Dy dn hai pha c tng tr t cm Zs v h cm Zm. Khi nhp liu cho dy
hai pha t thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng nh cch t cho dy ba pha
(vd Z1 = Zs Zm v Z0 = Zs + 2 Zm). Dy hai pha c hai thnh phn dn np,
Bs c trng cho mi dy dn n t, Bm c trng cho hai dy dn vi nhau.
Tng t, rt ra cch lm cho dy ba pha, B1 = Bs + 2 Bm, B0 = Bs. Cch
n gin nhp vo tng tr/ dn np l s dng lun gi tr ca dy ba pha; sai
s nu c cng s rt nh.
Hin nay, d liu cho cp thng c nhp ging nh dy trn khng, bng
cch ch nh thnh phn th t thun v khng. i vi cp ngm, thnh phn
dn np th t thun v th t khng thng thng bng nhau.
II.1.3. My bin p
PSS/ADEPT m hnh nhiu dng ni dy my bin th gm: Y-Y, Y-, -,
iu chnh in p.v.v.
Mi my bin p c thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng, gi tr ny ghi
bn ngoi hoc trong bn hng dn.
Thnh phn tng tr th t khng t trng cho tng tr ni t trong s
ni dy dng sao tam gic. Nu my bin th khng c tng tr ni t, t thnh
phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun.
i vi my bin th u dng -, hoc dng Y- bn phn Y ni t trc
tip, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun; PSS/ADEPT kho
st dng th t khng, dng th t khng ni Shunt qua t.v.v.
V PSS/ADEPT qun l cc loi my bin th v cch ni dy khc vi
PSS/U, s c vi thay i trong chuyn i d liu khi s dng file d liu th raw
data (*.dat) gia cc chng trnh ny.
II.1.4. M hnh my in
Trong tnh ton ngn mch, my in ng b c xem nh c in p
khng i v c tng tr. Chng ta c th chn tng tr qu hoc siu qu ty
theo yu cu ca chng ta trong vic tnh ngn mch.
ng c khng ng b ang hot ng c biu trng nh ng c ng b
trong tnh ngn mch, c ngha cng c in p khng i v tng tr.

59

II.1.5. M hnh ti tnh


Trong PSS/ADEPT, ti tnh c m hnh bi cng sut khng i, dng
khng i hay tng tr khng i.
Thm vo , PSS/ADEPT cho php ta cch ch nh ti c ni t hay
khng ni t.
Vi loi ti c ni t: l ti c ni dy pha v dy trung tnh vi nhau.
Tri li, vi ti khng ni t: khi nhp vo cho pha A tht ra l ni gia pha
A vi pha B, khi nhp vo cho pha B tht ra l ni gia pha B vi pha C, v khi
nhp vo cho pha C tht ra l ni gia pha C vi pha A.
II.1.6. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin
Tng tr tng ng Thevenin l tng tr t mt nt n h thng in cn
tnh ton. Trong h thng, tt c cc ti v ngun c thay th bng tng tr tng
ng v in p tng ng nh hnh sau:

Hnh 31 Tng tr tng ng Thevenin


Trong h thng in 3 pha khng cn bng, tng tr tng ng Thevenin l
mt ma trn phc tp ch khng n gin l mt s c nh. in p tng ng
l dng vect, c th nh di dy trong h thng 3 pha (ABC)

Trong h thng i xng (012), tng tr Thevenin cng dng ma trn v


in p cng l mt ma trn phc tp:

60

Trong cc thnh phn Z01, Z02, Z10, Z12, Z20 v Z21 thng khng quan
trng v b qua.
H s t l gia in khng v in tr l mt h s quan trng dng trong
vic tnh ton tng tr tng ng Thevenin:

Dng ngn mch:


Tng tr tng ng Thevenin c xc nh tnh dng ngn mch v
biu trng nh hnh v di dy:

Hnh 32 Tng tr tng ng Thevenin


Tnh ton ngn mch theo phng php ny c u im l rt nhanh, c bit
l trong vic tnh ton nhiu loi ngn mch khc nhau trn cng mt h thng (li
in). Ch rng n khng tnh c dng ngn mch trong my bin p, thit b
ng ct, trn ng dy, m ch tnh c dng ngn mch ti cc nt.

Ht chng !

61

CHNG 4:
KHI NG NG C V
XC NH IM DNG
TI U

CHNG 4:
BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC
NH IM DNG TI U
Trong thi gian gn y, do thiu ht cng sut ngun, ngnh in thng
huy ng cc n v c my pht gia tng cng sut pht. Cc ph ti ln trong
cc khu cng nghip nh my cng l cc i tng cn quan tm khi ngng hay
cp ngun. Do vy, bi ton khi ng ng c cn c quan tm. Phn mm
PSS/ADEPT l cng c mnh gip chng ta c th thc hin kho st y cc
yu cu ca bi ton khi ng ng c.
Khi vn hnh vn hnh mng in hnh tia h th tn tht nng lng v cht
lng in nng lun km hn mt li phn phi c vn hnh kn, hn na khi
c s c, phm vi mt in ca li phn phi hnh tia thng rng hn. khc
phc cc nhc im ny v to tnh linh hot trong vn hnh h, hu ht cc
mng hnh tia c thit k lin kt vi nhau thng qua cc ni tuyn, do gim
thiu c phm vi v thi gian mt in trong lc khc phc s c li v phn
no ci thin cht lng in nng. Vic thay i cc phng thc vn hnh hay
chuyn ti, chn la v sa thi ph ti theo yu cu ca iu trung tm l cc
yu cu cn c thng xuyn gii quyt trong qu trnh vn hnh.
Li in ny c vn hnh h (radially) v c lin kt vi nhau bng cc
ni tuyn thng qua cc kha in. Cc l do chnh vn hnh h li phn phi
c th nu vn tt nh sau:
-Phi hp bo v relay tr nn d dng
-Gim dng ngn mch khi c s c trn mt tuyn dy gn trm ngun
-iu khin in p trn tng tuyn dy d dng hn v gim c phm vi
mt in trong thi gian gii tr s c.
Nu ch xem xt gi thnh xy dng mi li phn phi th phng n kinh t
l cc li hnh tia. Vn t ra l xc nh cc trng thi ng/ct ca cc kho
in nh: Recloser, LBS, DS nh th no cc tiu ho tn tht in nng hay
mt hm chi ph F nh trc.
Tt c cc yu cu ny c th c kho st thc hin thng qua phn mm
PSS/ADEPT.

63

I. Kho st v tnh ton my in.


Khi d liu bn tn thc t cho m hnh cc my pht in v cc ng c l
khng c sn, ngi s dng c th dng hng dn sau y c d liu in hnh
s dng trong nghin cu.

I.1. My in ng b
Gi tr cho tr khng sau qu , Xd, thng t.1 ti.3 theo kVA c bn my
in. Gi tr thng c dng cho Xd l.2. T gi tr ny ngi s dng c th gi
s tng tr rotor b kho, Xr, tr khng th t thun, X1, v tr khng th t nghch,
X2, s bng Xd.
Tr khng th t khng, X0, cho my ng b dy in hnh t.1 ti.7 gi tr
ca Xd, gi tr thng thng c dng l.4 * Xd.
c cc gi tr khc nhau ca tng tr (X0, X1, X2), ngi s dng c th
cho in tr (R0, R1, R2) ca tng tr bng zero hay c tnh n t t l X/R theo
hnh 1.
Cc my c ni t qua in tr, gi tr (3* in tr ni t) cn phi c
chuyn i thnh n v tng i p.u. theo kVA c bn my in v c thm
vo trong R0. i v h thng hkng c ni t R0 v X0 phi c ci t l
999.

I.2. My in khng ng b
Khi ti y v dng rotor c kho, Xd c th c c tnh bi:

T gi tr ny ca Xd, ngi s dng c th c cc gi tr khc ca X nh


c m t trc y. Nu ngi s dng khng c thng tin ny, th ngi s
64

dng c th dng mt gi tr ca Xd =.2. tnh ton in tr trong tng tr cho


cc my khng ng b, ngi s dng phi dng th c trnh by trong hnh
2 cho cc t l X/R.

THNG S ROTOR
Cc tiu chun khi ng kVA cho cc my in cm ng. Trn cc ng c
tiu chun (nhiu ng c khng phi tiu chun) iu ny c nh ngha bi cc
k t thng s ng trn bn tn ng c. T gi tr tng ng SKVA/HP ca thng
s, c th xc nh dng tng cao bi:

Bng 1 trnh by mt danh sch ca cc thng s rotor c kho v dy


tng ng ca SKVA/HP.

Trong th mc EXAMPLES ca PSS/ADEPT, tp tin t in ng c c tn


l MOTYP1.MOT, c cc tng tr cho cc thng s rotor khc nhau. Ni dung ca
65

tp tin ny c lm li trong bng 2 cho nh mc kVA (loi 51 ti 68) v HP (loi


71-88) ca my in cm ng.

Cc tng tr rotor c kho cho bng 1 v tp tin MOTYP1.MOT c tnh


ton theo iu kin gi thit sau y:
H s cng sut c kho.3 p.u.
H s cng sut nh mc.88 p.u.
Gi tr cao hn ca dy SKVA/HP cho trong bng 1.
Dng cc gi tr trn, tng tr rotor c kho c cho bi:

Ch Xd cgi thit l.2 v cc my khng c ni t cho tp tin


MOTYP1.MOT. Nu ngi s dng c thng tin chnh xc hn v Z0, Z1, v Z2,
hy thay th chng.

66

I.3. Tnh khi ng ng c ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0


Cc m hnh kho st c bn ca chng trnh phn tch khi ng ng c
trong PSS/ADEPT gm:
I.3.1. Ngun
Ngun c m t ging nh trong phn phn tch ngn mch.
I.3.2. My in ang hot ng
My in ang hot ng c m t ging nh trong phn phn tch ngn
mch, ngoi tr l lun dng tng tr qu .
Khi ng my in
I.3.3. Khi ng my in
Khi khi ng ng c, ng c ng b c m hnh bi tng tr kho
rotor (locked rotor impedance), thng th s dng tng tr qu . m t tng
tr khi ng ph, ta c th thay i gi tr tng tr trong machine dictionary
Mt my in khng ng b c m hnh bi tng tr kho rotor (locked
rotor impedance). Gi tr tng tr kho rotor c th thay i trong bng thuc tnh
my in khng ng b. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh
I.3.4. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh
Trong PSS/ADEPT, ta c th chn cch khi ng ng c ni tip vi my
bn th t iu chnh (khi ng c b) hn ch dng khi ng, di th Startup ca bng thuc tnh my in ng b, chn chc nng Use autotransformer
(check vo hp k bn)
i vi my in ng b, tng tr ca my bin th c ly ra t Machine
Dictionary v khng th chnh sa c. i vi my in khng ng b, tng tr
khi ng ca my bin th c in trc tip trong phn cung cp. Tng tr my
bin th a ra l 0.65 dvtd.
Gi tr t vo thc cho khi ng ng c nm trong phn field provided.

67

Hnh 33 Hp thoi thuc tnh v biu bi ton khi ng ng c

I.3.5. Cc phng php tnh khi ng ng c


Thng s dng hai phng php khi ng ng c:
Gia tc ng c ng v Khi ng ng c tnh.
C hai phng php c thc hin m phng trong min thi gian v u
cho bng bo co dng vn bn v th.
Mc ch vic kho st khi ng ng c gm hai phn: Kim tra xem c th
khi ng ng c trong min hot ng khng v xem n c cn tr cc hot
ng ca cc ti khc trong h thng khng.

68

Phng php khi ng gia tc ng c ng v Khi ng ng c tnh khc


nhau cch ta m hnh ng c khi ng.
Trong khi ng gia tc ng c ng, mt m hnh ng c s dng trong
sut ton b tin trnh m phng gia tc ng c. Trong kho st ny, ta cn ch
nh moment ti m ng c phi ko.

I.3.6. Gia tc ng c
Trong khi ng gia tc ng c ng, mt m hnh ng c s dng trong
sut ton b tin trnh m phng gia tc ng c. Trong kho st ny, ta cn ch
nh moment ti m ng c phi ko.
V c s khc nhau trong cch m hnh ho vic khi ng ng c, ta c th
chn cch khi ng tnh nu nh ta quan tm n cc tc ng ca vic khi ng
ng c n cc loi ti khc trong h thng hay nu nh s liu ca m hnh ng
khng y .
Mc Khc, nu ta quan tm n thi gian gia tc thc hoc ng c khi ng
c hay khng, th ta nn chn m hnh gia tc ng c ng (dynamic motor
acceleration)
I.3.7. Khi ng ng c tnh
Trong phng php khi ng ng c tnh, ta ngm hiu rng ng c lun
khi ng thnh cng. Ta a ra thi gian gia tc 0% v 100% ti v chng trnh
s t ng ni suy ra thi gian gia tc da trn hai gi tr ny.

69

Trong khong thi gian gia tc, ng c c m hnh bi tng tr lockedrotor, n th hin kh nng mang dng ln nht t h thng v v c tc ng to tc
nht n cc ti khc trong h thng. Khi qua khong thi gian gia tc, ng c
c xem nh mt ti c cng sut khng i (tnh bng KVA).
I.3.8. Khi ng ng c vi kho st n nh qu
Tnh ton khi ng ng c chnh l kho st hot ng ca vic khi ng
ng c v nhng nh hng ca n i vi h thng, v n gin ho n bng cc
thit b khi ng
Tnh ton n nh qu c th m phng qu trnh ng c khi ng, quan
tm n cc tc ng ng ca ton h thng di nh hng ca vic khi ng
ng c.
S khc nhau gia cc i tng trong hai cch tnh ton dn n vic m
hnh ho khc nhau cc phn t trong h thng in, nh trong bng sau:

I.3.9. Nhng c trng khc ca kho st khi ng ng c


Nhiu c trng c s dng trong kho st khi ng ng c n gin
ho vic m hnh v phn tch h thng, nh:
- Mt ti tnh c th ng vo hay ngt ra lp i lp li bt c thi im m
phng no.
- Mt ng c c th ng vo hay ngt ra lp i lp li bt c thi im m
phng no

70

- Kha ca ng c c th c ch nh bi 1 ti ring hay bus v loi khi


ng.
Trong qu trnh khi ng ng c, khi qua khong thi gian gia tc, ng
c c xem nh mt ti c cng sut khng i. Mc ti c th thay i theo yu
cu ngi s dng.

II. Tnh ton xc nh im dng ti u ca phn mm


PSS/ADEPT 5.0

II.1. Gii thiu


Bi ton TOPO (Tie Open Point Optimization) s phn tch, tnh ton, nh
hnh h thng hnh tia c tn tht cng sut tc dng nh nht, ng kha hnh
thnh mng vng trong h thng, tch ring in khng trong mng vng v gii h
thng in, m kha mng vng vi dng nh nht. TOPO thc hin cho n khi
m kho cng ging nh ng kho.
Nu qu ti trong qu trnh phn tch, th thut ton s lu li cho n khi t
n iu kin khng c im no qu ti. Nu trong h thng ban u c cc nhnh
qu ti th h thng sau khi gii xong cng cha cc nhnh qu ti.
TOPO ti u ho tng phn h thng hinh tia ni vi nt gc. V th, trong tt
c mi cu hnh mng hnh tia, TOPO nh ra cu hnh c tn tht cng sut tc
dng nh nht. Hin ti, TOPO ch tnh c cho h thng mng in hnh tia. Nt
gc thng l nt ngun u tin, nhng ta c th ch nh nt khc bng cch chn
Network>Properties t thc n chnh (Main Menu).
Gii thut im dng ti u s dng phng php heuristic da trn s ti u
phn b cng sut. Mt c tnh ca gi thut heuristic l n khng th nh ra im
ti u th hai, th ba c. Thc ra n cng khng th chng minh c li gii
im dng ti u l li gii tt nht. Nhng bng chng a ra da trn vic kho
st tt c nhng kh nng kt hp cc mng hnh tia, nn y l mt s lng rt
ln.
Kho iu khin TOPO c m t trong bng thuc tnh cc kho. Bt k
kho no, ban u u trng thi m, v khi ng th to thnh mng vng. Nu
chng khng to mng vng th hoc l chng ng tch bit hoc l ni vi mt
mng tch bit. Cc kho khng to thnh mng vng s b chng trnh TOPO loi
b trc khi phn tch v chng trnh ch tnh cho cc kho c to thnh mng
vng khi ng. Nh th, kho iu khin l mt b phn ca li in trn cy nt
gc; cc kho cc mng tch bit s b loi b.

71

Vi cc loi ti nhanh (snapshot) v khng c nhnh qu ti no, th chng


trnh tnh im dng ti u hot ng n gin. Bt u vi h thng hnh tia ban
u, TOPO dng mt trong cc kho iu khin hnh thnh mng vng. Th tc
ti u phn b cng sut c thc hin trong mng vng xc nh vic m kho
no l tt nht v chuyn mng in tr v li dng hnh tia. Tin trnh ny tip tc
cho n khi kho m ra lun l kho ng, khi TOPO ngng li. Kt qu
mng c c l mng hnh tia c tn hao cng sut thc nh nht.
TOPO c th thc hin vi nhiu ti nhanh (snapshot); v nh ra cu hnh
mng in n c tn hao cng sut thc nh nht trn tt c cc snapshot. Khi
vic t mt kho khng th ti u cho bt k ti c bit snapshot no, nhng ph
hp cho vic kt hp cc kho. Khi phn tch cng lc nhiu snapshot, TOPO s
dng tn tht cng sut tc dng mi th ph ti vi nhng khong thi gian lin
quan.
TOPO xut ra bng tn tht ban u v cui cng ca mng in v s tin tit
kim t tn hao . Lng tn hao tit kim c tnh trn n v thi gian l nm
v chng trnh tnh c nng lng (tc dng v phn khng) v nhu cu (tc dng
v phn khng), bng cch s dng gi tr ta ch nh trong mc
Network>Economics t thc n chnh (Main Menu).

72

II.2. Thit t thng s kinh t cho bi ton TOPO


Tnh kinh t ca mng in c s dng trong qu trnh phn tch tnh chi
ph nng lng v nhu cu: gi in, gi nng lng phn khng, gi nhu cu in,
v gi nhu cu nng lng phn khn.
t tu chn kinh t (economics): Ta chn Network>Economics. Thng s
kinh t trong bi ton TOPO cng ging nh trong bi ton tnh CAPO. C 2 bi
ton s dng cng nhng thng s ny tnh ton.

II.3. t cc ty chn cho bi ton TOPO


Chn Analysis>Options, chn Tag TOPO, ta c hp thoi sau:

Hnh 34 Hp thoi thit t thng s cho TOPO

Khi ta chn Consider branch overload limits, TOPO s tnh ton cho tt c
cc nhnh qu ti trc . Trong hp thoi Option ny, ta c th chn nhng th
ph ti m ta cn tnh ton ( to trong Category).

73

Hin th thng tin chi


tit trng thi cc kha
sau khi phn tch.

Hnh 35 Kt qu tnh ton khi ng ng c

Ht chng !

74

CHNG 5:
PHI HP BO V

CHNG 5:
THIT B BO V V PHI HP CC THIT
B BO V TRN LI PHN PHI
Phi hp gia cc thit b bo v trn li phn phi l cng vic rt quan
trng nhm m bo cho cc thit b hot ng mt cch nhp nhng v hiu qu.
Do vy chng ta khng th b qua nhng nguyn tc phi hp gia cc thit b bo
v cho d l nhng nguyn tc c bn nh nht.
Bo v qu dng cn quan tm hai phm vi chnh lin quan nhau
- Bo v on xut tuyn c th hay mt thit b
- Bo v ton b xut tuyn hay h thng phn phi.
Chnh phm vi th hai cn n s phi hp cc thit b bo v, nhng ngay c
cch bo v c thit k c bn cho mt my bin p n gin hay mt thit b
khc, cng c th cn c s phi hp ca hai hay nhiu thit b bo v nhm m
bo thch ng vi nhng loi s c khc nhau, trnh mi nguy him tim n c
th xy ra cho thit b v ng dy dn ln cn.
Vic ng dng v phi hp thit b bo v qu dng s nh hng n tnh
lin tc ca vic cung cp in. iu ny c ngha l hn ch bt k vic mt in
do s c cng t nht v trong thi gian ngn nht th cng tt. Song song vi cc
iu kin k thut, mt yu t cn phi xt n trong vic chn la cc thit b bo
v l vn v kinh t, phi chn la lm sao va bo m k thut ra v
chi ph u t (bao gm chi ch ban u mua sm thit b v chi ph d phng duy
tu bo dng thit b) phi t tn km nht.

76

I. Cc thit b bo v
I.1. Cu Ch
I.1.1. Gii thiu.
Cu ch l cc thit b bo v n gin nht ang dng bo v qu dng trn
h thng phn phi. Chc nng u tin ca cu ch c s dng l cc dy chy
r tin t trong mch in. Cc dy chy ny s m, ngt cc qu dng in v bo
v thit b trnh qu ti v ngn mch. Ngoi ra, cc cu ch cn dng phn on
ng dy.
Hin nay cu ch c rt nhiu loi, thun cho vic chn cc c tnh vn hnh
ph hp nh: cu ch dy chy, cu ch t ri, cu ch chn khng v cu ch hn
dng.
Dy chy c th chy t cc thit b bo v kiu bt. Loi thng dng nht
l thit b bo v dng t ri. Cc dy chy l cc phn t c thay th sau mt ln
tc ng bo v nh cc cu ch dng trong gia nh c thay th, khng nh
hng n cc hp cu ch.
Thnh phn c bn ca cu ch dy chy l mt phn t chy c ch to t
nhiu loi khc nhau c cc c tnh thi gian - dng in (TCC) khc nhau. Mt
dy chu lc ni song song vi phn t chy chu lc ko ca dy chy. Cu trc
dy chy s dng mt u dng nt v mt u ri c thit k c th lp ln v
c kh cc cu ch t ri hay cc thit b c s dng dy chy. Quanh phn t chy
l mt ng ph tr sinh kh dp tt cc dng s c nh.
Phn t cu ch c ch to ct chnh
xc, khi dng mt phn t thic vn hnh
nhp thp hn

Dy cng lm gim cng


bt thng qu tiu chun

ng ph cung cp khi
ct dng in nh

Chui cu to bng ng
d hn, dn in v
bn hn

Dy dn xon c
bn v mm do

Hnh 36 Cu trc mt phn t

Mt s loi dy chy s dng hai phn t chy gim dng in chy nh


nht thi gian di v khng lm gim cc dng in chy nh nht thi gian ngn
ca dy chy. Cc loi ny c s ng dng c bit trong cc bo v qu dng.
Ngc li, cc dy chy cc cu dao khng c phn t chy v c chuyn i
ng cha dy chy thnh cu dao cch ly nu cn thit.

77

Vnh chui gi ng
bo m ct dng in
nh

u trn

Phn t cu ch c thit k c c tnh chu


xung cao, tc thp

Hnh 37 Cu trc hai phn t

Dy dn xon
c bn v mm
do

ng ph cp kh ct
dng in nh

Hnh 38 Mt loi dy chy thng dng

I.1.2. c tnh bo v:
c tnh ca mt dy chy c xc nh bi cc c tuyn dng in thi
gian (TCC) ca n. Tng thi gian ct l thi gian chy trung bnh vi sai s cng
ca nh sn xut cng vi thi gian dp h quang vi sai s m. Trn ng TCC,
c tuyn chy nh nht l kh nng chu ng trung bnh thp nht.
Thng thng cu ch c ch to theo tiu chun ASNI C37.43.
Dy chy loi K tng ng vi loi ct nhanh v loi T tng ng vi loi ct
chm, hai loi ny c tiu chun ho. Vi loi K, n nh t s tc l 6 8
v loi T l 10 13. T s tc l t s gia dng chy nh nht ti 0.1s v 300s
(hoc 600s) ty thuc vo dng nh mc ca dy chy.
I.1.3. Phn loi
I.1.3.1. Cu ch t ri
Cc dy chy ca cu ch li phn phi phi in km vi thit b khc
c s vn hnh ph hp. Thit b tiu biu nht l cc c cu t ri c s dng
cc dng hp, dng h v dng dy chy h.
Cc thit b ny vn hnh theo nguyn l bt bi tc ng ca dy chy v
mt ng dp h quang, cng vi mt dy thy tinh si kh ion ha khi phn t
chy ca dy chy b chy. Dy thy tinh si s chy sinh ra cc kh kh ion ha
tch ly bn trong cc ng. H quang b ko di, nn li v c lm ngui trong
ng v kh thot ra hai u ng mang theo mt phn cc phn t h quang duy tr.

78

Vic pht sinh h quang sau khi dng t gi tr zero s b ngn nga bi cc kh
kh ion ha v p sut tng cao bi s chuyn ng hn lon ca kh. Cc nhn t
ny nng cao cng cch in ca khe h khng kh trong ng. Khi p sut cao
sau y cc ion do h quang sinh ra cn li trong ng.
Cu ch t ri c ch to c ch to theo tiu chun ANSI 37.42.

Hnh 39 FCO (Fuse Cut Out)

Cu ch dng hp

LBFCO (Loaded Break Fuse Cut Out)

Hnh 40 Mt vi cu ch t ri

I.1.3.2. Cu ch chn khng.


Dy chy ca loi cu ch ny c t trong mi trng chn khng. Cu to
bn trong gm cc ng dn h quang, mt mng, v v cch in gm. i vi

79

dng s c nh, cn mt vi chu k phc hi chc nng ca dy chy. Sau ,


cc hot ng tng t i vi dng s c ln.
Khi xut hin dng s c ln, dy chy b bc hi ngay lp tc v hnh thnh
plasma dng h quang. S sai khc v p sut i vi chn khng hp th cc hi
kim loi v cc phn t do h quang sinh ra s bm vo thnh v. Cc ng rnh
h quang s hng cc ng dn h quang, ko di trong cc rnh, duy tr h
quang v dp tt h quang hon ton khi dng in qua tr s khng.
I.1.3.3. Cu ch gii hn dng.
Cc cu ch gii hn dng l loi cu ch khng bt m ch gii hn nng
lng i qua thit b nhm trnh gy h hng thit b. Cu ch gii hn dng c ba
dng c bn sau:
- Cu ch hn dng d phng: c s dng vi mt cu ch loi bt hay mt
vi thit b khc. Do vy, loi ny ch c kh nng ngt dng n mt gi tr nht
nh (thng thng l 500A)
- Cu ch hn dng a nng: c kh nng ct tt c cc dng s c t dng ct
ngn mch nh mc ngt xung n cc dng gy nn chy phn t chy trong mt
gi.
- Cu ch hn dng nhiu cp: c nhim v ct tt c cc dng lin tc (n
dng ct nh mc). Cc dng ny s lm chy phn t chy.
u m gn vo ng cu ch dng
k thut to t tnh trong t in
c nng lng ln phng in vo
li t tnh to lc khng i
quanh chu vi m

CU TRC
CHUN
u tip im m bc hay thic,
ng, ng thau dn in v
nhit tt
Bng bc tinh cht dung sai 5%
c tnh chy chnh xc

Vnh poxy tng cng lc gi


u m
CU TRC
PHNG I

Mng in sinh kh lm ngui


khi dy chy tc ng v d dp
h quang dng thp

Phn t ph dy bc chy
nhanh khi dng thp

im gim nhit chy ca


dy bc dng thp

Ct Silic (tnh cht 99,5%)


trong kt cu ng thy tinh, lc
cu ch hot ng, pht tn
nhit nng, h quang

ng chu nhit v p lc cu
ch tc ng

Nt ch bo khi nh ra chng t
cu ch ct

Hnh 41 Cc thnh phn c bn ca cu ch gii hn dng loi MCGraw - Edison NX

80

- Cu ch hn dng nh gii thiu hnh trn, gm mt phn t chy bng mt


dy bc hay mt bng bc. Bng c qun quanh mt khung mng nhn
khung ny c th sinh kh hoc khng sinh kh ct dng h quang. Cu ch c
np y ct v t trong ng cch in thng lm bng s, thy tinh hoc epoxy.
- Vn hnh ca cu ch ph thuc vo tng loi, tuy nhin i vi tt c cc
loi th vic ngt dng s c ln c bn l ging nhau. Dng s c s lm chy mt
on di dy chy v h quang sinh ra lm cho dy chy b bt v nung chy ct to
thnh knh thy tinh hn ch h quang. Knh thy tinh c to thnh tc thi ny,
hn ch h quang bng vic tng in tr. Dng c gim xung v cng bc
n gn gi tr khng.
I.1.4. Phm vi ng dng ca cu ch
I.1.4.1. Cu ch dy chy
Nu cu ch c s dng nh mt thit b bo v, s la chn hon ton ph
thuc vo c tnh TCC ca cu ch v phi phi hp vi cc thit b khc trn li
phn phi.
Hai loi cu ch thng dng l loi chm (T) v loi nhanh (K) c chn tu
thuc vo quan im ca nh thit k. Cu ch loi K c th gii tr s c nhanh
chng v phi hp rt tt vi relay cng sut ngc. Cu ch loi T c kh nng
chu ng c dng qu v dng xung kch. Ty theo c im ring ca mng
in v quan im ca nh thit k m chn mt hoc c hai loi trn.
Dng ti cc i qua cu ch quyt nh s la chn dng lm vic lin tc lu
di. Ngoi ra cng cn ch n dng xung kch v dng ti lc khi ng ngui.
Khi chn c tuyn TCC phi quan tm n nhit trc khi c ti v nhit
mi trng xung quanh.
I.1.4.2. Chn cu ch t ri
u tin chng ta phi la chn cc thng s nh mc ca cu ch mt cch
thch hp. Cn c vo in p li, cp cch in, dng s c cc i, t s X/R,
dng ti cc i m ta ghi nhn c. T nhng thng s ny ta c th xc nh loi
cu ch c dng hot ng lin tc lu di, in p nh mc, cng sut thch hp.
Dng hot ng lin tc lu di nh mc ca cu ch phi c chn ln hn
dng ti cc i i qua cu ch bao gm c dng ti bnh thng, dng qu ti v
cc thnh dng hi.
in p ca cu ch c chn da vo in p pha hay in p dy, h thng
ni y hay khng v theo kiu no, mng in l mt pha hay ba pha.

81

Trong h thng khng ni t in p nh mc cc i ca cu ch nn chn


bng hay ln hn in p dy ca h thng. Trong h thng c ni t trn cc
nhnh mt pha ta nn chn in p nh mc cc i ca cu ch bng hay ln hn
in p pha ca h thng. Dng ngt i xng nh mc nn chn bng hay ln hn
nhiu dng s c cc i xy ra ti cu ch.
I.1.4.3. Chn cu ch gii hn dng
Thng thng cu ch gii hn dng c chn theo in p nh mc. Chi
tit quan trng l phi bit c h thng thuc dng no. Nu cu ch dng bo
v my bin p, cn xc nh in p cc i ca h thng, iu kin lm vic ca
cun dy my bin p, trung tnh c ni t hay khng v loi ti nh th no.
Tng qut, i vi mch mt pha in p nh mc ca cu ch c chn ln
hn nhiu in p pha ca h thng, vi mch ba pha th phi l in p dy. Cu
ch c chn phi c kh nng phi hp c vi cc thit b bo v khc trn
li. c bit khi c cu ch d phng v mt cu ch t ri, cu ch gii hn dng
phi m trch gii tr s c dng thp.

I.2. My Ct v Relay
I.2.1. Gii thiu:
My ct (Circuit Breakers) v Relay l mt b thit b lun i cng vi nhau
v c tnh thit b v cc thng s ng dng chung bi cc loi Relay thng c
dng phi hp vi my ct nhm thc hin vic ng ct t ng cc tip im ca
my ct trong vic bo v qu dng. Cc vn chnh c nu trong phn ny
gm c: phn loi my ct v la chn cc gi tr nh mc ct thch hp cng vi
kiu ca Relay thng c s dng trong vic bo v h thng li phn phi v
c tnh TCC ca chng.
I.2.2. c tnh v phn loi my ct
My ct thng c s dng cc trm trong cc ng dng bo v qu dng
ca h thng li in phn phi. Theo tiu chun ANIS C37 100 th my ct l
mt thit b ng ngt c kh c kh nng ng, mang v ct dng in iu kin
vn hnh bnh thng ca mch in, ng thi c kh nng ng, mang trong thi
gian xc nh v ct dng in trong iu kin khng bnh thng ca mch in
nh ngn mch. My ct c th ct, ng bng tay hay s dng cc Relay hoc cc
b iu khin in t bn ngoi. Do c kh nng ct dng ngn mch ln v dng
lin tc cao nn cc my ct tng i t tin v cng knh so vi cc thit b bo
v h thng phn phi khc.

82

My ct c th phn loi theo mi trng dp h quang v phng php tch


tr nng lng. S dp tt h quang khi tch tip im c th thc hin theo cc
dng sau:
a. Dp h quang bng du.
b. Dp h quang bng chn khng.
c. Dp h quang bng cch thi khng kh
d. Dp h quang bng kh SF6
e. Dp h quang bng khng kh kt hp vi t trng cc my ct trong nh
(ngn bc kim loi)

Trong cc ng dng h thng phn phi, cc my ct thng l du, chn


khng hay khng kh kt hp vi t trng.
My ct cn c mt c cu truyn ng d tr nng lng cho php cc tip
im my ct ng li nhiu ln sau khi ngun ngoi mt in. Kiu c cu
truyn ng d tr nng lng v s ln thao tc ng m tng ng theo tiu
chun ANSI 37.12 1982 nh sau:
a. Khng kh nn hay cc loi kh khc: Hai ln thao tc ng / m.
b. Kh nn hay thy lc: Nm ln thao tc ng / m.
c. Lxo nn bng motor: Mt ln thao tc ng / m vi s phc hi ca l xo trong
khong 10 giy.
a. T ng ct bng cu ch:

Hnh 42 T ng ct bng cu ch
Cu to:
T c lm bng thp cu thnh t 5 khoang v c ngn cch bi cc vch ngn
kim lai hoc cch in. chiu cao 1600mm, rng 375mm, su 940mm, nng 120 Kg

83

1. Cu ch (3 ci ri) bo v dng ng vi cht tc ng lai UTE hoc DIN c


t trn gin ng ct chc chn.
2. Thanh ci: tt c nn trn cng mt phng nm ngang, do cho php m rng
trm trung th v kt ni vi cc thit b khc.
3. u ni cp u di ca b phn gn cu ch. B phn ny trang b mt dao
ni t khi b phn gn cu ch c ct ra.
4. C cu hat ng: l b c thao tc gin ng ct cha 3 cu ch ni t
v cc ch th tng ng v tr ca chng. B c ny lp thm m t (ty chn).
5. Khoang h p: Gm hng kp nu c m t, cu ch h th v cc thit b relay
hp b. Nu cn khng gian ln hn, c th lp t thm mt khoang h th
trn nc t.
6. B phn dao ni t.
b. T ng ct c my ct SM6
Chng st

0
6

Hnh 43 T ng ct SM6

c. T ng ct c my ct RMU-8DJ10
T c lm bng thp hn khng r v c lm nh mt hnh hp ch nht
1. Np c bn l cho hp cu
ch.
2. Mt pha trc cho nhng
thao tc c bn.
3. Tm trm cho gian cha
cp.
4. S in.
5. Tm vn chuyn.

84

6. nh v ch bo thit b
ni t (tri) v ngt in
(phi).
7. Ch th trng thi sn sng
(c SF6).
8. o in p
9. o in p
10. Ch th bo ngn mch
(mu xut hin)
1. Hp cu ch n cc.
2. u ni cp.
3. Hp cha SF6.
4. Cng tc 3 v tr.
5. Cp.
6. Cp.
7. Khung.
8. C ch chuyn i 3 v
tr.
Hnh 44 T ng ct RMU

Cc gi tr nh mc ca my ct
in p nh mc ln nht
- in p nh mc ln nht l in p m my ct c thit k v khng
c vn hnh cc gi in p cao hn.
H s mc in p nh mc K
- K l t s gia in p nh mc ln nht vi gii hn thp nht ca mc in
p vn hnh m mc in p ny cho php kh nng dng in ct ngn mch i
xng v khng i xng thay i t l nghch vi in p.
in p th nghim chu ng nh mc tn s thp
- in p chu ng tn s thp nh mc (kh) l in p th nghim mt
my ct mi khi th nghim kh vi cc iu kin quy nh phi c kh nng chu
ng trong mt pht khng c phng in b mt hay nh thng cch in.
- in p chu ng tn s thp nh mc (t) l in p th nghim mt
my ct mi khi th nghim t vi cc iu kin quy nh, my ct mi loi ngoi
tri v cc thnh phn bn ngoi phi c kh nng chu ng trong mi giy khng
c phng in b mt hay nh thng cch in.
in p th nghim chu ng nh mc xung
- in p th nghim chu xung nh mc bao gm xung y v xung ct.
Mt my ct mi phi c kh nng chu ng c hai xung trn khng c phng in
b mt hay nh thng cch in.
85

Dng lin tc nh mc 60Hz


- y l dng ln nht 60Hz m mt my ct c th mang lin tc m khng
c vt qu gi tr nhit cho php.
Dng ngn mch nh mc
- Dng ngn mch nh mc l kh nng ct ngn mch dng i xng ca
my ct ti in p nh mc ln nht.
in p phc hi qu
- Ti in p nh mc cc i, mi my ct phi c kh nng ct cc s c ti
cc u cc ba pha khng ni t dng ngn mch nh mc, trong cc mch c
in p phc hi qu ba pha khng ni t khng c vt qu ng bao in
p phc hi.
Thi gian ct ngn mch nh mc
- Thi gian ct ngn mch nh mc ca my ct l khong thi gian cho php
ln nht t khi np dng ct ti in p iu khin nh mc n khi hon thnh ct
ngn mch tt c cc pha trong thao tc m. Dng in c ct phi nh hn kh
nng ct ngn mch ca my ct v phi ln hn hoc bng 25%kh nng ct khng
i xng ca my ct in p nh mc ln nht.
Thi gian ct tr cho php nh mc
- Thi gian ct tr cho php nh mc l gi tr thi gian ln nht m my ct
c th mang K ln dng in ngn mch nh mc sau khi ng v trc khi ct
dng in ny.
in p nh mc ln nht chia h s K
- Trong dy in p ca my ct, nh mc ct ngn mch tng ln khi in p
gim xung v ngc li, thit lp nn quan h gia in p v dng in. Gi tr
in p thp nht ngha l nh mc dng ct khng thay i khi s dng in p
thp hn.
Kh nng ct ngn mch i xng ln nht
- Vi cc s c nhiu pha, pha-pha, kh nng ct ngn mch i xng yu cu
l gi tr ln nht ca thnh phn i xng ca dng ngn mch (tnh bng ampere
hiu dng thi im tch h quang u tin) m my ct c yu cu ct
nhng in p vn hnh ch nh theo chu k thao tc chun v khng xt n thnh
phn mt chiu trong dng ngn mch tng. Gi tr s hc mt in p vn hnh
nm trong khong 1/K ln in p nh mc ln nht v in p nh mc ln nht
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

86

Kh nng ct ngn mch i xng khng vt qu K ln dng ngn mch nh


mc.
Kh nng mang dng ngn hn 3s
- Kh nng mang dng ngn hn l gi tr dng ngn mch hiu dng m my
ct c kh nng mang trong ba giy. Gi tr hiu dng ny, c xc nh t ng
bao ca sng dng in ti thi im nh ln nht khng vt qu 1.6K ln gi tr
dng ngn mch nh mc, hay gi tr nh ln nht ca n khng vt qu 2.7K
ln dng in ngn mch nh mc v gi tr hiu dng c xc nh trong ton b
thi gian 3s khng vt qu K ln dng ngn mch nh mc.
I.2.3. Relay:
Relay l mt thit b dng nhn bit dng s c, nh thi gian v ng tr
li, ni chung l iu khin vic vn hnh ca my ct. Cc Relay l cc thit b bn
ngoi my ct v bn thn my ct khng c kh nng nhn bit c s c. C
nhiu loi Relay khc nhau cm nhn v p ng s tng h gia iu kin h
thng v cc i lng, bao gm cc loi nh: Relay qu dng, Relay qu p, Relay
bo v so lch, Relay tng tr, Relay th t pha (bo v ngc nhau). Relay bo
v qu dng v Relay t ng li hay chung c hai l hai loi Relay c dng ph
bin nht trong vic bo v h thng phn phi.
I.2.3.1. Relay bo v qu dng:

Hnh 45 Relay bo v qu dng in t (UM30 3 pha, DIN61)

I.2.3.2. c tnh TCC:


c tnh TCC ca mt Relay qu dng c c trng bi mt h cc ng
cong. V tr ca mi ng cong c xc nh bi s la chn cc nc t v iu
chnh n by thi gian. Cc nc c ci t xc gi tr nh nht ca dng th
cp u vo, khi vt qu gi tr ny s gy s chuyn mch Relay. Dng ca h

87

thng gy chuyn mch Relay c xc nh l dng ct nh nht v c xc nh


theo cng thc sau:
Dng ct nh nht = T s bin dng (CT) x Mc t(TAP)
Thi gian ct c xc nh t mc t thi gian. Mc t thi gian cao hn
lm cho a quay vi khong cch ln hn nn thi gian ct lu hn.
C nhiu dng ng c tnh TCC khc nhau v vic chn ng no ty
thuc vo tng ng dng c th.
Nhn chung, cc Relay c c tnh rt dc v siu dc c dng bo v cho
mng phn phi, v ln ca dng s c thng l hm ca ni xy ra s cv t
ph thuc vo ngun pht v iu kin in p, n cho php phi hp rt tt cc cu
ch v Recloser, cung cp b sung kh nng t bin ti sau khi mt in thi gian
di.
Cc Relay c c tnh dc v t dc, ni chung c p dng khi ln dng
s c l hm ca iu kin ngun pht thi im s c.
Cc Relay ngn hn dc c p dng bo v cc thit b nh cc b ngun
chnh lu khi cn cn nhc n s ct nhanhnhng khng qu nhanh nh ct tc
thi.
Cc Relay di hn dc dng bo v motor chng qu ti khi khng th ng
dng thit b nhit.
I.2.3.3.

Ct tc thi:

Relay qu dng c h thng ct tc thi bng c kh c hot ng theo


nguyn tc cm ng in t. Gi tr dng ct nh nht c iu khin bng mt
nt bn trong ng dy. Nhng nc iu chnh tinh c iu khin bi nhng phn
t tc thi khc nhau. Dng ct nh nht l mt hm ca dng th cp v mc c,
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Dng ct nh nht = T s bin dng x tr s ca nc ci t tc thi
Nn chn t s bin dng sao cho dng lin tc (k c trong trng hp khn
cp) khng vt qu gi tr nh mc ca bin dng. Thng thng chn t s 1.25
n 1.5 ln dng ti nh chp nhn cc tnh hung tng ti khn cp.
I.2.3.4. S khi phc
Mt c tnh quan trng cui cng ca c tuyn TCC ca Relay l c c s
khi phc. Khi phc l trng thi ca Relay khi ton b cc p ng u vo c
thc hin y sau khi xy ra s c. Khi a quay tr v trng thi ci t ban
u. Thi gian khi phc a ca Relay in c c quy nh do nh sn xut v
n rt quan trng trong vic phi hp vi Relay t ng li.
88

I.2.3.5. Relay t ng li
Relay t ng li ch c thm chc nng nh thi khi my ct m v gi tn
hiu nh trc ny ng my ct. C hai loi Relay ng li: Relay nh thi
bng ng c ng b v Relay nh thi bng in t.

I.3. Recloser
I.3.1. Gii thiu chung:
My ct t ng ng li (Recloser) l thit b hp b cha trong mt mch
cn thit cm nhn c qu dng, thi gian xy ra qu dng, ngt c qu
dng v t ng ng li kch hot li ng dy. Nu s c l vnh cu th
Recloser s ct hn sau ba hay bn ln ng li v v vy s cch ly phn b h hng
khi cc phn chnh ca h thng. Lm vic vi hiu qu cao, nhm phn no gip
pht hin, thu hp v c lp khu vc s c ra khi h thng p ng c tnh lin
tc ca h thng in.
Do hu ht s c l tm thi (70 80%) v ko di trong vi chu k n mt
vi giy. Recloser vi kh nng ct v t ng ng li s loi tr vic ko di mt
in trn ng dy phn phi do s c ngn mch tm thi hay cc trng hp qu
dng qu .
I.3.2. Phn loi:
Recloser c phn loi da vo cc yu t sau:
Recloser mt pha hay ba pha.
Recloser iu khin bng thy lc hay bng mch in t.
Recloser ngt trong mi trng du hay chn khng.
I.3.2.1.

Recloser mt pha

a. Chc nng:

Recloser mt pha dng bo v cho cc ng dy mt pha hoc mt nhnh


r ca ng dy ba pha. C th dng bo v cho h thng ba pha m cc nhnh
r ca h thng phn ln l ti mt pha. Do vy, khi c s c pha-t vnh cu xy
ra th Recloser ch ct pha v duy tr hai pha cn li ca h thng. Tuy nhin loi
ny hin nay rt t dng v khng kinh t, xu hng hin nay dng Recloser ba pha.

89

b. Cu to Recloser mt pha:

Hnh 46 Cu trc bn ngoi v bn trong ca


Recloser mt pha dp h quang bng du

Hnh 47 Cu trc bn ngoi v bn trong ca Recloser mt pha dp h bng chn


khng

I.3.2.2. Recloser ba pha:


Recloser ba pha c dng ct s c vnh cu c ba pha hoc ch mt pha
ca ti ba pha. Recloser ba pha c hai ch hot ng: ct mt pha/ct hn ba pha
v ct ba pha/ct hn ba pha.
Loi ct mt pha/ct hn ba pha thng c s dng vi ba thit b Recloser
mt pha t trong mt thng vi lin ng c kh. Mi pha thao tc c lp i vi
ct qu dng v ng li. Nu mt pha no thao tc n tnh trng ct hn, th
mt thanh truyn ng c kh s ct hai pha cn li, m v kho chng v tr m,
nh vy ngn nga cc ti ba pha c in khng ba pha.
Tt c cc Recloser ba pha cn li thao tc theo phng thc ct ba pha/ct
hn ba pha. Khi bt c s c no xy ra, tt c cc tip im u m tc thi cho
90

mi thao tc ct ba pha. Ba pha c ni c kh i vi thao tc ct v ng li v


c truyn ng bi mt c cu duy nht.

Hnh 48 Recloser ba pha

I.3.2.3.

Recloser iu khin bng thy lc

Recloser iu khin bng thy lc l mt b phn trong tng th ca cc loi


Recloser, cm nhn mt qu dng bi cc cun dy ct ni tip u ni tip vi
ng dy. Khi dng in vt qu dng in ct nh nht, ca cun dy, chy qua
cun dy th mt piston c ht vo cun ct, m cc tip im ca Recloser. S
nh thi gian v nh chu trnh c thc hin bi s bm du qua mt bung thy
lc c lp.
Mt trong hai phng php ng tip im c s dng Recloser iu
khin bng thy lc, mt pha nh mc n 280A v ba pha nh mc n 200A l
cc tip im c ng bi cc l xo b nn do s di chuyn ca piston cun dy
ct ni tip trong thao tc ct qu dng in. Recloser nh mc t 560A tr ln
v ba pha nh mc t 400A tr ln, nng lng ng c cung cp t mt cun
ng c lp ly in t bin in p pha ngun ca Recloser. Mt s lp t
cun ng ty chn c th c s dng ng t ngun bn ngoi 120 hay 240
VAC
I.3.2.4. Recloser iu khin bng in t:
Phng php iu khin Recloser bng in t th linh ng hn, d dng iu
chnh v kim tra, c chnh xc cao hn phng php iu khin bng thy lc.
Nh c t iu khin nm c lp bn ngoi Recloser, b iu khin bng in t
cho php thay i cc c tnh TCC, cc mc dng ct v trnh t tc ng mt
cch thun li v d dng hn m khng cn phi ct in hay ly Recloser ra khi
91

thng. Mt phm vi iu chnh rng, c th thay i cc chc nng c bn nhm


gii quyt vn phc tp.
I.3.2.5. Kiu bung dp h quang
Recloser s dng du hay chn khng lm mi trng dp h quang. Khi s
dng du, du ny dng cho c dp h quang ln cch in c bn. Vi loi
Recloser vi b iu khin thy lc cng s dng du ny cho chc nng nh thi
gian v chc nng m.
Dng chn khng lm mi trng dp h quang c thun li, gim bo dng
v tc ng bn ngoi. Cc Recloser chn khng c th dng du hay khng kh
nh l mi trng cch in c bn.
I.3.3. V tr lp t Recloser
Recloser c th t bt c ni no trn h thng, ni m cc thng s nh
mc ca Recloser tha mn cc i hi ca h thng. Nhng v tr hp l c th l:
- t ngay ti trm nh l thit b bo v chnh ca h thng.
- Trn ng dy chnh nhng cch xa trm phn on cc ng dy di
v v vy ngn chn s c n ton b h thng khi c s c ti cui ng dy.
- Trn cc nhnh r ca ng dy chnh nhm bo v ng dy chnh khi
cc s c trn cc nhnh r.
I.3.4. Cc thng s chnh ca Recloser
C su thng s chnh cn quan tm s dng Recloser mt cch thch hp:
* in p h thng.
* Dng s c ln nht ti ni lp t Recloser.
* Dng ti ln nht.
* Dng s c nh nht trong phm vi c bo v bi Recloser.
* Phi hp vi cc thit b bo v khc pha ngun v ti ca Recloser.
* Cm nhn s c chm t.

II. Phi hp cc thit b bo v


II.1. C s phi hp:
Nguyn tc u tin l cc thit b phi c mc ni tip sao cho phm vi
bo v ca chng ni tip nhau, khi s c xy ra, thit b bo v gn s c nht

92

phi tc ng bo v, trc cc thit b t pha trc v cc thit b bo v d


phng.
S phi hp cc thit b c lp t v la chn phi ph hp theo cc quy
lut c bn sau v bo v h thng phn phi.
* To cho tt c cc s c thnh s c thong qua, v phn ln s c l s c
thong qua chim t 70% n 80%.
* Ch ct in hn i vi s c vnh cu.
* Phm vi mt in do s c phi l phn nh nht ca ng dy bo v.

II.2. Cc phng php phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch:


II.2.1. Gii thiu
Phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch cng tun theo ba nguyn tc nu phn
trn.
Khi s c xy ra hai hay nhiu cu ch c th tc ng v mt s c. Mt quy
tc c chp nhn i vi phi hp dy chy cu ch l thi gian ct ln ca dy
chy bo v khng c vt qu 75% thi gian chy nh nht ca dy chy c
bo v. iu ny m bo dy chy s ngt v xa c trc lc dy chy d phng
(c bo v) b h hi bng bt c cch no.
C ba phng php c th dng trong phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch:
* Phng php ng dng nhng c tuyn TCC.
* Phng php dng bng phi hp.
* Phng php phi hp theo kinh nghim (theo quy lut xp lp).
Trong ba phng ny phng php ng dng nhng c tuyn TCC l phng
php chnh xc nht v phi c dng trong nhng vng phi hp ti hn (nhng
vng cn bo v chnh xc). Phng php dng bng c rt ra t s phi hp
phng php TCC nn tng i chnh xc v c th dng trong nhng tnh hung
lp li. Phng php phi hp theo kinh nghim l t chnh xc nht v s t c
s phi hp trong mt s ng dng gii hn.
II.2.2. Cc phng php phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch
II.2.2.1. Phng php phi hp dng c tuyn TCC
Trong nhiu trng hp, s phi hp ton h thng da vo cc c tuyn
TCC cho mt kiu cu ch c trng (K, T, N, ) xuyn sut ton h thng. Nh
vy, vic phi hp phn no c n gin ha.

93

Khi s dng dy chy lm thit b bo v, s phi hp cn bo v l dy chy


d phng ca pha ngun khng b nh hng g khi s c xy ra vng dy chy
bo v pha ti. Cc yu t cn quan tm thc hin iu ny l:
* Sai s ca thit b
* Nhit mi trng xung quanh
* Cc hiu ng khi c ti
* Cc hiu ng trc khi s c xy ra
Thng thng, nn dng mt yu t h nh mc khong 75% hn l i su
phn tch chi tit nhng yu t ny. iu ny gip chng ta t c s phi hp
nh mong mun (v ngn nga nhng tn hi cho dy chy d phng) bng cch
chn thi gian ct in ti a ca dy chy bo v khng ln hn 75% thi gian
chy nh nht ca dy chy d phng.
Sai s ca thit b trong cc cc c tuyn TCC thng t ng xem xt theo
TCC chun. n gin l da vo vng bo v ca cc c tuyn v so snh dng ct
ti a ca dy chy bo v vi dng chy ti thiuca dy chy c bo v.
Cc TCC c trnh by da trn mt nhit mi trng xung quanh l
25oC. Nhit mi trng xung quanh cao hn s gim thi gian chy v ngc li
gim nhit s tng thi gian chy. Do nhit bin ng hng ngy v hng nm
nn chng ta c th xy dng mt dy da trn nhit hng nm ln nht v nh
nht.
Anh hng ca dng ti trc , theo mc dng in chy qua dy chy
s lm tng nhit dy chy v do gim thi gian chy.
Cc nh hng ca hiu ng trc s c rt kh xc nh, mc m c tnh
xa s c ca cu ch c th b nh hng khi dng in tip cn mc chy nh nht
ca c tuyn TCC. trnh cc nh hng ca s h hi trc, trong bt k
trng hp no dy chy d phng khng c php c dng in trong phm vi
90% cu c tuyn chy nh nht ca n i qua.
V d v phi hp gia cc cu ch:
Cho s nh hnh v. Gi tr dng ngn mch cc i v dng ti c cho
trn s . Cc cu ch s dng u l loi K.

94

Hnh 49 S phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch

II.2.2.2. Phng php tra bng


Trong mt s trng hp, vic phi hp gia cc cu ch l qu trnh lp i lp
li, cc c tuyn TCC chng lp ln nhau s rt kh khn trong vic phi hp. Nu
c mt h s thch hp c nh l mt c trng ca h thng v xc nh c
dng s c qua cc cu ch th vic dng bng tra phi hp s d dng hn, tuy
nhin chnh xc s km hn so vi phng php phi hp dng c tuyn TCC.
Cc bng trnh by sau y l cc loi K v T ca EEI-NEMA c thi gian
ngt ln nht ca cu ch bo v khng ln hn 75% thi gian chy nh nht ca
cu ch d phng ti dng s c cc i.
Bng 1: Dy chy loi K EEI-NEMA
Dng nh mc
dy chy (A)
6K
8K
10K
12K
15K
20K
25K
30K
40K
50K
65K
80K
100K
140K

Dng nh mc dy chy (A)


8K
10K 12K 15K 20K 25K 30K
40K
50K
Bo v dng s c ln nht c cung cp bi dy chy bo v (A)
190
350
510
650
840
1060
1340
1700
210

65K

80K

100K

140K

200K

2200

2800

3900

5800

9200

440

650

840

1060

1340

1700

2200

2800

3900

5800

9200

300

540
320

840
710
430

1060
1060
870
500

1340
1340
1340
1100
660

1700
1700
1700
1700
1350
850

2200
2200
2200
2200
2200
1700
1100

2800
2800
2800
2800
2800
2800
2200
1450

3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
2500
2400

5800
5800
5800
5800
5800
5800
5800
5800
5800
4500
2400

9200
9200
9200
9200
9200
9200
9200
9200
9200
9200
9100
4100

95

Bng 2: Dy chy loi T EEI-NEMA


Dng nh mc
dy chy (A)
6T
8T
10T
12T
15T
20T
25T
30T
40T
50T
65T
80T
100T
140T

Dng nh mc dy chy (A)


8T 10T 12T 15T 20T
25T
30T
40T
50T
65T
Bo v dng s c ln nht c cung cp bi dy chy bo v (A)
350

680
375

920
800
530

1200
1200
1100
680

1500
1500
1500
1280
730

2000
2000
2000
2000
1700
990

2540
2540
2540
2540
2540
2100
1400

3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
2600
1500

4100
4100
4100
4100
4100
4100
4100
3100
1700

80T

100T

140T

200T

5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
3800
1750

6100
6100
6100
6100
6100
6100
6100
6100
6100
4400
2200

9700
9700
9700
9700
9700
9700
9700
9700
9700
9700
9700
7200
4000

15200
15200
15200
15200
15200
15200
15200
15200
15200
15200
15200
15200
13800
7500

II.2.2.3. Phng php phi hp theo kinh nghim.


Phi hp theo kinh nghim c thit lp phi hp cc dy chy cu ch
EEI-NEMA c cng loi v cp, chng hn dng dy chy khuyn khch loi T vi
dy chy khuyn khch loi T hoc dy chy khng khuyn khch loi K vi dy
chy khng khuyn khch loi K.
Dy chy loi K c th c phi hp tha mn gia cc nh mc k cn
trong cng mt nhm ln n gi tr dng 13 ln nh mc ca dy chy bo v.
Dy chy loi T c th c phi hp tha mn gia cc nh mc k cn trong
cng mt nhm ln n gi tr dng 24 ln nh mc ca dy chy bo v. Nhng
ng dng nh th mang li h s an ton n 75% hay ln hn.
Cc nh mc khuyn khch loi T:6, 10,15, 25, 40, 65, 100, 140, 200.
Cc nh mc khng khuyn khch loi T:8, 12, 20, 30, 50, 80.
Tuy nhin, phng php ny rt t c s dng v chnh khng cao v i
hi phi c nhiu kinh nghim trong vic phi hp.
II.2.2.4. Mt s loi phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch
Nh trnh by tt c cc s phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch u tun theo
nguyn tc l cu ch bo v tc ng trc khi cu ch d phng tc ng. H s
75% c xem l thch hp m bo s phi hp. Tuy nhin h s ny c th
hiu chnh khi xem xt tng h thng c th. Mt s kiu phi hp nh sau:
* Phi hp cu ch hn ch dng pha ngun v cu ch bt pha ti.
* Phi hp cu ch hn ch dng pha ti v cu ch bt pha ngun.
96

* Phi hp hai cu ch hn ch dng.


II.2.3. Cu ch cho my bin p
II.2.3.1. Gii thiu
S bo v qu dng hon chnh dnh cho my bin p phi c thc hin
nhng yu cu sau.
* Bo v c h thng t nhng s c my bin p.
* Bo v my bin p t nhng qu ti trm trng.
* Cch ly my bin p ra khi h thng cng nhanh cng tt v gii hn nhng
tc ng c th xy ra .
* Chu c nhng qu ti trong thi gian ngn m khng b h hng.
* Chu c dng t bin v dng tng cao ti lnh.
* Chu c s ph hoi do cc xung st.
Cc thit b sn c dnh cho bo v qu dng my bin th bao gm: cu ch,
thit b ngt mch, Recloser, cc bung ct s c v my ct. Thng thng, s la
chn cc thit b bo v my bin p sao cho kinh t nht hoc kt hp mang li
s bo v thch hp i vi tng loi ph ti v trong hu ht cc ng dng cu ch
c xem l tin li nht. hiu thu o hn v vn phi cc thit b, cn
tham kho thm cc phn phi hp gia cu ch v Recloser v gia Relay vi cu
ch cc phn sau.
II.2.3.2. Nguyn l bo v my bin p dng cu ch
Vic u tin khi bo v my bin p dng cu ch l phi nghin cu cc
nguyn l v s dng cu ch. Nhn chung, t s dy chy c th tnh ton bng cch
chia dng chy nh nht ca dy chy cho dng y ti ca my bin p. Nu s
dng t s cao, n s bo v h thng trnh khi s h hng my bin p nhng n
ng thi to ra s gii hn ca bo v qu ti. Cn t s ny thp th s bo v
c qu ti ln nht nhng cu ch s b h hng khi dng in tng cao trong thi
gian di hay dng xung.
Nhng yu t tt nht c xem xt khi s dng cu ch bo v cho my bin
p bao gm tnh lin tc cp in, h hng my bin p do qu ti, phi hp cu ch
my bin p vi thit b phn on, cc nh hng ca dng in trn, dng tng
cao do ti lnh.v.v
Dng in trn (inrush currents) l dng qu xy ra khi mt my bin p
c khi ng. Cc dng ny ph thuc nhiu vo t d trong li thp ti mt thi
im a sng in p vo my bin p. chu ng c cc dng t bin ny,

97

mt cu ch phi chu c 25 ln dng y ti trong thi gian 0,01 giy v 12 ln


dng y ti trong 0,1 giy.
S tng cao do ti lnh xy ra khi ng in tr li sau thi gia mt in. S
gia tng ny khc nhau, ph thuc vo h thng in. c tuyn ca cu ch c
chn phi chm hn c tuyn dng in trn nu c c c tuyn ny.
in p do st nh c th lm bo ha li thp my bin p, gy ra dng in
trn. Trong trng hp ny, nhng kinh nghim thc t s c p dng tt nht v
vic phn tch l rt phc tp. Ni chung, nu vic h hng do st nh l vn
ln th cc loi cu ch c kch thc ln s c p dng tt nht.
II.2.3.3. Cc loi cu ch dng bo v my bin p
C rt nhiu loi cu ch c th dng cho vic bo v my bin p, n gin
nh l loi t bn trong my bin p c c nh. Loi ny c chi ph lp t thp
nhng li hn ch kh nng ct ngn mch. N khng th thay th v thng phi
dng chung vi my ct th cp.
Loi cu ch t ri t bn ngoi, l s la chn tip theo, c tnh kinh t v c
cc u im d dng phc hi bo v. Tuy nhin, n s khng cung cp vic bo v
hn ch dng trnh s h hi nghim trng ca my bin p.
Loi cu ch hn ch dng t s u vo hoc t bn ngoi l s la chn
t tin nht v cc cu ch phi c thay th sau mi s c. Tuy nhin, loi cu
ch ny khng c bt k s nguy him do phi hp sai hay thay th cc dy chy
khng ph hp. N cng bo v c cc h hng nng i vi my bin p.
Phi hp mt cu ch hn dng vi mt cu ch t ri c chi ph lp t cao
hn nhng thun li ch c dy chy kiu t ri phi thay th khi c s c dng
thp. y l gii php c tnh u vit nht.

II.3. Phi hp Recloser vi cu ch


II.3.1. Cc nguyn tc phi hp Recloser
Recloser l thit b bo v qu dng thng c s dng khi s c c xem
nh l thong qua. ng dng Recloser trn li phn phi cho ph hp, cn xem
xt nguyn tc phi hp c bn sau:
1. Cc thit b pha ti phi xa s c tm thi hay vnh cu trc khi thit b
pha ngun ct mch (cu ch) hay vn hnh ct hn (Recloser).
2.S ct in do s c vnh cu phi c hn ch ch nh hng n phn
nh nht ca h thng.

98

Cc nguyn tc ny nh hng n s chn la c tuyn bo v v trnh t


hot ng ca c thit b pha ngun, pha ti v v tr ca cc thit b ny trn li
phn phi. V tr v s lng thit b c xc nh tu trng hp c th.
* Cc gi tr nh mc ca Recloser:
- in p nh mc.
- Cp cch in (BIL).
- Dng lin tc ln nht.
- Dng ct tm thi nh nht.
- Dng ct ngn mch ln nht.
II.3.2. S dng c tuyn TCC c hiu chnh.
Phi hp gia cc Recloser v cu ch c thc hin theo phng php da
vo c tuyn TCC c iu chnh bi cc h s nhn.
T c tuyn ca cc cu ch pha ngun, c chn bo v my bin p, s
xc nh c loi Recloser v c tuyn ca Recloser. Khi la chn xong Recloser
phi hp tt vi cu ch pha ngun th mi tin hnh la chn cc cu ch pha
ti phi hp vi Recloser.
II.3.2.1.

Phi hp cu ch pha ngun vi Recloser

Cu ch pha ngun my bin p c tc dng bo v h thng, ngn nga s c


my bin p v bo v my bin p khi s c thanh ci th cp.
Recloser c chn phi hp vi cu ch pha ngun sao cho cu ch khng
ct mch vi bt k dng s c no pha ti Recloser. Nhit sinh ra do hot ng
ca Recloser phi nh hn c tnh ph hy ca dy chy. iu ny c thc hin
bng cch s dng mt h s nhn vo c tuyn ca Recloser xc nh im ph
hy ca dy chy. c tuyn tc ng tr ca Recloser phi nhanh hn c tuyn
chy nh nht ca cu ch pha ngun.
c tuyn TCC c s dng phi hp Recloser pha th cp vi cu ch pha
ngun theo cc quy lut sau:
- i vi dng s c ln nht ti v tr t Recloser, thi gian chy nh nht
ca cu ch pha ngun my bin p phi ln hn thi gian ngt trung bnh ca c
tuyn tr ca Recloser nhn vi h hiu chnh.
H s nhn K i vi khong thi gian lp li v trnh t hot ng c cho
bng sau:
Bng3 H s nhn K:

99

Thi gian
ng li
(chu k)

25
30
50
90
120
240
600

Cc h s nhn
Hai nhanh
Hai chm
2.7
2.6
2.1
1.85
1.7
1.4
1.35

Mt nhanh
Ba chm
3.2
3.1
2.5
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.35

Bn chm

3.7
3.5
2.7
2.2
1.9
1.45
1.35

Gi tr dng in ti im giao nhau gia c tuyn tc ng tr ca Recloser


c hiu chnh vi thi gian chy nh nht ca cu ch l dng phi hp ln
nht.
Ch : c tuyn ca cu ch v c tuyn ca Recloser phi v trn cng mt
cp in p.

Cu ch pha ngun

My bin p

RE

Recloser

Hnh 50 S phi hp Recloser vi cu ch pha ngun

Khi cu ch c t pha cao p v Recloser pha h p, s so snh c


tuyn TCC ca cu ch v Recloser s yu cu c tuyn ca thit b no c dch
chuyn ngang theo trc dng in theo t s vng dy ca MBA. V c dy chy ca
cu ch thng c xc nh theo dung lng MBA, do vy rt d dng trong vic
dch chuyn c tuyn dy chy v so snh n vi cc c tuyn khc sn c ca
Recloser. S dch chuyn ny phi bo m chng phi cng cp in p.

100

II.3.2.2. Phi hp Recloser vi cu ch pha ti


S phi hp tt nht gia Recloser v cu ch pha ti t c khi chn
Recloser c ch hot ng: hai ln tc ng nhanh - hai ln tc ng chm.
Trong thc t, s la chn ny ph thuc vo t l phn trm s c xy ra v c
im ca tng h thng. minh ha, gi s Recloser ngt ln u tin vi 70% s
c l thong qua v ngt ln th hai l 10%. Nu s c ko di hay vnh cu vn
cn th cu ch s tc ng xo s c trc khi Recloser thao tc ln th ba v th
t.
S phi hp s t hiu qu thp hn nu ta ci t Recloser ch mt ln
tc ng nhanh ba ln tc ng chm. Ch ny cng xa c 70% s c trong
ln ngt u tin ca Recloser, nhng n c s dng khi c cc thit b phn on
t ng c t gia Recloser v cu ch.
Khng th chn ch ci t cho Recloser tt c l nhanh hoc tt c chm,
nu tt c l nhanh th khng thi gian cu ch tc ng cn nu tt c l chm
th cu ch s tc ng ngay s c u tin.
Hai qui tc sau y chn cu ch bo v pha ti Recloser:
* Tt c gi tr dng s c c c ti v tr t cu ch, thi gian chy nh
nht ca cu ch phi ln hn thi gian tc ng nhanh ca Recloser khi hiu
chnh (nhn vi h s K). Vic nhn h s s m bo mt gii hn an ton gia
thi gian ct nhanh ca Recloser v thi gian chy ca cu ch nhm ngn nga s
ph hng hay t ca cu ch.
* Tt c cc gi tr dng in s c c th c trn nhnh r c bo v bng
cu ch th thi gian ct ln nht ca cu ch khng c ln hn thi gian tc ng
chm ca Recloser, khi Recloser c t nht hai ln tc ng chm. Nu cc c
tuyn phi hp gn nhau, Recloser c th ngt khi cu ch tc ng, nhng sau
ng li khi phc s cp in cho phn h thng cn li.
Phm vi phi hp gia Recloser v cu ch c c nh theo hai nguyn tc
trn. Nguyn tc 1 to ra dng phi hp ln nht, nguyn tc 2 to ra dng phi hp
nh nht. Dng phi hp ln nht c c khi c tuyn chy nh nht ca cu ch
ct c tuyn thi gian tc ng nhanh ca Recloser hiu chnh. Dng phi hp
nh nht l giao im gia c tuyn thi gian ct ln nht ca cu ch vi c
tuyn tc ng tr ca Recloser. Nu c tuyn thi gian ct ln nht ca cu ch
khng ct v nm di ng cong tc ng tr ca Recloser th dng phi hp nh
nht s l gi tr dng ngt nh nht ca Recloser.

II.4. Phi hp Relay vi cu ch


S phi hp gia relay v cu ch c hai ng dng chnh:

101

* Phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ngun.


* Phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti.
Trong c hai trng hp trn, relay c xem nh mt b iu khin dng ct
v thi gian ca my ct, nhng mc ch phi hp ca hai ng dng ny hon ton
khc nhau.
Khi phi hp gia relay vi cu ch pha ngun l khi my ct c iu chnh
bng relay thc hin ton b cc tc ng m khng gy h hng hay chy ca cu
ch, ni cch khc l relay phi ngt trc khi cu ch tc ng, ch mt phn nh
ca mch c cch ly. Ngc li khi phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti, thng
cho php c tuyn TCC ca relay chm hn c tuyn ca cu ch, cu ch tc
ng trc v ngn cch s c trc khi relay tc ng my ct, trng hp ny
nu thm vo cc relay tc ng tc thi nhanh hn tc ng ca cu ch pha ti
chu k tc ng du tin ca my ct s cung cp bo v s c thong qua.
II.4.1. Phi hp cu ch pha ngun vi relay

Cu ch pha ngun

My bin p

Relay

Relay

Hnh 51 S phi hp cu ch pha s cp v relay pha th cp

Mc ch c bn ca vic phi hp l cu ch bo v mch pha s cp MBA


cng vi mt my ct, c iu khin bng relay, bo v mch pha th cp.Vic
thc hin phi hp bng mt trong hai phng php:phng php tng thi gian
tch ly hoc phng php cc h s lm ngui. so snh c tuyn TCC ca cu
ch v relay, c hai phi c biu th trn cng in p c bn bng cch dch
chuyn mt trong hai c tuyn, tng t nh phn phi hp gia Recloser v cu
ch pha ngun.

102

II.4.1.1.

Phng php tng thi gian tch ly

Phng php phi hp n gin v lu i nht l thm vo b m thi gian


cc s c, thi gian c lp nh hn 10s, mt khong thi gian tiu biu theo yu
cu lm ngui hon ton v so snh thi gian tng ny vi c tuyn ca cu ch.
Mt thi gian d phng khong 50% ca c tuyn chy nh nht ca cu ch pha
ngun c cho php mang ti trc, nhit mi trng, s ph hoi trc v tnh
khng lp li ca relay. Mt vi ni s dng 0.3s lm thi gian d phng thay v
chn theo %.
II.4.1.2. Phng php h s ngui
Khi s phi hp yu cu cht ch hn th dng phng php h s ngui.
Phng php ny lin quan n vic s dng cc h s lm ngui ca cc dy chy
v s nh gi khong thi gian ng li thc t ca relay.
Cng thc s dng l: Teff = TF(N) + CN x TF(N-1) + CN-1 x CN x TF(N-2) +...
Trong : Teff: l khong thi gian s c nh hng ca relay phi hp vi
cc nh hng t nng ng li thnh cng.
CN: H s lm ngui ca dy chy trong khong thi gian ng li (m) th
10. Gi tr ny thay i t 1,0 cc thi gian ng li nhanh, n 0,0 cc thi
gian ng li di.
TF(N): Khong thi gian s c th N ca thit b ng li.
Vic s dng cng thc trn i hi phi bit v cc c tnh phc hi ca
relay. Thi gian phc hi 10s (khi ti cn li 0%) i vi nc 2.
II.4.2. Phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti
110/15-22 KV
40 MVA

Breaker
/ Relay

Fuse

Hnh 52 S phi hp cu ch vi relay

103

Trng hp n gin nht, mt relay qu dng c c tuyn n v mc ch


ca vic phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti l m bo cho c tuyn relay chm
hn c tuyn cu ch. V vy khi cu ch tc ng trong trng hp s c cui
ng dy th my c bo v trnh s c vnh cu v ch mt phn nh ca
ng dy b mt in.
* Cc phng php tip cn vi bo v s c thong qua.
Mt ng dng khc cng cn quan tm l bo v s c thong qua. Bo v s
c thong qua bng cch thm mt phn t tc thi vo relay. Phm vi bo v c
th m rng bng cch h thp mc ci t tc thi. Tuy nhin, gii hn nh hn
thng c xc nh bi dng tng vt v s phi hp gia cc thit b pha sau v
gii hn cao hn c xc nh bi tc ca my ct.

II.5. Phi hp Recloser vi Recloser


II.5.1. Phi hp bng cch s dng c tuyn TCC
S phi hp Recloser vi Recloser c thc hin bng cch chn la cc gi
tr dng ct nh nht khc nhau Recloser in t. S la chn thch hp c xc
nh da vo c tuyn TCC ca cc Recloser.
Cc c tuyn TCC c chn s dng tt nht chnh nh thi gian kp,
mt c im ca tt c Recloser, m c th lp trnh mt hay cc tc ng u
tin ca Recloser l tc ng nhanh v sau l cc tc ng chm.
Mt iu cn quan tm khi phi hp Recloser vi Recloser l thi gian (chu
k) gia cc c tuyn ca hai Recloser phi c thi gian ti thiu khc nhau gia
cc c tuyn nhm ngn nga vic tc ng ng thi ca hai Recloser.
II.5.2. Nguyn tc phi hp c bn ca Recloser in t
Recloser iu khin in t lun p ng c kh nng phi hp rng tha
mn yu cu ca tng h thng ring bit. Vi cc Recloser cn phi hp, cn ch
n dng ct nh nht i vi s c chm t v chm pha, cng nh vic chn cc
c tuyn TCC, chu trnh thao tc, khong thi gian tc ng v cc yu t ph
khc.
Cc Recloser in t k cn c th phi hp st nhau v khng c s v hiu
ho hay s tri (follow through) ca mch in t. Nu Recloser pha ti gii tr
s c nhanh hn Recloser pha ngun th s phi hp c bo m. Thi gian ct
pha s c pha ti cng vi sai s phi nh hn thi gian ct s c pha ngun tr
i sai s.
Vic phi hp Recloser vi Recloser trn h thng li phn phi sau khi
c xc nh theo in p nh mc, cng sut ct, cng sut dng lin tc, sau
xc nh dng ct nh nht v c tuyn TCC.
104

i vi Recloser in t vic chn dng ct nh nht khng th thay th cho


cng sut dng lin tc ln nht ca Recloser, dng ct nh nht c lp trnh
trong mch iu chnh khng ph thuc vo cc nh mc dng lin tc ln nht
ca Recloser. Tuy nhin, dng ct nh nht c chn theo gi tr dng ti nh
c d on trc v m bo Recloser tc ng i vi bt c dng s c no
trong vng bo v ca n.
V vic bo v s c thong qua l cn thit cho ng dy, gia Recloser ti
trm bin p v Recloser pha ti nn Recloser ti trm phi c t nht mt ln tc
ng nhanh. Recloser pha ti s phi hp vi Recloser pha ngun nu n c s ln
tc ng nhanh bng hay ln hn s ln tc ng nhanh ca Recloser pha ngun.
Cc c tuyn tc ng chm c chn cho Recloser pha ti tc ng ct hn
s c vnh cu m khng c phn d tr ct sau khi n thc hin tc ng nhanh.
Vic ct ng thi c th b loi tr bng cch chn cc c tuyn ph hp v dng
cc ng dng phi hp khc (ch tun t ca Mc Graw Edison).
II.5.3. Nhng trng thi c bit v ph tr ca Recloser in t
Khi s dng Recloser vo nhng phi hp ohc tp, c th ng dng cc c
tnh v cc ph tr khc nhau sn c ca Recloser in t, s lm tng tnh linh hot
v s phi hp. Cc phi hp c th phc tp hn nhng cc ph tr s cung cp
nhiu thun li cho vic vb hnh h thng.
II.5.3.1. Phi hp tun t
c im s dng phi hp tun t nhm nng cao tnh phc v lin tc trn
nhng ng dy c bo v bng Recloser ni tip. N ngn nga cc thao tc
nhanh khng cn thit ca Recloser pha ngun khi nhng s c c th b xa bi
Recloser pha ti. V khi Recloser pha ngun v Recloser pha ti c cng c
tuyn TCC th chng s tc ng nhanh ng thi khi xy ra s c vnh cu pha
ti, ngay c khi chng khng ct ng thi th Recloser pha ngun s ct hai ln
nhanh trn c tuyn nhanh ca n khi Recloser pha ti ang hot ng c tuyn
tc ng chm ca n. Do vic hn ch s ln tc ng nhanh ca Recloser pha
ngun l cn thit.
Trong vic phi hp tun t, Recloser pha ngun ch thc hin m s ln tc
ng nhanh ca Recloser pha ti nhng s khng ct. V vy, khi s c b pht hin
bi Recloser pha ngun th n khng thc hin thao tc ct v khi Recloser pha ti
t n thi gian tc ng chm th n t ct gii tr s c di Recloser pha ti,
nn s ct in khu vc gia hai Recloser s c hn ch.
S phi hp tun t ch hot ng da trn s ln tc ng nhanh, v vy s
ln tc ng trong khi phi hp tun t s c xc nh da trn s ln tc ng

105

nhanh ca Recloser pha ngun. c tuyn TCC nhanh ca Recloser pha ngun
phi c phn ng chm hn c tuyn TCC tc ng nhanh pha ti.
II.5.3.2. Chc nng ct dng tc thi.

Cc bc tun t ca chng
trnh, nhng tip im ca
Recloser vn ng

ACR1
ACR1

ng
M

Ngt hn

ACR2

ACR2

S c

Thi gian

Hnh 53 Trnh t ct tc thi

mc dng s c cao hn, c im ct tc thi s m rng tm phi hp ca


Recloser vi cc thit b bo v pha ngun. c im ny cho php b iu khin
cc c tnh dng s c c lp trnh tc ng Recloser lp tc ct dng s c m
khng cn thc hin khong thi gian tr trong ch hot ng theo c tuyn
TCC ci t trc , nhm trnh gy h hng thit b trn li phn phi.
Kh nng ct tc thi c th c lp trnh thc hin khi dng s c vt qu
dng ct nh nht mt bi s c chn ty thuc vo tng trng hp c th.
Trng thi ct tc thi c th ci t mt hay nhiu ln ty theo th t phi hp.
Khi s dng chc nng ny ct dng s c chm t th bi s ny khng nht
thit phi bng bi s dng s c pha.
Khi ng dng Recloser cho h thng phn phi v s dng trng thi ct tc
thi th bi s ny c th thay i bt k trong phm vi c sn ca nh sn xut.
II.5.3.3. Chc nng kha tc thi
c im kho tc thi lm cho Recloser tr nn linh ng hn, n cho php
b iu khin t ng ct ngn chu trnh khi gp dng s c cao hn mt mc t
trc. Vi chc nng ph tr ny cho php gim ti a nh hng ca s c c
cng ln, cc s c gn ni m s c vnh cu c xc xut cao v khng yu
cu c s phi hp vi cc thit b pha cui ng dy. Kh nng h hi thit b
hay dy dn s gim ng k khi gim s ln tc ng ct s c trn mc t
trc.

106

Kha tc thi hot ging nh ct tc thi. c tnh ny c t ct hn b


iu khin sau mt, hai hay ba ln tc ng.
II.5.3.4. S kt hp gia ct tc thi v kha tc thi.
S kt hp ct tc thi v kha tc thi to ra mt ng khc cho b iu khin
l kh nng cung cp ba khu vc bo v.
Hot ng iu khin s c vng 3 l Recloser c ci t 2 nhanh 2 chm,
theo s phi hp Recloser vi cu ch khi xy ra s c bnh thng F2.
Ci t ct dng tc thi bi s ct dng nh nht l 4, cc s c khu vc
2, ni m c th vt qu mc 1600A c th s gy ra 4 ln thao tc ct tc thi.
Tuy nhin, s c xy ra sau thit b phn on, do c s phi hp vi thit b phn
on, nn hot ng b gii hn n ln hot ng th 3 ca Recloser th thit b
phn on s ct s c F1 hon ton.
V vng 1 gn s c F1, ni dng s c ln gy chy dy dn hay h hng
thit b vng 1, nn kho tc thi s tc ng khng lm vic theo th t iu
khin ci t trc. t trng thi kha tc thi vi bi s ct nh nht l 16, tc l
trng thi kha tc thi xy ra khi dng s c vt mc 6400A. Do gim ti a s
ln dng s c cao c cm nhn nn gim c kh nng h hi thit b v dy.
Khi xc sut s c qu cao c th xy ra vng 1 th kho tc thi cho php hai ln
thao tc vng1.
II.5.3.5. Thi gian t ng li
Thi gian gia thao tc m tip im v thao tc ng tip im tip theo ca
Recloser (khng xem xt ct hn) l khong thi gian t ng li. Cc tip im ca
Recloser m trong khong t 0.5s n 60s ty thuc vo loi Recloser va tng h
thng. Thng thng, ngi ta ci t thi gian ng tr li l 2s trong hu ht cc
ng dng thc t.
Recloser in t cho php ta lp trnh thi gian ng li vi phm vi rt rng,
t ng li tc thi cho n thi gian ng li c th n 60s v thng thng ngi
ta chn thi gian bng cch nhn thi gian chun vi h s nhn do ta nh trc.

Ht chng !

107

CHNG 6:
SNG HI

CHNG 6:
SNG HI
Ta bit rng theo l thuyt cc ngun tc ng (l nhng tn hiu c a
n mch) tn ti trn li in l cc hm iu ha. Thc t cc ngun tc ng
ny trong li in khng phi lc no cng l hm iu ha, m n c th c hnh
dng bt k, bao gm nhiu thnh phn tn s trong c cc thnh phn tn s
no (ha tn) khc vi thnh phn tn s c bn m ta mong mun s nh
hng nht nh cho s hot ng ca mch v cc phn t trong li in. Khi
cc p ng trong mch cng s l cc qu trnh nhiu tn s.

109

I. L thuyt sng hi
I.1. Cc ngun gy sng hi trong li in:
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc thit b in t (nh b iu chnh tc ng
c, cc b chnh lu iu khin, my vi tnh,...) gy ra nhiu vn lin quan
n sng ha tn trong li in. i vi h thng truyn ti in th nh ch yu
do cm khng t ha phi tuyn ca my bin p, thit b h quang nh: cc l in
h quang, cc my hn, cc cun khng in trong cc thit b hot ng trn c s
cm ng in t.
i vi iu kin vn hnh khng cn bng gia cc pha nh in p h thng
khng cn bng, tng tr h thng hay ti khng cn bng mi thnh phn sng hi
c th xy ra trong ba thnh phn (thun, nghch, khng). Ngoi ra cc t b trong
li in thng kt hp vi cm khng li to ra mch cng hng lm khuch
i cc dng hi c tn s ln cn tn s cng hng tn ti trong li. Sau y i
xem xt chi tit cc ngun ha tn.
I.1.1. Ti phi tuyn:
Do ? ti phi tuyn tng tr ca n thay i, dng m n hp thu s khng sin
mc d in p t vo c tnh sin v t c th to nn ngun dng ha tn bm
vo h thng. Cc ti phi tuyn thng gp nh:
o Cc qu trnh chnh lu in p.
o Thit b vn phng v dn dng nh: UPS, my tnh, my photocopy TV,
n hunh quang...
o B iu chnh tc ng c.
o Thit b thuc lnh vc in cng ngh: my hn, l h quang...
I.1.1.1. Cc qu trnh chnh lu in p:
Nhng tin b vt bc ca lnh vc in t cng sut to c s cho cc b
chuyn i in v chng tr thnh ngun gy sng hi chnh trong h thng.
Cc b chnh lu c s dng rng ri nh:
+ AC/DC
+ AC/DC/AC
V d: cho mt h thng c chnh lu:

110

I dc

Vac

I ac

Vdc

Hnh 54 S ca h thng chnh lu

Vi tnh phi tuyn ca b chnh lu to ra sng hi lm mo dng cc in p


VAC v dng in cung cp iAC.
Hnh 55 Dng sng v ph in p do nh hng ca chnh lu:
10
8
6

4
2
0
-2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Time (s)

0.1

3
2.5
2

A 1.5
1
0.5
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Hz

B chnh lu cung cp ngun cho cc ti thng thng c m t bng s


xung ca chng nh 3, 6,12, 24 xung v hn na. Bc ca sng hi c sinh ra t
b chnh lu ph thuc vo s xung ca b chnh lu theo biu thc:
h = kn 1,

k =1, 2, 3...

Khi gi tr ca dng hi trong iu kin l tng do cc b chnh lu ny


c th xc nh theo biu thc:
Ih =

I1
;
h

I1: ln hi c bn

V d: Gi tr phn trm ca cu chnh lu 6 xung


Theo l thuyt, dng in c dng sng hnh ch nht.
111

Trong thc t, dng dng in ca chnh lu 6 xung khng hon ton vung,
do gi tr thc ca sng hi nh hn gi tr l thuyt. Gi tr ny c th c tnh
xp x bng cng thc:
Ih =

I1
1.2

h
h

vi 5 h 31

Bng 1.1: Gi tr phn trm ca cu chnh lu 6 xung


I5
I7
I11
I13
I17
I19
I23
I25
I29
I31
I1
100% 18.9% 11% 5.9% 4.8% 3.4% 3% 2.3% 2.1% 1.8% 1.6%
I.1.1.2. Ngun cung cp dng in DC cho computer:
Dng sng dng in b cp ngun cho my tnh:

V(t)

I(t)

Dng hi gy ra bi ngun ny cao hay thp cn ph thuc vo ti v tng tr


ca mng in pha trn ngun. Gi tr ca dng hi hai cp cao v thp c
cho bng 1.2:
I1
100%
100%

Cao
Thp

I3
130%
65%

I5
70%
35%

I7
50%
25%

I9
30%
15%

I11
10%
5%

I.1.1.3. Ti chiu sng:


Gi tr dng hi sinh ra bi n hunh quang v n chn lu in t c
cho theo bng sau:
Bng 1.3: Gi tr % ca dng hi ca n hunh quang
I1
100%

I3
35%

I5
27%

I7
10%

I9
2.5%

112

I11
3.5%

I13
1.5%

I15
1.5%

Cc loi dn phng in chn lu in t sinh ra ngun hi tng t nh b


ngun cung cp in cho my vi tnh.
I.1.1.4. B lu in (UPS):
Hin nay nhu cu dng UPS bo m lin tc trong s dng in ca
khch hng ang gia tng. Do UPS cng l 1 ngun hi quan trng nh hng
n h thng.
Bng 1.4: Gi tr % ca dng hi ca b UPS model GALAXY:
I1
100%

I5
33%

I7
2.5%

I11
6.1%

I13
2.4%

I17
2.5%

I19
1.6%

I.1.1.5. B iu tc:
B iu tc dng cc mch in t cng sut iu khin tc ng c,
c bit thng s dng cho ng c khng ng b. Do b iu tc cng pht
sinh dng hi nh cc ti chnh lu.
i vi b iu tc iu khin tc cho ng c khng ng b, kt qu
kho st cho bit dng hi ca chng sinh ra ph thuc vo:
+ T s cng sut ngn mch ca h thng (SSC) v cng sut biu kin ca
b iu tc (Sn).
+ T l phn trm gia cng sut biu kin ng c Sm so vi cng sut biu
kin ca b iu tc.
Bng 1.5: Gi tr dng hi b iu tc ng c khng ng b vi
Sm=1OO%Sn
I1
I5
Sm =100%Sn
SSC=250%Sn 100% 85%
SSC=100%Sn 100% 73%
SSC=50%Sn 100% 63%

I7
I11
I13
72% 41% 27%
52% 16% 7%
35% 6.2% 1.3%

I17
8%
7%
/

I19
5%
5%
/

I23
6%
3%
/

I25
5%
3%
/

Gi tr dng hi b iu tc ng c khng ng b vi Sm=1OO%Sn


Sm=50%Sn
I1
I5
I7
I11
I13
I17
I19
I23
I25
SSC=250%Sn 100% 90.5% 82% 59.5% 48% 25.5% 16.5% 6% 4.5%
SSC=100%Sn 100% 82% 66.5% 33% 19.5% 7%
6.5% 5% 3.5%
SSC=50%Sn 100% 74.3% 53.9% 18.3% 7.9% 1.9% 2.5%
/
/
Cng sut ng c cng ln th gi tr dng hi cng nh do:
Ih =

Ih
Sm
*100 ; I 1 =
I1
3 *U 1

113

I.1.1.6. L h quang:
Trong thc t cc l quang thng dng trong ngnh cng nghip thp c s
nguyn l nh Hnh1.4.
Vi l h quang xoay chiu, sng hi to ra l phi tuyn, bt i xng v
khng n nh. N sinh ra dng hi bc chn, l v ph lin tc.
Vi l h quang mt chiu, c cp in qua b chnh lu tnh dng
Thyristor th sinh cc dng hi bc cao nh b chnh lu v tnh lin tc ca ph
dng in mc nh hn l h quang dung in AC.
HV

HV
Transformer

Transformer

Cable

Cable
Rectifier

Furnace
Cable

Hnh
Furnace
Hnh 2.4b
Hnh 56 a) L h quang c cp ngun AC
b) L h quang c cp ngun DC

I.1.2. Bo ha mch t my bin p:


Khi t ha li thp my bin p, do mch t bo ha s lm xut hin nhng
hin tng m trong mt s trng hp nh hng n trng thi lm vic ca my
bin p. y xt nhng nh hng ng k khi my bin p lm vic khng
ti.
Ta bit rng khi t vo dy qun s cp in p hnh sin th s sinh ra dng
in khng ti io chy trong n, dng in khng ti io ny sinh ra t thng chy
trong li thp. y nu khng k n tn hao trong li thp th dng in khng
ti io thun ty l dng in phn khng dng t ha li thp. Khi quan h
=f(io) cng chnh l quan h t ha B=F(H). Trn c s l thuyt mch, do hin
tng bo ha ca li thp, nu l hnh sin th io khng hnh sin v c dng nhn
114

u v trng pha vi , ngha l dng in io ngoi thnh phn sng c bn cn c


cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao 3, 5, 7..., trong ng ch l thnh phn hi bc
3 ln nht v ng k hn c, cn cc thnh phn khc kh nh.

Hnh 57 Hin tng t tr v bo ha mch t lm mo dng sng dng in.

I.1.3. My pht cp cho ti khng i xng:


Trong qu trnh cung cp in c th xy ra cc trng hp ti cc pha khng
bng nhau. Nh vy my pht in ng b lm vic ti khng i xng, trong
my in ng b s sinh ra mt s hin tng bt li nh in p khng i xng,
cc sng hi sc in ng v dng in bc cao. V c bit khi c dng ha tn
pht sinh mch ngoi tc ng ln u cc my pht t c s bin thin t tr
phn ng gia cc khe h ca stator v rotor ca my lm chuyn i bc dng ha
tn ny lan truyn vo trong h thng.
I.1.4. Li in:
Li in tn ti cc hi p do nh hng ca cc ti tiu th (cng nghip v
dn dng). y l cn c nh gi cht lng sng hi ca li in. Kim sot
cc ngun nhiu ha tn tc ng ln h thng nng cao cht lng in nng
cho khch hng.

115

I.2. nh hng ca sng hi n cc thit b in:


Sng hi nh hng n tt c cc thit b trong li in, s tn ti ca chng
lm gim cht lng in nng gy ra mt s vn sau:
I.2.1. My in quay:
Vn quan tm trc tin v cc dng in v in p iu ha l s tng
nhit . Cc thnh phn ha tn nh hng n hiu sut my, gia tng nhit, tn
tht in nng.
Tn hao do dng in Foucault t l vi bnh phng tn s:
PFe=keB2f2
Tn hao do hin tng t tr t l vi tn s:
Erms=4,44kdqwphf
Do , khi my pht nui ti phi tuyn, dng hi bc cao s to ra tn tht
ph v mment p mch trong my pht do tn tht dng Foucault t l vi bnh
phng tn s, cn tn tht do t tr t l vi tn s, gy cho my in nng ln,
gy ra tn tht in nng v gim hiu sut ca my pht.
Khi ha tn in p xut hin th tn ti dng ha tn ng c nh hng tc
quay ca ng c gy nn hin tng rung trong my in do t trng p
mch pht sinh bi dng th t khng. Nguy him hn l trong mt s trng hp
khi tn s rung gy ra bi ha tn trng vi tn s dao ng c hc ca my in
d dn n ph hy my.
S tc ng khc nhau gia cc sng hi, mt t thng pht sinh tng hp
trong khe h khng kh trong cm ng ba pha khi in p khng sin s lm ra ting
n.
I.2.2. My bin p:
My bin p cng b nh hng ca sng hi bc cao. Sng hi bc cao gy
ra tn hao v gy nhiu ln mch t ca n.
*Tn hao Joule:
Ta c: PCu=R.I2rms
M:

I 2rms = I12 +

I 2p

p =2

=> Dng ha tn bc cao cng ln th tn hao Joule cng tng.


*Tn hao st t gm tn hao do dng in xoy v tn hao do t ha:
Tn hao do dng in xoy: Pxoy = keB2f2
Tn hao do t ha: Erms=4,44kdqwphf
=> Khi tn s hi cng cao gy nn tn hao st t cng cao.
116

Khi c dng hi bc cao, tn tht st v tn tht t thng tn s tng ln. Tn


tht ng do t l vi bnh phng dng in nn cng tng v hin tng t tr cc
sng hi gy bo ha mch t v tt c chng lm gia tng nhit , lm cho MBA
lm vic b qu ti gy ra chy my.
o Tn hao cch in: Khi lm vic vi tn s cao dn n cc qu trnh ho l
xy ra lin tc tn tht in mi mau chng gi ci hn so vi lm vic in p
hnh sin. phn cc tg tng gp i sau hai nm lm vic vi ngun c mo
dng THD=5%.
Pe=U2..C.tg
Vi U: in p t ln hai u cch in
C =r..S/d ;
tn s gc;
tg h s tn hao in mi.
Do nh hng ca cc yu t trn MBA hot ng di cng sut nh mc.
Thng ngi ta s dng h s suy gim cng sut:
k=

1
I
1 + 0,1 h
h=2 I1

1,6
p

<1

vi

h: bc hi;
I1: dng in hi c bn
Qua ta thy MBA c cng sut nh mc Sn th ch c php cung cp
cho ti c cng sut l k.Sn
V d: ti dng Switchmode Power Supply c cung cp bi MBA cng
sut 250KVA
Bng 1.6: Gi tr dng hi ca b Computer Switch Power Supply
I3
I5
I7
I9
I1
100%
130%
70%
50%
30%
Khi h s MBA theo (1.4) c xc nh:
=> k = 0,532 v cng sut MBA ti thiu l 470KVA

I11
10%

Theo tiu chun IEE57 1200-1980 a ra gii hn i vi cc sng hi dng


in ti trong my bin p 0,05pu gi tr h s iu ha dng in. Tiu chun ca
gi tr in p hiu dng cc i m MBA phi chu ng trng thi xc lp l 5%
ti nh mc v 10% ch khng ti. Cc tr s hiu dng ca cc thnh phn
iu ha trong in p s dng khng vt qu gi tr nh mc ny.
I.2.3. Dy trung tnh:
Dng chy trong dy trung tnh c th coi bng khng. Tuy nhin, li 3 pha
cung cp cho cc ti khng i xng lun c dng chy trong dy trung tnh. Do
nu h thng cn bng khi xut hin sng hi trong li in nht l hi bi ba chy
trong dy trung tnh s c khuch i ln 3 ln theo biu thc di c th vt
qu gi tr pht nng cho php ca dy dn theo biu thc:
117

I N = 3I o +

3I

k =3, 6 , 9 ,...

cos(kt k )

Trong h thng ni t TN-C, khi dng hi bc 3 v bi 3 tn ti th an


ton ca h thng gim v ta phi trnh xa ch ni t khng b in git.
I.2.4. Dy dn in:
Cng mt cng sut tiu th nhng khi dy dn dng hi tn hao nhit trn
dy dn cao hn do:
o Gy pht nng qu mc cho php ca dy dn do gi tr hiu dng s tng
ln.
o Do nh hng ca hiu ng b mt, in tr ca dy dn cng tng khi tn
s cng ln.
I.2.5. Nhiu in t:
Dng hi bi ba chy trong dy trung tnh ca cc s TN-C s to s
chnh lch th trn dy. iu ny c th dn n tng dng trn cc lin kt thng
tin gia v ca hai thit b, c th bc x nhiu in t ln mn hnh ca my tnh.
I.2.6. T in:
i vi cc b t in, dung khng ca cc t gim khi tn s tng ln. Do
cc t thng rt nhy vi tn s ca ngun cung cp. Trong thc t, iu ny c
ngha l ch mt gi tr nh ca sng hi in p c th to nn dng in ln i qua
mch cha t. nh hng ca cc thnh phn iu ha trn b t in l s gia
tng nhit ca in mi cao hn.
Tiu chun ca ANSI/IEEE 18-1980 qui nh cc gii hn v in p, dng
in v cng sut phn khng ca cc b t in. N c dng xc nh cc
mc iu ha ti a cho php.
Tiu chun ny ti a cho php cc t in c th s dng trong cc gii hn
sau y, bao gm cc thnh phn iu ha:
o 110% in p hiu dng nh mc.
o 120% in p nh nh mc.
o 180% dng in hiu dng nh mc.
o 135% cng sut phn khng nh mc.
nng cao h s cng sut thng c s dng t b cng sut phn
khng. Cc t in v in khng ca mng in khi kt hp vi nhau to ra mch
cng hng khuch i cc dng hi c tn s gn tn s cng hng.
Cc dng cng hng thng gp:

118

o Cng hng ni tip: cc trng hp b dc cng hng ni tip


c th lm tng dng hi ca h thng
S :
XL

XC

Ih

Power
System

Hnh 58 Mch cng hng ni tip

o Cng hng song song:


S :
XL

Power
System

Ih
XC

Hnh 59 Mch cng hng song song

Khi ta c:
+ Tn s cng hng:
fr =

XC
XL

+H s khuch i:
K=

R
LSC h

=R

Qbu S SC
C
=
LSC
P

Hi p bc h cng hng lm tng bin dng hi qua t ln K ln.


Nhn thy trong li in cng nghip K c th rt ln, khi xy ra cng
hng th s gy qu p trn t in gy h hng t in.
o Cng hng phn b: Dng cng hng ny thng gp trong mng
in c ng dy di.
S :
Substation

XL
Ih

XC

Hnh 60 Mch cng hng phn b

119

N lc ny nhm s dng qu nh mc cc t in trong cc iu kin


khng bnh thng, chng hn trong cc iu kin c sng hi. Lin quan n vic
t b cho ph ti, cc gin t b cng sut phn khng thng c ghp song song
li in ti thanh gp cc trm b. T b khng trc tip sinh ra sng ha tn,
nhng n kt hp cm khng ca li to nn mch cng hng, mch ny c
th khuch i cc sng ha tn bc cao c sn trong li in.
Cc h thng t b ny khi m tn s dao ng ring ca h thng ny t
gi tr gn bng vi mt sng hi ring bit no , hin tng cng hng ring s
xy ra. Lc ny, in p v dng in ca sng hi lin quan s c khuch i
ln. Trong trng hp c bit ny, dng in t gi tr cao lm nng qu mc t
in, lm gim cht lng in mi v hu qu ko theo l gy hng t in.
I.2.7. nh hng n cc thit b khc:
Gy ch th sai i vi thit b o lng v d nh thit b kim tra cch in
thng trc (PIM) th khi c hi bi bc cao c th c dng trn dy trung tnh, PIM
c th nhn thy v bo tn hiu sai hoc i vi cc CB in t khi c sng hi c
th lm CB tc ng khng mong mun.
Lm tng nhit my ct, nh hng kh nng ct dng ca my ct do dng
hi tn ti lm tng dng hiu dng qua my ct dn n my ct tc ng sai lch.
Cc my ct hot ng ct khng c do cc cun ct khng c kh nng
vn hnh thch hp trong iu kin hin din cc sng hi phc tp.
Sng hi gy nn trng thi vn hnh khng mong mun ca cu ch (do l
c tnh thi gian v dng in ca cc dy ch).
S xut hin cc dng in trong dy trung tnh gy tc ng chc nng ca
cc relay (nh relay pht hin dng r, dng chm t...).
Sng hi trong h thng lm relay c th tc ng sai. Do relay hot ng
ph thuc vo tr nh ca in p v dng in. Do chng chu nh hng trc
tip bi s mo dng ca sng hi. Cc loi relay bo v c th tc ng sai do hin
tng mo dng dng hay p.
i vi cc n chiu sng trong cc chn lu c t v cun cm sng hi
gy cng hng to nn s gia tng nhit gy h hng.
Gy kch dn khng ng thi im cho cc thit b cng sut, h hng cc
phn t trong b lc ca ng dy s dng trong h thng thng tin.
Cc thit b truyn dn iu khin t xa s vn hnh sai nu tn s sng
hi gn vi tn s truyn dn.

120

I.3. Phng php khc phc ha tn:


Sng hi tn ti v gy nn nhng tc hi ngim trng n li in v cc
thit b s dng in. Chng ta khng th kh c hon ton sng hi nhng vi
nhiu bin php khc nhau, ngi ta c th gim nh hng sng hi n gi tr cho
php. Trong mc ny s gii thiu mt s bin php thc tin dng gim nh
hng ca sng hi.
I.3.1. Dng cun khng trit sng hi:
+ Nguyn l lp t:
Bng cch t cun cm mc ni tip vi t C v t ti thanh ci trm gim
p chnh. Khi iu kin cng hng song song dch chuyn khi tn s kho st
v tn s thp hn.
E
LSC

L
C

Ti phi tuyn

LSC

L
C

R V
h

Ih

a)S n tuyn
b)S tng ng
Hnh 61 S n tuyn v s tng ng LC

Trong o:
R: in tr c trng cho cng sut tc dng ca ti tuyn tnh
Lsc: in cm ngn mch t h thng
L: in cm ca cun khng trit hi
C: in dung ca t b
Ih: Ngun hi thay th cho ti phi tuyn
Cun cm mc ni tip vi t to mch cng hng ni tip LC tn s fr.
Tn s ca mch bao gm LSC mc song song vi nhnh LC c gi l tn
s chng cng hng far, ti tn s ny tr khng tng ng ca mng in l R.
Tr khng tng ng ca mch in:

1
1
1
= j
+
Z eq
LSC L 1

1
+
R

Cng hng ni tip nhnh LC:


fr =

1
2 LC

Tn s chng cng hng:


121

f ar =
Zeq()

1
2 ( L + LSC )C
Tng tr ca
mng in

Tng tr
ngun

far

f(Hz)
fr Di tn s cc hi khng mong mun

Hnh 62 Tng tr ca mng in khi lp t cun cm trit hi

o Dng cng hng chy qua mch lc, khng chy v ngun. Cc hi p c
sn trn thanh ci kt ni vi mch lc LC m cng tn s vi tn s cng hng
u b loi b. C th t nhiu mch lc LC kh cc bc hi cn quan tm nhm
t c h s mo dng p mong mun.
o Ti cc tn s hi, tr khng tng ng c gi tr gn bng tr khng
ngn mch. V th, h s mo dng in p c gi tr hu nh khng i so vi
trng hp khng c nhnh LC c ngha l vic lp t t b v cun cm chng
hi khng lm tng tr khng ngun. V th khng lm tng s mo dng in p.
o Ti cc tn s hi, tr khng nhnh LC cao hn tr khng ngn mch nhiu
nn dng hi ch chy qua tr khng ngn mch v ngun m khng chy qua t
nn khng cn bo v t in.
o i vi tn s cng hng song song t chu nh hng ca tr khng
ngun do in cm ca cun chng hi thng ln hn tr khng ngun (t 2->9
ln).
o Mch in s cng hng hai tn s khc nhau (far<fr). cng hng
khng xy ra hon ton th cn thit bo m hai tn s cng hng ny nh hn
hai tn s hi cn c bo v. V khi tn s cao hn tn s cng hng ni
tip th XL ln hn XC tc l nhnh ni tip LC gn nh ch c cun cm. Nhnh
ny mc song song vi cm khng ngun Xsc nn khng c iu kin xy ra cng
hng.
Khi lp t cun cm trit hi cn lu :
o Cng sut b phn khng ca nhnh LC ln ch c t:
122

Q=

pr2
Qn
pr2 1

pr l bc cng hng
Qn: Cng sut phn khng b nh mc ca t
Bng 1.7: Cng sut b ng vi bc cng hng
pr

2,7

3,8

4,3

4,8

Q/Qn

1,16

1,07

1,06

1,05

o in p ca t khi mc ni tip vi cun khng trit hi ln hn


in p bnh thng t hot ng c lp.
VC =

pr2
Vn
pr2 1

o Khi ng in cho nhm mch lc LC th cn thit phi ng tun t mch


lc thp nht n mch lc c bc cao hn, trnh vn chng cng hng trong
sut qu trnh ng mch lc. Gi s khi ta cp ngun cho mch lc 13 trc mch
lc bc 11, th s c nguy c hi bc 11 b tc ng bi s chng cng hng gy
qu ti trn mch lc bc 11.
o Ti tn s c bn, dung khng ca mi b lc thng ln hn cm khng
nn hu ht in p tn s cng nghip s xut hin trn t. V vy mch LC cng
ng gp vo vic hiu chnh h s cng sut.
I.3.2.

Dng cc mch lc:


I.3.2.1. Mch lc th ng:
oMch lc LC:

Bao gm mt nhnh L, C vi tn s c iu chnh n tn s ca


sng hi (Hnh 1.9a trng hp trn) xong s cng hng ca n xy ra mt tn
s hoc ti mt p hi no . Khi cc dng hi s i vo mch LC v khng i
vo phn li pha trc. C th t nhiu mch lc LC kh cc bc hi ti tn
s mong mun. Ti tn s c bn dung khng ca b lc thng ln hn cm khng
ca n nn mch lc cng gp phn hiu chnh h s cng sut.
oMch lc cn:
Cc ngun ha tn c ph lin tc s c mt phn ph m tn s ca
n gn vi vi tn s chng cng hng ca mch lc, iu ny lm tng bin
hi p. khc phc iu c th t thm mt in tr R song song vi cun
dy trong mch lc u vo.

123

oMch lc kp:
Mch lc kp c to t hai mch lc LC kt ni vi nhau qua in
tr R. Hot ng ca mch lc ny l gim tn s chng cng hng ang tn ti
gia hai tn s iu chnh ca hai nhnh song song

oCc mch lc th ng ch p dng trong cc trng hp ngun hi


c bin n nh s bc thp (5,7, 9), gii quyt khng hiu qu cc ngun hi c
ph lin tc. tng hiu qu ca lc sng hi dng b lc tch cc.
I.3.2.2. Mch lc tch cc:
Hin nay y l phng php ang c pht trin hn ch sng hi. Cc
b lc ny l cc b nghch lu da trn k thut bin i rng xung PMW v
nguyn l m t nh Hnh 1.11. Vai tr ca b lc tch cc l cung cp vo mng
mt dng hi va ng bng dng hi c to pha sau nhng ngc pha. B lc
ny gii quyt rt hiu qu cc ngun hi c ph lin tc. Nhng n khng lc c
nhng hi c sn trn li.

124

Hnh 63 Nguyn l ca Mch lc tch cc

Hnh 64 Kt qu ca mch lc tch cc

Kt qu l ta s trit c ng k dng hi bm vo h thng lm cho dng


cung cp t bin dng hn.
I.3.3. Dng b chuyn i xung trong thit b i in, iu khin:
Ngoi ra bin php cng hu hiu hn ch cc sng iu ha bc cao do
cc b i in gy ra l s dng cc s bin i nhiu xung. V d b bin i n
xung ch c thnh phn hi bc (nk-l) (k s nguyn) tn ti.
Cc b chuyn i nhiu xung kt hp, cch u dy ca MBA (nh u tam
gic kiu Zig-Zag hn ch hi bi ba) cng gp phn gim sng hi. Khi ch c
cc dng hi bc cao th cc thnh phn hi c bin ln c trit tiu.

125

II. Phng php tnh sng hi ca phn mm


PSS/ADEPT 5.0

Vi cc ph ti tnh, ng c khng ng b, ng c ng b, t in mc
shunt, ng dy v cp, v my bin p, m hnh sng hi thng c dng
xc nh gi tr tng tr mt hi cho trc.
Mi thnh phn ca li in c phng trnh tnh gi tr tng tr tng ng.

II.1. Phng php phn tch


II.1.1. Ti tnh
Ti tnh c m hnh ho thnh 2 phn, mt l in tr v in khng mc
ni tip, v mt l in tr v in khng mc song song.
Vi phn ti tnh mc ni tip, in tr v in khng tn s c bn l:

(14)
vi:

126

V = in p

Fs = tn s c bn (phn ni tip)

R = in tr

S* = lin hp phc ca cng sut


ti P jQ (trn mi pha)

X = in khng

S bin i tng tr theo bc ca hi c tnh theo cng thc:

(15)
Vi:
Z(H) = tng tr hi bc H
i vi phn ti tnh mc song song, in tr v in khng tn s c bn l:

(16)
vi:
R = in tr
X = in khng
V = in p
Fp = tn s c bn (phn song song)
P = kW
Q = kvar
S bin thin ca tng tr theo bc ca hi c cho bi cng thc:

(17)
vi:

(18)
vi:
Cp1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ca ti (phn song song ca ti)
127

Cp2 = h s m in khng ca ti (phn song song ca ti)


II.1.2. ng c khng ng b
ng c khng ng b c biu din bi m hnh lng sc i c tng tr thay
i theo tn s trt cho trc. in tr ng c khng ng b thay i theo sng
hi nh sau:

(19)

vi:
R0(H) = in tr th t khng hi bc H
in khng ng c khng ng b thay i theo sng hi nh sau:

(20)
X0(H) = in khng th t khng hi bc H
C4 = h s m in khng ng c
Tng tr tng ng trt cho trc c tnh bng cch s dng in tr v
in khng c iu chnh theo tn s nh trn ni. tn s sng hi, trt
c tnh nh sau:

(21)
vi:
s(H) = trt hi bc H
s1 = trt tn s c bn
Khi ng c khng ng b c ni t, tng tr ni y c tnh nh sau:

(22)
vi:
Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H
128

Rg = in tr ni t
Xg = in khng ni t
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t
in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip.
II.1.3. ng c ng b
ng c ng b c biu din bi in khng siu qu v th t khng ca n
v bi in tr phn ng v th t nghch. in tr ng c ng b bin thin theo sng
hi nh sau:

(23)
vi:
Ra(H) = in tr phn ng hi bc H
R2(H) = in tr th t nghch hi bc H
in khng ng c ng b bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:

vi:
X"d(H) = in khng siu qu hi bc H
X0 = in khng th t khng
C4 = h s m in khng ng c
Tng tr ng c ng b th t thun, nghch v khng l:

(24)
vi:
Z0 = tng tr th t khng
129

Z1 = tng tr th t thun
Z2 = tng tr th t nghch
Khi ng c ng b c ni t, tng tr ni t c tnh nh sau:

(25)
vi:
Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t
in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip.
II.1.4. T in mc shunt
T in mc shunt c nh ngha bi cng sut phn khng (kvar) m n cung cp
in p danh nh. Reactor mc shunt tiu th cng sut phn khng. Tng tr ca t
in/reactor mc shunt bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:

(26)
vi:
kV = kV c bn ca t in
KVAra = cng sut phn khng ca t in
Khi t in/reactor mc shunt c ni t, tng tr ni t c tnh nh sau:

(27)
vi:
Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t
in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip.
130

II.1.5. ng cy v cp
C 3 m hnh sng hi cho ng dy. l:
ng dy IEEE
Cp IEEE
Hiu chnh ng dy di tu c th p dng cho c 3 m hnh.
ng dy IEEE (M hnh 1)

(28)
Cp IEEE (M hnh 2)

(29)
ng dy v cp t to (M hnh 3)

(30)
Vi:

b0 = tng dn nhnh th t khng

r1 = in tr th t thun
x1 = in khng th t thun

C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt th
t thun

b1 = tng dn nhnh th t thun

C2 = h s m hiu ng b mt th
t khng

r0 = in tr th t khng
x0 = in khng th t khng
131

C3 = h s m in khng th t
thun

C5 = h s m in np th t
thun

C4 = h s m in khng th t
khng

C6 = h s m in np th t
khng

II.1.5.1. Hiu chnh ng dy di


Hiu chnh ng dy di phi c p dng cho [r1(H), x1(H), b1(H)] v [r0(H),
x0(H), b0(H)] thu c cc thng s tp trung ca ng dy [R1(H), X1(H), G1(H),
B1(H)] v [R0(H), X0(H), G0(H), B0(H)] nh sau:

(31)
Thng s tp trung tng ng c tnh nh sau:

(32)
vi:
132

R1 = in tr th t thun

B0 = tng dn nhnh th t khng

X1 = in khng th t thun

G0 = thng s tp trung in dn
shunt th t khng

B1 = tng dn nhnh th t thun

G1 = thng s tp trung in dn
shunt th t thun

R0 = in tr th t khng
X0 = in khng th t khng

Tng tr r c cho bi:

II.1.6. My bin p
C hai m hnh sng hi cho my
bin p:
M hnh IEEE

(33)

M hnh t to (custom)

Tng tr ni t, nu c, c tnh
ging nhau cho tt c cc m hnh ca
my bin p:

My bin p IEEE
Tng tr r c cho bi:

(35)

(34)

vi:

My bin p ty
R1 = in tr
X1 = in khng
H = bc ca hi
C3 = h s m hiu ng b mt
my bin p
C4 = h s m in khng my bin p
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t

133

II.2. Tnh ton sng hi


II.2.1. Tng dn v tng tr
Mi biu din tuyn tnh ca li in m hnh ha tng phn t bng mt
tng dn tnh tn s hi tng ng.
Ngun ca sng hi c xem nh khng hp thu bt c sng hi dng in
no.
mi tn s, ma trn tng dn v tha s s dng k thut thao tc trn ma
trn tha. S tha s ho mi tn s l cn thit v tng dn ca mi phn t thay
i theo tn s.
Ma trn tng dn c tnh theo s pha. Cc phn t m t bi d liu chui
c cha trong ma trn con 3x3 (trong phn tch 3 pha). Bc ca ma trn c tnh
lc bt u php tnh.

mi tn s, tng hng ca ma trn tng tr c tnh bng cch s dng ma


trn tng dn c tha s ha.
Dng in n v c y vo:
I(f) = [0 0 0... 0 1 0 0... 0]
Vector V(f) c gii cho:
Y(f)V(f) = I(f)
Tng tr tng ng Thevenin nt k v tn s f c cho bi:
Zkk(f) = Vk(f)
Tng tr gia nt k v nt j tn s f l:
Zkj(f) = Vj(f)
in p v dng in
Nu ngun sng hi dng in c xt n trong li in, bin v gc
pha dng in ti mi tn s c tnh tng ng vi loi thit b v vic gii cng
phng trnh tng dn s cho in p ti nt cn tm.
Dng in trn ng dy c tnh bi:
Ijk = [Y] [ Vk - Vj ]t
Vi [Y] l ma trn tng dn ca ng dy gia nt j v k.
nhy

Bin thin tng dn ca mt thnh phn li in trong mt khong gi tr,


thay i ma trn tng tr [Z] ca li in bng mt lng tng thm [dZ] m c
th xc nh c t ma trn tng dn ca thnh phn c sa i, [dY]:
[Znew] = [Zold + dZ] = [Y + dY]-1
vi
[Zold] = [Y]-1 l ma trn tng tr c bn, c tnh t [Y], ma trn tng dn
c bn.
[dY] = [A]t [y][A] l ma trn tng dn ca cc thnh phn c sa i.
[y] l mt i lng v hng hoc mt ma trn, thnh phn ca [A] l 0, -1,
or 1.
Bt c thnh phn no ca ma trn tng tr c sa i c th c tnh bi:
[Znew] = [Zold][A]{[y]-1 + [A]t [Zold][A]}-1[A]t [Zold]
Phng trnh ny dng tnh tng tr c sa i v nhy ca in p
nt thay i ca cc thnh phn nhnh.
II.2.2. Tnh ton sng hi
Phn tnh ton sng hi trc tin s tnh phn b cng sut tn s c bn.
Kt qu ca phn phn b cng sut c bn s l nn ca in p nt v dng
in nhnh c s dng tnh cc ch s sng hi v sau.
Sau , vi mi tn s sng hi c s tn ti ca ngun sng hi tng ng
trong li in, kt qu phn b cng sut trc tip c tm bng phng php y
dng.
Cc tn s sng hi c xem xt u l tn s c bc thp, t 2 n 15, cng
vi hi c trng t 17 n 73.
Tng tr ca cc thnh phn c iu chnh da trn tn s hi v loi thnh
phn.
Vi tn s hi bi ba, mt tng tr th t khng c hiu chnh tng ng
vi tn s v mng th t khng c s dng.
T kt qu tnh phn b cng sut sng hi tm c cc thnh phn hi ca
in p nt v dng in nhnh, sau tt c cc ch s sng hi cng c tnh
tng t. i lng THD v IHD ca nt c so snh vi gii hn ca n, gii
hn ny do ngi s dng nhp vo phn Bus Editor, nu khng tha gii hn th
hnh l c c thm vo trong phn bo co dng vn bn k bn nt tng ng
trong phn Thng tin Sng hi.
Kt qu tnh phn b cng sut sng hi s cho ra bo co dng vn bn cha
d liu vo ca h thng, kt qu phn b cng sut c bn, thng tin sng hi trong
135

h thng, v bng in p nt v dng in nhnh vi tt c cc thnh phn sng


hi. Cc kt qu ny cng c th c xem trc tip t s n tuyn s dng
chng trnh Harmonic Load Flow Slider v Harmonic Display Options Editor.
Cng vi bo co dng vn bn v s n tuyn, th in p nt v dng in
nhnh cng c di dng in p v dng in trong min thi gian v ph sng hi
di dng biu hnh thanh.
Mt vn rt c quan tm khi phn tch sng hi l iu kin cng hng
trong li in. V s c mt ca c hai thnh phn in cm v in dung trong
li in, mt s tn s nht nh, iu kin cng hng c th xy ra mt s
nt. Nu cng hng xy ra mt nt c dng in hi c bm vo h thng th
qu p v qu dng xut hin.
Chng trnh Phn tch tn s l cng c tt nht kho st vn cng
hng ca li in. Chng trnh ny tnh ton v v th bin v gc pha ca
tng tr im li nt trong khong tn s do ngi s dng ch nh; do , c th
xc nh d dng bt k iu kin cng hng song song no v tn s trigger ca
n. Phn phn tch tn s sng hi cng cho php ngi s dng hiu chnh thng
s mch lc sng hi v th li kt qu cui cng.
Khong tn s cn phn tch c nhp vo bi ngi s dng, c th bt u
t tn s c bn n tn s cao nht m ngi s dng mun.
Kt qu phn tch tn s c xut ra bo co dng vn bn c cha d liu
u vo h thng, kt qu phn b cng sut c bn, v mt bng cc tng tr im
li nt. Kt qu cng c di dng s n tuyn v th.

Ht chng !

136

CHNG 7:
XC NH V TR B
TI U

CHNG 7:
XC NH V TR B TI U
Bi ton tnh dung lng b quan trng trong qu trnh qun l, vn hnh
li in bi nhng li ch u th ca n mang li: Nng cao kh nng ti ca dy
dn, gim cng sut ngun, gim c tn tht in nng li in,..
Vi c im ca li in trung th cc in lc khu vc ca Cng ty in
lc 2, tri rng trn a bn ln vi chiu di mi pht tuyn trung bnh (c th ln
hn 10km). Do vy, theo nh tnh, tn tht cui ng dy ln, nhu cu cng sut
khng cao v ci thin in p cho li.
Trc y, Cng ty in lc 2 cha c cng c mnh, cc phn mm chuyn
dng tnh cc bi ton ny. Thng s dng cc biu thc tnh tay, do vy
chnh xc cha cao.
Phn mn PSS/ADEPT vi chc nng tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn
li, c th p dng tnh ton cho li in trn a bn.
C th nh gi rng, vic p dng phn mm ny, s mang li hiu qu thit
thc. c bit vic p dng thnh cng bi ton tnh dung lng b s gip in
lc xc nh nhu cu cng sut khng cho ton li, kim tra cc v tr b hin hu
v phc v cng r sot nh gi tng th bi ton b theo c th ring ca li
in do cc in lc khu vc qun l. Bi ton ny gip in lc p dng ngay cc
kt qu tnh ton t PSS/ADEPT vo cng tc c th ang trin khai ti in lc.

138

I. L thuyt b cho li phn phi:


tnh ton dung lng b cho tng pht tuyn, ta phi da vo pht tuyn
xt xem c bao nhiu nhnh ln cn b. Nu pht tuyn khng c nhnh r
ln th vic tnh ton b ch xt trn pht tuyn m thi. Cn nu pht tuyn
c nhiu nhnh ln th ta phi tin hnh tnh ton b trn cc nhnh coi nh cc
nhnh r l mt pht tuyn mi.
Sau y l cch tnh ton dung lng b cho tng pht tuyn:
Xc nh dung lng b tng cho tng pht tuyn:
Qb = P (tg1 - tg2)

(KVAr).

Dung lng b tng ca pht tuyn:


Qb max= Pmax(tg1 - tg2) (KVAr).
Dung lng b ti cc tiu (b nn):
Qb min = Qb nn = Pmin(tg1 - tg2)

(KVAr).

Dung lng b ti cc i (ng ng):


Qb = Qbmax - Qb min

(KVAr).

Trong : Cng sut tc dng ca pht tuyn l:


Pmax=

3 .U.Imax cos1

(KW)

Pmin=

3 .U.Imin cos1

(KW)

Imaxv Imin xc nh t th ph ti ca pht tuyn:


H s cng sut yu cu trn pht tuyn:
cos2=0,95

1 cos2 1
1 0,952
tg 2 =
=
= 0,328
cos 1
0,95

Xc nh h s ph ti ca pht tuyn:
+ max =

Stt max
Pmax
=
S m S m .cos 1

+ min =

Stt min
Pmin
=
S m S m .cos 1

Trong :
+ Stt max =

Pmax
cos 1
139

+ Stt min =

Pmin
cos 1

+ S m = Smi : Cng sut t ca cc my bin p trn pht

i =1

tuyn
Xc nh v tr t t b ti u:
+ Trng hp t mt v tr:
+ Phng trnh gim tn tht khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn:
P=

3.c..x1[(2 - x1)+.x1 - c]

o hm P theo x1 v cho bng khng:


P
= 3. c. [(2 x1 + x1 . c) + ( 1)] = 0
x1
2c
suy ra x1 =
2(1 )

n gin trong vic tnh ton, ta p dng cng thc t s b ti u


trng hp tng qut:
c=

2
2n + 1

Khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn, th t s b ti u s l: c=2/3


i vi ph ti phn b u, dng phn khng cui ng dy bng
khng: I2=0 =0, =1.
Vy v tr t t b ti u l: x1 =

2
chiu di pht tuyn.
3

+ Trng hp t hai v tr:


+ Phng trnh gim tn tht khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn:
P=3.c..{[x1(2

- x1)+.x1 - 3c]+x2[(2-x2)+x2. - c]}

o hm P theo x1,x2 v cho bng khng:

140

P
x = 3. c. [(2 x 1 + . x 1 3. c) + x 1 ( 1)] = 0
1

P = 3. c. [(2 x 2 ) + . x 2 c + x 2 ( 1)] = o
x 2
Suy ra
2 3c

x
=
1

2(1 )

x 2 = 2 c

2(1 )

Khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn, th t s b ti u s l: c=2/5


i vi ph ti phn b u, dng phn khng cui ng dy bng khng
I2=0 =0, =1.
Vy, v tr t t b ti u l: x1 =

2
5

va x 2 =

4
chiu di pht tuyn.
5

II. Phng php tnh xc nh v tr b ti u ca phn


mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0

CAPO t t b trn li sao cho kinh t nht (ngha l sao cho s tin tit
kim c t vic t t b ln hn s tin phi b ra lp t t b).
CAPO chn nt cho t b th n s tin tit kim c l ln nht.
th ph ti c s dng trong PSS/ADEPT cung cp cho ta s m
hnh ha cc bin thin ph ti theo thi gian, nhit hoc cc yu t khc.
Khi t cc t b ng ng, CAPO cng tnh lun tng ca nc iu chnh
t b ng vi tng th ph ti.

II.1. Thit lp cc thng s kinh t li in cho CAPO


Cc thng s kinh t li in c s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton v tr
t t b ti u.
thit lp cc thng s kinh t ny, chn Network>Economics t trnh
n chnh. Bng cc thng s kinh t s hin ra trn mn hnh.
Gi in nng tiu th, cP, tnh bng n v /kWh. Nhn vo n v ta c th
thy y l nng lng thc. M thng s dng n v tin t l dollar, tuy
nhin c PSS/ADEPT v CAPO u khng bt buc n v tin t phi s dng,
chng ta c th s dng bt c n v tin t no min sao m bo tnh nht qun
gia cc bin s.
141

Gi in nng phn khng tiu th, cQ, cng c n v tu chn ging vi


gi in nng tiu th. Gi tr ny (cng nh cc gi tr khc) s c t l 0 nu
khng c gi tr trn thc t.
Gi cng sut thc lp t, dP, l gi ca cng sut pht phi tr thay th
tn hao h thng. Hin ti CAPO khng s dng gi tr ny.
Gi cng sut phn khng lp t, dQ, ging vi gi cng sut thc lp t.
Hin ti CAPO cng khng s dng gi tr ny.
T s trt gi, r, c s dng quy i s tin tit kim c v chi ph
t tng lai v thi im hin ti. Nu ngun ti chnh ca vic mua v lp t t b
c vay t ngn hng th t s trt gi s bng hoc gn bng li sut cho vay ca
ngn hng. Khi s dng t s trt gi CAPO khng tnh n thu v nhng yu
t khc. Sau khi cc thng s kinh t c gii thch, ta s bit cc phng trnh
c CAPO s dng tnh ton.

Hnh 65 Hp thoi thit t thng s kinh t trong CAPO

T s lm pht, i, l s tng gi in nng v tin bo tr t b hng nm.


Lu l t s ny tnh bng n v tng i (pu) ch khng phi phn trm (%).
Thng thng gi tr ny trong khong 0.02 n 0.08 cho 1 nm.
Thi gian tnh ton, N, l khong thi gian m tin tit kim c t vic lp
t b bng vi tin lp t v bo tr t b (ngha l thi gian hon vn). Nu thc t
c chnh sch l u t phi hon vn trong 5 nm th gi tr ny c t l 5.
142

Gi lp t t b c nh, cF, c n v l /kvar ca kch c t b; gi tr ny


cn c tnh ph hp vi thc t ca ngi s dng. C th n s bao gm c
tin v bc t b, tin vn chuyn, tin cng lao ng, v.v
Gi lp t t b ng ng, cQ, ging vi t b c nh, tuy nhin c th t
b ng ng s c gi cao hn, v vy n c thnh gi tr ring.
T gi bo tr t b c nh, mF, l tin duy tr hot ng ca t b hng
nm. T gi ny tnh bng /kvar-yr. Tin bo tr tng theo t s lm pht.
T gi bo tr t b ng ng, mS, ging vi t b c nh. V tin bo tr
ny cao hn nn n c ring.

II.2. Cch PSS/ADEPT tnh cc vn kinh t trong CAPO


Cc tnh ton kinh t trong CAPO c gii thch y ng vi 1 t b c
nh 1 th ph ti n.
Gi s CAPO ang tnh ton lp t t b th n, ln sF. Tt c cc nt
hp l trong li in c xem xt tm v tr t t b sao cho s tin tit kim
c l ln nht; gi s cng sut thc tit kim c l xP (kW) v cng sut phn
khng tit kim c l xQ (kvar). Nng lng tit kim v qu trnh bo tr din ra
trong mt khong thi gian, v vy chng ta s dng mt i lng thi gian tng
ng, gi l Ne:

1+ i
Ne =

n =1 1 + r
N

(1)

Nh vy gi tr ca nng lng tit kim c l:


SavingsF = 8760 Ne x (xP x cP + xQ x cQ)

(2)

Gi tr ca chi ph mua t b l:
CostF = sF x (cF + Ne x mF)

(3)

Nu tin tit kim c ln hn chi ph, CAPO s xem xt n t b th (n+1), nu


tin tit kim c nh hn th CAPO b qua t b th n v ngng tnh ton.

II.3. Thit lp cc ty chn cho php phn tch CAPO


PSS/ADEPT cho php chng ta sa i cc tu chn trong phn tm v tr t b ti
u.
Cc bc sa cc ty chn cho CAPO:
-

Bc 1: Chn Analysis>Options t trnh n chnh. Bng cc tu chn s


hin ra

Buc 2: Chn th CAPO.


143

Nu chng ta khng mua bn quyn phn CAPO th th ny s khng hin ra.

Hnh 66 Hp thoi thit t thng s trong CAPO

Buc 3: Chn tu chn m chng ta mun cho php phn tch CAPO:

Loi u ni: chn t c loi u ni ph hp: sao hoc tam gic. Loi u ni
c th chn cho c 2 loi t c nh v ng ng trn tt c cc nt trong li in.
Chn loi th ph ti: c th chn bt c loi th ph ti no trong qu
trnh tnh ton: nh du vo tng ng trc tn loi th. Nhng th ph ti
ny c sn cho mt khong thi gian xc nh v c s dng trong qu trnh tnh
ton xc nh tnh kh thi ca vic t mt t b ln li in.
V php phn tch CAPO da trn thi gian l tng nm nn khong thi gian
dng tnh ton l phn s ca nm trn th ph ti. Thng th tng thi gian
tnh ton ca tt c th ph ti m chng ta s dng trong CAPO l 1.0; tuy nhin
iu ny khng phi l bt buc. V d nu thit b ca chng ta ch hot ng 10
thng trong 1 nm th CAPO vn c th chy c.
S di t cho php: y l s t c nh v ng ng m chng ta c th c
t ln li (v d nh l s t ang c trong kho). Ban u th s t ny c t
bng 0. Nu vn s t ny l 0 th khi chy CAPO chng ta s thy trn phn
Xem Tin trnh cu thng bo Khng c t no t ln li.
Kch thc t 3 pha: l tng ln di t 3 pha tnh bng kvar cho c 2 loi t
c nh v ng ng t trn li. V d: nu thit lp l t 1 di t c nh 100
144

kvar th chng trnh s t cc t c nh 100 kvar cho n khi tm c iu kin


ti u. Tng t nh vy cho t b ng ng.
Cc nt hp l: chn cc nt hp l ti c th t t c nh v ng ng
bng cch nh du vo trc tn ca nt. Ban u tt c cc nt trong li in
u ph hp t cc di t c nh v ng ng. (tt c cc u c nh du
sn)
nh du chn hoc b chn cc nt lin tip nhau: nhn chut vo nt u tin,
nhn v gi phm Shift, nhn chut vo nt cui cng trong dy cc nt m ta mun
chn.
nh du chn hoc b chn cc nt khng lin tip nhau: nhn v gi nt Ctrl,
nhn chut vo bn cnh cc nt mun chn.

II.4. Cch PSS/ADEPT tm v tr t t b ti u


u tin, tnh phn b cng sut cho mi th ph ti bit nc iu chnh
ca my bin p v nc chnh ca t b ng ng ang c trn li. Cc nc chnh
ny c lu li cho tng trng hp. Cc my bin p v t b ny s khng c
iu chnh na khi CAPO chy.
Trc ht CAPO xem xt cc t b c nh, theo nh ngha th cc t b ny
lun c ng vo li trong tt c cc trng hp ph ti. Tt c cc nt hp l
trn li s c kim tra xem ti nt no th s tin tit kim c l ln nht. V
c rt nhiu trng hp ph ti nn s tin tit kim ny s c xem nh l tng
trng s ca tng trng hp ph ti, trong khi h s trng lng l thi gian
tnh ton ca mi trng hp ph ti.
T b s khng c t ti nt ang xem xt trong nhng trng hp sau:
Tin tit kim c khng b p c chi ph b ra. Khi c nhiu trng hp
ph ti th tin tit kim c tnh tng t nh v d n gin trn, h s trng
lng lc ny l tng trng s ca tt c cc trng hp.
Khng cn t b c nh thch hp ng ln li. (thc t c th kim tra
iu ny cho tt c cc nt trc khi tnh ton, v vy ch nu ln y cho y ).
Vt qu gii hn trn ca in p cho php trong mt trng hp ti no
(gii hn in p ny c thit lp trong th General ca bng Analysis Options
Property).
Cc t b c nh c t ln li cho n khi mt trong cc trng hp trn
xy ra; khi vic t t b c nh kt thc v chng trnh chuyn qua t t b
ng ng. Qu trnh ny thc s din ra phc tp hn, do trc khi bt u xem
xt th mt s ch thch c nu ra y. Nu ch c mt trng hp ph ti c
xem xt th c th s khng phi t t b ng ng sau khi t xong t b c nh.
145

iu ny l khng ng trong t nht 4 trng hp sau:


-

Ch cn mt vi t b c nh v vn c th tit kim c khi ct ht cc t


b c nh ny ra.

Nhng nt ph hp cho vic t t b ng ng li khc vi cc nt ph hp


vi t b c nh.

Thit lp gi tin ca t b ng ng r hn t b c nh, khi sau khi t


b c nh c t ln li th vn c th tit kim chi ph nu t t b ng
ng.

Thit lp ln ca t b ng ng nh hn t b c nh.

Nhng nt ph hp (cho t b ng ng) trn li c xem xt tm nt cho


ra s tin tit kim ln nht trong tt c cc trng hp.
C 2 s tinh t trong qu trnh tnh ton ny. Mt l, nu t t b ng ng gy
ra qu in p trong mt trng hp ti no th t b ny s c ct ra trong
sut qu trnh tnh ton. Hai l, nu t b gy ra chi ph qu cap cho mt trng hp
ti no th n cng c ct ra khi li trong trng hp ti . Ch thc hin
vic tnh tin tit kim c trong cc trng hp ti m t b c ng ln li.
Vic tnh ton c thc hin n khi:
-

Tin tit kim khng b p c chi ph cho t b ng ng.

Khng cn t b ng ng ng ln li.

tham kho, tt c cc phng trnh c trong qu trnh tnh ton CAPO s


c lit k bn di. Chi ph ca t b, bao gm tin lp t v bo tr, c lit
k cho loi t b c nh trc. Cng thc l tng t cho t b ng ng.
CostF = sF x (cF + Ne x mF)

(4)

Nu c nhiu trng hp ph ti, s c nhiu bin cn c nh ngha hn. Gi


s c K trng hp ph ti trong CAPO, mi trng hp c khong thi gian l dk.
Gi switchk l trng thi ng ct ca t b ng ng, switchk = 1 ngha l t b
ng ln li trong sut trng hp ti v = 0 l t b c ct ra.
Tin tit kim cho mi t b c nh (lun c ng vo li) l tng tin tit
kim ca tt c cc trng hp ti.
K
K

SavingsF = 8760 Ne cP xPk + cQ xQk (5)


k =1
k =1

Tin tit kim cho t b ng ng cng lin quan n lch ng ct ca t.


K
K

SavingsS = 8760 Ne cP switchk xPk + cQ switchk xQk


k =1
k =1

(6)
hon tt ta xt n phng trnh tnh Ne:
146

1+ i
Ne =

n =1 1 + r
N

(7)

Ni tm li, CAPO t t b c nh ln li cho n khi xy ra iu kin dng.


Sau t b ng ng c t ln li cho n khi xy ra iu kin dng tng
ng ca t b ng ng. Tng chi ph ca qu trnh ti u l chi ph lp t v bo
tr ca tt c cc t c ng ln li; chi ph tit kim tng l tng ca cc chi
ph tit kim thu li c ca tng t b.
CAPO c th t nhiu t b c nh v/hoc nhiu t b ng ng ti mi nt.
PSS/ADEPT s gp cc t b ny thnh mt t b c nh v/hoc mt t b ng
ng. T b ng ng n s c nc iu chnh tng ng v lch ng ct t s
biu din cc bc ng ct ca tng t b n.

II.5. Cch chy bi ton tm v tr t t b ti u


chy bi ton phn tch v tr t t b ti u ta c th thc hin mt trong 2
cch sau:
-

Chn Analysis>CAPO t trnh n chnh.

Nhp chut vo nt CAPO trn thanh cng c Analysis.

Nu ta khng c bn quyn phn CAPO th nt ny s khng tn ti.


Trong qu trnh ti u ho, cc thng bo c vit ra trong ca s Progress
View cho ta bit ln v loi di t c t cng nh nt tng ng v tn tht
h thng. Khi qu trnh ti u ha thc hin xong, s mng in vi cc t b
cn t ln li c v li vi ln ca di t v k hiu FX cho t b c nh
v SW cho t b ng ng cn t ln li. Hnh biu din mt s li in
mu v ca s Progress View sau khi thc hin xong ti u ho.

II.6. Report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton


c bng bo co kt qu dng bng cha cc tham s u v kt qu phn
tch, chn Report>Capacitor Placement Optimization t trnh n chnh.

147

Hnh 67 Kt qu tnh ton CAPO

Ht chng !

148

CHNG 8:
NH GI TIN CY

CHNG 8:
NH GI TIN CY
Hin nay, trong cc Cng ty in lc ang theo di mt in, thng k s v,
thi gian mt in nhng cha p dng cc ch s c th nh gi tin cy
cung cp in ca li in. Cc s liu bo co nh 347 v/278.66 gi s c,
1094 v/859.34 gi ct in t xut,... cha th hin c mc , phm vi mt
in, trnh qun l li in.
Cc cng ty in lc trn th gii thng xy dng mt s ch s nh lng
c th nh gi. Cc thng s bo co nh bnh qun khch hng khu vc sinh
hot b mt in 3 v/nm, 120 pht/nm,... s c th, d hiu, d nh gi hn.
Mc tiu ca bo co l gii thiu cc ch s ny, cch nh gi (d on) v
thng k cc ch s trn li in. Mi n v (Cng ty in lc hoc Hip hi in
lc) t xy dng cc ch tiu nh gi. Cc t chc in lc uy tn nh IEEE,
EEI (Edison Electric Institue), EPRI (Electric Power Reasearch Institute) v CEA
(Canadian Electric Association) xy dng nhiu ch s c nhiu n v p dng.
Trong , h thng ch s ca IEEE l ph bin nht. Cc ch s tin cy ca h
thng truyn ti nh BPII (Bulk Power Interruption Index), BPECI (Bulk Power
Energy Curtailment Index), MPBCI (Modified Bulk Power Curtailment Index),...
khng nm trong phm vi bo co ny.
Theo IEEE, cc ch s tin cy (Reliability Index - RI) ca li phn phi bao
gm SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, ASAI, ASUI, ENS v AENS.
Chng ny trnh bi l thuyt v nhiu v d v tin cy v phng php
tnh. Cch trin khai gii bi ton tin cy li in trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT
cng c trnh by tp theo. Hc vin cn nm vng cc kin thc ny c th
thc hin tt cc bi tp trong cc bui thc hnh phn mm.

150

I. L thuyt bi ton nh gi tin cy


I.1. tin cy l g
tin cy l xc sut lm vic tt ca mt thit b trong mt chu k di cc
iu kin vn hnh c th nghim.

I.2. C 4 phn lin quan n tin cy


nh ngha sau y c chia thnh 4 phn c bn:
Xc sut t nhin
Ch lm vic thch hp (tu thuc vo cc yu cu)
Thi gian cung cp cng sut lin tc
Cc iu kin vn hnh (c th khc nhau)

I.3. tin cy ca h thng in


Phn loi thnh hai hng c bn
p ng h thng
An ninh h thng

I.4. p ng h thng
Lin quan n kh nng lm vic ca my pht, li truyn ti, li phn phi
trong vic cung cp in ti khch hng.
S p ng s lin quan n cc iu kin tnh ca h thng.

I.5. An ninh h thng


An ninh h thng ni ln kh nng p ng vi cc nhiu lon xy ra trong
chnh h thng , do vy lin quan vi h thng trng thi ng. Ch rng hu
ht tt c cc k thut hin c dng vo vic tnh ton tin cy ca h thng in
nm trong phm vi nh gi p ng tnh.

I.6. Cc lnh vc chc nng


Cc phn khc nhau ca h thng in c nh gi ring bit vi nhau theo
khu vc chc nng tnh ton.

151

I.7. Cc mc nh ga tin cy p ng tnh.

I.7.1. Mc th nht:
Nghin cu v kh nng ca h my pht cp in cho ti. H thng truyn ti
khng c xt n mc ny. Ch s tin cy ca mc th nht l Ch S D Bo
Mt Ti (LOLE) v Ch S D Bo Thiu Nng lng Cung Cp (LOEE).
I.7.2. Mc th hai:
Nghin cu v h thng pht v h thng truyn ti cung cp nng lng ti
cc nt ti. Cc nghin cu ny l nh gi hn hp ca h thng. Ch s ca mc II
mang tnh ton cc hay ti mt thanh ci cung cp in gm c tn sut, thi gian,
ph ti v nng lng.
I.7.3. Mc th ba:
Lin quan ti c pht in, truyn ti, phn phi xc nh s tng xng
ca ton h thng cung cp n khch hng.
Ch s ca mc th ba ny la ti im tiu th v cc ch s h thng gm c
tn sut, thi gian, ti v nng lng.

I.8. Cc k hiu trong tin cy:


S = h thng (system)
A = trung bnh (average)
152

C = khch hng (customer)


Tnh ton
Hng nm
Bi h thng
Bi iu min.
Bi cc in Lc.
Phn loi
Duy tr
Thong qua
Khch hng
Ph ti
Trung bnh.
Xc nh.

I.9. Ch s h thng (System Indices)


C th tnh cc ch tiu hot ng cung cp miu t c tnh thng k nhng
hot ng trc ca h thng.
Cc ch s b sung ny c th c tnh ton bng cch s dng cc ch s c
bn v s lng khch hng v ti kt ni ti mi im trong h thng.
Cc ch s b sung ca h thng l:
Ch tiu tn sut mt in trung bnh ca h thng (SAIFI)
Ch tiu thi gian mt in trung bnh h thng (SAIDI)
Ch tiu thi gian mt in trung bnh khch hng (CAIFI)
Ch tiu tn sut mt in trung bnh khch hng (CAIDI)
Ch tiu kh nng sn sng cung cp (ASAI)
Ch tiu kh nng khngsn sng cung cp (ASUI)
Ch tiu thiu ht in nng (ENS)
Ch tiu thiu ht in nng trung bnh (AENS)
Cc ch tiu trn cng c th c tnh ton d bo kh nng lm vic
trong tng lai.

153

I.10. Xc nh cc ch s tin cyI.11. Cc thut ng c bn ca hng hc, ct thit b v ngng cung cp


in
S c hng hc.
Ct in, do thao tc ngi vn hnh: Cng bc, tng phn, theo lch, Qu
.
Mt in, do s c: lu di, thong qua, tm thi.
I.11.1. S c hng hc:
S c hng hc l trng thi ca mt phn t h thng m n khng hot
ng nh mong mun. Kt qu l phi ct phn t ra khi h thng. Tuy nhin
khng phi mi hng hc u a n ct in.
I.11.2. Ct thit b:
M t trng thi ca thit b khi n khng c hot ng v mt s cc l do
lin quan n thit b .
Ct cng bc: l hu qu do cc iu kin khn cp lin quan n thit b cn
phi ct tc thi, hoc t ng nh thit b bo v rle, hoc thao tc ng ct,hoc
do tc ng sai ca thit b bo v hay ngi vn hnh thao tc sai.
Ct theo lch: thit b a ra khi vn hnh theo thi gian nh trc, thng
thng khi c bo tr, sa cha hoc xy dng.
Ct cng bc ngn hn: do cc s c thong qua gy ra, cc thit b c th
c a vo vn hnh tr li t ng khi cc CB, my ct t ng li, hoc khi
thay th cu ch.
Ct cng bc do vn hnh: do cc s c khng th t gii tr c cn phi
sa cha thit b trc khi a vo vn hnh. V d: khi xy ra phng in lm chc
thng cch in, v vy cn sa cha hay thay th trc khi a vo vn hnh.
I.11.3. Ngng cung cp in:
Mt in mt hay nhiu khch hng. Nguyn nhn l do mt hay nhiu thit
b ct khi vn hnh.
Mt in nh k: Mt in gy ra do ct theo lch.
Mt in cng bc: gy ra do ct cng bc.
Thi gian mt in: khong thi gian t lc bt u ct in khch hng cho
n khi phc hi li cho khch hng .
Mt in thong qua: Mt in c thi gian nh, thit b c a vo vn
hnh tr li, do b phn gim st iu khin t ng hay bng tay bi ngi vn
hnh c th thao tc tc thi.
154

Mt in duy tr: l cc trng hp cn li khng thuc loi mt in thong


qua.

I.12. Cc ch s ti nt ti h thng phn phi


tin cy lin quan n hot ng ti im cung cp cho khch hng, c
ngha l ti cc nt ti.
Cc ch s c bn c s dng c lng tin cy ca li phn phi l:
Cng s c nt ti (lamda)
Thi gian ct trung bnh (r) ( sa cha)
Thi gian ct hng nm (U)

I.13. Tnh ton , r v U


S dng thng s cng s c v thi gian sa cha cu phn t cng kt
hp vi thi gian phc hi ca h thng khc.
Cc ch s ny c dng c lng hot ng ca h thng trong tng
lai.
Chng cng o lng hot ng trong qu kh.
Bit rng cc ch s ny ti nt ti khng tha mn ton b s hiu bit v
hot ng ca h thng.
Do cn thit phi m rng cc ch s, gm c: gin on ti trung bnh (L)
v nng lng trung bnh khng c cung cp (E) ti mi nt ti.
Cc c im hng hc ca phn t.

Giai

oan

mi

xuat

xng

Giai

oan

on nh

Giai

oan

lao hoa
Thi gian

Cng hng hc ca phn t :


Cng hng hc (t): Xc sut c iu kin mt thit b lm vic trc
thi gian t v pht trin thnh s c trong n v thi gian At thi im t.
Hm cng hng hc ca thit b cng sut. Dng hnh lng mngv
c chia thnh 3 giai on: thi k u, thi k vn hnh, thi k thoi ha
Trong khong thi gian vn hnh, cng hng hc l hng s.
155

Cng hng hc: l s s c trn n v thi gian. Cng hng hc


thng c biu din s s c xy ra trn mi km chiu di trong mt nm.
Cc thit b in lc nh my pht,my bin p,ng dy u c th sa
cha lm vic li.Trong thi gian phc v chng c cc trng thi nh:vn
hnh,s c,sa cha,quy hoch,bo tr,
Cng sa cha ca phn t:
Cng sa cha c xc nh tng t nh cng hng hc.
Thi gian trung bnh gia hng hc hay thi gian trung bnhvn hnh an ton
(MTBF).
m = 1/

Thi gian sa cha trung bnh (MTTR)


r = 1/

Chu k s c
T=m+r
UP (in)

1
r

1
m

Down (out)

Down
m1

r1

m2

T1

T2

r2

m3
T3

Fig:Mo hnh hai trang thai

I.14. Kh nng sn sng lm vic ca thit b


H s sn sng:

A= +
H s khng sn sng (FOR):

A = U = FOR = +
156

V d:
Cng ty phn phi c 7500 my bin p phn phi ang vn hnh trong chu k 10 nm,
140 my bin p b hng v nhiu l do khc nhau. Mt s lng nh ca chng c th
c sa cha, nhng hu ht cc s cn li u phi thay bng my mi. Thi gian thay
th hoc sa cha s c ghi li. Cng tt c cc thi gian sa cha ca 140 my s cho
thi gian tng cng l 7500 gi.
T cc s liu ny chng ta tnh:
140
=
= 0,0191/gi
10 7500
1
m = = 530 gi

7360
= 52,6gi = 0,006 nm
140
1
= = 1671/nm.
r
530
= 0,999989
A=
0,006 + 530
0,006
= 0,000011 = 6pht/nm
=
0,006 + 530
.iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau:
Mi my bin p co xc sut 0.0019 xy ra h hng trong nm ti.
Sau khi xy ra s c, thi gian sa cha hoc thay th l 52.6 gi.
Mi my bin p s khng vn hnh, tnh trung bnh l 6 pht 1 nm.
Ch rng ch ta s dng cc s liu hot ng trc d on kt qu tng
lai. y l c s cho vic phn tch tin cy: gi s rng hot ng bnh qun trong qu
kh s nh gi cc hot ng trong tng lai
r=

I.15. Tng quan c bn v tin cy ca h thng phn phi


tin cy c xc nh bi s lng v thi gian xy ra s c trong h
thng.
Gim thiu cc s c s lm tng tin cy
tin cy c kim tra bng cch s dng cc ch s da trn cng s
c v thi gian sa cha trung bnh.

I.16. nh ngha cc ch tiu tin cy:


SAIFI(Tn sut ngng cung cp in trung bnh h thng)
SAIFI cho bit thng tin v tn sut trung bnh cc ln mt in duy tr trn
mi khch hng ca mt vng cho trc.
Tong so khach hang b mat ien
=
Tong so khach hang co ien
i cng s c
157

N
N

C
i

N
N
i

Ni s lng khch hng ti nt th i

SAIDI(Thi gian ngng cung cp in trung bnh ca h thng)


Cho bit thi gian trung bnh ca mt in duy tr.
Thi gian khach hang b mat ien
=
Tong so khach hang co ien

N .d = u N
N
N
C

ui thi gian ct in hng nm


Ni s lng khch hng ti nt th i

CAIFI(Tn sut mt in trung bnh ca khch hng)


Cho bit tn sut trung bnh ca cc ln mt in duy tr xy ra i vi
khch hng. Trong php tnh ny ta ch quan tm ti s lng khch hng v l i
s ln mt in.
Tong so khach hang b mat ien
=
Tong so khach hang b anh hng mat ien

N
N'

N
N'
i

CAIDI(thi gian mt in trung bnh ca khch hng)


Th hin thi gian phc hi ca mt in duy tr
Tong thi gian khach hang b mat ien
Tong so khach hang b mat ien

N
N

u N
N
i

i vi khch hng thc s tri qua mt in duy tr, ch s ny ni ln tng


thi gian trung bnh khng c cp in. y l thng s hn hp ca CAIDI v
c chp nhn tnh bng s khch hng nhn vi s ln mt in c m ch
mt ln.
ASAI
(Kh nng sn sng vn hnh)
Ch tiu ny c biu din di dng phn s ca thi gian (thng l phn
trm), ni ln thi gian c in ca khch hng trong nm hay trong thi gian c
nh trc.
So gi khach hang yeu cau cap ienco the c
=
So gi khach hang yeu cau cap ien
ASUI = 1 ASAI

ENS = La(i).ui
Tng in nng khng c cung cp bi h thng
La(i) Cng sut ti trung bnh ti nt th i
ui thi gian ct in hng nm.

AENS
158

N .8760 u .N
N .8760
i

in nng trung bnh khng c cung cp


Tong ien nang khong c cung cap
=
Tong so khach hang c cap ien

L u
N
a(i)

ACCI
Ch tiu ct xn in nng trung bnh ca khch hng
Tong ien nang khong c cung cap
ACCI = Tong so khach hang b anh hng

ASIFI
Ch s ny ch yu tnh ton tin cy da trn cng sut thay v da trn s
lng khch hng. Ch s ny quan trng i vi phn ln cc khch hng cng
nghip hay thng mi. N cn c dng cho cc mng cng cng th loi
khch hng khng a dng lm. Tng t nh SAIFI, n cho bit thng tin v tn
sut trung bnh mt in duy tr.
So kVA ket noi vao he thong b mat

ASIFI = Tong so kVA noi vao he thong c cap ien


ASIDI Load Based
Ch s ny c xy dng c cng tng vi ASIFI, nhng n thng tin v
thi gian trung bnh mt in duy tr ca h thng.
So phut mat ien

ASIDI = Tong so kVA noi vao he thong c cap ien


MAIFI
Ch s ny tng t nh SAIFI, nhng n l tn sut trung bnh ca mt in
thong qua.
MAIFI =

So khach hang b mat ien thoang qua


Tong so khach hang c cap ien

CEMIn
Ch s ny dng theo di s lng n khch hng mt in thong qua ca
mt tp cc khch hng ring bit. Mc ch ca n l gip nhn bit nhng kh
khn ca khch hng m khng th thy c khi s dng ch s trung bnh. N
c xc nh bng:

CEMIn =

So khach hang trai qua n lan mat ien thoang qua


Tong so khach hang c cap ien

CEMSMIn
Ch s ny dng theo di s lng n khch hng mt in ko di v mt
in thong qua ca mt tp cc khch hng ring bit. Mc ch ca n l gip
159

nhn bit nhng kh khn ca khch hng m khng th thy c khi s dng ch
s trung bnh.

So khach hang trai qua n lan mat ien duy tr


Tong so khach hang c cap ien

CEMSMIn =

I.17. Cc tnh ton c bn cho mng hnh tia


a s cc mng phn phi u vn hnh hnh tia. Mt h thng c th tm thi
vn hnh theo mch vng trong khi sa cha nhng cng s tr li vn hnh hnh
tia bi mt my ct phn on bnh thng m.

NO

Source

Tt c cc phn t u ni tip.

I.18. Nguyn tc tnh ton:


Khi tnh ton cc ch s tin cy, nguyn tc tnh ton ca cc thnh phn
mc ni tip c th p dng trc tip cho h thng hnh tia.
Thnh phn tham s c bn khi tnh tan tin cy l: cng hng hc
trong nm i v thi gian sa cha trung bnh MTTRi hay ri.
I.19. Cc ch s tin cy c bn ti nt ti:

Cng s c trung bnh, s


s = i
Thi gian mt in trung bnh hng nm Us:
Us = I ri
Thi gian sa cha trung bnh, rs

II. Phng php tnh nh gi tin cy ca phn


mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0

II.1.1. H s SAIFI (Tn sut ngt in trung bnh trong h thng)


SAIFI - System Average Interruption Frequency Index
160

(Average Annual Number of Outages - S ln mt in trung bnh trong nm)


Customer Interruptions i N i
(36)
SAIFI =
=
Customers served

: cng s c
i

Ni: s khch hng ti nt th i


N: Tng s khch hng
(Interrptions/Customer s ln/khch hng)
II.1.2. H s SAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh trong h thng)
SAIDI - System Average Interruption Duration Index
(Average Customer Minutes Outage per year Thi gian mt in trung bnh trong
nm)
SAIDI =

Customer Interruption.Durations U i N i
=
N
Customers Served

(37)

Ui: Thi gian ct in hng nm


(Minutes or Hours/Customer thi gian/khch hng)
II.1.3. H s CAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh mt v)
CAIDI - Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
(Average Duration of Outage Thi gian mt in trung bnh mt v)
CAIDI =

SAIDI Customer Interruption.Durations U i N i


=
=
SAIFI
Customer Interrupted
i N i

(38)

(Minutes or Hours/Interruption thi gian/v)


II.1.4. H s CAIFI (S ln ngt in trung bnh trn mt khch hng)
CAIFI =

Customer Interruptions
Customer Interrupted

(39)

(Interruption/Customer Interrupted - S s c/ Trn mt khch hng)


II.1.5. H s ASAI (Mc cung cp in)
ASAI - Average Service Availability Index
(Availability of Service Mc cung cp in)
ASAI =

Customer Hours Service Availability


=
Customers Hours Service Demand

8760 U i N

8760

(40)

(ASAI<1)
Ch tiu ny c biu din di dng phn s ca thi gian (thng l phn trm),
ni ln thi gian c in ca khch hng trong nm hay trong thi gian c nh
trc.
II.1.6. ENS = La(i)ui
Tng in nng khng c cung cp bi h thng
La(i): cng sut ti trung bnh ti nt i
Ui: thi gian ct in hng nm
Trong bi ton phn tch DRA, PSS/ADEPT ch nhn mnh 4 ch s u tin
nh gi tin cy ca mt li in.
161

II.1.7. Phng php tnh


Trong cc cng thc nu trn, N l tng s khch hng kho st. N c th l s
khnh hng ca mt tuyn ng dy, 1 qun, 1 in lc khu vc hay ca c Cng
ty. Khch hng c th l tng trm phn phi hoc l tng in k, ty mc ch
nh gi.
Ni l s khch hng b mt in trong s kin i.
Gi tr ca i c th l 1 cho 1 ln mt in hoc mt s ln no , k c s l
trong trng hp thng k.
Ui l thi gian mt in ca s kin .
Nu cc thng s c thu thp theo thc t th kt qu tnh ton chnh l cc
ch bo tin cy thc s ca li in. Nu cc thng s l cc thng k th kt
qu tnh ton l d bo. V nu so snh cc ch s d bo tng ng vi tng kt
cu li v/hoc v tr ca cc thit b bo v ng ct th kt qu ca cng vic
chnh l thit k.
II.1.8. S dng module DRA trong PSS/ADEPT
Tnh ton cc ch s tin cy ph thuc vo cc thng s tin cy nh tn
sut s c v thi gian s cha c ch nh trong tng phn t trong li in.
Cc thng s tin cy ny cng c xem l nhng thng s ca cc thit b nhnh
c quy nh trong th vin cu trc hoc thng s li in. Nhng thng s tin
cy c ch nh ny c s dng tnh ton cc ch s tin cy cho ton h
thng v mi vng bo v. Mt vng bo v bao gm nhiu thit b bo v trn .
Minh ha di y cho thy h thng c 3 vng c bo v:

162

II.1.9. Tnh ton ch s tin cy


minh ha cho vic tnh ton tin cy, hy xem mt v d n gin ca li
phn phi c cho di y:

Li phn phi bao gm 1 Recloser (B1), 3 cu ch (F1, F2, F3) v 4 nhm khch
hng (C1, C2, C3, C4). Gi nh rng Re c thit t thng s cho ng cong ct
nhanh. cho n gin, gi nh rng khng c hin tng s c no xy ra trn
nhnh v cc thit b. Cc thng s tin cy ca cc thit b l zero. Do , tt c cc
ch s tin cy li in l zero. Gi nh rng kW/ mi khch hng theo mc nh l
3.

163

Gi s c hin tng ngn mch xy ra trn nhnh th 9 (line 9, chiu di


2pu), ni c ti C2:

S c nhng hin tng sau xy ra:


-

Recloser B1 s tc ng vi ng cong ct nhanh c lp dng ngn


mch, khi C1, C2, C3, C4 tm thi b ngt in

S c vn duy tr, cu ch F2 tc ng lm ngt in lu di cho nhm ti C2.

Mt nhm cng tc c c n ni xy ra s c khc phc cho nhm ti


C2 v thi gian sa cha tng cng l 1 gi 45 pht

Nu ch c s c ti ni ng dy ny th cc ch s tin cy c tnh nh sau:


SAIFI = 0.17
SAIDI = 0.29
CAIFI = 1.00
CAIDI = 1.75
Gi s mt thng sau , c s c ngn mch tng t lc trc ti ni no trn
Line3 (4pu).
Cc hin tng xy ra nh sau:
-

Recloser B1 s tc ng vi ng cong ct nhanh c lp dng ngn


mch, khi C1, C2, C3, C4 tm thi b ngt in

S c vn duy tr sau hn 2 ln ct nhanh v Re B1 m, gy ra s c lu di


cho cc nhm ti C1, C2, C3 v C4.

Mt nhm cng tc c c n ni xy ra s c khc phc cho nhm ti


C2 v thi gian sa cha tng cng l 3 gi 30 pht

164

Nu y l s c duy nht trn on dy ny, tn sut s c l 0.25, tng thi gian


sa cha l 3.5 gi. S kin ny khng gy nh hng n tn sut s c trong ln
trc. Tuy nhin n s nh hng n cc ch s tin cy ca li in. Ch s tin
cy sau 2 ln l:
SAIFI = 1.17
SAIDI = 3.79
CAIFI = 1.17
CAIDI = 3.25

Vic phn tch s tr nn phc tp trong nhng li in ln v c nhiu loi thit


b bo v. DRA c thit k thc hin vic phn tch tnh ton cc li in ln
hn, phc tp hn.

Ht chng !

165

CHNG 9:
CC VN KHC CA
LI IN PHN PHI

CHNG 9:
CC VN KHC CA LI IN
Hin nay, c pha ngnh in v khch hng u quan tm nhiu hn n cht
lng in nng. Thut ng Cht lng in nng bt u xut hin nhiu trong
ngnh in t cui thp nin 1980. y l mt thut ng ni n nhng g c th
gy xo trn h thng in
Hn na, lng in nng c sn sut ra t cc nh my in (nhit in,
thy in, nguyn t...) c vn chuyn n cc h tiu th, cc x nghip, nh
my, khu vc cng nghip...thng qua dy dn v trm bin p. Dy dn v my
bin p u c in tr v in khng, nn khi c dng in chy qua dy dn, my
bin p; th bao gi cng c mt tn tht nht nh v cng sut tc dng P v
cng sut phn khng Q. Lng in nng mt mt ny bin thnh nhit lm
nng dy dn v my bin p, ta ra mi trng xung quanh, gy nh hng xu
cho mng in. Lng in nng tn tht , tt nhin, phi do nh my in cung
cp. Th l, mt s thit b in ca nh my khng c dng vo nhng vic c
ch; m tri li, ch dng c vo vic cung cp cho s nng lng mt mt dc
ng dy .
Vn xc nh tn tht in nng trong mng in hin nay ang l nhim
v ht sc thit thc, khng nhng i vi cc c quan qun l v phn phi in,
m ngay c i vi cc h dng in. Phng php xc nh tn tht in nng
thng thng nht, l so snh sn lng in u vo v u ra, nhng thng
mc phi nhng sai st ln - do mt s nguyn nhn sau y:
Khng th ly ng thi ch s ca cc cng t ti u ngun v cc im tiu
th in.
Nhiu im ti cn thiu thit b o, hoc thit b o khng ph hp vi ph ti.
S chng loi ng h o rt a dng vi nhiu mc sai s khc nhau, l
cha ni n vic chnh nh ng h o cha chnh xc, hoc khng th chnh
xc do cht lng in khng m bo.
ng nhin, c th s dng phng php o hin i nh dng ng h o
tn tht nng cao chnh xc ca php o, nhng nh vy s rt tn km v
phc tp; khng ph hp vi iu kin kinh t nc ta.
Hin nay c nhiu phng php tnh ton tn tht in nng. Mi phng
php c trng bi nhng thng s tnh ton ban u. Vy nn la chn phng
php tnh ton no m thng s tnh ton ban u d thu thp, kt qu tnh ton
chnh xc cao, l mt nghin cu cn thit.

167

I. Cc khi nim v nh ngha v cht lng in nng


C bn l do chnh quan tm n cht lng in nng:
Cc thit b ca ti ngy nay rt nhy vi s thay i ca cht lng in. V
d nh Cc ti da trn vic iu khin bng vi x l hay in t cng sut.
nng cao hiu sut s dng ca h thng, cc thit b hiu sut cao, cc
t b, cc b iu chnh tc ng c c a vao s dng lm tng cc
ho tn trong h thng in.
Khch hng ngy cng quan tm hn n cc vic nh vic ct in, gi c,
nhng qu trong ng ngt.. ang l nhng thch thc cho vic ci thin
cht lng in ca ngnh in.
Hin nay, nhiu th c ni mng. V th, trong qu trnh x l ch cn li
bt k b phn no c th nh hng n h thng.
Bn cnh nhng l do trn, ng lc chnh l tng hiu sut cho khch hng.
Cc nh sn xut mun hiu sut ca my mc cao hn, nng sut cao hn
v nhanh hn. Nhng c gng nng cao cht lng in nhm gip khch
hng ngy cng c li nhiu hn bng cch s dng cc thit b c hiu sut
cao. Nhng iu quan tm l cc thit b ny ny thng thng l cc ngun
sinh ra cc vn v cht lng in v c th lm nh thng cch in i
vi cc thit b khc.
I.1. Cht lng in nng l g ?
C nhiu nh ngha hon ton khc nhau v cht lng in nng.
- Chng ta c th nh ngha cht lng in nng l tin cy cung cp in
V d: tin cy l 99.98%.
- Chng ta c th nh ngha cht lng in nng l tt c cc thit b in
ca cc nh sn xut hot ng mt cch hon ho. iu ny ph thuc vo cc
thit b khc nhau v cc nh sn xut khc nhau.
V vy, nh ngha cht lng in nng mquyn sch ny s dng l cc
vn v s thay i ca in p, dng in, tn s m lm li cho cc thit b ca
khch hng. Hnh 1 biu th kt qu kho st ca cng ty nng lng Georgia
thm d cc nguyn nhn gy ra cc vn v cht lng in nng pha h thng
v khch hng.

168

Customer Perception
Neighbor
8%

Other
3%

Customer
12%
Natural
60%

Utility
17%

Utility Perception

Neighbor
8%
Customer
25%

Other
0%

Natural
66%

Utility
1%

I.2. Cht lng in nng chnh l cht lng in p.


in p ca my pht cung cp gn nh l sng sin hon ho nhng dng qua
tng tr h thng li gy xo trn cho in p h thng. V d:
Dng ngn mch lm cho in p tng ln hoc khng xut hin.
Dng st qua h thng lm cho tng in p v phng in dn n cc hin
tng khc nh ngn mch.
Dng mo dng do cc ho tn ca ti cng lm mo dng in p. in p
mo dng ny nh hng n cc ti khc.
V vy, quan tm n cht lng nng l quan tm n cht lng in p
nhng cht lng ca dng in gy ra cc vn nh hng n cht lng in
nng.

169

I.3. Ti sao chng ta cn quan tm n cht lng in nng ?


L do cui cng chng ta quan tm n cht lng in nng l gi tr kinh
t. T tc ng n h thng, n khch hng v n cc nh cung cp thit b.
Gn y cc thit b t ng, cc thit b hin i c s dng nhiu trong
cng nghip m cc thit b ny rt nhy vi ngun in cung cp hn cc thit b
in t trc y.
I.4. Cc khi nim v nh ngha
I.4.1. Qu :
Thut ng qu mt thi gian di c s dng trong vic phn tch
nhng thay i trong h thng in ni n s kin khng mong mun nhng
xy ra tm thi mt cch t nhin.
Khi ni n qu , chng ta ngh ngay n dao ng trong mch RLC.
Mt nh ngha khc cng c s dng l qu l s thay i trong thi
gian chuyn tip t ch vn hnh ny sang ch vn hnh khc
Mt k s h thng c th ngh rng qu c to ra t h thng thu st khi
c st nh. Khi qu c xem nh l s tng t ngt trong h thng.
Qu c c hiu hai dng: xung hay dao ng.
I.4.2. Qu xung:
Qu xung l nhng thay i t ngt, khng chu k, khng thay i cc
tnh (hoc cc tnh dng hoc cc tnh m) i vi dng in hay in p (hoc c
hai).
Qu xung c m t bng thi gian ln v xung. V d: mt xung qu
1.2x50s 2000V c ngha l xung tng n 2000V trong thi gian 1.2s v gim
xung na gi tr nh trong 50s.
Hnh 2.1 m t dng in ca mt qu xung in hnh do st.

Time (ms)

Current (kA)

0
-5 0
-10

20

40

60

-15
-20
-25
-30

Hnh 1
170

80

100 120 140

I.4.3. Qu dao ng:


Qu dao ng l nhng thay i t ngt, khng chu k, thay i c cc
tnh bao gm c cc tnh dng v cc tnh m i vi dng in hay in p (hoc
c hai).
Qu dao ng c th l in p hoc dng in m gi tr tc thi ca n
thay i cc tnh mt cch nhanh chng.
7500

Current (A)

5000
2500
0
-2500

-5000
-7500

3
Time (ms)

Hnh 2
Dng in qu dao ng do chuyn mch ca t in
2,0

Voltage(V

1,0
0,5
0
-0,5
-1,0
-1,5

20

40

60

Time (ms)
Hnh 3

171

80

100

Dao ng tn s thp do t cng sut ln

600000

Voltage(V

400000
20000
0
-200000

-400000
-600000
0

20

400
600
Time (ms)

800

Hnh 4

Dao ng tn s thp do cng hng st t ca my bin p khng ti.


I.4.4. Nhng thay i in p trong khong thi gian di:
Nhng thay i in p trong khong thi gian di c th l qu in p hay
st in p m nguyn nhn khng phi do s c h thng m do nhng thay i
ca ti trong h thng hay nhng hot ng ng ngt ca h thng.
I.4.4.1. 2.1 Qu in p:
Qu in p l s tng tr hiu dng ca in p xoay chiu hn 110% tn
s ngun in trong khong thi gian hn mt pht.
Qu in p thng do ngt ti (VD: do ngt ti ln, hoc do ng t in
ln), hay do s iu p khng ng t my bin p.
I.4.4.2. 2.2 St in p:
St p l s gim tr hiu dng ca in p xoay chiu hn 90% tn s
ngun in trong khong thi gian hn mt pht.
St p do ng ti ln, hay ngt cc t ln hay s iu p khng 1ung t
my bin p. S qu ti t cc mch in cng gy ra st p.
I.4.4.3. 2.3Ct in:
Khi khng cung cp in trong khong thi gian vt qua mt pht s thay
i in p trong khong thi gian ny gi l ngt in. Ngt in bo tr hoc
sa cha h thng, hoc cn phi ct in trong thi k thiu in.
172

I.4.5. Nhng thay i in p trong khong thi gian ngn:


Nhng thay i in p trong khong thi gian ngn do nhng iu kin s
c, do s thay i ti ln hoc cn dng in ln cho khi ng. Tu theo iu kin
ca s c, ca h thng, s thay i in p trong khongthi gian ngn c th tng
p trong thi gian ngn, st p trong thi gian ngn, hay ngt in.
Nguyn nhn nh hng n s thay i in p do cc s c s c phc
hi khi cc thit b bo v tc ng loi s c ra khi h thng.
I.4.5.1. 3.1 Gin on:
Vic gin on xut hin khi in p cung cp hoc dng in ti gim
xung nh hn 0.1pu trong thi gian khng vt qu mt pht.
Vic gin on c th do cc s c i vi h thng, cc li ca thit b hay
qu trnh iu khin.
Thi gian gin on do mt s c h thng c xc nh bng thi gian
hot ng ca thit b bo v. Cc thit b t ng li cho cc s c thong qua
thng khng vt qu 30 chu k.
Phase B
RMS

120
100
80

60
40
20
0

0,5

1,5
2
Time (ms)

2,5

3,5

50

100
75
Time (ms)

125

150

175

150
100
50
%

0
-50
-100
-150

25

Hnh 5

173

Hnh 5 m t mt gin on tm thi trong khong thi gian khi in p


gim xung 20% trong khong 3 chu k v bng 0 trong khong 1.8s th thit b t
ng ng li hot ng. Dng sng in hnh cho cc s c v h quang.
I.4.5.2. 3.2 Sag (Gim xung mt thong):
Sag (Gim xung mt thong) l vic gim gi tr hiu dng ca ca in p
dng in tn s ngun xung trong khong t 0.1 n 0.9 pu trong khong thi
gian t 0.5 chu k n 1 pht.
Thut ng sag c s dng trong nhiu nm din t cc trng hp st
in p trong khong thi gian ngn.
Hnh 2.6 m t mt trng in p gim xung in hnh vi s c mt pha
chm t.
Voltage
RMS

120
100
80

60
40
20
0

0,05

0,1

0,15
0,2
Time (ms)

50

100
75
Time (ms)

0,25

0,3

0,35

150

175

150
100
50
% 0
-50
-100
-150

25

Hnh 6

174

125

Voltage
RMS 105
100
95
90
%

85
80
75
0

3,5
2,5
1,5
2
3
Time (ms)
Hnh 7 Minh ho cho trng hp in p gim xung tm thi do khi ng ng c.
0,5

I.4.5.3. S tng ln:


S tng ln c nh ngha l s tng gi tr hiu dng ca in p hoc
dng in tn s ngun in khong 1.1 n 1.8 pu trong khong thi gian t 0.5
chu k n mt pht.
S tng ln ny cng xut hin khi c cc s c ca h thng nh s c mt
pha chm t. Hnh 8 minh ho cho trng hp tng ln khi s c mt pha chm
t.
Phase A Voltage
120
RMS
115
110
% 105
100
95
90
0

0,05

0,1

0,15
0,2
Time (ms)

50

100
75
Time (ms)

0,25

0,3

0,35

150

175

150
100
50
%

0
-50
-100
-150

25

125

Hnh 8 S tng ln cn c th do ngt cc ti cng sut ln hoc cc t ln.


175

I.4.6. S khng cn bng in p:


S khng cn bng in p thnh thong c nh ngha nh l s thay i
gi tr ln nht ca in p hoc dng in trung bnh ca ba pha. Bng cch chia
trung bnh in p hoc dng in ba pha v biu th di dng phn trm.
Khng cn bng cng c th c nh ngha bng cc thnh phn i xng.
T l gia thnh phn th t nghch v th t khng vi th t thun c th xc nh
c khng cn bng.
Hnh 2.9 m t mt v d v hai t l ny trong thi gian mt tun ca mt
ng dy cung cp cho cc h dn c.
in p ngun khng cn bng c bn nh hn 2% l ti mt pha trong h
thng ba pha.in p khng cn bng c th do cu ch trn mt pha ca h thng
ba pha b chy t
Voltage Unbalance%
Vo/ V1

3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
Mon

Tue

Wen

Thu

Fri

Sat

Sun

Mon

Hnh 9

I.4.7. Mo dng sng:


Mo dng sng c nh ngha l s thay i trng thi n nh t mt sng
sin l tng tn s c bn c m t bng s thay i ca ph.
C 5 nguyn nhn c bn ca mo dng sng.
Do in p dc offset
Cc ha tn.
Interhamonics
Notching.
Nhiu.
I.4.7.1. Do in p dc offset:
S hin din ca in p hoc dng in dc trong h thng in ac c gi
l dc offset. iu ny c th do s xo trn v a t hay do nh hng ca chnh
176

lu bn k. V d n nung sng c th cha diode v lm gim in p cung cp


cho cc n bng chnh luu na bn k. Dng mt chiu trong mng xoay chiu c
th c cc nh hng bt li do s bo ho ca li thp my bin p. iu ny lm
tg pht nng v tn hao cho my bin p. Mt chiu c th gy ra n mn cc in
cc ni t v cc u ni.
I.4.7.2. Cc ho tn:
Ho tn l in p hoc dng in c tn s l bi s ca tn s h thng
cung cp hot ng (v d tn s c bn thng s dng l 50 60Hz)
Sng mo dng c th phn tch thnh tng ca sng tn s c bn v cc
ho tn. Ho tn hnh thnh do c tnh ca cc thit b hoc ti phi tuyn trong h
thng in.
Current (A)
70
50
30
% 10
-10
-30
-50

40

50

60

70

80

Time (ms)

ASD Input Current


20
15
10
5
0

600
1200
Frequence(Hz)

1800

Hnh 10

I.4.7.3. Interhamonics
Nhng in p hoc dng in c cc thnh phn tn s khng phi l mt s
nguyn ln tn s ca h thng c gi l interharmonic. Chng c th xut hin
di dng mt tn s ring l hoc mt dy quang ph.
Ngun chnh to ra interharmonic l converter, cycloconverter, cc ng
c cm ng hay cc thit b h quang.

177

I.4.7.4. Notching
Notching l nhng xo trn in p c tnh chu k do nhng hot ng bnh
thng ca cc thit b in t cng sut khi dng in chuyn i t pha ny sang
pha khc.
Hnh 2.11 l v d l mt v d v Notching in p trong h thng converter.
The notches xut hin khi dng in chuyn i t pha ny sang pha khc, trong
thi im ny dng ngn mch tm thi xut hin gia cc pha lm cho in p trn
tng tr h thng gn nh bng 0.
1000

Voltage(V

500

0
-500

-1000
0,02

0,025

0,03

0,035

0,04

0,045

Time (ms)
Hnh 11

I.4.7.5. Nhiu
Nhiu c nh ngha l cc tn hiu in khng mong mun vi dy quang
ph rng di 200kHz c thm vo dng in hoc in p trn cc pha hay
trung tnh h thng hay cc ng dy tn hiu.
Nhiu trong h thng in do cc thit b in t cng sut, cc mch iu
khin, cc thit b h quang, cc ti vi mch chnh lu. Nhng vn v nhiu s
c gim bt nu s dng cc b lc, cc my bin p cch ly.

178

Voltage (V pu )
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
-0,5
-1,0
-1,5

25

50

100
75
Time (ms)

125

150

175

Hnh 12

I.4.8. S dao ng in p:
S dao ng in p l nhng thay i c h thng ca ng bao in p
hoc nhng thay i lin tc mang tnh cht ngu nhin, bin ca in p dao
ng khng vt qu 0.9 n 1.1 pu (theo ANSI C84.1-198210)
I.4.9. Nhng thay i tn s ngun in:
Nhng thay i tn s ngun in c nh ngha l s thay i tn s c
bn ca h thng in vi gi tr khng ng k.
Tn s ngun c xc nh bng tc quay ca my pht. C nhng thay
i nh v tn s s lm cn bng ng gia my pht v ti thay i. thay i
v thi gian thay i ca tn s ph thuc vo c tnh ca ti v p ng ca h
thng iu khin my pht thay i ti.
Nhng thay i tn s vt qu gii hn cho php ca hot ng n nh ca
h thng c th gy ra s c ln trn h thng truyn ti nh s sa thi ti ln hay
cc my pht s tch ra khi li.

II. Tn tht in nng ca li in


II.1. Tng quan
Chuyn in nng n cc h tiu th, ta cn phi dng dy dn v my bin p.
Khi c dng n chy qua dy dn v my bin p, do chng c in tr v in
khng nn bao gi cng c tn tht nht nh v cng sut tc dng P v cng sut
phn khng Q. in nng mt mt A bin thnh nhit lm nng dy dn v
my bin p.

179

Tn tht cng sut phn khng Q tuy khng nh hng trc tip n mc ph
tn v nhin liu nhng gy ra tnh trng khng cng sut phn khng cung
cp cho cc h tiu th in.
Gim tn tht cng sut v in p trong mng in c th thc hin bng gii
php thay i dng cng sut phn khng. thc hin iu , ngi ta t ngun
cng sut phn khng gn h tiu th in v ni song song vi ph ti. Cc ngun
cng sut phn khng c th l cc my b ng b, cc t in v cc ngun tnh
ca cng sut phn khng.

II.2. Tn tht in p
II.2.1. Trng hp 1 ph ti tp trung
U1

Z = R + jX

2
U2

S1 = P1 + jQ1

S2 = P2 + jQ2
Hnh 13 S ng dy c mt ph ti tp trung

thit mng in lm vic ch i xng, ta ch cn tnh ton trn mt


pha. Biu din ng dy c tng tr Z = R + jX () v ph ti tp trung cui
ng dy S2 = P2 + jQ2 (KVA).
Gi

Vector OA biu din in p Up2 cui ng dy. Gc 2 tng ng vi


cos2 ca ph ti h tiu th. Vector AB biu din tn tht in p trn intr
ng dy IR trng pha vi vector dng in I, cn vector BC l tn tht in p
trn in khng ca ng dy IX chm pha 900 so vi vector dng I. Vector AC
biu din tn tht in p tng tr6en ng dy, cng chnh l hiu ca hai vector
in p u v cui ng dy
Up = Up1 - Up2
on AD l hnh chiu ca vector tng tn tht in p trn trc ca Up2 gi
l thnh phn tn tht dc trc. Vi mng in phn phi, in p ch n 35 KV th
gc gia Up1 v Up2 rt b, do , tn tht in p tng c th ly gn ng v
vi thnh phn in p dc trc
Mt cch gn ng: Up = AD = AF + FD
V 1 ~ 2 =
y: AF = IRcos v FD = IXsin
Do : Up = IRcos + IXsin
Vy, tn tht in p dy s l:
180

U = 3U p = 3 ( IR cos + IX sin )
PR

QX

=
+
Hay U = 3
3U m
3U m

PR + QX
U m

i vi ng dy in p cao hn 35 KV, ta phi xt n thnh phn tn


tht ngang Up gi tr bng on CD:
Up = CD
Up = CG DG
Up = CG BF
Up = IXcos - IXsin
Khi , thnh phn tn tht in p ngang i vi in p ng dy l:
Up = 3U p = 3 ( IX cos IR sin )
PX

QR

hay U = 3

3
3
U
U
m
m

PX QR
U m

in p dy u v cui ng dy trong thc t xc nh:


2

P R + Q2 X
U 1 = U 2 + 2
U2

P2 X Q2 R
+

U2

P R + Q1 X
U 2 = U 1 + 1
U1

P1 X Q1 R
+

U1

y, P1, Q1, P2 (KW), Q2 (MVar) tng ng vi cng sut u v cui


ng dy
tg =

U
U 2 + U

U
U 1 U 1

II.2.2. Trng hp c nhiu ph ti


* Hai ph ti
A

P1 + jQ1

R1X1

P2 + jQ2

R2X2
Pb + jQb

Hnh 14 ng dy c hai ph ti tp trung

181

Pc + jQc

Xt mng in phn phi c hai ph ti tp trung, ta khng ch n tn tht


cng sut dc ng dy th cng sut chuyn ch ti cc on ng dy nh sau:
P2 + jQ2 = Pc + jQc
P1 + jQ1 = P2 + jQ2 + Pb + jQb = (Pb + Pc) + j(Qb + Qc)
Tn tht in p trn ton b ng dy bng tng s tn tht trn tng on
dy:
U = U1 + U2
U =

P1 R1 + Q1 X 1 P2 R2 + Q2 X 2
+
U m
U m

* Tng qut cho n ph ti


n

U =

(P R
i =1

+ Qi X i )

U m

Vi Pi, Qi l cng sut tc dng & phn khng trn on dy th i


Ri, Xi l in tr v in khng ca on dy th i
Um l in p nh mc ca ng dy
II.2.3. Tnh ton tn tht in p li khi c ti phn b u
Trong thc t thng gp ung dy c ph ti bng nhau v phn b ging
nhau dc theo chiu di ng dy, v d nh ng dy ca h thng chiu sng
ng ph, Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, c th xem ng dy l ng
dy c ti phn b u.
Xt ng dy c ph ti phn b u, bit dng in ph ti ca mt n v
chiu di ng dy i (A/m), in tr v in khng ca ng dy r0, x0 (/m),
chiu di ng dy l L (m). Tnh tn tht in p trn ng dy ?
Xt mt phn t chiu di ng dy dx cch im cui ng dy mt on x
(m), tn tht in p trn phn t dx l:
Ux = 3 (i x r0 dx cos + i x x0 sin)
Tn tht in p trn ng dy:
L
L

U = 3 ro ixdx cos + x o ixdx sin


0
0

L2

L2
U = 3 iro
cos + ix o
sin
2
2

182

L
L

U = 3 Iro cos + Ixo sin


2
2

Trong , cos l h s cng sut ca ph ti phn phi u I = iL l tng


dng in ph ti.
Tn tht in p trn ng dy c chiu di L vi ph ti tp trung cui
ng dy l:
U = 3 (Iro L cos + Ix o L sin )

=> Ta c th nhn thy rng tn tht in p trn ng dy c ph ti phn b u


ch bng mt na tn tht in p trn ng dy vi ph ti tp trung t cui
ng dy c cng chiu. Do , ph ti phn b u c th thay bng ph ti tp
trung gia ng dy khi tnh tn tht in p.

dx

L
Hnh 15 S ng dy c ph ti phn b u

II.2.4. Tnh ton tn tht in p khi li c phn nhnh


Xt ng dy c phn nhnh nh hnh v:
PB + jQB
1

2
P2 + jQ2

P1 + jQ1

3 P3 + jQ3
D

PC + jQC

PD +
jQD

Hnh 16 S mng in c phn nhnh

Cng sut trn on AB:


S = P1 jQ1 = SB + SC + SD = PB + PC + PD + j(QB + QC + QD)
Tn tht in p trn on AB:
U AB =

PI RI + QI X I ( PB + PC + PD ) R1 + (QB + QC + QD ) X 1
=
U m
U m

Tn tht in p trn on AD:


183

UAD = UAB + UBD


U AD =
U AD =

P1 R1 + Q1 X 1 P3 R3 + Q3 X 3
+
U m
U m

( PB + PC + PD ) R1 + PD R3 + (QB + QC + QD ) X 1 + QD X 3
U m

t RD = R1 + R3
XD = X1 + X3
XB = X1
Suy ra U AD =

( PB + PC ) RB + PD RD + (QB + QC ) X 1 + QD X D
U m

Tng t cch tnh trn, ta c th xc nh c tn tht in p t A n C:


UAC = UAB + UBC
U AC =

( PA + PB + PC ) R1 + PC R2 + (Q A + QB + QC ) X 1 + QD X 2
U m

II.2.5. Tnh ton tn tht in p mng in c ti khng i xng


Trn thc t, ti tiu th l khng i xng, khi , trn dy trung tnh s c
dng in Io chy qua. Tn tht in p trn tng pha cng khng cn ging nhau.
Khi , ta cn phi tnh ton ton tn tht in p ca pha ti nng nht kim tra
cht lng in p.
Gi thit rng dng qua pha A ln hn so vi dng qua pha B, C. trn dy trung
tnh, xut hin dng I0 chy qua v bng tng hnh hc dng trong cc pha IA, IB,
IC
.

I0 = I A+ I B+ IC

Dng in khng i xng gy nn mt tn tht in p trn dy trung


tnh:
.

U o = I o ro vi r0 l in tr ca dy trung tnh

Hay c th vit:
.

U 0 = I A ro + I B ro + I C ro

Tn tht in p trn mi pha c xc nh:


.

U pA = I A r
U pB = I B r

vi r l in tr dy pha
184

U pC = I C r

Tn tht in p ton phn ca mt pha bao gm tn tht in p trn dy


pha v dy trung tnh. Khi biu din ph ti ca mi pha bng cng sut tc dng
PA, PB v PC th tn tht in p ton pha A l:
U A =

m r =
vi

PA
0 .5
(r + ro ) +
( PB + PC )ro
U m
U m

L
L
v r0 =
S
S o

L: Chiu di ng dy
S, S0: Tit din dy pha v dy trung tnh
Um: in p nh mc

Tn tht trn pha A c vit li:


U A =

PA L
U m

1 1
L
+
( PB + PC )
S S o 2S oU m

Mt cch tng t cho hai pha cn li, ta cng c th xc nh tn tht in


p trn pha B v C:

L

( PA + PC )
2S oU m

U B =

PB L
U m

1 1
+
S So

U C =

PC L
U m

1 1
L
+
( PA + PB )
S S o 2S oU m

Nu ng dy c nhng ph ti bt k, ta vn c th dng cng thc trn


tnh ton v xem tn tht trn pha A bng tng s tn tht in p tng on ring l
ca mng. Vi gi thit ny, cho php biu din tn tht in p ton phn ca mi
pha nh sau:
n

U A =

Ai

i =1

Li

U m

n
1 1
n

1
+
PCi Li + PBi Li
i =1

S S o 2S oU m i =1

U B =

P
i =1

Bi

U m
n

U C =

Li

P
i =1

Ci

Li

U m

n
1 1
1
n

+
PAi Li + PCi Li
i =1

S S o 2S oU m i =1

1 1
+
S So

1

PAi Li + PBi Li
i =1

2S oU m i =1

185

II.3. Tn tht cng sut


II.3.1. ng dy c 1 ph ti
Xt ng dy ba pha cn bng c ph ti i xng, dng in chy trn ng
dy c tng tr Z = R + jX th tn tht cng sut trn ng dy l:
S = P + jQ
S2
P2 + Q2
R
R
=
U2
U2

trong : P = 3RI2 =
v Q = 3XI2 =

S2
P2 + Q2
X
X
=
U2
U2

P (W), Q (Var) l tn tht cng sut tc dng v phn khng 3 pha


U in p dy nh mc
II.3.2. ng dy c nhiu ph ti
Xt

ng dy c 2 ph ti ti B v C, tnh tn tht cng sut trn ng dy ?


S1

S1

S2

R1 + jX1

S2

R2 + jX2
SB

Hnh 17 ng dy c hai ph ti ti B v C

Tn hao cng sut trn on ng dy 2:


S2 = P2 + jQ2
vi P2 =

P2''2 + Q2''2
R2
U c2

v Q2 =

P2''2 + Q2''2
X2
U c2

Cng sut u on ng dy 2 bng:


S2 = S2 + S2
= (P2 + P2) + j(Q2 + Q2)
= P2 + jQ2
Cng sut ti cui on 1 l:
S1 = S2 + SB
= (P2 + PB) + j(Q2 + QB)
186

SC

= P1 + jQ1
Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy ca on 1 l:
P1 =

Q1 =

'' 2

'' 2

'' 2

'' 2

P1 + Q1
R1
2
UB
P1 + Q1
UB

X1

vy S1 = P1 + jQ1
mng in phn phi, in p UB = UC = Um, v c th xem S2 = S2,
khi :
2

R1

X 1

S
P = C
U m

S + SB
R2 + C

U m

S
Q = C
U m

S + SB

R2 + C
U m

II.3.3. ng dy c ph ti phn b u
Xt trng hp mng in c ph ti phn b u, vi nhng khong cch gn
bng nhau c ph ti bng nhau, coi nh l ph ti phn b u. thun tin trong
tnh ton, ta c th xem nh dng in bin thin t l vi chiu di dy dn.
A

dx

y
I
ib
x

0
x
L
Hnh 18 ng dy ph ti phn b u

187

Ly vi phn chiu di dx ti B => ib =

Ix
L

Tn tht P trn vi phn dx l:


dP = 3Ib2dr
gi r0 l in tr trn mt n v chiu di dy dn th dr = r0dx
2

Ix
Vy dP = 3IB dr = 3 ro dx
L
2

Tn tht cng sut dc ng dy t A n C l:


L

Ix
2
2
ro dx = ro LI = RI
L

P = 3
0

gi s khi c ph ti l I nhng tp trung cui ng dy th tn tht cng


sut dc ng dy l:
Ptp trung = 3RI2
=> Ptp trung = 3Pphn b u
Nhn xt:
Khi tnh ton tn tht cng sut cho mng in, c th thay ph ti phn b u
bng ph ti tp trung ti v tr L/3 trn ng dy (v pha ngun)
II.3.4. Tn tht cng sut khi ph ti c phn nhnh
i vi ng dy c phn nhnh, tn tht cng sut ca ton ng dy c
xc nh bng tng cng sut ca tng phn on
A

S1
1

S2

B
3
C

S3

SC = PC +jQC

Hnh 19 ng dy c phn nhnh

SAD = S1 + S2
SAC = S1 + S3
S = S0 + S2 + S3

188

SD = PD +jQD

II.3.5. Tn tht cng sut khi ph ti bt i xng


Xt ng dy 3 pha c 1 ph ti bt i xng cui ng dy. Trong trng
hp ph ti bt i xng s dn n dng in v in p trn ti cng bt i xng.
thun tin trong vic tnh ton, ta dng phng phap cc thnh phn i xng.
Mt h ba pha bt i xng (dng, p, t thng) c th biu din thnh h 3 pha
i xng, cc thnh phn i xng ca h 3 pha bt i xng c gi l:

Thnh phn i xng th t thun

Thnh phn i xng th t nghch

Thnh phn i xng th t khng

Thng thng, trn th vect, chng c nh gi cc ch s theo th t


l 1 ch th t thun, 2 ch th t nghch, v 0 ch th t khng
Tng tr th t thun Z1 ca ngun in l thng ca in p pha v dng
in ca ng dy cung cp t h thng th t thun i xng, biu th tng tr
lm vic ca ng dy.
Tng tr th t nghch Z2 ca ngun in l thng ca in p pha v dng
in ca ng dy cung cp t h thng th t nghch i xng
Tng tr th t khng Zo ca ngun in l thng ca in p pha v dng
in ca ng d khi n c cung cp t ngun mt pha qua ba dy dn chnh
song song cn dy th t c cung cp hco ng tr v chung mang ba dng
in th t khng. Tng tr th t khng ca ng dy trn khng ph thuc vo
tit din dy dn v cch treo, n ln hn nhiu ln so vi tng tr th t thun.
Biu din in p:
Nu gi vect in th ca ba pha khng cn bng l UA, UB, UC th c th
biu din bng cc thnh phn i xng ca n:
UA = UA(0) + UA(1) + UA(2)
UB = UB(0) + UB(1) + UB(2)
UC = UC(0) + UC(1) + UC(2)
Da vo ton t quay a = 120o, ta c th vit nh sau:

189

UB(0) = 1 UA(0)
UB(1) = a2 UA(1)
UB(2) = a UA(2)
UC(0) = 1 UA(0)
UC(1) = a UA(1)
UC(2) = a2 UA(2)

190

Nh vy, ta c:
UA = 1 UA(0) + 1 UA(1) + 1 UA(2)
UB = 1 UA(0) + a2 UA(1) + a UA(2)
UC = 1 UA(0) + a UA(1) + a2 UA(2)
C th gii h phng trnh trn bng ma trn i s:
. (0)
U A
.
(1)
A U A
.
U A ( 2 )

. (0)
1 U A
. (1)
a U A =
.
a 2 U A ( 2 )

.
U A 1 1
U. = 1 a 2
. B
U C 1 a

.
. ( 0)
U A
U A
.
.
(1)

1
=> U A = A U A =
.
.
U A
U A ( 2)

1 1
1
1 a
3
2
1 a

.
1 U A
.
a 2 U A
.
a U A

Biu din dng in


. (0)
1 I A
. (1)
a I A =
.
a 2 I A ( 2)

.
I A 1 1
I. = 1 a 2
.B
I C 1 a

. (0)
I A
.
(1)
A I A
.
I A ( 2 )

tng t, ta cng c:
. (0)
I A
I. (1) =
.A
I A ( 2 )

1 1
1
1 a
3
2
1 a

.
1 I A
.
a 2 I A
.
a I A

Biu din cng sut


S3 = UAIA* + UBIB* + UCIC*
T

S 3

S 3

. ( 0)
U A
.
(1)
= U A
.
U A ( 2)

. (0)
. ( 0)
U A
I A
.
.
(1)
(1)
= AT U A A* I A
.
.
U A ( 2 )
I A ( 2)

1 1

2
1 a
1 a

a
a 2

1 1

1 a
1 a 2

a2
a

. ( 0)
I A
I. (1)
.A
I A ( 2)

.
. ( 0 ) . (1)
S 3 = 3.U A
UA

. ( 0)
1
0
0
I A

.
. (1)
( 2 )
U A 0 1 0 I A

. ( 2)
0 0 1 I A

. ( 0)
I A
.
.
( 2 )
(1)
U A I A
.

I A ( 2)

.
. ( 0) . (1)
S 3 = 3.U A
UA

S 3 = 3U A

(0)

( 0)

(1)

(1)

I A + 3U 1 I A + 3U A

( 2)

IA

( 2)

xc nh tn tht cng sut do ph ti bt i xng, ta dng phng php


xp chng tng ng vi thnh phn th t thun, th t nghch v th t khng:
.

. (1)

. ( 2)

S = S + S

. (0)

+S

= P + jQ

trong :
P = 3I(0)2R(0) + 3I(1)2R(1) +3I(2)2R(2) l tn tht cng sut tc dng
Q = 3I(0)2X(0) + 3I(1)2X(1) +3I(2)2X(2) l tn tht cng sut phn khng
Xt mt bi ton thc t vi li phn phi, mch ba pha ngun ni Y, ti
bt i xng, xc nh dng in trn cc pha IA, IB, IC v dng trn dy trung tnh
Io ?

Hnh 20 Mch 3 pha ngun ni Y, ti bt i xng

Gi thit rng cung cp c cng sut v cng ln, in p ngun cung cp l


i xng v khng ph thuc vo ph ti ang xt.
Dng ph ti bt i xng c th xc nh theo in p nh mc. gii
mch trn trn, ta c th dng phng php th nt.
192

Chn nt 0 lm gc chun o = 0
Phng trnh th cho mt nt:
(YA + YB + YC + Yo) o = UAYA + UBYB + UCYC
.

U 0 '0

U A YA + U B YB + U C YC
=
YA + YB + YC + Y0

vi tng dn phc cc pha v trung tnh l:


ZA = Zdy + ZA
ZB = Zdy + ZB
ZC = Zdy + ZC
YA =

1
ZA

YB =

1
ZB

YC =

1
ZC

Y0 =

1
Z0

V ngun l i xng nn in p xc nh
UA = Up; UB = a2Up; UC = aUp
Sau khi tm c U00, ta tnh c in p cc pha ti:
U = UA U00; UB = UB U00; UC = UC U00
Dng in trn cc pha v trung tnh:
.

U 'A
IA =
ZA
.

U 'C
IC =
Z 'C
.

U 'B
IB =
Z 'B
.

U ' 0 '0
I0 =
Z0
.

III. Cc phng php tnh ton tn tht p dng ti cc


Cng ty in lc

III.1. Tng qut:


Mng in phn phi Tp.H Ch Minh hin nay c lng in nng tn tht ln:
Nm 1995, lng in nng tn tht chim t l 17,48% (159.640.615Kwh)
so vi lng in nng nhn l 3.411.113.185Kwh.
Nm 1996, lng in nng tn tht chim t l 13,36% (623.029.492Kwh)
so vi lng in nng nhn l 4.085.558.782Kwh
(Theo tng kt ca Cng ty in lc Tp.H Ch Minh).
193

Lng in nng tn tht nh vy s gy thit hi ln cho ngn sch quc gia


ni chung, tn tht v kinh t cho ngun in ni ring. Mc khc, tn tht cng
sut phn khng Q tuy khng nh hng trc tip ti mc ph tn v nhin liu,
nhng gy ra tnh trng khng cng sut phn khng cung cp cho cc h
dng in. V th, phi b li bng mt s thit b pht thm cng sut phn
khng nh: t in, my b ng b...
Do , gim c tn tht in nng v tn tht cng sut phn khng, gim
c thit b pht in ca nh my in, gim nhin liu tiu hao; vn u t cho
h thng in truyn ti v phn phi cng gim, gp phn lm gim gi thnh bn
in. iu ny c nh hng n cc nn kinh t khc, v nh th s thc y nn
kinh t pht trin.

III.2. Mt s phng php tnh tn tht in nng cho li in phn


p h i:
Vn xc nh tn tht in nng trong mng in hin nay ang l nhim
v ht sc thit thc, khng nhng i vi cc c quan qun l v phn phi in,
m ngay c i vi cc h dng in. Phng php xc nh tn tht in nng
thng thng nht, l so snh sn lng in u vo v u ra, nhng thng
mc phi nhng sai st ln - do mt s nguyn nhn sau y:
+ Khng th ly ng thi ch s ca cc cng t ti u ngun v cc
im tiu th in.
+ Nhiu im ti cn thiu thit b o, hoc thit b o khng ph hp vi
ph ti.
+ S chng loi ng h o rt a dng vi nhiu mc sai s khc nhau,
l cha ni n vic chnh nh ng h o cha chnh xc, hoc khng th chnh
xc do cht lng in khng m bo.
ng nhin, c th s dng phng php o hin i nh dng ng h o
tn tht nng cao chnh xc ca php o, nhng nh vy s rt tn km v
phc tp; khng ph hp vi iu kin kinh t nc ta.
Do vy, ta phi p dng cc phng php tnh ton tn tht in nng ca
li in phn phi.
Hin nay c nhiu phng php tnh ton tn tht in nng. Mi phng
php c trng bi nhng thng s tnh ton ban u. Vy nn la chn phng
php tnh ton no m thng s tnh ton ban u d thu thp, kt qu tnh ton
chnh xc cao, l mt nghin cu cn thit.
Sau y, ti xin trnh by mt s phng php tnh tn tht in nng li in
phn phi.
194

III.2.1. Cc phng php tnh ton:


III.2.1.1. Phng php c bn ca JUN v LENS (Vin Nng
Lng):
T

A = RI 2 (t )dt
O

Trong : + T: Thi gian kho st tn tht in nng (h).


+ R: in tr dy dn ( ).
+ I (t):Dng in bin thin theo thi gian (A).

III.2.1.2. Phng php bc thang ha th ph ti:

A = i=1 RI i2 t i
Trong : + R: in tr dy dn ( ).
+ I i : Dng in trung bnh trong khong thi gian ti.
I(A)
I5.
I4.

I2

. I1
.
t1

.
.
.
t2
t3
t4
th ph ti I(A)

I3

.
t5

t
.
t6

Da vo th ph ti, ta tnh c tn tht in nng:


2
2
2
2
2
2
A=Rx(I 1.t1+ I 2.t2+ I 3.t3+ I 4.t4+ I 5t5++ I n.tn)

III.2.1.3. Phng php thi gian tn tht cng sut ln nht.

A = R. I 2 max.
Trong : + = f(Imax, cos): thi gian tn tht cng sut ln nht. + I max:
Dng in cc i qua dy dn (A). + R: in tr dy dn.
Trong biu thc trn, tr s ca Imax v R d dng tm c, ch cn xt cch xc

nh l c th tnh c A. Bit rng Tmax v c quan h vi nhau. v


ng cong quan h, ta tin hnh nh sau:
+ Thu thp mt s ln cc ng cong ph ti ca cc loi h dng in khc
nhau, nghin cu cc ng cong .
+ Phn loi cc ng cong (loi 3 ca, 2 ca... ri loi Cos =1, Cos = 0.8
vv...) ri v cc ng cong in hnh
+ Da vo tng loi ng cong in hnh, ng vi tr s Tmax li c mt tr
s , ri sp thnh bng. Cn c vo bng s liu , v ng cong biu
din: =f(Tmax).
195

+ Nu ph ti c khc vi tr s ca ng cong cho, s tm c bng cch


ni suy.
III.2.1.4.

Phng php h s tn tht cng sut:


A = R. I 2 max. K TT .T

Trong : + K TT = B. K pt + (1 B). K 2 pt : H s tn tht.


P

: H s ph ti.
+ K pt = tb =
Pmax U .Im ax.cos .T
+ A: in nng tiu th (KWh).
+ I max : Dng in cc i qua dy dn (A).
+ T: thi gian kho st tn tht in nng (h).
+ cos: H s cng sut.
+ B:H s hnh dng ph thuc vo cu trc li in
III.2.1.5. Phng php hai ng thng ca Edmond Borard (B):
A =

RA
(T.U.Imax.cos +2A)
3.T .U 2 .cos2

Trong : R: in tr dy dn ( ).
A: in nng tiu th (Kwh).
T: Thi gian kho st tn tht in nng (h).
Cos: H s cng sut.
Imax: dng in cc i qua dy dn (A) .
U: in p pha (V).
6. Phng php xc nh tn tht theo l thuyt xc sut: (TLTK: PTS
Trn Quang Khnh -Trng i hc Nng nghip I).
A = 3. M ( I 2 ). R.T .10 3 .
+ M(I2): l k vng ton bnh phng dng in (A).
M(I2)=[M(I)]2+D(I).
M(I),D(I): k vng ton hc v phng sai dng in
+ R: in tr ng tr ca mng in ( ).

Trong :

Pm .10 3
3I 2 m
vi Pm=k.Im. Um. (KW)
- Um: tn hao in p cc i trn ng dy, tnh n

R=

im cui ca ng trc chnh (KV).


- k: h s tnh n kt cu li in, loi dy dn, cp in
p, c im phn b ph ti in.
+ T: thi gian kho st (h).
Gi tr ca k vng ton dng in chy trong mng c th xc nh theo
cc ch s ca cc cng t ti l ra ca trm bin p trung gian:
M(I)=

A2 r + A2 x
3U 2 tbT 2
196

(I)=[M(I)]2.kbi2.
kbi =

I m M (I )
M ( I ). t 1

Trong : + Ar, Ax: in nng tc dng v in nng phn khng


(KWh, KVAr).
+ Utb: in p trung bnh ca mng in.
+ t1: bi s tn x.
Vy, gi tr tn tht in nng tc dng trn ng dy l:
2
2
-3
(1)
Ari=3.[m(I)] .(1+k bi).R.T.10 . (KWh).
Tn tht in nng phn khng c th xc nh theo biu thc:
vi =

Axi= Ari. .

X
R

0i

. li

0i

. li

Trong : + R0i,X0i: in tr sut ca 1km on dy th i, /km.


+ li: chiu di on dy th i.
Tn tht trong cc my bin gm hai thnh phn: thay i v c nh.
Thnh phn thay i c xc nh tng t nh i vi ng dy theo biu
thc (1), vi k vng ton dng in chy qua bin p ng tr l:
M(I)BA=

A 2r2 + A x2

3.U 2 .T 2
2

Trong : + Ar2,Ax2: in nng tc dng v phn khng cui mng


ng tr (KWh, KVAr).
Ar2=Ar- Ari
Ax2=Ax- Axi
+ U2: in p cui ng dy, kV.
in tr ng tr ca my bin p l:
m

RBA =

U 2 m . Pcui .10 3
i

( S mi ) 2
i

Trong :+ Um - in p nh mc ca cc my bin p, KV.


+ Smi - cng sut nh mc ca my bin p th i, KVA.
+ Pcui - tn hao cng sut trong cun dy ca my bin p
i.
+ m - s lng my bin p tiu th.
Vy tn tht in nng tc dng trong dy ng ca cc my bin p tiu th
l:
2
2
3
Acu=3[M(I)BA] .(1+k bi).RBA.T.10 .
Thnh phn tn tht c nh, hay tn tht trong li thp ca my bin p c xc
nh theo biu thc:
197

Afe=

U22

. T. Pfei .

U 2 m
i
Vi Pfei - tn hao cng sut trong li thp ca my bin p th i.
Tng tn tht in nng tc dng trong ton mng phn phi l:

A = Ari + Acu + A fe
Nhn Xt: Ngoi tr phng php 3 c dng ch yu trong thit k mng in
khu vc vi gi thit bit trc Imax v cos Phng php 6 p dng theo c s l
thuyt xc sut thng k; vic tn tht in nng y ch cn da vo cc d kin
v lng in nng tiu th ti u vo, dng in cc i ca mng v mc chnh
lch in p gia u v cui ng trc. Cc thng s ny c th xc nh rt d
dng bng cc thit b o thng dng.

Cn li cc phng php 1,2,4 v 5 hnh thnh 2 nhm phng php:


Nhm 1: gm cc phng php 1 v 2. Theo cc phng php ny th tn tht in
nng l hm ca bnh phng dng in bin thin I2(t) v I2 i.
Nhm 2: gm cc phng php 4 v 5. Theo cc phng php ny th tn tht in
nng l hm ca dng in Imax, in p Ufa, h s cng sut cos (lc Imax) v
in nng A.
Vy, nn la chn phng php tnh ton no m thng s tnh ton ban u d thu
thp, kt qu tnh ton chnh xc cao.
III.2.2. nh gi cc phng php tnh ton:
Mt phng php thch hp phi ng thi tha mn 2 yu cu sau:

A/ Tnh kh thi: Cc thng s tnh ton d thu thp (phi m bo


tnh tin cy).
B/ Tnh chnh xc: Kt qu tnh ton cho sai s tng i nm trong
phm vi cho php (510%).
Sau y ta da vo yu cu la chn phn tch u nhc
im ca 2 phng php:
+ Phng php 2: i din cho nhm 1
+Phng php 4: i din cho nhm 2

V phng php 2 v 4 l phng php c s dng nhiu trong v


ngoi nc.
2. Phn tch phng php:
A/ Phng php 2:
Cng thc: A =

24

R.I .t .
i=1

2
i

198

Tnh kh thi: phng php ny a ra 1 cng thc tnh n gin bng gii
tch. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh dng in trong tng gi ca sut thi gian
kho st, cng lc vi hng trm ph ti ca 1 khu vc li trung th, h th
l iu m ngnh in chng ta hin nay khng th thc hin c.
B/ Phng php 4:

A = R. I 2 max . K TT .T .
vi K TT = B. kpt + (1 B). k 2 pt
kpt =
Cng thc:

Ppt
A
=
Pmax 24. I max .U.cos

Tnh kh thi: Cng thc ny a ra mt lot cng thc vi nhiu thng s


tnh ton, tuy nhin cc thng s tnh ton ny u c kh nng xc nh
c nh:
+ o Ufa, I, cos, lc ph ti max.

+ Xc nh in nng A thng qua in nng k (hay ha n


ghi tiu th hng thng).
3. So snh la chn phng php tnh ton:
Qua cc phn tch v nhn xt cc phng php tnh ton tn tht in nng
(ti liu tnh ton tn tht in nng ca Cng ty in lc Tp.HCM).
Ta so snh v tnh kh thi v tnh chnh xc ca 2 phng php: 2 v 4 V
tnh kh thi:
A/ Phng php 2:

Cc thng s tnh ton kh thu thp do khng c cc thit b t ghi dng


in cc thi im khc nhau trong sut thi gian kho st.
iu quan trng l t thit b ghi li cc nt ph ti l iu khng thc
hin c.
B/ Phng php 4:

Cc thng s tnh ton d thu thp ch o thi im ti max, v xc


nh in nng trong thi gian kho st.
t in k tng ti mt s trm ca khu vc trung th,hay mt ci ti
mt trm h th cn kho st TTN, l iu v c th thc hin c.
V tnh chnh xc:
A/ Phng php 2:

Nu cc thi im c II sai s o mc 5% dn n kt qu sai s


khong 10%.
Sai s o mc 20% th sai s kt qu mc c bit th +44% hoc
-36%.
C nhng thi im sai s xc nh mc 20% v cn li l nh hn
hoc ln hn th khng c c s nh gi chnh xc ca sai s kt qu.
B/ Phng php 4:

Sai s o Imax mc 5% th sai s kt qu mc < 5%.


199

Sai s o Imax mc -20 th sai s kt qu phn ln l nh hn 10% cn li


khng qu 20%.
Sai s ca Ax ln (ph bin tnh trng n cp in) th khng th nh gi
c chnh xc ca sai s kt qu.
Kt lun:
Qua kt qu so snh, ta d dng nhn thy phng php 4 c u im hn hn
khi p dng n tnh ton TTN trn cc phn t in tr R ca khu vc t c
TTN kinh doanh (sai s A khng ng k) c th:
Ton b li in trung th.
Cc khu vc h th khng ph bin tnh trng cu in bt hp php.

200

IV. S liu tnh ton tn tht li in thnh ph H


Ch Minh nm 2001.

IV.1. Kt qu tnh tn tht in nng li truyn ti TP.HCM nm


2001:
Kt qu tnh ton tn tht in nng khng ti ca MBT:
A BTKT = (0,32 + 1,98 + 0,36) x 8760 = 23.301,6 MWh
Kt qu tnh tn tht in nng li truyn ti c trnh by trong bng sau:
STT

Thnh phn

Kt qu
HT 110

Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy 110KV

HT 66

17.62

0.82

18.44

4.76

1.74

6.50

22.37

2.56

24.94

75,629

8,667

84,297

18,694

4,923

23,617

94,323

13,590

107,913

1,195

205

1400

5,892,724 1,010,886

6903610

P 110, DP 66 [MW]

Tn tht cng sut trn MBT trung gian


P mbt 110, DP mbt 66 [MW]

Tn tht cng sut cc i


P max [MW]

Tn tht in nng c ti nm
A1 nm [Mwh]

Tn tht in nng MBT khng ti


A btkt [Mwh]

Tn tht in nng nm
A nm [Mwh]

Ph ti cc i ti thanh ci trung th

Tng

P max [MW]
8

in nhn phn phi ti thanh ci 15KV


A npp nm [Mwh]

in mua ca Tng Cng ty c nm

5,987,047 1,024,476 7,011,523

A nct nm [Mwh]
10

T l tn tht in nng c nm
A % nm [%]

201

1.35

0.19

1.54

IV.2. Kt qu tnh ton tn tht in nng li in phn phi nm


2001.
Da trn d bo ph ti, th ph ti ca li in phn phi TP.HCM,
tng sn lng in nhn li phn phi nm 2001 d kin nh sau:
Anpp = 7.700.000.000 KWh.
IV.2.1. Tn tht li phn phi h th:
a. Tn tht in nng trn li in h th ly t kt qu tnh ton thc t
hiu sut khu vc ca mt s khu vc in hnh c chn cc khu vc khc nhau
trn a bn TP.HCM, bao gm:
- Li h th s dng cp ABC: 12khu vc
- Li h th s dng dy ng hoc dy nhm: 10 khu vc

Kt qu tnh ton tn tht in nng ca 14 khu vc h th nh sau:


Bng 1:
S
T
T

Tn khu vc h th

a im

Cng sut Loi dy


trm
ng trc
[KVA]

Bn knh
c.cp in
[m]

Li ABC:

Sn lng tn tht in T l tn
in
nng t [kwh/ tht in
[kwh/
thng]
nng
thng]
[kwh/
Thng]
86,369
838,380
10.30

T Hthnh

Q10

1x320

ABC95

380

93,040

9,741

10.47

Hoa L 4

Q10

3x37,5

ABC95

130

27,920

2,551

9.14

Vn Hnh

Q10

1x300

ABC95

180

34,700

3,410

9.83

An Quang 2/2

Q11

1x400

ABC95

260

73,680

7,650

10.38

L quang sung

Q.6

1x250

ABC95

100

58,640

5,430

9.26

Cng Ho 3A

Q.3

1x400

2xABC95

230

115,200

12,351

10.72

1x160

ABC95

380

11,460

1,250

10.91

Cng Quang Trung Hc Mn


1/2
Cng Quang Trung Hc Mn

1x160

ABC95

400

25,860

2,358

9.12

Hu Giang 162

Q.6

1x200

ABC95

140

34,880

3,740

10.72

10 Bnh Trng 7/2

Th c

1x400

ABC95

400

138,000

14,752

10.69

11 Bnh Trng 8

Th c

1x400

ABC95

400

58,600

6,024

10.28

12 Ph Trung 1-6

Q.TBnh

1x400

ABC95

250

166,400

17,112

10.28

725,140

76,852

10.60

Li ng:

CX NH HDUC

Q11

1x250

3M48+M22

300

70,860

7,950

11.22

Tri Phng 520/1

Q10

1x250

3M48+M22

310

53,340

6,324

11.86

C Bc 3

Q.3

1x225

3M48+M22

250

139,600

15,496

11.10

Thng Hin 3

Q.3

3x75

3M48+M22

220

74,460

7,960

10.69

Vn Sm 1/2

Q.1

1x300

3M48+M22

250

55,700

5,632

10.11

Pht Thanh 4

Q.3

3x50

3M48+M22

250

39,800

4,036

10.14

Minh Phng 5

Q.10

1x400

3M60+M48

370

156,480

16,117

10.30

Cy G 3

Q.6

3x100

3M48+M22

130

44,200

4,123

9.33

Hng Phong 3

Q.TBnh

1x320

3M95+M22

280

90,700

9,214

10.16

202

b. Cn c kt qu tnh ton cho cc khu vc h th in hnh, trnh by trong


bng 1, t l tn tht trung bnh d bo trn tng loi li in h th TP.HCM nm
2002 nh sau:
- Li h th s dng cp ABC: 10,30%
- Li h th s dng dy ng hoc dy nhm: 10,60%
c. Da trn cc c s:
- Thng k s lng, cng sut my bin th ca cc khu vc li h th s
dng cp ABC hoc dy nhm, ng.
- Tmax = 3.550 gi / nm
- H s cng sut cos = 0,9
- H s s dng: K = 0,8
Kt qu tnh ton tng sn lng in ca cc khu vc h th cng cng s
dng cp ABC nh sau:
Bng 2:
Cng sut
(KVA)

Li h th ABC
S my

My 1 pha

Sn lng nm
(KWh)

426650 KVA

Li h th ng, nhm
S my

Tng cng

Sn lng
nm (KWh)

12375 KVA

S my

Sn lng nm
(KWh)

439025 KVA

1x

25

500

31500000

38

2394000

538

33894000

1x

37.5

444

41958000

40

3780000

484

45738000

1x

50

2450

308700000

58

7308000

2508

316008000

1x

75

1800

340200000

55

10395000

1855

350595000

1x

100

1400

352800000

29

7308000

1429

360108000

My 3 pha

928298 KVA

49292.5 KVA

977590 KVA

3x

25

189000

189000

378000

3x

37.5

283500

283500

567000

3x

50

378000

378000

756000

3x

75

1134000

567000

1701000

3x

100

24

18144000

3024000

28

21168000

1x

160

480

193536000

20

8064000

500

201600000

1x

250

670

422100000

19

11970000

689

434070000

1x

320

520

419328000

51

41126400

571

460454400

1x

400

1200

1209600000

55

55440000

1255

1265040000

1x

630

47

74617200

3175200

49

77792400

9540

3414467700

375

155402100

9915

3569869800

Tng cng

d. Kt qu tnh ton t l tn tht in nng trn ton li in h th TP.HCM


nm 2001 trnh by trong bng sau:

203

Bng 3:
Li h th
1. Li h th s dng cp ABC
2. Li h th s dng dy nhm
hoc ng
Li h th ton Thnh ph

S khu
vc nm
2001
6,000
500

Tng sn lng
nm 2001
[Kwh/nm]
3,414,467,700
155,402,100

T l
tn tht
[%]
11.06
11.49

Tng t n tht
nm 2001
[KWh/nm]
377,544,989
17,855,127

6,500

3,569,869,800

11.08

395,400,116

T l tn tht in nng trn li in h th TP.HCM nm 2001 l:


1(%) = 11,08 x 3.569.869.800/ 7.700.000.000 = 5,73 (%)
IV.2.2. Tn tht in nng li phn phi trung th:
IV.2.2.1. Tn tht in nng trn ng dy trung th v my bin
th phn phi:

Tn tht in nng trn ng dy trung th v my bin th phn phi c


tnh ton c th i vi 14 tuyn dy in hnh thuc 4 nhm, chn cc khu vc
khc nhau trn ton Thnh ph nh sau:

STT

Tn tuyn dy

c im

Sn lng in Tn tht [kwh/thng] T l tn tht


[%]
[Kwh/thng] ng dy
MBT
ng MBT
dy
4,140,589.4
125,409.4 112,547.8 3.03
2.72

1 Ph Th Ha -BQ

Dy ni 15 KV

2 Ph Bnh

Dy ni 15 KV

5,257,758.2

162,627.5

98,659.3

3.09

1.88

3 Qc ton

Dy ni 15 KV

5,074,861.6

144,565.9

97,383.9

2.85

1.92

4 Thp t

Dy ni 15 KV

3,576,484.5

94,627.7

80,672.1

2.65

2.26

5 a phc

Dy ni 15 KV

3,964,914.8

98,318.9

72,734.7

2.48

1.83

625,549.4 461,997.8

2.84

2.10

Dy ni ni thnh

22,014,608.5

6 Phc Sn

Dy ni 15 KV

2,192,085.3

44,254.0

46,534.1

2.02

2.12

7 Tn Kin

Dy ni 15 KV

2,312,970.7

43,113.6

60,849.7

1.86

2.63

8 Th c Phn Phi 1 Dy ni 15 KV

2,069,076.7

53,834.6

39,900.2

2.60

1.93

141,202.2 147,284.0

2.15

2.24

Dy ni ngoi thnh

9 TSF

6,574,132.7

Cp ngm 15 KV

2,373,129.1

44,399.5

52,685.2

1.87

2.22

10 L Heo

Cp ngm 15 KV

3,613,865.3

68,943.6

66,962.4

1.91

1.85

11 Gia nh

Cp ngm 15 KV

1,299,547.8

25,358.1

28,135.6

1.95

2.17

12 Vn hc

Cp ngm 15 KV

2,439,572.4

55,076.2

51,455.1

2.26

2.11

193,777.4 199,238.3

1.99

2.05

Cp ngm 15KV

9,726,114.6

13 Thnh Thi

Cp ngm 6,6 KV

1,654,223.2

35,763.3

29,657.3

2.16

1.79

14 Hm T

Cp ngm 6,6KV

1,447,513.0

29,857.7

24,934.5

2.06

1.72

3,101,736.2

65,621.0

54,591.8

2.12

1.76

Cp ngm 6.6KV

204

- Li trung th ni: 8 tuyn


+ Khu vc ni thnh: 5 tuyn
+ Khu vc ngoi thnh: 3 tuyn
- Li trung th ngm: 6 tuyn
+ Cp ngm 15 KV: 4 tuyn
+ Cp ngm 6,6 KV: 2 tuyn
Kt qu tnh ton tn tht in nng trn ng dy trung th v my bin th
phn phi ca ton li trung th TP.HCM nm 2001 nh sau:
Bng 4:
T l tn tht [%]
Sn lng
[KWh/nm]

Ni dung

1. Dy ni ni
thnh
2. Dy ni
ngoi thnh
3. Cp ngm
15kV
4. Cp ngm
6,6kV
Tng cng

Tn tht [KWh]

T l sn
lng /
sn lng tng
[%]

ng dy

MBT

ng dy

MBT

2.84

2.1

100,592,800

74,382,000

46

1,925,000,000

2.15

2.24

41,387,500

43,120,000

25

2,156,000,000

1.99

2.05

42,904,400

44,198,000

28

77,000,000

2.12

1.76

1,632,400

1,355,200

7,700,000,000

2.42

2.10

186,517,100

163,055,200

100

3,542,000,000

T l tn tht trn ng dy trung th l:


5(%) = 186,517,100 x100/ 7.700.000.000 = 2,42 (%)
T l tn tht trn my bin th phn phi l:
6(%) = 163,055,200 x100 / 7.700.000.000 = 2,10 (%)
IV.2.2.2. Tn tht in nng trong my bin th trung gian 15/6.6
KV:

Tn tht in nng trong my bin th trung gian 15/6.6 KV c tnh ton c


th cho tng my.
Kt qu tnh ton tn tht trong cc my bin th trung gian 15/6.6 KV nm
2001 trnh by trong bng sau:

205

Bng 5:
Tn trm ngt my bin th 15/6,6KV

STT

Cng sut Tn tht in nng [ kwh/thng]


[MVA]

Khng ti

C ti

Tng

1 Ch Qun
- 3T
- 4T, 5T

12

8856

23205

32061

2 x 20

25632

57330

82962

2 x 3,5

9648

18291

27939

3.5

4824

9145.5

13969.5

2 x 3,5

9648

18291

27939

58608 126262.5

184870.5

2 Hai B Trng
- 1T, 2T
3 Trn Qu Cp
- 1T
- 2T, 3T
Tng cng

T l tn tht in nng trong cc my bin th trung gian 15/6, 6 KV nm


2001 l:
7 (%) = 184870.5 x12x100/ 7.700.000.000
= 0,023 %
IV.2.2.3. Tn tht in nng trong t b trung th:

Bng 6:
S liu
1. Tng dung lng t b trung th
4. Tn tht in nng trong t b trung th
5. T l tn tht in nng trong t b trung th (8 (%)

n v tnh
KVAR
Kwh
%

Kt qu
245,100
3.220.614
0.04

T l tn tht trn li in phn phi TP.HCM nm 2001 nh sau:


- Tn tht trn lui in h th
: 5,22 %
- Tn tht trn li in trung th
: 4.59%
+ Tn tht trn my bin th phn phi
: 2.10 %
+ Tn tht trn my bin th 15/6.6KV
: 0.03%
+ Tn tht trn t b trung th
: 0.04%
+ Tn tht trn li trung th
: 2.42%
T l tn tht trn ton li phn phi TP.HCM nm 2002 l: 9,81%

Ht chng !
206

TI LIU THAM KHO:


[01]. Jacobus Jan Meeuwsen, Reliability evaluation of electric transmission and
distribution systems, 1998
[02]. A.S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, 1997
[03]. Scott & Scott, Computerize Mapping and Engineering Data Software
Program, Seatle 1991.
[04]. Nguyen Ngoc Tuyen , Protection and Reliability Improvement in the
Distribution Network of Ho Chi Minh City, 2000
[05]. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mn PSS/ADEPT (ti liu tp hun tp 2
tp) ca Phng CNTT-VT Cty LTP.HCM v Khoa in - in T Trng
HBK.
[06]. B cng sut phn khng li cung cp v phn phi in. Nh xut bn khoa
hc k thut H Ni.
[07]. Adrian A. Hopgood, Knowledge - Base systems, 1993. CRC Press.
[08]. Cooper Power Systems, Capacitor switch - How and why, 1980, Cooper
Power Systems.
[09]. Cooper Power Systems, Power - Electrical distribution system protection,
1994, Cooper Power Systems.
[10]. Dan Rahmel, Visual Basic programmer's reference, 1998, Mc Graw - Hill
Companies Incorporated.
[11]. Siemens, Power engineering guide : Transmission and Distribution, 1996,
Siemens
[12]. Tender document for HCMC District control centre SCADA project, phase 2,
1996. Ho Chi Minh city power company.
[13]. Turan Gonen, Electric power distribution system engineering, 1986, Mc Graw
- Hill Companies Incorporated.
[14]. Trn Bch, Li in & H thng in, Tp 1, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
k thut.
[15]. H thng kim tra gim st v thu thp d liu - SCADA, 1996. Swedpower.
[16]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, H thng ha c s d liu phc v h
thng thng tin a l, 1997, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp EVN - DLHCM
- 97 - 001.
[17]. Trn Lc Hng, C s m phng ngu nhin, 1997, Nh xut bn Gio dc.

207

[18]. Hong Kim (Ch bin), K thut lp trnh m phng : Th gii thc v ng
dng, 1997, Nh xut bn Thng k.
[19]. Trn nh Long, Qui hoch h thng nng lng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc k thut.
[20]. Trn nh Long, L thuyt h thng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut.
[21]. Nguyn Vn m, Mng li in, Tp 1, 2, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k
thut.
[22]. Nguyn Hng Thi, Phn t t ng trong h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[23]. Cao Ho Thi, M hnh m phng, 1999, Tp bi ging chuyn .
[24]. L Vn t, Phn tch & iu khin n nh h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[25]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, M phng vn hnh li in, 2000, Hi
ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[26]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, ng dng cng ngh GIS qun l li
in phn phi, Hi ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[27]. PSS/ADEPT 5.0, Users Guide Shaw Power Technologies - 04 / 2004
[28]. H Vn Hin - H thng in truyn ti v phn phi NXB i hc quc gia
TP. H Ch Minh 2003
[29]. V Ngc Tc M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh NXB Gio dc
2001
[30]. Nguyn Hong Vit Bo v Rle v t ng ha NXB i hc Quc Gia
TPHCM 2003
[31]. C.Russell Mason The Acrt and Science of protective relaying 1967
[32]. Cooper power system Electrical Distribution system Protection 1990
[33]. Cng ty in lc TPHCM Bo co chuyn PSS/ADEPT Phng k thut
cng ty- Thng 08- 2004
[34]. Copper Power Systems- Overcurrent Protection For Distribution SystemSeminar Notes and Reference Materials - 1995
[35]. URL

http://www.pti-us.com

208

DNG PHN MM
PHN TCH V
TNH TON LI IN
PSS/ADEPT
The Power System Simulator/Advanced
Distribution Engineering Productivity TooL

Phn 2
Hng dn s dng

TP H CH MINH THNG 04/2007

GIO TRNH TP HUN

S DNG PHN MM
PHN TCH V TNH
TON LI IN
PSS/ADEPT
Bin son-Trnh by:
Nguyn Hu Phc
ng Anh Tun
Ch bin:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phc

Bn quyn thuc Cng ty in lc 2 - EVN


Mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phi c s ng bng vn bn ca Cng ty in lc 2.

Li ni u
Li in phn phi v truyn ti khng ngng pht trin m rng v qui
m cng nh phc tp. Theo , cc yu cu cung cp in lin tc cho khch
hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao cng gia tng. Thit b trn li
in phn phi hin nay vn c c im l a dng v chng loi, phc tp v
cu to. Qu trnh vn hnh nhm thc hin nhng thao tc mang tnh lp i lp
li nhiu ln nhng li i hi chnh xc cao v vy rt cn thit phi t ng
ha bng cch a nhiu thit b t ng, x l thng tin t ng nhm tng kh
nng truyn t v x l thng tin. Bng my tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng
chng ta c th ngn chn trc v hn ch hng hc trong qu trnh vn hnh
li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v Cng ngh Thng tin nh v kh nng lu tr
ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng php h chuyn gia, mng
neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c mnh tng cng nghin
cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc in nng. m bo v gi vng mi lin
h hu c ca cc thnh phn trong h thng sn xut truyn ti, phn phi v s
dng in nng.
p ng kp thi cc yu cu trn, t thng 01-2005 Tng cng ty in
lc Vit Nam (EVN) trc y, nay l Tp on in lc Vit Nam ch o
p dng th im phn mm PSS/ADEPT tnh ton li in theo a bn do
cc n v trc thuc qun l.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn
tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa
v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao
din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power
Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b
sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Cng ty in lc 2-Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) phi hp cng
Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh nghin
cu p dng phn mm ny. Cng ty in lc 2 thc hin tp hun cho cc n
v trc thuc nhm trang b kh nng s dng phn mm chun tnh ton v phn
tch li in da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. iu ny, nhm gip Cng ty
in lc 2 tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton v
in trong cc hot ng ca Cng ty nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh
li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b

cng sut phn khng, tin cy,l cc vn m cc n v cn gii quyt


hng ngy, thm ch hng gi.
Cc Cng ty in lc cn trin khai cng tc o to n mc chi tit v
s dng phn mm tnh ton k thut in chuyn ngnh nh PSS/U,
PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E, cc n v trc thuc s dng thnh tho cc chng
trnh ny.
Cng ty in lc 2 s trang b kin thc Cng ngh Thng tin ni chung v
phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc n vi trc
thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2 thng qua cc kho o to kt hp vi v trng
i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tin khai ng dng cc phn mm
tnh ton k thut in trong ton Cng ty theo yu cu ca EVN. To iu kin
cc n v trong Cng ty tm hiu cc phng php tnh ton cc bi ton in
c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm tnh ton
chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power Technologics
Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht trin xy dng
mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc n v da vo
cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s
i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v nm bt cc phm mm
khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower,
Vic t chc o to s gp phn nng cao kh nng ng dng my tnh,
nht l s dng cc phn mm tnh ton chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v trc
thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2. Ph bin kinh nghim v trin khai cc kt qu
nghin cu cc phn mm, cc n v tip tc p dng vo thc t cng tc ti
n v. Gp phn hon thnh tt cng tc sn xut kinh doanh ca n v trn c
s cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm mnh. To ra s phi hp sn sng da
trn quan h tt p vn c gia Cng ty in lc 2-n v qun l li in v
trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh-n v gio dc o to
V gio trnh ny c bin son nhm mc ch phc v cho cc bui tp
hun phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 nh trn.
Nhm bin son rt cm n s hp tc m Cng ty in lc 2 dnh cho
nhm ni ring cng nh cho Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa
thnh ph H Ch Minh ni chung. Nhm bin son cng cm n mt s cng tc
vin h tr xy dng gio trnh ny.
Nhm bin son

II

Tm tt ni dung
Gio trnh ny c bin son phc v cho cc bui tp hun s dng phn
mm phn tch v tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Gio trnh gm cc phn:
Phn 1: Kin thc chun b yu cu-n tp kin thc
Phn 2: Hng dn s dng PSS/ADEPT
Phn 3: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn cn bn
Phn 4: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn nng cao
hc vin cc n v nm bt v p dng nhanh, cn c thm cc phn:
Phn 5: Cm nang s dng
Phn 6: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging phn
mm PSS/ADEPT
Phn 7: Cc slide bi ging ca chuyn gia PTI software.
Ngoi ra cn c Gio trnh in t lu tr trn a CD-ROM: Gm cc ti
liu a phng tin (Multimedia) h tr thm cho cc hc vin chun b bi hc
trc khi ln lp, n tp sau kha hc v a phng cng tc. c thc hin
bng k thut lp trnh Web v x l Multimedia (dng phim c m thanh, Web
page,)
Cc chng trnh chuyn i:
1. Chng trnh Chuyn Excel DAT File.
2. Chng trnh Chuyn DAT File Excel.
3. Chng trnh x l s liu u vo
4. Chng trnh Tnh Cng Sut Ngun.
5. Chng trnh Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th.
6. Chng trnh chia s PSS/ADEPT qua mng LAN, WAN v internet
7. H thng cc bi tp trc nghim trn my tnh sut kho hc
8. Chng trnh thi kt thc kho hc bng trc nghim trc tip trn my
tnh
V cc CD-ROM:
-CD1: Gio trnh in t h tr
-CD2: Cc bi ging v bi tp

III

-CD3: D liu li in
-CD4: D liu li in (tt) v source cc chng trnh h PSS/*
-CD5: Cc chng trnh h tr kho hc
Gm cc ti nguyn hc tp nh: ti liu tham kho, Users Guide, website
PTI (offline, xem khng cn kt ni internet), web documents, source software
PSS/ADEPT and untilities, cc phn mm chuyn i d liu v demo phc v
ng dng tnh ton bng PSS/ADEPT,
Qua kinh nghip tp hun v gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v in lc
p dng nhanh phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc
tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings

To s
Creating diagrams

Chy 8 bi ton phn tch


Power System Analysis

BO CO
Reports, diagrams

V cc ni dung nng cao:


Biu din trng thi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn
tch.
S dng cc lp d liu.
T chc v qun l ph ti v khch hng s dng in.
Kh nng h tr cc c s d liu khc.
B sung cc thng s dy dn vo t in cu trc dy dn.
B sung thit b bo v vo th vin thit b bo v.

IV

M rng bi ton phn tch cho li in qui m ln, nhiu cp in


p
nh gi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn tch.
p dng kt qu tnh ton lm c s vn hnh li in. Thc hin
lp v bo v cc k hoch tiu, trung v i tu hay pht trin mi li
in.
Phn tch v tnh ton li in trn nn H thng thng tin a lGIS.
M phng vn hnh li in.
Tham kho cc phn mm tnh ton phn tch li in khc.
Nhng ni dung ny gip hc vin tm hiu thm mt s kin thc hu ch
lin quan.
Chi tit ni dung s c trnh by trong phn u cc tp gio trnh v cc
chng trong cc phn.
Nhm bin son

Thut ng, k hiu v vit tt.


CAD:
CAM:
CNPM:
CNTT:
CSDL:
GUI:
GIS:
IA:
MIS:
NNLT:
PC:
SQL:
CB:
DS:
EVN:
H s dng in:
HT:
IEC:
ISO:
Khch hng:
LBS:
LPP:
LTD:
MBA:
LKV:
PC HCMC:
PC 2
REC:
SCADA:
TP.HCM:
VHL:
KC:
Network:

Computer Aided Design


Computer Aided Manufacture
Cng ngh phn mm
Cng ngh thng tin.
C s d liu.
Graphic user interface.
H thng thng tin a l-Geographic Information System
Tr tu nhn to-Inlelligence Artificielle
H Thng Tin qun l
Ngn ng lp trnh.
Personal computer
Structured query language.
Cn b
Disconect Swicth-Dao cch ly.
Tp on in lc Vit Nam
H s dng in qua cu li, qua in k ph.
H thng in.
y ban k thut in quc t-International Electrotechnical Commission.
T chc tiu chun quc t-International Organization for
Standardization
H s dng in theo hp ng cung ng s dng in vi
ngnh in qua in k chnh.
Load break switch-Dao cch ly ng ct c ti.
Li in phn phi.
Dao cch ly chu sc cng-Line Tenson Disconect
My bin p
in lc khu vc.
Cng ty in lc TP HCM
Cng ty in lc 2
My ct t ng ng li-Recloser
H thng iu khin v gim st thu thp d liu.
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Vn hnh li in.
Khi ng ng c
Li in

VI

Ch

Lin quan

V d, bi tp

Lu tp tin v d mu
D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

Ht chng !

VII

Ht chng

Mc lc tng qut
Phn Mt: Kin thc chun b
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN
CHNG 2 PHN B CNG SUT
CHNG 3: NGN MCH
CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM DNG TI U
CHNG 5: PHI HP BO V
CHNG 6: SNG HI
CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U
CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY
CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Hai: Hng dn s dng phn mm
CHNG 1: HNG DN CI T PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
CHNG 2: HNG DN S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
PH LC 1: M HNH XUT TUYN DY C LP
PH LC 2: NGUYN TC PHN PHI
PH LC 3: KIU D LIU
Phn Ba: K nng p dng-Phn c bn
CHNG 1: D LIU CHUN B
CHNG 2: CC BC THC HIN
CHNG 3: MT S KT QU P DNG
Phn Bn: Cm nang s dng
Phn Nm: K nng p dng-Phn nng cao
CHNG 1: X L S LIU
CHNG 2: B SUNG CC THNG S VO PHN MM
CHNG 3: BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT QU TNH TON H TR
RA QUYT NH
CHNG 4: C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI IN CA CC
IN LC KHU VC
CHNG 5: QUN L V TNH TON LI IN PHN PHI TRN NN H
THNG THNG TIN A L
CHNG 6: M PHNG VN HNH LI IN
CHNG 7: GII PHP CHIA S KHA CNG PHN MM TRN MY N CHO
NHIU NGI S DNG
CHNG 8: TM HIU MT S PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN KHC
Phn Su: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging
Phn By: Cc slide bi ging ca PTI software

VIII

GIO TRNH TP HUN


S DNG PHN MM PHN TCH V
TNH TON LI IN

PSS/ADEPT

Phn Hai:
Hng dn s dng
phn mm

02

MC LC CHI TIT PHN 2


MC LC CHI TIT PHN 2 ...................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: HNG DN CI T PHN MM PSS/ADEPT ............ 4
I. Yu cu v cu hnh my tnh ...................................................................... 5
II. Kim tra cc phn h PSS/ADEPT ............................................................ 5
III. Tin hnh ci t ....................................................................................... 5

III.1. Chun b..................................................................................................................5


III.2. Chn kiu ci t ....................................................................................................6
III.3. Mn hnh Welcome ................................................................................................7
III.4. c khuyn co v bn quyn ................................................................................7
III.5. M nhn din khch hng .......................................................................................7
III.6. Chn th mc ci t ..............................................................................................8
III.7. C s d liu bo v v phi hp ...........................................................................9
III.8. Chn th mc t chng trnh ..............................................................................9
III.9. Qa trnh ci t ...................................................................................................10
III.10. Kho cng...........................................................................................................10
III.11. Hon thnh ci t ..............................................................................................11

IV. G PSS/ADEPT ...................................................................................... 12


CHNG 2: HNG DN S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT......... 14
I. Chc nng .................................................................................................. 15
I.1.1. Cc chc nng ng dng:.................................................................................15
I.1.2. Cc phn h ca PSS/ADEPT:.........................................................................15
I.1.3. Cc ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT:...........................................................16
I.1.4. Kha cng ........................................................................................................16

II. Cc ca s View: ...................................................................................... 17

II.1.1. Diagram View:................................................................................................18


II.1.2. Ca s Equipment List View :........................................................................19
II.1.3. Ca s Progress View:....................................................................................21
II.1.4. Ca s Report Preview: ..................................................................................21

III. Cc thanh cng c ................................................................................... 22

III.1. Thanh trng thi ( Status Bar): .............................................................................22


III.2. Thanh menu chnh ( Main Menu):........................................................................23
III.3. Thanh cng c ( Tool Bars):................................................................................23
III.4. File Toolbar: .........................................................................................................25
III.5. Diagram Toolbar ..................................................................................................26
III.6. Analysis Toolbar: .................................................................................................27
III.7. Zoom Toolbar:......................................................................................................27

IV. To bo co ............................................................................................. 28

IV.1. Results Toolbar: ...................................................................................................28


IV.2. Reports Toolbar:...................................................................................................28

V. Thit t cc thng s chng trnh PSS/ADEPT: .................................. 29

V.1. Thit t thng s li in chng trnh ca PSS/ADEPT: ................................29


V.2. Thit t thng s cho ca s Diagram View: ......................................................30

PH LC 1: M HNH XUT TUYN DY C LP......................... 33


I. TNG QUT ............................................................................................ 33
II. NT .......................................................................................................... 33
III. NGUN................................................................................................... 34
1

IV. NHNH V DY DN......................................................................... 34


V. T ............................................................................................................. 35
VI. MY BIN TH .................................................................................... 35
PH LC 2: NGUYN TC PHN PHI ................................................ 39
I. Gii thiu ................................................................................................... 39
II. Thit k li in phn phi..................................................................... 40
III. Gii thiu cht lng in nng.............................................................. 44
PH LC 3: KIU D LIU ...................................................................... 56
I. H thng..................................................................................................... 56
II. Nt ............................................................................................................ 57
III. Dy dn.................................................................................................... 57
IV. My bin p............................................................................................. 59
V. Ti tnh (Static load)................................................................................. 62
VI. Ti in nng (MWh Load) ................................................................... 63
VII. Ngun..................................................................................................... 65
VIII. Thit b ng ct................................................................................... 66
IX. Thit b bo v......................................................................................... 67
TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................ 68

CHNG 1:
HNG DN CI T
PHN MM PSS/ADEPT

CHNG 1:
HNG DN CI T PHN MM
PSS/ADEPT
Trong cc phn mm tnh ton v phn tch li in hin nay, phn mm
PSS/ADEPT ca Shaw Power Technologics, Inc c s dng rt ph bin. Mi
phin bn ty theo yu cu ngi dng c bn km kha cng dng chy trn
my n hay my mng. Vi phin bn chy trn n v kha cng km theo, ch
chy c trn mt my tnh duy nht.
Hin nay c nhiu phn mm gii tch li in vi cc chc nng phn tch
tnh ton nh: Phn b cng sut, ngn mch, t t b ti u, phi hp bo
v.v.vVi cc sn phm thng mi nh: APEN Oneliner, h PSS/*, CYME,
EMTP, VPro.v.vCc phn mm ny c thut ton phc tp v thng phi qua
tp hun mi s dng c.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT (Shaw Power Technologies, Inc) l mt phn mm
phn tch v tnh ton li in rt mnh, phm vi p dng cho li in cao th
cho n h th vi qui m s lng nt khng hn ch v hon ton c th p dng
rng ri trong cc cng ty in lc.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn tch
li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa v
phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao din
ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power Technologies
cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b sung v cp nht y
cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Sau y hng dn cch ci t v g phn mm khi s dng vi h thng
my tnh n v mng.

I. Yu cu v cu hnh my tnh
ci t v chy PSS/ADEPT, my tnh cn p ng cu hnh nh sau
B vi x l Pentium III hay Pentium IV 1.6 Hz.
RAM 256 MB.
50 MB dung lng cng cn trng ci t chng trnh.
H iu hnh Windows 2000, Windows XP hay Windows Vista.
Cng parallel hay USB cm kha cng.
Mn hnh vi phn gii SVGA (1024 768 hay cao hn) .

II. Kim tra cc phn h PSS/ADEPT


Sn phm phn mm PSS/ADEPT c cung cp vi cc chc nng tnh
ton thng qua cc phn h (module) tu chn.
Module Base: Gm 2 chc nng c bn l: Phn b cng sut v tnh ngn
mch.
Cc Module phn tch khc: Phi hp bo v, phn tch sng hi, khi ng
ng c, xc nh v tr b ti u, xc nh im dng ti u, tnh ton tin cy
thc hin cc bi ton tng ng.
Cc Module h tr: Tnh ton thng s ng dy, my bin th,.
EVN mua bn quyn Phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 trang b cho cc n v.
Phin bn ny gm y cc cc phn h tnh ton km theo.
PSS/ADEPT c th ci t cho my ch hay my n. Cch ci t cho my
n s c hng dn say y, phn ci t cho my ch s c hng dn trc
tip trong kha o to.

III. Tin hnh ci t


III.1. Chun b
Bn cn bit trc cc thng tin v bn quyn trc khi ci t. CD-ROM
c cung cp km c chc nng t chy khi bn t n vo CD-ROM trn my
tnh ca bn.

Trong trng hp khng kch hot c chc nng ny, bn c th g vo


dng lnh sau khi kch hot menu Start>Run, D:\PSS-ADEPT5\SETUP.EXE, nu
D: l k t ca CD-ROM. Mn hnh t chy xut hin nh sau:

Hnh 1 mn hnh t chy ca phn mm


III.2. Chn kiu ci t

Hnh 2 hp thoi chn kiu ci t

III.3. Mn hnh Welcome


Xut hin hp thoi Welcome, n nt Next tip tc tin trnh ci t.

Hnh 3 hp thoi Welcome


III.4. c khuyn co v bn quyn
Shaw PTI yu cu chng ta chp nhn cc khuyn co v bn quyn c
trng ra trong hp thoi sau.
Sau bn n nt Yes tip tc tin trnh ci t. n No hu ci t.

Hnh 4 hp thoi cha thng tin khuyn co v bn quyn


III.5. M nhn din khch hng
Qa trnh ci t s yu cu bn mt vi thng tin v ngi dng. Ti hp
thoi sau, bn nhp vo tn cng ty v s CD key c cp bi PSS/ADEPT. n
nt Next tip tc tin trnh ci t.
7

Hnh 5 hp thoi nhp thng tin nhn din khch hng


Nu bn nhp khng ng m, thng bo sau s xut hin v bn s quay tr
li thc hin li bc ny.

Hnh 6 thng bo khng ng CD key


III.6. Chn th mc ci t
Chn th mc n cho PSS/ADEPT; th mc mc nh s l C:\Program
Files\PTI\PSS-ADEPT5 bn nn chp nhn ng dn mc nh ny, ng thay i
g ti bc ny. n nt Next tip tc tin trnh ci t.

Hnh 7 hp thoi chn th mc n


III.7. C s d liu bo v v phi hp
Nu bn chn Access s xut hin thng bo chp nhn, s CD key c cp
s xc nh bn c c quyn ci t thnh phn d liu thit b bo v v phi
hp.

Hnh 8 thng bo chp nhn c s d liu access

III.8. Chn th mc t chng trnh


Chn th mc chng trnh cho PSS/ADEPT; PSS-ADEPT5 l th mc mc
nh trong th mc program flies. n nt Next tip tc tin trnh ci t .

Hnh 9 hp thoi chn th mc chng trnh


III.9. Qa trnh ci t
Bn s thy hp thoi m t din tin ca qu trnh ci t nh di y.

Hnh 10 hp thoi theo di tnh trng ci t


III.10. Kho cng
PSS/ADEPT thng c bo v bng kho cng, ta hay gi l dongle. Bn
chn ng cc tp tin nhn din thit b (driver) ca kho cng c cp. n nt
Next tip tc tin trnh ci t.

10

Hnh 11 hp thoi chn loi kho cng

Hnh 12 khuyn co cc kho cng cm vo cng USB


Thng bo cho bit thnh phn Crystal Reports c ci t cng
PSS/APEPT-5

Hnh 13 ci t thnh phn Crystal Reports


III.11. Hon thnh ci t
Khi ci t hon tt. Nu cn chy PSS/ADEPT ngay lp tc, bn c th chn
khi ng li my sau .

11

Hnh 14 hp thoi hon tt ci t

Hnh 15 Th mc tp tin ngun

IV. G PSS/ADEPT
Bn c th g b phn mm PSS/ADEPT ra khi my bng cch vo Control
Panel>Settings chn nt Add/Remove. Sau c thnh phn v cc thng tin ng
k ca phn mm s c g b ra khi my tnh ca bn

Ht chng !
12

CHNG 2:
HNG DN S DNG
PHN MM PSS/ADEPT

CHNG 2:
HNG DN S DNG PHN MM
PSS/ADEPT
PSS/ADEPT (The Power System Simulator/Advanced Distribution
Engineering Productivity Tool) l cng c phn tch li in phn phi.
PSS/ADEPT gm c cc chc nng sau :

Phn b cng sut.

Tnh ton ngn mch ti 01 im hay nhiu im.

Phn tch khi ng ng c.

Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u (ng ng hay c nh).

Tnh ton phn tch sng hi.

Phi hp cc thit b bo v.

Tnh ton xc nh im dng ti u.

Phn tch nh gia tin cy.

PSS/ADEPT gip phn tch v tnh ton li in. Tnh ton v hin th cc
thng s v dng (I), cng sut (P, Q) ca tng tuyn dy (ng trc v nhnh r),
ng gi tnh trng mang ti ca tuyn dy thng qua chc nng phn b cng sut
(Load Flow Analysis). Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u (CAPO, ti u ha vic
t t b). Tnh cc thng s SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIFI, CAIDI nh gi tin cy ca
tuyn dy thng qua chc nng DRA. Tnh ton dng ngn mch thng qua chc
nng Fault, Fault All. Chn im dng li ti u (TOPO): chng trnh cho ta
bit im dng li t b tn tht cng sut nht trn tuyn dy . Khi ng ng
c (Motor Starting): chng trnh tnh ton phn tch cc qu trnh xy ra, nh
hng nh th no n tuyn dy, khi c ng c (ng b hay khng ng b) vi
cng sut ln, khi khi ng trong tuyn dy. Phn tch sng hi (Harmonics). Phi
hp cc thit b bo v (Protection Coordination). H tr cho cng tc thit k,
pht trin li in bng cch s dng kt qu tnh ton ca chng trnh ti mi
thi im. D on c qu ti cc phn t trn li in.

14

I. Chc nng
I.1.1. Cc chc nng ng dng:
PSS/ADEPT cung cp y cc cng c ( Tools) cho chng ta trong vic
thit k v phn tch mt lui in c th. Vi PSS/ADEPT, chng ta c th:
V s v cp nht li in trong giao din ha
Vic phn tch mch in s dng nhiu loi ngun v khng hn ch s nt
Hin th kt qu tnh ton ngay trn s li in
Xut kt qu di dng report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton
Nhp thng s v cp nht d dng thng qua data sheet ca mi thit b trn
s
I.1.2. Cc phn h ca PSS/ADEPT:
Nhiu module tnh ton trong h thng in khng c ng gi sn trong
phn mm PSS/ADEPT, nhng chng ta c th mua t nh sn xut tng module
sau khi ci t chng trnh. Cc module bao gm:
Bi ton tnh phn b cng sut (Load Flow module c sn): phn tch v
tnh ton in p, dng in, cng sut trn tng nhnh v tng ph ti c th.
Bi ton tnh ngn mch (All Fault- module c sn): tnh ton ngn mch ti
tt c cc nt trn li, bao gm cc loi ngn mch nh ngn mch 1 pha, 2 pha v
3 pha.
Bi ton TOPO (Tie Open Point Optimization), phn tch im dng ti u:
tm ra nhng im c tn hao cng sut nh nht trn li v chnh l im dng
li trong mng vng 3 pha
Bi ton CAPO (Optimal Capacitor Placement), t t b ti u : tm ra nhng
im ti u t cc t b c nh v t b ng ng sao cho tn tht cng sut
trn li l nh nht
Bi ton tnh ton cc thng s ca ng dy (Line Properties Culculator):
tnh ton cc thng s ca ng dy truyn ti
Bi ton phi hp v bo v ( Protection and Coordination)
Bi ton phn tch sng hi (Hamornics): phn tch cc thng s v nh hng
ca cc thnh phn sng hi trn li.
Bi ton phn tch tin cy trn li in (DRA- Distribution Reliability
Analysis): tnh ton cc thng s tin cy trn li in nh SAIFI, SAIDI,
CAIFI, CAIDI
15

I.1.3. Cc ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT:


Ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT bao gm nhiu thnh phn chnh nh sau:
Ca s View: bao gm cc thng tin cho cc ng dng, ha v 3 ca
s chnh thit k v phn tch mt s mch in
Thanh trng thi (StatusBar) hin th thng tin trng thi ca chng
trnh khi PSS/ADEPT ang tnh ton
Thanh menu chnh ( Main Menu) gm cc hm chc nng trong
PSS/ADEPT
Thanh cng c (ToolBar) cung cp tool gip cho vic v s mch
in thc hin nhanh chng v d dng
I.1.4. Kha cng
C 2 loi kha cng bo v bn quyn cho phn mm ny: loi parallel
gn cng my in v loi USB. Hin nay, hng Shaw Power Technologies cng c
2 loi kha cng cho my n v my mng. Chng ta lu khng c gn kha
cng vo trong qu trnh ci t v s lm h kha cng ( theo khuyn co ca nh
sn xut).

Hnh 16 Cc ca s View trong PSS/ADEPT

Ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT bao gm nhiu thnh phn chnh nh sau:


Ca s View: bao gm cc thng tin cho cc ng dng, d ha v 3
ca s chnh thit k v phn tch mt s mch in
Thanh trng thi (StatusBar) hin th thng tin trng thi ca
chng trnh khi PSS/ADEPT ang tnh ton

16

Thanh menu chnh ( Main Menu) gm cc hm chc nng trong


PSS/ADEPT
Thanh cng c (ToolBar) cung cp tool gip cho vic v s mch
in thc hin nhanh chng v d dng

II. Cc ca s View:
Ca s ng dng View bao gm 4 ca s chnh:
Diagram View ( lun lun xut hin)
Equipment List View ( chng ta c th hin th hoc n)
Progress View (chng ta c th n i)
Report Preview ( xut hin khi chng ta thc report)

Hnh 17 Cc ca s View trong PSS/ADEPT

Mi ca s hin th nhng thng tin c th khc nhau ca ni dung d liu


trong mt ng dnh ca PSS/ADEPT.
Diagram View l ca s chnh trong ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT. N lun
xut hin khi chng ta bt u mt ng dng, v d nh ta tin hnh to mt s
li. Ca s Report Preview ch xut hin khi ta cn report mt thng s c th (
nh in p nt, dng nhnh, cng sut nhnh, tn tht cng sut, tn tht in
p). Chng ta c th n hoc hin cc ca s Equipment List hay Progress View.

17

II.1.1. Diagram View:


Ca s ny hin th mt cch trc quan cc thit b ca mt s li in.
Chng ta ch vin click vo cc biu tng trn thanh cng c v t vo ca s
thc hin vic to s li. Hn na, chng ta cn c th quan st kt qu tnh
ton v phn tch trn giao din ny. Pop-up menu ( ca s khi click chut phi) ca
ca ny cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng ring trong Diagram View.

Hnh 18 Diagram Pop-up menu

Cut: cho php ct mt i tng c chn (s hoc ch mt i tng


trong s ) v dn vo clipboard ch dnh ring cho ng dng PSS/ADEPT
Copy: cho php copy mt i tng c chn (s hoc ch mt i
tng trong s ) v dn vo clipboard ch dnh ring cho ng dng PSS/ADEPT
Copy to Clipboard: cho php copy ton b hnh nh trong ng dng
PSS/ADEPT v chng ta c th paste vo cc ng dng khc, chng hnh nh
Word v.v
Paste: dn ni dung ca clipboard
Delete: ch php xa mt i tng khi tng khng cn kt ni vo
cc i tng khc trn s li, v d nh khi ta mun xa mt node th ta phi
xa cc dy ni vi node .

18

Select All: cho php chn tt c cc i tng


Toggle: cho php bt tt, hin th hoc n cc i tng
+ In-service: ch ra rng i tng ang kch hot hay khng kch hot.
+ Autoposition: cho php tt hay m chc nng nh v tr t ng ca cc
i tng trong ng dng
Add Item(s) to:
+ Group: a mt i tng c chn vo Group
+ Layer: a mt i tng c chn vo Layer
+ Load Category: a mt i tng c chn vo Load Category
+ Motor Starting: a mt i tng c chn vo vic phn tch Motor
Starting
+ CAPO: a mt i tng c chn vo vic phn tch t t b ti u
Re-phase: chn li cc pha cn cho vic tnh ton
Properties: hin th thng s ca mt thit b trn s li
Load Flow: thc hin vic tnh ton phn b cng sut
Fault: thc hin vic tnh ton ngn mch
Motor Starting: thc hin vic tnh ton bi ton khi ng c
Diagram Properties: hin th ti nguyn ca ca s
Lock Diagram: kha cc chc nng thc hin trong ca s nh thm mt i
tng, nh v li hay xa mt i tng
Print: in n nhanh mt s li
II.1.2. Ca s Equipment List View :
Cc chc nng trong ca s ny c trnh by mt cch trt t v d hiu
khi s dng.
Branches: bao gm line/cables, switches, transformers v series capacitors
Shunt devices: bao gm capacitors, machines, static loads, MWH loads,
harmonics injections, harmonics filters v standard faults
Defaults bao gm cc thng s mc nh ca mt s i tng nh node,
nhnh, cc thit b ni song song.

19

Hnh 19 Ca s Equipment List

The Equipment List pop-up menu cung cp nhng chc nng ph tr ty


thuc vo v tr m ta chn pop-up menu. V d nh:
Click chut phi ln Network, ta c pop-up menu nh sau
y, chng ta c th dock hoc hide Equipment List View.

Hnh 20 Ca s Equipment List pop-up

Click chut phi ln Static Loads, ta c pop-up menu nh sau:

20

Hnh 21 Ca s Equipment List pop-up m rng

II.1.3. Ca s Progress View:


Hin th cc message khi chng trnh thc hin. Cc messages ny c th l
nhng thng bo li hay nhng cnh bo v mt hot ng ca chng trnh, v
cng c th l kt qu hin th khi thc th mt chc nng tnh ton c th nh tnh
phn b cng sut, tnh ngn mch, tnh ton khi ng ng c.

Hnh 22 Ca s Progress View

II.1.4. Ca s Report Preview:


Hin th cc kt qu report sau khi phn tnh v tnh ton mt bi ton c th,
t y ta c th in n cc kt qu ny mt cch d dng thng qua File\Print.

21

Hnh 23 Ca s Report Preview

Trn ca s Report Preview c hn mt menu ring ca n.

III. Cc thanh cng c


III.1. Thanh trng thi ( Status Bar):
Hin th cc thng tin gii thch khi thc hin PSS/ADEPT. V d nh khi ta
chn mt i tng trn thanh cng c hoc trn menu la chn, tn ca i tng
hay ca menu s hin th trn thanh trng thi.

22

Hnh 24 Ca s Application View sau khi tnh phn b cng sut

III.2. Thanh menu chnh ( Main Menu):


Thanh menu chnh c trnh by nh di y:

Hnh 25 Menu chnh v cc thanh cng c

PSS/ADEPT s dng cc menu qun l v thc thi cc chc nng ng


dng. Ty thuc vo tng menu c th s c cc chc nng khc nhau. Tt c cc
ca s khc nhau nh Diagram, Equipment View, Progess View cng chia s cng
mt Main Menu.

III.3. Thanh cng c ( Tool Bars):


PSS/ADEPT c 7 thanh cng c nh sau:
File
Diagram
Analysis
Zoom

23

Results
Reports
Harmonics ( if licensed for this option)
Mi thanh cng c bao gm cc nt cung cp nhanh cc chc nng trong
PSS/ADEPT. Khi chng ta r chut trn cc nt trn thanh cng c, m text box s
hin th gii thch chc nng ca nt lnh .

Hnh 26 Network Diagram vi Tooltips

Hn na chng ta c th di chuyn cc thanh cng c t ni ny n ni


khc trn mn hnh, to mt thanh cng c mi, n mt hay tt c thanh cng c,
copy mt nt lnh t thanh cng c ny n thanh cng c khc v cng c th xa
mt toolbar.
chn nhng thanh cng c m chng ta mun hin th trn mn hnh, ta
lm nh sau:
Chn Tools>Customize t Main Menu, hp thoi Customize hin th:

24

Hnh 27 Ca s ty chn

Chn Toolbars Tag


Khi mun hin th mt toolbar, ta ch check vo trc mi toolbar cn chn,
chn Show Tooltips hin th.
to mt toolbar mi, ta lm nhu sau:
Chn Tools>Customize t Main Menu, hp thoi Customize hin th:
Chn Toolbars Tag
Chn New, hp thoi Toolbar mi xut hin
t tn cho Toolbar, click OK
Chn Tag Commands
Trong ct Categories, chn mt toolbar category, cc nt lnh s hin th
trong thanh toolbar
R chut t icons vo toolbar
Bm Ok kt thc

III.4. File Toolbar:


Thanh File Toolbar bao gm nhng chc nng c bn cho vic to s , m
hoc lu mt tp tin c nhng file c nh dng ca h PSS/U (.dat) hay ca h
PSS/ADEPT (.adp).

25

Hnh 28 Thanh cng c File

III.5.

Diagram Toolbar

Thanh cng c Diagram Toolbar cung cp nhiu icon biu din cc phn
t ca mt li in trn Diagram View

Hnh 29 Thanh cng c Diagram

kim tra cc thng s ca chng trnh, ta lm nh sau:


Chn File>Program Settings t Main Menu, hp thoi xut hin. Chn th
vin dy dn cho li in thng qua hp thoi Construction Dictionary. Thot v
restart li ng dng update toolbar

Hnh 30 Hp thoi thit t thng s chng trnh

26

III.6. Analysis Toolbar:


Thanh cng c cung cp nhiu chc nng phn tch v tnh ton trn li
in, bao gm nh sau:
Load Flow Culculation: tnh ton phn b cng sut khi trng thi n nh
Flat Transformers
Fault Culculation: tnh ton ngn mch ti tt c cc nt trong li in
Toggle Fault Status
Clear Fault: Xa cc thit b gy ra ngn mch trn mch in
Motor Starting Culculation: tnh ton bi ton khi ng ng c
CAPO Analysis: tnh ton bi ton t t b ti u
TOPO Analysis: tnh ton im dng ti u
DRA Analysis: Tnh ton tin cy li in
Harmonics Culculation: phn tch, tnh ton sng hi
Coordination: tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v
Load SnapShots
Analysis Options: hin th hp thoi Option trc khi tnh ton v phn tch
Network Validation

Hnh 31 Thanh cng c Analysis

III.7. Zoom Toolbar:


Bao gm cc nt lnh iu khin cho php phng to hay thu nh theo mt t
l ty chn nh Pan, Zoom In, Zoom Out, Zoom Area, Zoom Previous, Zoom
100%, Zoom Extent, Diagram Properties.

27

Hnh 32 Thanh cng c Zoom

IV. To bo co
IV.1. Results Toolbar:
Thanh cng c ny cho php chng ta ty chn hin th kt qu trn s .
Show phase A: Hin th kt qu cho pha A
Show phase B: Hin th kt qu cho pha B
Show phase C: Hin th kt qu cho pha C
Show Max (A,B,C) : Hin th kt qu ln nht trong 3 pha A,B,C
Show Min (A,B,C) : Hin th kt qu nh nht trong 3 pha A,B,C

Hnh 33 Thanh cng c Results

IV.2.

Reports Toolbar:
Cho php ta xem kt qu bo co sau khi phn tch:
Branch Current by Phase: bo co kt qu dng nhnh tng pha
Node Voltage by Phase: bo co in p nt tng pha
Power Flow Detailed: bo co chi tit kt qu tnh ton phn b cng sut
Power Flow Summary: bo co tng qut tnh ton phn b cng sut
Branch Power Losses: bo co tn tht cng sut trn nhnh

28

Input List: hin th thng s u vo


Voltage Profile: hin th in p

Hnh 34 Thanh cng c Report

V. Thit t cc thng s chng trnh PSS/ADEPT:


V.1. Thit t thng s li in chng trnh ca PSS/ADEPT:
Chng ta phi thit t cc thng s trc khi thc hin v s , phn tch
hay tnh ton mt project. PSS/ADEPT cho php chng ta thit t thng s mt
cch c lp vi tng ngi s dng (user profile). Th vin dy dn Construction
dictionary (PTI.CON) trong PSS/ADEPT l file nh dng di m ASCCI cung
cp cc d liu cho h thng nh tr khng, thng s dy, my bin p
Ta m hp thoi Program Settings:

29

Hnh 35 Chn th vin cho thng s chng trnh

thit thng s cho PSS/ADEPT, ta lm nh sau:


Chn File>Program Settings t Main Menu
Chn cc Option trong PSS/ADEPT mun thc hin
Working Directories: chn ung dn cho cc file u vo (Import), Image
File v Report File. ng dn mc nh l: C:\Program Files\PTI\PSSADEPT5\Example (Input File) v C:\Program Files\PTI\PSS-ADEPT5\Rpt ( report
file).
PSS/U Raw Data: ng dn mc nh l C:\Program Files\PTI\PSSADEPT5\Example\pti.con
Ch : chng ta cng c th to ra nhng file th vin dy dn, my bin
p ph hp vi li in ca Vit Nam, cc file vi phn m rng l .con.
Chng son tho trong bt k mt ng dng son tho no nh Word, Notepad,
WordPad

V.2. Thit t thng s cho ca s Diagram View:


1. Chn Diagram>Properties t Main Menu hoc right-click trn pop-up
trong ca s Diagram View v chon Diagram Properties.

Hnh 36 Hp thoi thng s s li in

Click vo th General thit t cc thng s cho ca s Diagram View

30

Tt c nhng la chn ny s c thc thi khi nhn nt Apply trc khi


ng ca s hp thoi.
Grid (spacing and snap distance): iu chnh khong cch cc trong li
Colors ( Symbol, Text, Background, Grid, Invalid, Flow Arrow)
Item Labels: click chn vo tng Item nu mun hin th trn Diagram View
Click chn th Color Coding: chng ta c th nh dng mu sc cho tng
nh nh in p ngng, nhng nhnh qu ti, nhng node v nhnh c ti khng
cn bng, nhng nhnh c h s cng sut thp v.v
Click Apply xc nhn

Ht chng !

31

PH LC 1:
M HNH XUT
TUYN DY C LP

PH LC 1:
M HNH XUT TUYN DY C LP
I. TNG QUT
PSS/ADEPT lm vic vi m hnh h thng m khng c cc gi thit t ra
c xt ti vn hnh ba pha v mi dy c m hnh ring. Trong khi phn ny, c
th x l cc xut tuyn ba pha, cng c th c dng cho h thng mt, hai, su
pha hay khc na hoc cho bi ton phn on cc h thng tch bit (chng hn,
gia ng ni tip v mt ng dy truyn ti).
Cc thnh phn h thng c nhn bit bi PSS/ADEPT l:
Ngun in p n, c bin v pha
Dy ring l, vi mi dy c tng tr t thn v h cm vi bt k ng dy
no khc.
in dung gia bt k hai nt no.
My bin th
Ti.
Ngun, dy, my bin th, in dung, v ti c kt ni gia hai nt hay gia
nt v t.
Nt tham chiu u ra PSS/ADEPT l ni t xa, v tt c in th nt
c biu th cho ni t xa. V vy, nu mt h thng c dy trung tnh c kt
ni qua thanh hay li ni t, v c tng tr o c gia ni t v ni t xa,
tng tr ny s c trnh by nh dy chy t mt nt h thng ti nt tham chiu.

II. NT
Tt c cc kt ni ca thit b trong PSS/ADEPT c qui nh l nt. Mi nt
trong m hnh h thng PSS/ADEPT qui nh mt mi ni n gia dy hay cc
ca thit b. (Nt PSS/ADEPT khc vi nt PSSUT, trong nt PSSUT bao bm
ln ti 04 mi khi cn cho mt h thng 3 hay 4 dy trong khi nt PSS/ADEPT
khng nhn bit cu hnh pha h thng)
Mi nt PSS/ADEPT c t tn c n 5 k t; cc k t ny c th c
dng mt cch h thng thun tin lin h gia cc nt PSS/ADEPT v tn nt hay
s gn trong PSSUT. Hnh 3-1, chng hn, trnh by mt phn ca xut tuyn 3 pha
4 dy c 17 nt trong PSSUT v 50 nt trong PSS/ADEPT. Cc tn nt
PSS/ADEPT l 1N ti 17A, vi con s tng ng vi nhn dng nt PSSUT, v k
t hu t biu th pha m nt PSS/ADEPT c gn.

33

Nh trong PSSUT, cc tn nt trong PSS/ADEPT l khng c din gii v


s hay k t theo th t trong bo co hay danh sch. ng hn l, th t m cc
nt c t c qui nh bng cch lit k chng theo th t trong Tp tin D
liu th ca Dy c lp. Th t trong cc nt c lit k trong file thit lp th t
nt s c lit k trong cc bo co.
Khng cn thit t nt khi cc ngun c nh v ti im bt u, hay v tr
ring bit khc no trong danh sch nt.

III. NGUN
Trong PSS/ADEPT, h thng cn phi c t nht l mt ngun. Mt ngun
trong PSS/ADEPT l in p Thevenin ni tip vi tng tr ngun. Mi ngun c
th c kt ni gia bt k hai nt no, hay gia cc nt n v h thng ni t
xa tham chiu.
in p ca mi ngun cn phi c qui nh theo bin v pha.

IV. NHNH V DY DN
PSS/ADEPT nhn bit nhnh nh cc phn t c tng tr, nhng khng
nhn bit m hnh ng dy truyn ti ring bit. ng hn l, n nhn bit dy
dn chy v kt ni hai nt no , hay bt k nt no v im tham chiu ni t
xa. Mi dy dn chy l mt nhnh ring l c th c c hai tng tr t thn v h
cm vi cc nhnh khc.

34

Mt nhnh c th l mt dy ca ng dy truyn ti, Thnh phn dn ring


bit (mt in tr hay in cm nhng khng phi l t), hay cc thnh phn khc
nh ng ng dy, chn song, hay cu trc.
Mi nhnh c c tnh, t nht, bi tng tr t thn, Rs + jXs, theo in
cm t thn. Ngoi tng tr t thn, mi nhnh c th c mt h cm, Rm + jXm,
vi cc dy dn khc nh trnh by, chng hn trong hnh 3-2. Tng tr t thn
v h cm nhnh l hm ca cc kch thc cc dy dn ring l, v cch b tr
khng gian ca n, v c th c tnh ton bi chng trnh hng s ng dy
truyn ti.
PSS/ADEPT cho php nhnh c ng vo hay ngt ra khi m hnh h
thng. Khi mt nhnh c ngt khi m hnh, PSS/ADEPT b qua n hon ton;
v n c xem xt nh th khng tn ti. iu ny quan trng khi cc nhnh c
ni kt v cm v dung vi cc nhnh khc v cc thit b ng ngt m ra ti cui
ca nhnh tn ti ng dn dng cm-dung. iu ny c trnh by trong hnh
3-3. Trong tnh hung ny, ngt nhnh j-k khi bi ton l khc vi ngt c hai
nhnh i-j v k-l.

V. T
Nhnh t c th chy gia hai nt no hay gia mt nt no v ni t xa
tham chiu. Nhnh t trong m hnh PSS/ADEPT c th hin yu t t khng r
rng, hay cc nh hng tng ng ca in dung phn phi ca ng dy
truyn ti. PSS/ADEPT khng m hnh r rng in dung ng dy truyn ti
trong m hnh dy dn ca n. Do cc nhnh t cn m hnh in dung ng
dy phi c xc nh bng cch s dng chng trnh hng s ng dy truyn
ti xc nh in dung phn phi nh l mt hm b tr khng gian ca cc dy
dn, v sau gim in dung phn phi ti in dung khng r rng ca mng
tng ng nhiu dy.

VI. MY BIN TH
PSS/ADEPT s dng m hnh my bin th c t l vng dy c nh c
trnh by trong hnh 3-4. Mi cun dy c th c kt ni gia hai nt, hay gia
nt v ni t xa tham chiu.
S

vng dy trong cun dy ti nc hot ng

S vng dy trong cun dy ti nc quy nh in p danh nh


in p danh nh ca mi cun dy c qui nh theo volt, v v tr ca nc
chuyn i trong mi cun dy c qui nh bi t l chuyn i n v, n:

35

in p cun dy danh nh phi tng ng ti t s in p ca my bin th


khi n c in t mt cun dy h mch v nc chuyn i trong mi cun dy v
tr in p danh nh.

36

37

PH LC 2:
NGUYN TC
PHN PHI

PH LC 2:
NGUYN TC PHN PHI
I. Gii thiu
Cht lng in nng tt l khng d nh ngha v cht lng in nng tt
i vi ng c t lnh c th khng tt cho my tnh c nhn. V d, mt in
ngn hn (nht thi) s khng nh hng ng k n ng c, n, v,v... nhng c
th gy thit hi ln cho cc ng h s, VCRs, v,v... Cc lnh vc chnh cht
lng cng sut c minh ho trong hnh 4-1. mt s c m t nh sau:
Mt in (s gin on). Mt in l mt in p hon ton thng ko di
ngn l t 30 chu k ln ti hng gi (thm ch l ngy trong mt vi trng hp).
Mt in thng c gy ra bi tc ng ca CB hay ch do s c mang li. Mt
vi s gin on ny c th c phn loi l thng trc trong khi cc s gin
on khc l tm thi (nht thi).
Sng (sng st hay sng ngt). Sng l in p ngn hay dng qu c th
c thi gian v cng ngn v bin cao. in hnh, sng gy ra bi thao tc ng
ct hay st nh. Sng c th c to ra bi h tiu th do ng ct ti hay thao tc
ng ct c ch (t, my ct, v.v...). Sng lun lun tn ti trong h thng nhng ch
c trong nhng nm gn y m n mi c ch ti, phn ln l do nhy ca
thit b in t nh VCRs v PCs.
in p thp (p ri). H tiu th m tri qua khong thi gian di (mt vi
giy hay di hn) s dng in p thp hn gii hn in p thp vn hnh danh
nh thch hp (Phm vi ANSI [A] in p phc v v gii hn in p s dng
thp 114 V v 110 V ) c th c xem l tri qua tnh hung in p thp. Tnh
hung nh vy c th c gy ra bi mt s cc yu t nh qu ti hay dy in
nh dn in km, ni xu v/hay st p trn h thng s dng.
Sng hi. C cc thnh phn tn s khng c bn lch tn s cng nghip 60
HZ. Chng c tn s l tch hp bi ca tn s c bn 60 HZ. Cc sng hi l khng
c gii thiu tng qut do tin li hn l do thit b khch hng. V d, ti cng
nghip phi tuyn ln c th to ra sng hi, nu c bin , c th chy ngc li
h thng v nh hng n cc khch hng khc.
in p sag (vng). in p gim ngn hn ko di mt vi giy hay t hn
c phn loi l in p sag. in p sag c th c to ra bi s c trn h thng
phn phi hay truyn ti hay bi ng ngt ti c dng ban u khi ng ln (ng
c, my bin th, ngun dc ln). in p sag c th trm trng, t bit trong
trng hp s c, c th gy cho cc ti c nhy cao phi reset (my tnh, VCR,
ng h, v,v...).
39

in p Swell (li). Khi s c mt pha ca h thng 03 pha 04 dy, hai pha


khc gia tng in p so vi ni t (khong 20%). S gia tng n nh in p
c xem nh l SWELL. in p Swell thng c thi gian vi giy hay t hn,
nhng c th ko di lu khong mt pht hay hn na.
Qu p. in p n nh (vi giy hay lu hn) ti in k ca khch hng trn
gii hn in p mc cao 126 V theo ANSI Standards c phn loi l qu p. Qu
p thng xy ra do iu p khng thch hp (hiu chnh sai b iu p v t).

II. Thit k li in phn phi


H thng in thng c chia lm ba phn, pht in, truyn ti, v phn
phi, thnh thong c th c chia thm thnh phn th t l truyn ti li m c
xem nh l mt phn ca truyn ti v cc cp in p chng cho ln nhau v qu
trnh vn hnh v bo v l tng t nhau. Hnh 4-2 minh ha vi thnh phn chnh
theo cch phn chia ny.
H thng phn phi, lnh vc chng ta quan tm chnh, thng thng chia lm
ba thnh phn sau:
Trm bin p phn phi.
Phn phi s cp
Th cp.
Ngay c trong s n tuyn c n gin ha rt nhiu, c th thy h
thng phn phi bao gm nhiu cp in p khc nhau, thit b, ti v cc lin kt
vi nhau hn l trong pht in v h thng truyn ti.

40

Trm bin p phn phi


H thng phn phi c cung cp qua cc trm bin p phn phi. Cc trm
bin p bao gm hu ht cc s v hn cc s thit k da trn cc xem xt nh:
Mt ti, in p pha cao, in p pha thp, mt bng c sn, yu cu v
tin cy, tng trng ti, st p, cc iu kin khn cp, chi ph v tn tht, v,v...
Mt trm bin p in hnh cho trong hnh 4-3. Trm ny cho thy mc b tr
trung bnh v cc nh mc thit b cho tng kho st cng ngh. V d, in p ca
thanh ci pha cao c th t 34.5 kV ti 345 kV v hn na. Cp in p pha cao
trung bnh khong 115 ti 138 kV bi mc in p ny thng cao duy tr
ngun vng v thp gim chi ph cho cc thit b pha cao. Nh c
trnh by, mt trm trung bnh gm c hai my bin th c nh mc 21/28/35MVA
(OA/FA/FOA) vi tng tr khong 10 %. Bo v my bin th trm nh vo CB
pha cao v h ni vi relay so lch (relay qu dng cng c s dng d phng v
khng c trnh by). CB pha h my bin th cng c dng bo v chng
s c thanh ci h cng d phng cho CB cc xut tuyn.

41

Thanh ci in p thp trong trm c nhiu my bin th thng tch ra (c


thit b ngt thung m) gim dng qun cng nh gim dng ngn mch t h
thng. Hai hay nhiu xut tuyn thng c kt ni ti mi thanh ci qua CB xut
tuyn. Trong cc trm nh c mc ngn mch thp, thnh hong dng recloser thay
v CB. Mc ngn mch ti cc thanh ci in p thp thng c gi ti 12,000
Am hay thp hn d c nhiu h thng c mc cao hn.
Cc xut tuyn phn phi
Hnh 4-4 trnh by xut tuyn phn phi s cp vi nhiu thit b khc nhau
nh ch, my bin th phn phi, recloser, thit b ngt, v,v... ni ti n. Nhiu thit
b loi ny c s dng ch ti cp phn phi ny nh recloser. Mt khc, vi thit
b nh t, my bin th, v chng st cng c dng ti cp truyn ti nhng vi
nguyn tc s dng khc nhau ng k. Nh c trnh by, hu ht cc xut tuyn
phn phi l 3 pha 4 dy. Dy th t l dy trung tnh c ni vi tr, thng
di cc dy pha, v c kt ni t lp li.

42

Xut tuyn ba pha chnh c th hi ngn, mt hay hai dm, hay c th di ti


30 dm. Cp in p c th cao n 34.5kV, vi in p thng gp l cp 15kV.
Trong khi hu ht cc ba pha chnh l trn khng, phn nhiu xy dng mi, c
bit xy dng mng mt pha, c t ngm. Cc h thng ngm c li th l
khng b s c thong qua nh gi, st nh, ng vt, v,v... Ni cch khc cc s
c di hn, th kh nh v v sa cha v l ch c ch trng trong nhng
nm va qua.
Phn th cp
Mc ch ca my bin th phn phi l gim in p s cp ti mt cp m
khch hng c th s dng c. My bin th phn phi thng mi ba pha c
kch c t 75kVA ti hn 2000kVA. My bin th mt pha c kch c t 10kVA ti
300kVA m 25 v 37.5kVA l ph bin cc khu vc dn c.
Cp in p th cp US cho khu dn c l 120/240. Ngha l g l c dn c
th chn tu theo yu cu ca ti. Hnh 4-5 minh ha s kt ni mt pha in hnh,
h thng th cp 03 dy c dng hu ht trong nh. in hnh, cc thit b cng
sut thp (v d nh bng n) c kt ni ti trung tnh c hai pha my bin
th th cp. Thit b cng sut cao nh l nng, my sy qun o, v,v... thng
c kt ni vi mch 240volt v s lm gim st p tn tht.

43

Hnh 4-6 trnh by s kt ni h thng th cp 3 pha 4 dy 208/120 volts. Loi


kt ni ny c dng ph bin khi ti ba pha va phi nh ti mt pha. i vi ti
cho thp sng cng nghip v thng mi c cng sut yu cu cao th 480/277
c s dng. H thng mng th cp dng 208/120 hay 480/277 ty theo yu cu
ti.

III. Gii thiu cht lng in nng


Hu ht cc thit b c kt ni ti mt h thng in c thit k dng
ti in p xc nh. Tuy nhin s khng thc t p ng tt c khch hng trn
mt h thng phn phi vi in p hng s chnh xc theo in p trn bn tn. Bi
v c st p trong mi phn ca h thng t my pht ti in k khch hng. C st
p ng k trong dy bn trong nh khch hng. V st p t l vi bin ca dng
ti chy tng tr h thng, khch hng xa trm nht xt v in s nhn in p thp
nht. (xem hnh 4-7).
V tt c cc khch hng s dng cng cc thit b, nn cn thit cung cp cho
h cc in p s dng hu ht nh nhau. Tuy nhin, s tho hip l cn thit gia
phm vi in p no cn phi cung cp v phm vi in p thit b s hot ng tt.
Nu gii hn in p c cung cp bi cng ty in l qu rng th chi ph thit b,
c bit l my vi tnh, s cao, bi v n s c thit k hot ng tt trong gii
hn. Mt khc, nu gii hn in p c yu cu thit b hot ng tt l qu
hp th chi ph cung cp in, m khng vt qu gii hn in p ny, s cao.

44

Qua thi gian, cc cng ty in v cc nh sn xut thit b cng tc thit


lp tiu chun gii hn in p hot ng dn ti vic thit b hot ng tt khng
vt qu yu cu thit k ca h thng hay thit b.
Vin Tiu chun M (ANSI) thit lp tiu chun C84-1-1984 nh mc
in p cho h thng in v thit b v l cng thc cho cng ty in v nh
sn xut.
Hnh 4-8 minh ha tiu chun phc v (ng h o) v in p s dng (ti).
Cng ty in phi p ng cc yu cu phc v v ch c khch hng mi kim
sot st p trong mch ca h. Gi tr Dy A c qui nh khi h thng c thit
k v vn hnh sao cho tt c cc in p phc v nm trong gii hn (114-126). S
bin ng in p ngoi cc gii hn ny t xy ra. in p Dy B l cho php cung
cp vi iu kin n t xy ra (110 127). Khi c xy ra, cc phng php hiu
chnh phi c thc hin trong thi gian hp l cung cp in p trong gii hn
Dy A.

in p nhp nhy
45

Tuy nhiu nhiu vn in p vi my tnh, khng nht thit lin quan n


thun ti in p cao hay thp, m l in p thay i nhanh chng. C th gi l
in p nhp nhy. Thit b iu p, s c tho lun sau, s khng b cho s
thay i bt thng in p do s p dng t ngt ca cc ti c h s cng sut
thp nh cc ng c. minh ho hnh 4-9 cho thy h thng cung cp cho l h
quang v mt vi ti a phng khi in p dao ng c th l mt vn .
Trong khi , dng ti a phng thng l hng s, ti l h quang chu
ng cc s thay i nhanh v thay i st p dc theo xut tuyn phn phi. in
p ca xut tuyn chnh thay i v nhiu lon c th c lu bi mt vi ti a
phng ni vi n.
Hnh 4-10 l mt ng cong ca in p dao ng ti a cho php bng n
chy sng trc khi n b khch hng phn i. Nu ngi s dng my tnh, chng
hn, trong vng ln cn ca s my bm gia dng hai my iu ho v lu rng
cc n chy sng nhp nhy, anh ta c th gi thit, dng ng cong ny, in p
thay i c thy bi thit b my tnh l s khong 4% (hay hn). Trong nhiu
trng hp, my tnh c th nhy hn vi in p thay i hn l mt ngi v do
cc vn kinh nghim mc ngi khng th khm ph.

46

in p sag
in p sag l in p trng thi n nh gim ngn hn. S gim ny, c th
ko di nhiu giy, c th c nh hng rt nh trn cc ti nhy cm nu st p l
khng nhiu hn 10% hay 20 % hay c nh hng ln (tng t mt in), nu in
p sag l ln (chng hn 50%). in p sag trong cng nghip thng c gy ra
bi ng ti ln. N cng c th xy ra thng trn thc tin, gim trm trng do s
c trn h thng gy ra. Hnh 4-11 cho thy gim in p trm trng do s c my
bin th. Hu ht in p gim trn h thng l do s c trn cng xut tuyn, ti
trm bin p hay ngay c xut tuyn k bn. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, chng
kh d dng xc nh. iu ny ng cho mt s trng hp gim in p, n
thng khng phi l tnh hung gim trm trng khi PLC khng th hon ton b
cho st p v relay in p thp ca PLC tc ng.

47

Hnh 4-12 minh ha cc tnh hung khc. Nh trnh by, s c trn h thng
truyn ti c th nh hng in p khch hng hn 50 dm. Thnh thong, in p
sag ny c th trm trng v gy ra ngt PLCs, my tnh, v,v... Vn thc t l
khng c c h s a phng v nhiu lon h thng khi mt khch hng gi ti
than phin cht lng in v vy s c khng trong h thng phn phi v c l
khng cng trong khu vc.

Qu in p
Cng ty in s dng b iu p v t iu khin in p h thng. Thnh
thong, t bit trong iu kin ti nh, cc thit b ny c th b b qu v to qu
in p t mt vi giy ti nhiu gi (xem hnh 4-13).

48

Hnh 4-14 trnh by nh hng ca vic a 2700 kVAR t c nh vo h


thng ang ti nh. C th thy, in p h thng, thng c gii hn ti 127 volt
(126 volt ti ng h khch hng), by gi c th ti gn 130 volt trn phm vi
c ngh bi ANSI C84.1.

in p swell
S c t trn h thng 03 pha lm cho in p pha khng b s c tng so vi
t (xem hnh 4-15). in p tng ny c th n 30% cho 4 dy c h thng ni t
nhiu ch v trn 70% cho h thng 3 dy. Khong thi gian in p gia tng, hay
swell, tu theo h thng bo v c th ly thi gian na chu k.

iu chnh in p
Cng ty in lc c th iu chnh qu in p cho ti khch hng. Tuy nhin,
s iu khin ny khng tc thi v khng bo m in p l hng s, nhng n
thun l duy tr in p trong gii hn mong mun. Trong khi thc hin iu chnh

49

in p tiu chun c th c kt qu cho i vi in p thay i t t, t c kt qu


cho in p nhp nhy.
in p in hnh cho ti nng v nh c trnh by trong hnh 4-16. Chng
cho thy, st p hay tng p c th xy ra trn ton h thng gia my pht v ti
phc v. C cc nh ngha khc nhau v cp in p gia cc chu k ti nng v
ti nh. Di ti nng, dng cng sut (v vy st p) l ln. Di ti nh, s t st
p hn. Ch cc in p c hiu chnh trong h thng,sao cho st p qu mc
khng xy ra.

i vi xut tuyn phn phi ngn, hon ton c th t c in p tiu


chun bng cch ch dng thit b iu khin in p trong trm chng hn LTC (b
i nc) hay b iu p. Tuy nhin, cc xut tuyn di, hay cc xut tuyn c ti v
cng nng, cn thit phi tng thit b trm bin p vi cc b iu p trn xut
tuyn.
Bn cnh LTC v b iu p, c nhiu dy t mc shunt gip iu chnh in
p xut tuyn. Cng sut phn khng t cung cp cho mch c th gim hiu qu v
thm ch trit tiu yu cu v var ca ti cm nh cc ng c. c t chin lt
trn xut tuyn, cc t mc shunt khng nhng ci thin in p m cn gim tn
tht tc dng c lin quan n xut tuyn chnh v mng.
Hnh 4-17 minh ha in p c ci thin do ni dy t ba pha trong xut
tuyn chnh. Khng c t (ni cng) dy in p phc v t 105 % (khch hng u
tin) ti 90 % ca in p danh nh (khch hng cui 108 volt). Vi in dung
c kt ni t xut tuyn n t, in p s c iu chnh nh c trnh by
bi ng t nt. in p dc theo ton b xut tuyn l cng (+) hay tr
() 5 % ca in p danh nh.

50

Sng hi
Trong h thng l tng, in p c cung cp ti thit b ca khch hng, v
kt qu l dng ti c hnh sin hon ho. Tuy nhin, khng c iu kin l tng
trong thc t, v vy cc sng ny thng b mo. mo ny t hnh sin hon ho
l thng hin th di dng cc sng hi mo dng in p v dng. Cc vn
mo sng hi khng phi l vn mi. Tht s, mo dng c quan st bi
ngi vn hnh h thng t 1920. Thng, mo dng c gy ra bi ti phi tuyn
c kt ni ti h thng phn phi. V d, l h quang l phi tuyn v n v mt
dng khng hnh sin (giu sng hi) khi in p l hnh sin (xem hnh 4-18-a).
Dng ti mo dng l nguyn nhn mo dng in p thanh ci h thng (xem hnh
4-18-b). Nhng trong qu kh, cc ngun sng hi khng c s dng rng ri,
v sng hi thng c gim nh khi s dng my bin th hnh sao-tam gic
c ni t.

Ngy nay, Tuy nhin, cc phng php khc x l sng hi l cn thit v ba


nguyn nhn:
Gn y gia tng s dng b chuyn i cng sut tnh
Cng hng mng gia tng
Thit b h thng v cc ti nhy vi sng hi.
51

C hai tiu chun c dng nh gi mo dng sng hi. Tiu chun u


tin l hn ch dng sng hi m ngi s dng c th a vo h thng. Bng 4-1
lit k gii hn dng sng hi da trn kch c h thng ngi s dng kt ni. T
l Isc/IL l dng ngn mch c sn ti im ghp ni thng thng (PCC) ti dng
ti c s danh nh. V vy, khi kch thc ti s dng gim theo kch c h thng
phn trm sng hi cng ln ngi s dng cho php vo h thng. iu ny bo v
cc khch hng khc trn cng xut tuyn mt c cht lng in no .

Gii hn th hai quy nh cht lung in p cung cp cho ngi s dng.


Bng 4-2 lit k in p mo c th chp nhn c. Bng ny tng t bng ca
IEEE 519 1981. V cng ty in lin kt cc khch hng, n c trch nhim gim
st dng sng hi mi ngi s dng a vo h thng v m bo dng khng lm
mo in p ln hn c lit trong bng 4-2. Cc gi tr ca bng 4-2 l thp
m bo thit b s c hot ng ng.

tin cy
Ct in c th l do mt in thit b c k hoch hay khng c k hoch.
Mt in thit c k hoch nh tng cng sut my bin th, vic cung cp in cho
s nh khch hng l gin on c . Tuy nhin, mt in do khng c k hoch (s
c), nh st nh, gi v nc . Trong c hai trng hp mt in, h thng c
thit k v bo v c vn hnh sao cho:
S ln mt in ti thiu
Thi gian mt in ti thiu
S ln gin on khch hng l ti thiu
Cc s c trn h thng c phn loi l tm thi hay thng xuyn. S c
tm thi c th do st nh, ng vt, gi, v,v... Khi c s c, ng dy phi c
52

ct in ngn chn dng s c v cho thi gian kh ion trn ng s c.


lm vy, CB trong trm s m tc thi ct s c, v sau ng li sau mt
khong thi gian. S ng li ny c th xy ra nhiu ln lp li phc hi li
in i vi s c tm thi. Thi gian tr in hnh gia cc ln ng li c trnh
by trong hnh 4-19:

ng v m CB thng ngn hu ht cc khch hng khng kp nhn


bit phc v b gin on. Tuy nhin, mt my tnh hay cc ti nhy cm khc, s
thy ton h thng shutdown tr phi n s dng UPS trnh tnh trng mt in
ngn ny.
S c s lu di dn n mt in, c th ko di vi pht ti mt gi hay
nhiu hn na. Khong thi gian trung bnh ca s c thng xuyn theo kho st
gn y khong 02 gi. Trong lc c s c thng xuyn, B s vn hnh t 03 ti
04 ln th thit lp li li trc khi ch m b kha li. t dy, nhnh cy rt
trn dy dn, hay c l bng ngang hai dy dn, tt c l v d ca s c lu di.
Trong trng hp ny, s c u tin cn phi c nh v v c sa cha trc
khi phc v c khi phc li cho tt c cc khch hng.
Hu ht mt in c lin quan n dy dn trn cc ng dy phn phi trn
khng c tnh tm thi (khong 75%). Ngc li, hu ht cc s c trn h thng
ngm l thng xuyn v mt nhiu thi gian nh v v sa cha. Mt hu qu
ca cc ti cm ng l 80% ca s c trn khng tng c phn loi l tm thi
nay c phn loi l thng xuyn.
Tn s v khong thi gian s c mt mc gii hn no l mt hm theo
thit k h thng. C nhng thit k h thng c bn c s dng c tin cy
hn ci khc. Nhng khng may l tin cy tng ln th (thng) chi ph cng
tng.
Mt vn phc tp cho tnh ton tin cy l, do ti nhy cm, m mt vn
cha tng c xem l mt in th nay c xem l mt in. iu ny chc
chn ng cho trng hp t ng li khi c s c tm thi.
Vic nh gi li l do kt qu ca ti nhy cm lm thay i mt vi trit l
c lin quan ti relay chn xut tuyn. Relay chn xut tuyn n gin c ngha
53

l i vi h thng trong hnh 4-20, cu ch t lun c cc s s c lu di v my


ct phi vn hnh nhanh hn cu ch cho cc s c tm thi.

54

PH LC 3:
KIU D LIU

PH LC 3:
KIU D LIU
I. H thng
Thuc tnh

nh ngha

Circuit ID (s
hiu mch)

S hiu ring
ca tng mch
phn bit

Peak current
(dng in
nh
Input voltage
type

Dng in nh
ln nht ti
trm trung gian
Kiu in p

S thc

Root node
(nt gc)
System 3
phase base

Nt bt u
ca mng li
Cng sut
tng i kVA
dng tnh
tng tr ngun
in p tng
i mc nh
ca nt kV
Tn s Hz

Character

System
standard base
voltage
System
frequency

Kiu d
liu
K t

K t

Gii hn
Ti a 8 k t,ko c
dng khong
trng,hin ti ko s
dng
Ko s dng

s thc

La chn gia 2 gi
tr: pha-pha hoc phatrung tnh
Phi l mt nt thc
c trong mng li
tu

s thc

tu

s thc

tu

Substation name

Tn ca trm trung gian


K t
ang c tnh tin cy
Overhead
Tn sut h hng ca ng S
failure rate
dy trn khng (s c/v
thc
chiu di dy/nm)
Overhead repair Thi gian sa cha ng
S
time
dy trn khng (gi)
thc
Underground
Tn sut h hng ca ng S
failure rate
dy cp ngm (s c/v
thc
chiu di cp/nm)
Underground
thi gian sa cha cp
S
repair time
ngm (gi)
thc
Switch time
Comments

Thi gian thao tc ng ct


(gi)
Ghi ch

Character
56

Gi tr mc
nh
trng

0.0
Pha-trung
tnh
Nt u tin
1000 kVA

7.2 kVA
(pha trung
tnh)
60 Hz

ti a 8 k t ,ko
dng khong trng
tu

trng

tu

0.0

0.0

tu thuc vo tnh
0.0
cht ca cp trong
tp tin *.con
tu thuc vo tnh
0.0
cht ca cp trong
tp tin *.con
S
tu thuc vo tnh
0.0
thc cht ca cp trong
tp tin *.con
tu
trng

II. Nt
Thuc tnh

nh ngha

Name

Tn ca nt ,ko c 2 nt
trng tn

Base voltage

in p nh mc tng
i (kiu pha-pha hay
pha trung tnh c qui
nh theo bng tnh cht
ca mng)
Ghi ch thm
to ngang ca nt
trn mng li
to dc ca nt trn
mng li
Loi nt

S thc

ti a 12 k t
,ko c khong
trng
tu

S thc

tu
tu

S thc

tu

Rotation

nghing ca thanh
ci

S thc

Label
configuration

v tr t nhn ghi ch
ca im nt

Visibility
flag
Result
visibility flag

Hin th hay ko hin th


nt
Hin th hay ko hin th
kt qu tnh ton

Description
X postion
Y postion
Type

Kiu d
liu
K t

Gii hn

Thanh ci ,
im
ch p dng vi
thanh ci ,ko
dng cho im
la chn Ko p dng i
trong
vi thanh
danh sch ci,ch p dng
i vi im nt
Yes/No
La chn mt
trong hai gi tr
Yes/No
La chn mt
trong hai gi tr

Gi tr
mc nh
Gn t
ng
7.2

trng
Theo v tr
v ca nt
Theo v tr
v ca nt
chn t
thanh
cng c
0
1

Yes
Yes

III. Dy dn
Thuc tnh

nh ngha

Kiu d
liu

Gii hn

Name

K t

From Node

Tn ca ng
dy
Nt bt u

ti a 12 k t ,ko c
khong trng
Nt thc hin hu
trong mng li,ko th
chnh sa

To Node

Nt kt thc

Phasing

s pha ca dy

Nt thc hin hu
trong mng li,ko th
chnh sa
K t
57

C 6 gi tr ABC (3

Gi tr
mc
nh
Gn t
ng
Gn t
ng
khi v
dy
Gn t
ng
khi v
dy
ABC

dn
Line length
Construction
type
Positive
sequence
resistance
Positive
sequence
reactance
Zero sequence
resistance
Zero sequence
reactance
Positive
sequence
charging
admittance
Zero sequence
admittance
Rating

In service flag

Visibility flag
Result visibility
flag
Type
(Harmonic)

Sustained failure

chiu di dy
theo v c
chn
kiu xy dng
theo trong th
vin
in tr th t
thun ca mt
v chiu di
khng tr th t
thun ca mt
v chiu di
in tr th t
khng ca mt
v chiu di
khng tr th t
khng ca mt
v chiu di
in dn th t
thun ca mt
v chiu di

S thc

pha),AB,BC,CA (2
pha) ;A,B,C (1 pha)
tu

1.0

K t

ti a 10 k t,ko c
khong trng

trng

S thc

tu

0.05

S thc

tu

0.65

S thc

tu

0.1

S thc

tu

1.55

S thc

tu

6.5

in dn th t
khng ca mt
v chiu di
nh mc qu
ti dy dn

S thc

tu

4.0

S thc

C th xc nh 4 gi
tr khc nhau

Xc nh thit
b ang hot
ng hay
c ngt ra
Hin th hay ko
hin th
Hin th hay ko
hin th kt qu
tnh ton
Kiu m hnh
dy dn tinh
ton ho tn.

Yes/No

la chn mt trong hai


gi tr

Theo
th vin
xy
dng
Yes

Yes/No

La chn mt trong hai


gi tr
La chn mt trong hai
gi tr

Yes

la chn
t danh
sch

IEEE
line.

Tn sut s c

S thc

IEEE line:theo chun


dy IEEE.
IEEE cable:theo chun
cp IEEE.
Custom:ngi dng t
nh ngha
p dng khi tnh ton

Yes/No

58

Yes

999

rate
Momentary
failure rate
Mean time to
repair

ko di (s
c/v chiu
di/nm)
Tn sut s c
thong qua (s
c/v chiu
di/nm)
Thi gian khc
phc s c
trung bnh (gi)

tin cy
S thc

p dng khi tnh ton


tin cy

999

S thc

p dng khi tnh ton


tin cy

999

IV. My bin p
Thuc tnh

nh ngha

Kiu d
liu

Gii hn

Name

Tn ca MBA

K t

From Node

Nt bt u

ti a 12 k t ,ko c
khong trng
Nt thc hin hu
trong mng li,ko
th chnh sa

To Node

Nt kt thc

Phasing

S pha ca MBA
(tng t nh dy
dn)
Kiu MBA

Type
Nameplate
rating
Phase shift

Construction
type
Tapped node
Leakage

Cng sut n mc
mi pha
dch pha (o),
sao/sao c dch pha
ch dng trong
trng hp MBA
kiu
kiu xy dng theo
tp tin *.con hoc
ngi dng t nh
ngha
Nt gn vi bn c
th iu chnh ca
MBA
in tr r (in tr

Nt thc hin hu
trong mng li,ko
th chnh sa
K t

Gi tr
mc
nh
Gn t
ng
Gn t
ng
khi v
MBA
Gn t
ng
khi v
MBA
ABC

S thc

C 6 gi tr ABC (3
pha),AB,BC,CA (2
pha) ;A,B,C (1 pha)
La chn mt trong
12 kiu (m t chi
tit sau)
tu

S thc

tu

K t

ti a 10 k t ,ko c
khong trng

trng

K t

ti a 12 k t ,ko c
khong trng

Nt kt
thc

S thc

>= 0

0.008

K t

59

Sao
/sao
1000.0
kVA
0.0

resistance

ton cun dy) trong


v tng i
Leakage
khng tr r (khng
reactance
tr ton cun dy)
trong v tng i
Haft-winding
in tr na cun
resistance
dytong v tng i
Haft-winding khng tr na cun
reactance
dy trong v tng
i
From
in tr ni t pha
grounding
nt bt u (s cp)
resistance
From
khng tr ni t
grounding
pha nt bt u (s
reactance
cp)
To grounding in tr ni t pha
resistance
nt kt thc (th cp)
To grounding
khng tr ni t
reactance
pha nt kt thc (th
cp)
Rating
nh mc dng in
tnh ton qu ti
MBA

In service
flag
Visibility
flag
Result
visibility flag
Tap
adjustment

Xc nh thit b
ang hot ng hay
c ngt ra
Hin th hay ko hin
th
Hin th hay ko hin
th kt qu tnh ton
kiu iu chnh in
p

S thc

>= 0

0.08

S thc

>= 0

0.008

S thc

0.08

S thc

>= 0; i vi MBA
kiu Center-tapped
(sao hoc tam gic)
th >khng tr r
(xc nh trn)
tu

S thc

tu

0.0

S thc

tu

0.0

S thc

tu

0.0

S thc

Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
Nt chn
(chn mt
trong ba
gi tr c
sn)

60

0.0

C th xc nh 4
Gn
nh mc khc nhau theo tp
tin
*.con
hoc
gi tr
mc
nh
la chn mt trong
Yes
hai gi tr
La chn mt trong
Yes
hai gi tr
La chn mt trong
Yes
hai gi tr
gi

chn
u phn p nguyn
ring c lp gi tr
c sn
tng pha

chn
u phn p 3
pha nh
nhau.

ko

Tap Setting
in phase A

mc phn p pha A
theo v tng i

S thc

Tap Setting
in phase B

mc phn p pha B
theo v tng i

S thc

Tap Setting
in phase C

mc phn p pha C
theo v tng i

S thc

Maximum
Tap Setting

Mc phn p ln
nht cho php theo
v tng i
Mc phn p nh
nht cho php theo
v tng i
bc phn p theo
v tng i

S thc

Minimum
Tap Setting
Tap step

thi gian iu chnh

S thc

Tapped/Untapped
side

Compensation
resistance

in tr b
theo v
tng i

1.1

Ko ln hn hiu
0.00625
gia mc iu chnh
ln nht v nh nht
Th

FROM
cp
side (pha s
cp)

TO
side (pha th
cp)
>0
0.0

Time delay

Regulated Node

1.0

S thc
Nt chn
(chn mt
trong hai
gi tr cho
sn)

Min Voltage

1.0

nh hn mc phn
p ln nht ( trn)

Xc nh iu chnh
bn th cp hay s
cp

in p ln
nht theo v
tng i
in p nh
nht theo v
tng i
Xc nh nt
iu chnh
in p
Xc nh
pha bn no
t nt iu
chnh in p

1.0

S thc

Load tap side

Max voltage

iu chnh
,gi nguyn
v tr hin ti
nm gia mc phn
p ln nht v nh
nht
nm gia mc phn
p ln nht v nh
nht
nm gia mc phn
p ln nht v nh
nht
tu

0.9

S thc

ln hn in p nh
nht

1.05

S thc

nh hn in p ln
nht

0.95

K t

ti a 12 k t ,ko c
khong trng

TO node

Nt chn
(chn mt
trong hai
gi tr c
sn)

Ch cn thit khi nt
iu chnh in p
khc vi nt bt u
v nt kt thc ca
MBA ( xc nh
trn)
Tu

Pha c
u
phn p

S thc

61

0.0

Compensation
reactance
PT ratio
CT ratio
Load center Node
Transformer side

Khng tr b
theo v
tng i
t s PT
MBA
t s CT
MBA
Xc nh nt
t ti trung
tm
Xc nh tnh
ton tng tr
b pha no
ca MBA

S thc

Tu

0.0

S thc

Tu

S thc

Tu

K t

Phi l mt nt thc
trong mng li hin
hu
Tu

Khng
c mc
nh
TO side

Nt chn
(chn mt
trong hai
gi tr c
sn)

V. Ti tnh (Static load)


Thuc tnh

nh ngha

Name

Tn phn
bit ti
Loi ti

Type

Balance/unbalance

Xc nh ti
cn bng hay
ko cn bng

Ground-wye/delta

Kiu u ni
ti (sao c ni
t hay tam
gic ko ni
t)

Phase A

Cng sut
thc (kW) v
cng sut
phn khng
(kVAR) pha

Kiu d
liu
K t
K t (3
gi tr)

Nt
chn
(chn
mt
trong
hai gi
tr)
Nt
chn
(chn
mt
trong
hai gi
tr)
S thc

62

Gii hn

Gi tr mc
nh
ti a 12 k t ,ko c
Gn t
khong trng
ng
Cng sut

Cng
hng
sut hng

Dng
in hng

Tng
tr hng
Cn bng

Cn
bng

Ko cn
bng

Sao c
ni t

Tam
gic

Sao c ni
t

tu

kW=200;
kVAR=100

A
Cng sut
thc (kW) v
cng sut
phn khng
(kVAR) pha
A

Phase B

Phase C

Total

Grounding
resistance
Grounding
reactance
In service flag

Visibility flag
Result visibility
flag

Cng sut thc


(kW) v cng
sut phn khng
(kVAR) pha A
Cng sut thc
(kW) v cng
sut phn khng
(kVAR) tng
cng (trong
trng hp ti
cn bng).
in tr ni t
khng tr ni
t
Xc nh thit
b ang hot
ng hay
c ngt ra
Hin th hay ko
hin th
Hin th hay ko
hin th kt qu
tnh ton

S thc

tu

kW=200;
kVAR=100

S thc

tu

kW=200;
kVAR=100

S thc

tu

kW=600;
kVAR=300

S thc

tu

0.0

S thc

tu

0.0

Yes/No

la chn mt trong
hai gi tr

Yes

Yes/No

La chn mt trong
hai gi tr
La chn mt trong
hai gi tr

Yes

Yes/No

Yes

VI. Ti in nng (MWh Load)


Thuc tnh

nh ngha

Kiu d
liu

Gii hn

Name

Tn ca ti

K t

Category

Xc nh ti thuc
Phn nhm ti no
Xc nh ti cn bng
hay ko cn bng

s nguyn

ti a 12 k t
,ko c khong
trng
1-4

Balance/unbalance

63

Nt chn
(chn mt
trong 2 gi
tr c sn)

C
n bng

K
o cn

Gi tr
mc
nh
Gn t
ng
1
Cn
bng

bng
Sao

S
ni
t
ao ni
t

T
am gic
in

in nng nng
ko i ko i

T
ng tr
ko i
Ko

c
chn
hn:c
theo
ma

k
o
chn:ko
theo
ma
tp

c
hn :ti trung
tp
trung

k
o chn
:ngc
li
tu (ln hn
0%
0% v nh hn
100%)
tu
100
MWh/t
hng
tu
100
MWh/t
hng
tu
100
MWh/t
hng
tu
10

Ground-Wye/delta

Xc nh kiu u ni
ti

Nt chn
(chn mt
trong 2 gi
tr c sn)

Result display

Xc nh kiu hin th
kt qu

Nt chn
(chn mt
trong 2 gi
tr c sn)

Seasonal

Xc nh ti c theo
ma hay ko

Hp la
chn (chn
hoc ko
chn)

Concentrated at the
node

Xc nh ti c tp
trung nt hay ko

Hp la
chn (chn
hoc ko
chn)

Percent constant
impedance

S thc

Phase A
(MWh/month)

Xc nh t l phn
trm ti c tng tr ko
i
in nng tiu th
pha A trong mt thng

Phase B
(MWh/month)

in nng tiu th
pha B trong mt thng

S thc

Phase C
(MWh/month)

in nng tiu th
pha C trong mt thng

S thc

Phase A number of
consumers
Phase B number of
consumers
Phase C number of

S khch hng pha A

S thc

S khch hng pha B

S thc

tu

10

S khch hng pha C

S thc

tu

10

64

S thc

consumers
Phase A pf
Phase B pf
Phase B pf
Resultant kW-phase
A
Resultant kW-phase
B
Resultant kW-phase
C
In service flag
Visibility flag
Result visibility flag

h s cng sut pha A


h s cng sut pha B
h s cng sut pha C
Cng sut tng pha A

S thc
S thc
S thc
S thc

tu
tu
tu
tu

1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0

Cng sut tng pha B

S thc

tu

0.0

Cng sut tng pha C

S thc

tu

0.0

Xc nh thit b ang
hot ng hay c
ngt ra
Hin th hay ko hin th

Yes/No

la chn mt
trong hai gi tr

Yes

Yes/No

Yes

Hin th hay ko hin th


kt qu tnh ton

Yes/No

La chn mt
trong hai gi tr
La chn mt
trong hai gi tr

Yes

VII. Ngun
Thuc
tnh
Name
Scheduled
voltage
Base
rating

Source
angle
Positive
sequence
resistance
Positive
sequence
reactance
Zero
sequence
resistance

nh ngha
Tn ngun phn bit
vi cc ngun khc

Kiu d
liu
K t

Gii hn

Gi tr mc
nh
Gn t ng

S thc

ti a 12 k
t,ko c khong
trng
tu

S thc

tu

Gc pha ca ngun

S thc

in tr Thevenin th t
thun ca ngun theo v
tng i trn cng sut
c bn ca h thng
Khng tr Thevenin th
t thun ca ngun theo
v tng i trn cng
sut c bn ca h thng
in tr Thevenin th t
khng ca ngun theo
v tng i trn cng
sut c bn ca h thng

S thc

>=-180o v
<=360o
tu

S thc

tu

0.001

S thc

tu

0.0

in p h mch ca
ngun theo % in p
nh mc tng i
Cng sut nh mc c
bn ca ngun

65

in p ca
nt gn ngun
in p c
bn ca h
thng (trong
bng
Network)
0.0
0.0

Zero
sequence
reactance

Khng tr Thevenin th
t khng ca ngun
theo v tng i trn
cng sut c bn ca h
thng
Grounding
in tr ni t
resistance
Grounding
Khng tr ni t
reactance
In service
Xc nh thit b c
flag
ang hot ng hay ko
Visibility Hin th hay ko hin th
flag
Result
Hin th hay ko hin th
visibility
kt qu tnh ton
flag

S thc

tu

0.001

S thc

tu

0.0

S thc

tu

0.0

Yes/No

la chn mt
trong hai gi tr
La chn mt
trong hai gi tr
La chn mt
trong hai gi tr

Yes

Yes/No
Yes/No

Yes
Yes

VIII. Thit b ng ct
Thuc tnh

nh ngha

Name

Tn phn bit ca
thit b
S lng pha

Phasing

Switch ID

Xc nh thit b
(ch dng cho tp tin
d liu th)
Construction kiu xy dng (ch
type
dng cho tp tin d
liu th PSS/U)
Rating
nh mc dng in
tnh ton qu ti
Tie switch
flag

Connection
circuit

Xc nh thit b
ng ct c lin kt
vi mch in khc
hay ko (ch s dng
vi tp tin d liu
th)
mch in lin kt
vi tie switch(ch s
dng vi tp tin d
liu th)

Kiu d
liu
K t
K t

K t

Gii hn
ti a 12 k t ,ko c
khong trng
Mt trong 6 gi tr
ABC (3 pha);
AB,BC,CA (2 pha)
;A,B,C (1 pha)
ti a 3 k t ,ko c
khong trng

Gi tr
mc nh
Gn t
ng
ABC

trng

K t

ti a 10 k t ,ko c
khong trng

trng

S thc

C th xc nh 4
mc khc nhau

Theo gi
tr trong
tp tin
*.con
Bnh
thng

Hp la
chn
(chn
hoc ko
chn)
K t

66

chn:c

ko
chn :bnh
thng

ti a 8 k t ,ko c
khong trng

Status

Tnh trng ca thit


b

TOPO status

Xc nh thit b c
c iu khin
ng m khi phn
tch TOPO hay ko

Visibility
flag
Result
visibility
flag

Hin th hay ko hin


th
Hin th hay ko hin
th kt qu tnh ton

Nt chn
(chn mt
trong hai
gi tr c
sn)
Nt chn
(chn mt
trong hai
gi tr c
sn)
Yes/No
Yes/No

ng
(Close)

M
(Open)

ng

Ko s dng ,ch s
dng i vi tp tin
d liu th

Ko c
iu
khin

La chn mt trong
hai gi tr
La chn mt trong
hai gi tr

Yes
Yes

IX. Thit b bo v
Thuc tnh
nh ngha Kiu d liu Gii hn Gi tr mc nh
Name
Description
Branch
Location
Selected device list
Available device list
Sort field
Add sort field

67

TI LIU THAM KHO:


[01]. Jacobus Jan Meeuwsen, Reliability evaluation of electric transmission and
distribution systems, 1998
[02]. A.S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, 1997
[03]. Scott & Scott, Computerize Mapping and Engineering Data Software
Program, Seatle 1991.
[04]. Nguyen Ngoc Tuyen , Protection and Reliability Improvement in the
Distribution Network of Ho Chi Minh City, 2000
[05]. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mn PSS/ADEPT (ti liu tp hun tp 2
tp) ca Phng CNTT-VT Cty LTP.HCM v Khoa in - in T Trng
HBK.
[06]. B cng sut phn khng li cung cp v phn phi in. Nh xut bn khoa
hc k thut H Ni.
[07]. Adrian A. Hopgood, Knowledge - Base systems, 1993. CRC Press.
[08]. Cooper Power Systems, Capacitor switch - How and why, 1980, Cooper
Power Systems.
[09]. Cooper Power Systems, Power - Electrical distribution system protection,
1994, Cooper Power Systems.
[10]. Dan Rahmel, Visual Basic programmer's reference, 1998, Mc Graw - Hill
Companies Incorporated.
[11]. Siemens, Power engineering guide : Transmission and Distribution, 1996,
Siemens
[12]. Tender document for HCMC District control centre SCADA project, phase 2,
1996. Ho Chi Minh city power company.
[13]. Turan Gonen, Electric power distribution system engineering, 1986, Mc Graw
- Hill Companies Incorporated.
[14]. Trn Bch, Li in & H thng in, Tp 1, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
k thut.
[15]. H thng kim tra gim st v thu thp d liu - SCADA, 1996. Swedpower.
[16]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, H thng ha c s d liu phc v h
thng thng tin a l, 1997, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp EVN - DLHCM
- 97 - 001.
68

[17]. Trn Lc Hng, C s m phng ngu nhin, 1997, Nh xut bn Gio dc.
[18]. Hong Kim (Ch bin), K thut lp trnh m phng : Th gii thc v ng
dng, 1997, Nh xut bn Thng k.
[19]. Trn nh Long, Qui hoch h thng nng lng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc k thut.
[20]. Trn nh Long, L thuyt h thng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut.
[21]. Nguyn Vn m, Mng li in, Tp 1, 2, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k
thut.
[22]. Nguyn Hng Thi, Phn t t ng trong h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[23]. Cao Ho Thi, M hnh m phng, 1999, Tp bi ging chuyn .
[24]. L Vn t, Phn tch & iu khin n nh h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[25]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, M phng vn hnh li in, 2000, Hi
ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[26]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, ng dng cng ngh GIS qun l li
in phn phi, Hi ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[27]. PSS/ADEPT 5.0, Users Guide Shaw Power Technologies - 04 / 2004
[28]. H Vn Hin - H thng in truyn ti v phn phi NXB i hc quc gia
TP. H Ch Minh 2003
[29]. V Ngc Tc M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh NXB Gio dc
2001
[30]. Nguyn Hong Vit Bo v Rle v t ng ha NXB i hc Quc Gia
TPHCM 2003
[31]. C.Russell Mason The Acrt and Science of protective relaying 1967
[32]. Cooper power system Electrical Distribution system Protection 1990
[33]. Cng ty in lc TPHCM Bo co chuyn PSS/ADEPT Phng k thut
cng ty- Thng 08- 2004
[34]. Copper Power Systems- Overcurrent Protection For Distribution SystemSeminar Notes and Reference Materials - 1995
[35]. URL

http://www.pti-us.com

69

DNG PHN MM
PHN TCH V
TNH TON LI IN
PSS/ADEPT
The Power System Simulator/Advanced
Distribution Engineering Productivity TooL

Phn 3
K nng p dng-Phn cn bn

TP H CH MINH THNG 04/2007

GIO TRNH TP HUN

S DNG PHN MM
PHN TCH V TNH
TON LI IN
PSS/ADEPT
Bin son-Trnh by:
Nguyn Hu Phc
ng Anh Tun
Ch bin:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phc

Bn quyn thuc Cng ty in lc 2 - EVN


Mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phi c s ng bng vn bn ca Cng ty in lc 2.

Li ni u
Li in phn phi v truyn ti khng ngng pht trin m rng v qui
m cng nh phc tp. Theo , cc yu cu cung cp in lin tc cho khch
hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao cng gia tng. Thit b trn li
in phn phi hin nay vn c c im l a dng v chng loi, phc tp v
cu to. Qu trnh vn hnh nhm thc hin nhng thao tc mang tnh lp i lp
li nhiu ln nhng li i hi chnh xc cao v vy rt cn thit phi t ng
ha bng cch a nhiu thit b t ng, x l thng tin t ng nhm tng kh
nng truyn t v x l thng tin. Bng my tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng
chng ta c th ngn chn trc v hn ch hng hc trong qu trnh vn hnh
li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v Cng ngh Thng tin nh v kh nng lu tr
ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng php h chuyn gia, mng
neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c mnh tng cng nghin
cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc in nng. m bo v gi vng mi lin
h hu c ca cc thnh phn trong h thng sn xut truyn ti, phn phi v s
dng in nng.
p ng kp thi cc yu cu trn, t thng 01-2005 Tng cng ty in
lc Vit Nam (EVN) trc y, nay l Tp on in lc Vit Nam ch o
p dng th im phn mm PSS/ADEPT tnh ton li in theo a bn do
cc n v trc thuc qun l.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn
tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa
v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao
din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power
Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b
sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Cng ty in lc 2-Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) phi hp cng
Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh nghin
cu p dng phn mm ny. Cng ty in lc 2 thc hin tp hun cho cc n
v trc thuc nhm trang b kh nng s dng phn mm chun tnh ton v phn
tch li in da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. iu ny, nhm gip Cng ty
in lc 2 tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton v
in trong cc hot ng ca Cng ty nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh
li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b

cng sut phn khng, tin cy,l cc vn m cc n v cn gii quyt


hng ngy, thm ch hng gi.
Cc Cng ty in lc cn trin khai cng tc o to n mc chi tit v
s dng phn mm tnh ton k thut in chuyn ngnh nh PSS/U,
PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E, cc n v trc thuc s dng thnh tho cc chng
trnh ny.
Cng ty in lc 2 s trang b kin thc Cng ngh Thng tin ni chung v
phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc n vi trc
thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2 thng qua cc kho o to kt hp vi v trng
i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tin khai ng dng cc phn mm
tnh ton k thut in trong ton Cng ty theo yu cu ca EVN. To iu kin
cc n v trong Cng ty tm hiu cc phng php tnh ton cc bi ton in
c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm tnh ton
chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power Technologics
Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht trin xy dng
mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc n v da vo
cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s
i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v nm bt cc phm mm
khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower,
Vic t chc o to s gp phn nng cao kh nng ng dng my tnh,
nht l s dng cc phn mm tnh ton chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v trc
thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2. Ph bin kinh nghim v trin khai cc kt qu
nghin cu cc phn mm, cc n v tip tc p dng vo thc t cng tc ti
n v. Gp phn hon thnh tt cng tc sn xut kinh doanh ca n v trn c
s cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm mnh. To ra s phi hp sn sng da
trn quan h tt p vn c gia Cng ty in lc 2-n v qun l li in v
trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh-n v gio dc o to
V gio trnh ny c bin son nhm mc ch phc v cho cc bui tp
hun phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 nh trn.
Nhm bin son rt cm n s hp tc m Cng ty in lc 2 dnh cho
nhm ni ring cng nh cho Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa
thnh ph H Ch Minh ni chung. Nhm bin son cng cm n mt s cng tc
vin h tr xy dng gio trnh ny.
Nhm bin son

II

Tm tt ni dung
Gio trnh ny c bin son phc v cho cc bui tp hun s dng phn
mm phn tch v tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Gio trnh gm cc phn:
Phn 1: Kin thc chun b yu cu-n tp kin thc
Phn 2: Hng dn s dng PSS/ADEPT
Phn 3: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn cn bn
Phn 4: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn nng cao
hc vin cc n v nm bt v p dng nhanh, cn c thm cc phn:
Phn 5: Cm nang s dng
Phn 6: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging phn
mm PSS/ADEPT
Phn 7: Cc slide bi ging ca chuyn gia PTI software.
Ngoi ra cn c Gio trnh in t lu tr trn a CD-ROM: Gm cc ti
liu a phng tin (Multimedia) h tr thm cho cc hc vin chun b bi hc
trc khi ln lp, n tp sau kha hc v a phng cng tc. c thc hin
bng k thut lp trnh Web v x l Multimedia (dng phim c m thanh, Web
page,)
Cc chng trnh chuyn i:
1. Chng trnh Chuyn Excel DAT File.
2. Chng trnh Chuyn DAT File Excel.
3. Chng trnh x l s liu u vo
4. Chng trnh Tnh Cng Sut Ngun.
5. Chng trnh Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th.
6. Chng trnh chia s PSS/ADEPT qua mng LAN, WAN v internet
7. H thng cc bi tp trc nghim trn my tnh sut kho hc
8. Chng trnh thi kt thc kho hc bng trc nghim trc tip trn my
tnh
V cc CD-ROM:
-CD1: Gio trnh in t h tr
-CD2: Cc bi ging v bi tp

III

-CD3: D liu li in
-CD4: D liu li in (tt) v source cc chng trnh h PSS/*
-CD5: Cc chng trnh h tr kho hc
Gm cc ti nguyn hc tp nh: ti liu tham kho, Users Guide, website
PTI (offline, xem khng cn kt ni internet), web documents, source software
PSS/ADEPT and untilities, cc phn mm chuyn i d liu v demo phc v
ng dng tnh ton bng PSS/ADEPT,
Qua kinh nghip tp hun v gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v in lc
p dng nhanh phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc
tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings

To s
Creating diagrams

Chy 8 bi ton phn tch


Power System Analysis

BO CO
Reports, diagrams

V cc ni dung nng cao:


Biu din trng thi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn
tch.
S dng cc lp d liu.
T chc v qun l ph ti v khch hng s dng in.
Kh nng h tr cc c s d liu khc.
B sung cc thng s dy dn vo t in cu trc dy dn.
B sung thit b bo v vo th vin thit b bo v.

IV

M rng bi ton phn tch cho li in qui m ln, nhiu cp in


p
nh gi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn tch.
p dng kt qu tnh ton lm c s vn hnh li in. Thc hin
lp v bo v cc k hoch tiu, trung v i tu hay pht trin mi li
in.
Phn tch v tnh ton li in trn nn H thng thng tin a lGIS.
M phng vn hnh li in.
Tham kho cc phn mm tnh ton phn tch li in khc.
Nhng ni dung ny gip hc vin tm hiu thm mt s kin thc hu ch
lin quan.
Chi tit ni dung s c trnh by trong phn u cc tp gio trnh v cc
chng trong cc phn.
Nhm bin son

Thut ng, k hiu v vit tt.


CAD:
CAM:
CNPM:
CNTT:
CSDL:
GUI:
GIS:
IA:
MIS:
NNLT:
PC:
SQL:
CB:
DS:
EVN:
H s dng in:
HT:
IEC:
ISO:
Khch hng:
LBS:
LPP:
LTD:
MBA:
LKV:
PC HCMC:
PC 2
REC:
SCADA:
TP.HCM:
VHL:
KC:
Network:

Computer Aided Design


Computer Aided Manufacture
Cng ngh phn mm
Cng ngh thng tin.
C s d liu.
Graphic user interface.
H thng thng tin a l-Geographic Information System
Tr tu nhn to-Inlelligence Artificielle
H Thng Tin qun l
Ngn ng lp trnh.
Personal computer
Structured query language.
Cn b
Disconect Swicth-Dao cch ly.
Tp on in lc Vit Nam
H s dng in qua cu li, qua in k ph.
H thng in.
y ban k thut in quc t-International Electrotechnical Commission.
T chc tiu chun quc t-International Organization for
Standardization
H s dng in theo hp ng cung ng s dng in vi
ngnh in qua in k chnh.
Load break switch-Dao cch ly ng ct c ti.
Li in phn phi.
Dao cch ly chu sc cng-Line Tenson Disconect
My bin p
in lc khu vc.
Cng ty in lc TP HCM
Cng ty in lc 2
My ct t ng ng li-Recloser
H thng iu khin v gim st thu thp d liu.
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Vn hnh li in.
Khi ng ng c
Li in

VI

Ch

Lin quan

V d, bi tp

Lu tp tin v d mu
D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

Ht chng !

VII

Ht chng

Mc lc tng qut
Phn Mt: Kin thc chun b
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN
CHNG 2 PHN B CNG SUT
CHNG 3: NGN MCH
CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM DNG TI U
CHNG 5: PHI HP BO V
CHNG 6: SNG HI
CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U
CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY
CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Hai: Hng dn s dng phn mm
CHNG 1: HNG DN CI T PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
CHNG 2: HNG DN S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
PH LC 1: M HNH XUT TUYN DY C LP
PH LC 2: NGUYN TC PHN PHI
PH LC 3: KIU D LIU
Phn Ba: K nng p dng-Phn c bn
CHNG 1: D LIU CHUN B
CHNG 2: CC BC THC HIN
CHNG 3: MT S KT QU P DNG
Phn Bn: Cm nang s dng
Phn Nm: K nng p dng-Phn nng cao
CHNG 1: X L S LIU
CHNG 2: B SUNG CC THNG S VO PHN MM
CHNG 3: BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT QU TNH TON H TR
RA QUYT NH
CHNG 4: C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI IN CA CC
IN LC KHU VC
CHNG 5: QUN L V TNH TON LI IN PHN PHI TRN NN H
THNG THNG TIN A L
CHNG 6: M PHNG VN HNH LI IN
CHNG 7: GII PHP CHIA S KHA CNG PHN MM TRN MY N CHO
NHIU NGI S DNG
CHNG 8: TM HIU MT S PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN KHC
Phn Su: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging
Phn By: Cc slide bi ging ca PTI software

VIII

GIO TRNH TP HUN


S DNG PHN MM PHN TCH V
TNH TON LI IN

PSS/ADEPT

Phn Ba:
K nng p dng
-Phn c bn

03

MC LC CHI TIT PHN 3


MC LC CHI TIT PHN 3 ........................................................................ 1
CHNG 1: D LIU CHUN B ................................................................ 5
I. Yu cu v d liu tnh ton .......................................................................... 6
I.1. D liu tng qut......................................................................................................... 6
I.1.1. S li in phn phi. ................................................................................... 6
I.1.2. S liu : ................................................................................................................ 6
I.2. D liu cc phn t li in ...................................................................................... 7
I.2.1. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt Source:........................................................... 8
I.2.2. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt ti:.................................................................. 8
I.2.3. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b ng ct:.................................................. 9
I.2.4. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt:..................................................................... 10
I.2.5. S liu cn chun b nhp vo on dy: ........................................................... 10
I.2.6. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b b: ......................................................... 10
I.2.7. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b bo v: ................................................... 11
I.2.8. S liu cn chun b nhp vo my bin p: ...................................................... 11
I.2.9. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b sng hi: ................................................ 12
I.2.10. S liu cn chun b nhp vo my in: ......................................................... 12
I.3. D liu phc v cc bi ton phn tch ..................................................................... 13
I.3.1. Load Flow Culculation: Tnh ton phn b cng sut khi trng thi n nh,
Fault: thc hin vic tnh ton ngn mch, Fault all: Tnh ton ngn mch ti tt c
cc nt trong li in................................................................................................. 13
I.3.2. Motor Starting Culculation: Tnh ton bi ton khi ng ng c .................. 14
I.3.3. CAPO Analysis: Tnh ton bi ton t t b ti u ......................................... 14
I.3.4. TOPO Analysis: Tnh ton im dng ti u .................................................... 14
I.3.5. Harmonics Culculation: Phn tch, tnh ton sng hi ....................................... 14
I.3.6. Coordination: Tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v........................................ 14
I.3.7. DRA Analysis: Tnh ton tin cy li in................................................... 15

II. Cc bng d liu trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT:....................................... 16


CHNG 2: CC BC THC HIN ....................................................... 22
I. Chu trnh trin khai ...................................................................................... 23
II. Bc 1: Thit lp thng s mng li........................................................ 23
II.1. Xc nh th vin dy dn: ...................................................................................... 23
II.2. Xc nh thng s thuc tnh ca li in: ............................................................ 24
II.3. Xc nh hng s kinh t ca li in:................................................................... 25

III. Bc 2: To s : .................................................................................... 25
III.1. Ngun Source: ..................................................................................................... 26
III.2. Ti Static Load : .................................................................................................. 26
III.3. Dy dn Line : ..................................................................................................... 27
III.4. Nt Node : ........................................................................................................... 27
III.5. T b-Capacitor:..................................................................................................... 28
III.6. Thit b ng ct_Swichs: ...................................................................................... 28

IV. Bc 3: Chy cc chc nng tnh ton ..................................................... 29


V. Bc 4: Bo co ......................................................................................... 34
V.1. Xem hin th kt qu phn tch ngay trn s ...................................................... 34
V.2. Xem kt qu tnh ton trn ca s progress view .................................................... 34
V.3. Xem kt qu tnh ton chi tit t phn report ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT ............ 35

VI. Kt qu xy dng li in....................................................................... 36


VI.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th ........................................................................... 36
VI.2. D liu trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT ..................................................................... 37
VI.2.1. Tuyn dy trung th Bu Ct........................................................................... 37
VI.2.2. Tuyn dy trung th Thng Long .................................................................... 38
VI.2.3. Tuyn dy trung th By Hin ........................................................................ 38
VI.2.4. Tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn ........................................................................ 39
VI.2.5. Tuyn dy trung th Thng Kit ................................................................... 39
VI.2.6. Tuyn dy trung th Long Qun...................................................................... 40
VI.2.7. Tuyn dy trung th TSF................................................................................. 40

CHNG 3: MT S KT QU P DNG .............................................. 43


I. Tnh ton phn b cng sut ........................................................................ 44
I.1. i tng tnh ton: .................................................................................................. 44
I.1.1. Gii thiu............................................................................................................ 44
I.1.2. Kho st hin trng tn tht in nng............................................................... 44
I.2. Quy m thc hin v kt qu tnh ton t phn mm PSS/ADEPT: ........................ 45
I.2.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th....................................................................... 46
I.2.2. D liu trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT ................................................................. 46

II. Tnh ton ngn mch .................................................................................. 51


II.1. i tng tnh ton:................................................................................................. 51
II.2. Quy m thc hin v kt qu tnh ton t phn mm PSS/ADEPT: ....................... 51

III. Tnh ton phi hp bo v......................................................................... 53


III.1. i tng tnh ton:................................................................................................ 53
III.1.1. Gii thiu i tng tnh ton ......................................................................... 53
III.1.2. Gii thiu bi ton ........................................................................................... 53
III.1.3. Xc nh thng s ngun ................................................................................. 54
III.1.4. Hiu chnh tham s rle trong th vin chng trnh ..................................... 55
III.1.5. Chn relay, ci t thng s bo v................................................................. 56
III.2. Kt qu phi hp bo v......................................................................................... 58

IV. Tnh ton xc nh im dng ti u Topo ........................................... 60


IV.1. i tng tnh ton: ............................................................................................... 60
IV.1.1. Gii thiu......................................................................................................... 60
IV.1.2. Cng tc chuyn ti trong vn hnh li in:................................................ 61
IV.2. Quy m thc hin:.................................................................................................. 61
IV.2.1. C s l thuyt, phng php tnh: ................................................................. 61
IV.2.2. Xc nh cu hnh li in phn phi ........................................................... 61
IV.2.3. nh ngha phn t ph ti .............................................................................. 61
IV.3. Kt qu thc hin TOPO trn PSS/ADEPT: .......................................................... 61

V. Tnh ton tin cy li in .................................................................... 61


V.1. i tng tnh ton:................................................................................................. 61
V.1.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 61
V.1.2. X l s liu u vo ........................................................................................ 61
V.2. Kt qu tnh ton...................................................................................................... 61

VI. Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u Capo................................................ 61


VI.1. i tng tnh ton: ............................................................................................... 61
VI.2. Tnh ton b ti u li in in lc Cn G : .................................................. 61
VI.2.1. Quy m v thc hin ....................................................................................... 61
VI.2.2. Kt qu tnh ton: ............................................................................................ 61
VI.3. Tnh ton b cng sut khng cho li in phn phi in lc Tn Bnh dng
phn mm PSS/ADEPT:.................................................................................................. 61

VI.3.1. Quy m thc hin ............................................................................................ 61


VI.3.2. Kt qu b trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT......................................................... 61
VI.3.3. Tng hp kt qu b........................................................................................ 61

TI LIU THAM KHO:.............................................................................. 61

CHNG 1:
D LIU
CHUN B

CHNG 1:
D LIU CHUN B
Qa trnh thu thp d liu v xy dng li in cn tnh ton vo phn mm
PSS/ADEPT mt rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc. Khi xy dng xong d liu li
in cn tnh ton vic thc hin cc chc nng phn tch ca phn mm rt nhanh
chng v n gin.
S liu u vo trong cc phn mm tnh ton k thut in thng l P v Q.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT, cng khng mm ngoi ngoi l . c c cc gi tr
ny, chng ta s s dng cc phng php thu thp d liu thng dng nht ng
vi hin trng thu thp v qun l s liu hin hu ti cc in lc khu vc. Cc s
liu thu thp, sau c x l tnh ton P v Q cho tng nt sau theo 2 thi
im l cao im v thp im ca cc ph ti, sau nhp vo phn mm
PSS/ADEPT tnh cc bi ton yu cu.
Thu thp bn v s li in cn m phng. Sau dng cc cng thc do
nhm nghin cu ng dng t xy dng th hin cc bn v s li in cn
m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT.
Chng ta cn to ra cc tp tin c s li in c phn m rng l *.dat.
Vic ny, nhm khai thc tnh s dng li c ca cc tp tin ny xuyn sut cc
phn h ca PSS/ADEPT, cng nh xa hn na l cc phn mm ca hng Power
Technologies. Cc tp ny d dng chuyn i sang cc dng khc (k c *.adp,)
rt tin li trong qu trnh s dng PSS/ADEPT.
Chng ny trnh by vic chun b cc d liu cn thit bt u p dng
phn mm.

I. Yu cu v d liu tnh ton


Cc hc vin ch cn mang theo s vn hnh v s liu c t thc t cng
tc ca n v tham d kho o to m khng cn chun b trc s liu theo
biu mu qui nh trc ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0.
Tt c s liu c sn ti n v ch cn thu thp (theo yu cu c th di
y), cc ging vin s hng dn cch x l v nhp vo phn mm PSS/ADEPT
5.0. iu ny chng t kh nng d trin khai p dng rng ri v nhanh chng ca
phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ph hp vi cch thu thp d liu thc t ca n v p
dng
D liu li in tnh ton chun b trc gm 2 loi: S (bn v) v cc s
liu. Cc loi d liu ny c th l dng in ra giy hay lu trn a vi tnh.
S liu ny thng nht chung l c thu thp trong 3 thng gn nht.

I.1. D liu tng qut


Trong sut thi gian o to, phc v tnh ton, phn tch li in v
phc v cho bi tp thi kt thc kho hc, cc n v v hc vin tham d chun b
d liu nh sau
I.1.1. S li in phn phi.
-Cc s Vn hnh li in c v v cp nht thng xuyn ph hp vi
thc t ca cc tuyn dy trung th (phi c): S nguyn l 1 si, s vn
hnh, cc phng thc vn hnh,
- 01 (mt) s li in h th (t trm tr h thdy mc innh
khch hng) v s liu kinh doanh, k thut km theo.
- Cc s a d li in c xy dng trn nn tng h thng thng tin
a l GIS (Geographic Information System) vi d liu thng c thit k bng
cc phn mm nh Mapinfo, Arcview, v.v (nu c)
I.1.2. S liu :
Gm s liu qun l k thut v kinh doanh ca cc tuyn dy ni v cp
ngm trung th v 1 trm h th mu, c th l:
- Thng s qun l k thut ca ng dy v thit b nh: Tit din, khong
cch chiu di, thng s dy dn, my bin p, thit b bo v ng ct, t b, my
iu p,
- Thng s vn hnh, o c nh k ca n v: Cc thng s vn hnh dng,
p, cos , cng sut,
6

- Thng s kinh doanh: in nng tiu th ca tng ph ti, s khch hng ca


1 trm h th.
- Thng s chnh nh bo v ca cc thit b bo v trn a bn qun l, bao
gm c thng s bo v pha trung th ca cc trm trung gian 110/22-15 Kv.
cc n v v hc vin nm c cc yu cu v d liu cn chun b
trc, chng ti lit k c th di y cc hp thoi v cc gi tr thuc tnh yu
cu ca tng phn t li in c m hnh ho trong m hnh. V hin nay, cc
n v cha c trang b phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0, do vy vic xem trc cc
hp thoi ny ch dng tham kho tm hiu trc v cc gi tr nhp vo chng
trnh. Chi tit cch nhp d liu s c hng dn chi tit trong kho o to.

I.2. D liu cc phn t li in


Phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 cung cp y cc cng c gip ngi s dng
m phng li in cn tnh ton. Xem thanh cng c diagram di y, ta thy cc
phn t li in c m hnh ho gm:
1. Nt Source.
2. Nt ti: Gm ti tnh v ti MWh
3. Line
4. Switch
5. My bin p
6. ng c in: Gm ng b, khng ng b
7. Thit b bo v: Relay, Recloser, Fuse,
8. Sng hi.
9. Thng s u vo cho bi ton tin cy.

Hnh 1 Thanh cng c to s tnh ton

I.2.1. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt Source:


Cc gi tr in tr, in khng th t thun, nghch, zero,

Hnh 2 Hp thoi thuc tnh nt Source v m hnh nt ngun trn s

I.2.2. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt ti:


Gm ti tnh v ti MWh.

Hnh 3 Hp thoi thuc tnh nt ti v m hnh nt ti trn s

- Tnh cht ph ti.


- Ga tr P, Q ca ph ti

Hnh 4 Hp thoi thuc tnh nt ti in nng v m hnh trn s

- in nng tiu th trong 1 thng.


- S khch hng.
- H s cng sut.
- Cng sut tiu th
I.2.3. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b ng ct:
Tn v tr t, dng nh mc,

Hnh 5 Hp thoi thuc tnh thit b ng ct v m hnh thit b ng ct trn s

I.2.4. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt:


Tn v tr t, in p nh mc,

Hnh 6 Hp thoi thuc tnh nt ti v m hnh nt ti trn s

I.2.5. S liu cn chun b nhp vo on dy:


Tn on, s pha, chiu di, dng nh mc, loi dy, thng s ng dy,

Hnh 7 Hp thoi thuc tnh nt ti v m hnh nt ti trn s

I.2.6. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b b:


Tn v tr t, dung lng, kiu u dy, c nh, ng ng,

10

Hnh 8 Hp thoi thuc tnh t b v m hnh t b trn s

I.2.7. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b bo v:


Tn v tr t, dng nh mc, loi, c tuyn

Hnh 9 Hp thoi thuc tnh chn c tuyn TC thit b bo v v m hnh thit b


bo v trn s

I.2.8. S liu cn chun b nhp vo my bin p:


Tn v tr t, thng s my bin p,

11

Hnh 10 Hp thoi thuc tnh my bin p v m hnh my bin p trn s

I.2.9. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b sng hi:


Tn v tr t, cc gi tr o t,

Hnh 11 Hp thoi thuc tnh thit b sng hi v m hnh thit b sng hi trn s

I.2.10. S liu cn chun b nhp vo my in:


Tn v tr t, thng s my in,

12

Hnh 12 Hp thoi thuc tnh my in v m hnh my in trn s

I.3. D liu phc v cc bi ton phn tch


Cc s vn hnh v cc s liu c thu thp trong 3 thng gn nht.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 thc hin cc bi ton phn tch:
Load Flow Culculation: Tnh ton phn b cng sut khi trng thi n nh
Fault: Thc hin vic tnh ton ngn mch, Fault all: Tnh ton ngn mch ti
tt c cc nt trong li in
Motor Starting Culculation: Tnh ton bi ton khi ng ng c
CAPO Analysis: Tnh ton bi ton t t b ti u
TOPO Analysis: Tnh ton im dng ti u
DRA Analysis: Tnh ton tin cy li in
Harmonics Culculation: Phn tch, tnh ton sng hi
Coordination: Tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v
I.3.1. Load Flow Culculation: Tnh ton phn b cng sut khi trng
thi n nh, Fault: thc hin vic tnh ton ngn mch, Fault all:
Tnh ton ngn mch ti tt c cc nt trong li in
chun b s liu cho bi ton tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v li
in, ta cn chun b cc thng s nh sau:
- Cc s liu qun l k thut ng dy, k thut trn a bn qun l nh:
Tit din, khong cch chiu di, thng s dy dn, my bin p, thit b bo v
ng ct, t b, my iu p,

13

- Cc gi tr vn hnh ca pht tuyn, ph ti ca tuyn dy nh: Dng, p,


cng sut P, Q, h s cng sut,
- Thng s kinh doanh: in nng tiu th ca tng ph ti, s khch hng ca
1 trm h th.
- Cc gi tr in nng tiu th ca cc pht tuyn trung th, cc ph ti trong
pht tuyn.
- Cc gi tr in tr, in khng th t thun, nghch, zero ti thanh ci trung
th.
I.3.2. Motor Starting Culculation: Tnh ton bi ton khi ng ng c
chun b s liu cho bi ton tnh ton bi ton khi ng ng c trong
li in, ta cn chun b cc thng s nh sau:
- Thng s k thut thit b.
- Thng s vn hnh.
I.3.3. CAPO Analysis: Tnh ton bi ton t t b ti u
chun b s liu cho bi ton tnh ton bi ton t t b ti u trn li
in, ta cn chun b cc thng s nh sau:
- Cc b t b c nh hin hu.
- Cc b t b ng ng hin hu.
I.3.4. TOPO Analysis: Tnh ton im dng ti u
chun b s liu cho bi ton tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v li
in, ta cn chun b cc thng s nh sau:
- Thng s vn hnh cc pht truyn trung th trn a bn.
- Cc v tr t thit b 1ong ct.
I.3.5. Harmonics Culculation: Phn tch, tnh ton sng hi
chun b s liu cho bi ton tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v li
in, ta cn chun b cc thng s nh sau:
- Cc gi tr o sng hi THD.
I.3.6. Coordination: Tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v
chun b s liu cho bi ton tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v li
in, ta cn chun b cc thng s nh sau:
- Cc gi tr chnh nh ca relay, recloser, trn li.

14

- Cc gi tr t ca cu ch (FCO, LBFCO).
I.3.7. DRA Analysis: Tnh ton tin cy li in
chun b s liu cho bi ton tnh ton tin cy li in, ta cn chun b
cc thng s thng k vn hnh ca tng tuyn dy trung th nh sau:
- Cng s c.
- C lng khch hng ti nt th i.
- Thi gian ct in hng nm.
- S lng khch hng b mt in.
- S lng khch hng b nh hng mt in.
Mt s khi nim trong bi ton tnh ton tin cy li in
I.3.7.1. S c hng hc:
S c hng hc l trng thi ca mt phn t h thng m n khng hot
ng nh mong mun. Kt qu l phi ct phn t ra khi h thng. Tuy nhin
khng phi mi hng hc u a n ct in .
I.3.7.2. Ct thit b :
M t trng thi ca thit b khi n khng c hot ng v mt s cc l do
lin quan n thit b .
Ct cng bc : L hu qu do cc iu kin khn cp lin quan n thit b
cn phi ct tc thi, hoc t ng nh thit b bo v rle, hoc thao tc ng
ct,hoc do tc ng sai ca thit b bo v hay ngi vn hnh thao tc sai.
Ct theo lch : Thit b a ra khi vn hnh theo thi gian nh trc, thng
thng khi c bo tr, sa cha hoc xy dng.
Ct cng bc ngn hn: Do cc s c thong qua gy ra, cc thit b c th
c a vo vn hnh tr li t ng khi cc my ct, my ct t ng li, hoc
khi thay th cu ch.
Ct cng bc do vn hnh : Do cc s c khng th t gii tr c cn
phi sa cha thit b trc khi a vo vn hnh. V d: khi xy ra phng in lm
chc thng cch in , v vy cn sa cha hay thay th trc khi a vo vn hnh.
I.3.7.3. Ngng cung cp in :
Mt in mt hay nhiu khch hng. Nguyn nhn l do mt hay nhiu thit
b ct khi vn hnh.
Mt in nh k : Mt in gy ra do ct theo lch.

15

Mt in cng bc: Gy ra do ct cng bc.


Thi gian mt in : Khong thi gian t lc bt u ct in khch hng cho
n khi phc hi li cho khch hng .
Mt in thong qua: Mt in c thi gian nh, thit b c a vo
vn hnh tr li, do b phn gim st iu khin t ng hay bng tay
bi ngi vn hnh c th thao tc tc thi.
Mt in duy tr : L cc trng hp cn li khng thuc loi mt in
thong qua.

II. Cc bng d liu trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT:


Cc gi tr thuc tnh (thng s) cc phn t ca m hnh li in m phng
trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT lu tr ti cc bng d liu ca m hnh.
Ta co th m cc bng d liu ca m hnh bng thao tc: Vo menu
Edit\Grid, sau xut hin giao din sau:

Hnh 13 Bng d liu v nt ngun ca m hnh

16

Hnh 14 Bng d liu v nt ngun ca m hnh

Hnh 15 Bng d liu v ph ti ca m hnh

17

Hnh 16 Bng d liu v on dy ca m hnh

Hnh 17 Bng d liu v thit b ng ct ca m hnh

18

Hnh 18 Bng d liu v t b ca m hnh

Kiu d liu ca cc phn t trong m hnh cc bn c th tham kho trong


Phn 2, ph lc 3.
Bng d liu v ph ti ca m hnh c chuyn sang excel nh chng
trnh h tr x l cc gi tr P, Q ca tng nt trong excel. Sau s c
chuyn ngc vo phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 x l nhanh chng phn php cc
gi tr ph ti cho m hnh. Cc chng trnh h ny s c gii thiu v chuyn
giao cho cc hc vin tham d kho o to.

19

Hnh 19 Bng d liu v ph ti ca m hnh c chuyn sang excel

Ht chng !

20

CHNG 2:
CC BC
THC HIN

CHNG 2:
CC BC THC HIN
Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh
sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings

To s
Creating diagrams

Chy 8 bi ton phn tch


Power System Analysis

BO CO
Reports, diagrams
Hnh 20 Chu trnh trin khai phn mm PSS/ADEPT theo Bn bc cn

4 mc tiu ny chnh l 4 bc cn bn thc hin p dng phn mm


PSS/ADEPT. Nm vng 4 bc ny, hc vin c th p dng ngay phn mm
tnh ton v 4 bc ny c trnh by chi tit di y.

22

I. Chu trnh trin khai


Chu trnh trin khai PSS/ADEPT gm 4 bc nh sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings

To s
Creating diagrams

Chy 8 bi ton phn tch


Power System Analysis

BO CO
Reports, diagrams
Hnh 21 Chu trnh trin khai phn mm PSS/ADEPT

II. Bc 1: Thit lp thng s mng li


Trong bc ny, ta thc hin cc khai bo cc thng s li in cn tnh ton
m phng trong PSS/ADEPT gm cc ni dung:
Xc nh th vin dy dn.
Xc nh thng s thuc tnh ca li in.
Xc nh hng s kinh t ca li in.

II.1. Xc nh th vin dy dn:


Bc ny, nhm khai bo cho phn mm PSS/ADEPT bit th vin thng s
cc tuyn dy ca li in p dng.
Cch thao tc:
Settings).

Vo meu File\ Program Settings (hp thoi Program

23

Hnh 22 Thit lp thng s mng li

Chn nt lnh mc Construction dictionnary chn th vin dy.


Chn file pti.con
Chn OK.

II.2. Xc nh thng s thuc tnh ca li in:


Bc ny, nhm khai bo cho phn mm PSS/ADEPT thit lp ngay t u
cc thuc tnh ca li in nh: in p qui c l in p pha hay in p dy v
tr s, tn s, cng sut biu kin c bn
Sau y ta m tp tin li in trung th 1 in lc theo hnh sau:

Hnh 23 Hp thoi network properties

24

Cch thao tc:


Properties).

Vo meu File\ Network Properties (hp thoi Network

II.3. Xc nh hng s kinh t ca li in:


Bc ny, nhm khai bo cho phn mm PSS/ADEPT thit lp cc gi tr
hng s kinh t ngay t u ca li in nh: Gi in nng tiu th (/kWH); Gi
in nng phn khng tiu th (/kvarh); Gi cng sut thc lp t(/kW); Gi cng
sut phn khng lp t(/kvar); T s trt gi (pu/year); T s lm pht (pu/year);
Thi gian tnh ton (years); Gi lp t cho t b c nh v ng ng; T gi bo
tr t b c nh v ng ng. Trong lun vn em s dng cc gi tr ny theo mc
nh ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT cho li in trung th in lc Tn Bnh theo
hnh sau:

Hnh 24 Hp thoi network Economics)

Cch thao tc: Vo meu File\ Network Economics (hp thoi Economics).

III. Bc 2: To s :
V s li in cn tnh ton vo chng trnh PSS/ADEPT.
Cp nht s liu u vo cho s li in: T s liu qun l k thut ca
in lc chng ta ln lt nhp vo cc gi tr thuc tnh ca cc phn t nh sau:

25

III.1. Ngun Source:

Hnh 25 Thit lp thng s ngun

III.2. Ti Static Load :

Hnh 26 Thit lp thng s ti

26

III.3. Dy dn Line :

Hnh 27 Thit lp thng dy dn

III.4. Nt Node :

Hnh 28 Thit lp thng s nt

27

III.5. T b-Capacitor:

Hnh 29 Thit lp thng s t b

III.6. Thit b ng ct_Swichs:

Hnh 30 Thit lp thng s thit b ng ct

28

IV. Bc 3: Chy cc chc nng tnh ton


C 8 phn h tnh ton trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Trc khi thc hin
gii cc bi ton ta cn thit lp cc tu chn bng cch m hp thoi option nh
hnh di y.

Hnh 31 Hp thoi option-Th general: Cc chn la tng qut cho cc bi ton phn
tch

29

Hnh 32 Hp thoi option-Th load flow: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton phn b cng
sut

Hnh 33 Hp thoi option-Th short circuit: Cc chn la tng qut cho cc bi ton
phn tch ngn mch

30

Hnh 34 Hp thoi option-Th motor starting: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton phn


tch khi ng ng c

Hnh 35 Hp thoi option-Th reports: Cc chn la cho phn lp bo co

31

Hnh 36 Hp thoi option-Th CAPO: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton xc nh v tr


b ti u

Hnh 37 Hp thoi option-Th DRA: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton phn tch tin
cy

32

Hnh 38 Hp thoi option-Th TOPO: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton xc nh im


dng ti u

Hnh 39 Hp thoi option-Th hamonics: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton phn tch


sng hi

Trnh by ngha cc thng s xin xem trong phn 6 thut ng Anh-Vit i


chiu qua cc slide bi ging.
33

V. Bc 4: Bo co
Sau khi chy xong mt trong cc chc nng tnh ton trn, bn c th xem kt
qu tnh ton phn tch ca phn mm ti 3 v tr nh sau:
Xem hin th kt qu phn tch ngay trn s
Xem kt qu tnh ton trn ca s progress view
Xem kt qu tnh ton chi tit t phn report ca phn mm
PSS/ADEPT

V.1. Xem hin th kt qu phn tch ngay trn s


Trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT ta c th xem ngay cc kt qu tnh ton ti v
tr cc nt, ti,

Hnh 40 Xem hin th kt qu phn tch ngay trn s

V.2. Xem kt qu tnh ton trn ca s progress view


Vi ca s progress view ta cng c th xem c cc kt qu tnh ton.

34

Hnh 41 Xem kt qu tnh ton trn ca s progress view

V.3. Xem kt qu tnh ton chi tit t phn report ca phn mm


PSS/ADEPT
Xem kt qu tnh ton chi tit t phn report ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 42 Hp thoi option-Th general: Cc chn la tng qut cho cc bi ton phn
tch

Hin th cc kt qu report sau khi phn tnh v tnh ton mt bi ton c th,
t y ta c th in n cc kt qu ny mt cch d dng thng qua File\Print.

35

Hnh 43 Ca s Report Preview

Trn ca s Report Preview c hn mt menu ring ca n.

VI. Kt qu xy dng li in
VI.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th
T d liu thc t c, qua 4 bc thc hin ta xy dng c m hnh li
in cn tnh ton.
Di y trnh by ton b cc tuyn dy trung th cung cp cho a bn Qun
Tn Bnh c thc hin xy dng d liu trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT bao
gm:

By Hin

Hc Mn

Thng Kit

Long Qun

TSF

Bu Ct

36

Thng Long

VI.2. D liu trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT


VI.2.1. Tuyn dy trung th Bu Ct

S n tuyn t AutoCAD

S v d liu m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

37

Hnh 44a), b) S thc t v s m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn


dy Bu Ct

VI.2.2. Tuyn dy trung th Thng Long

S n tuyn t AutoCAD

S v d liu m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 45a), b) S thc t v s m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn


dy Thng Long

VI.2.3. Tuyn dy trung th By Hin

S v d liu m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

38

Hnh 46 S m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy By hin

VI.2.4. Tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn

S v d liu m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 47 S m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Hc Mn

VI.2.5. Tuyn dy trung th Thng Kit

S v d liu m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

39

Hnh 48 S m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Thng Kit

VI.2.6. Tuyn dy trung th Long Qun

S v d liu m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 49 S m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Long Qun

VI.2.7. Tuyn dy trung th TSF

S v d liu m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

40

Hnh 50 S m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy TSF

V cn rt nhiu m hnh li in ca cc in lc khc c sn trn CDROM, cc bn tham kho thm.

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

Ht chng !

41

CHNG 3:
MT S KT QU
P DNG

CHNG 3:
MT S KT QU P DNG
Qua 2 bc chng ta xy dng xong m hnh li in cn tnh ton..
Chng ny trnh by kt qu tnh ton p dng cc bi ton phn tch cho 1 tuyn
dy trung th, nhiu tuyn dy trung th v c a bn do in lc khu vc qun l.
Hy vng cc kt qu p dng ny s gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v nhanh
chng nm bt cc phng php gii bi ton phn tch thng dng.
Cc bi ton phn tch nh: phn b cng sut v tnh ra t l tn tht, tnh
ngn mch, bi ton tnh dung lng b, Cc bi ton ny rt quan trng trong
qu trnh qun l, vn hnh li in bi nhng li ch u th ca n mang li:
Nng cao kh nng ti ca dy dn, gim cng sut ngun, gim c tn tht in
nng li in,. .
Vi c im ca li in trung th in lc khu vc Cng ty in lc 2
tri rng trn a bn ln vi chiu di mi pht tuyn trung bnh ln (hn 10km).
Do vy, s gip cc n v xc nh tn tht cui ng dy, nhu cu cng sut
khng cao v ci thin in p cho li,cng nh nhiu vn ch li khc.
C th nh gi rng, vic p dng phn mm ny, mang li hiu qu thit
thc cho cc n v p dng. c bit vic p dng bi ton tnh dung lng b
gip cc in lc khu vc xc nh nhu cu cng sut khng cho ton li, kim
tra cc v tr b hin hu v phc v cng r sot nh gi tng th bi ton b
theo c th ring ca li in in lc.
Tt c m hnh li in tnh ton u c sn trong CD-ROM pht trong bui
hc

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

Sau y l cc kt qu tnh ton

43

I. Tnh ton phn b cng sut


I.1. i tng tnh ton:
I.1.1. Gii thiu
i tng p dng tnh ton bi ton phn b cng sut v sau l tn
tht in nng li in phn phi in lc Tn Bnh. Phn gii thiu li in
phn phi in lc Tn Bnh khng trnh by ra y. Cc bn c th tham kho t
cc bn ng nghip in lc Tn Bnh-Cng ty in lc TP. HCM.
I.1.2. Kho st hin trng tn tht in nng
I.1.2.1. Tn tht in nng trn ng dy trung th v my bin
th phn phi:
Tn tht in nng trn ng dy trung th v my bin th phn phi c
tnh ton c th i vi 7 tuyn dy. Kt qu tnh ton tn tht in nng cc tuyn
trung th ni in lc Tn Bnh nh sau:

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Tn tuyn dy
By Hin
Hc Mn
Thng Kit
Long Qun
TSF
Bu Ct
Thng Long

Sn lng Tn tht [kwh/thng]


in
[Kwh/thng] ng
MBT
dy
4,140,589.4 125,409.4 112,547.8
5,257,758.2 162,627.5 98,659.3
5,074,861.6 144,565.9 97,383.9
3,576,484.5 94,627.7 80,672.1
3,964,914.8 98,318.9 72,734.7
3,014,484.5 87,627.7 73,672.1
4,964,914.8 98,012.9 92,734.7

T l tn
tht [%]
ng MBT
dy
3.03 2.72
3.09 1.88
2.85 1.92
2.65 2.26
2.48 1.83
2.15 2.16
2.98 2.53

Kt qu tnh ton tn tht in nng trn ng dy trung th v my bin


th phn phi ca ton li trung th in lc Tn Bnh nm 2004 nh sau:
T l tn tht trn ng dy trung th l: 2,42 (%)
T l tn tht trn my bin th phn phi l: 2,10 (%)
I.1.2.2. Tn tht in nng trong my bin th trung gian 15 KV:
Tn tht in nng trong my bin th trung gian c tnh ton c th cho tng
my.
Kt qu tnh ton tn tht trong cc my bin th trung gian KV nm 2004 trnh by
trong bng sau:
STT

Tn trm ngt -

Cng sut Tn tht in nng [ kwh/thng]

44

my bin th 15KV

[MVA]

Khng ti

C ti

Tng

1 B Quo

8856

23205

32061

2 Ho Xa

9648

18291

27939

3 Trng ua

2x4

25632

57330

82962

4 Tn Bnh 1

2x4

4824

9145.5

13969.5

5 Ch Ln

2x4

9648

18291

27939

58608 126262.5

184870.5

Tng cng

T l tn tht in nng trong cc my bin th trung gian 15 KV nm 2004:


BA (%) = 184870.5 x12x100/ 7.700.000.000 = 0,023 %
I.1.2.3. Tn tht in nng trong t b trung th:
Bng 7:
S liu
1. Tng dung lng t b trung th
4. Tn tht in nng trong t b trung th
5. T l tn tht in nng trong t b trung th

n v tnh
KVAR
Kwh
%

Kt qu

245,100
3.220.614
0.04

I.1.2.4. Kt qu
T l tn tht trn li in phn phi in lc Tn Bnh nm 2004 nh sau:
- Tn tht trn lui in h th

: 5,36 %

- Tn tht trn li in trung th

: 4.59%

+ Tn tht trn my bin th phn phi

: 2.10 %

+ Tn tht trn my bin th trung gian

: 0.03%

+ Tn tht trn t b trung th

: 0.04%

+ Tn tht trn li trung th

: 2.42%

T l tn tht trn ton li phn phi in lc Tn Bnh nm 2004 l: 9,97%


(Cc s liu tnh ton tham kho t bo co ca in lc Tn Bnh .)

I.2. Quy m thc hin v kt qu tnh ton t phn mm PSS/ADEPT:

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

45

I.2.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th


Ton b cc tuyn dy trung th cung cp cho a bn Qun Tn Bnh c
tnh ton phn b cng sut xc nh tn tht cng sut v tn tht in p trn
phn mm PSS/ADEPT bao gm:

By Hin

Hc Mn

Thng Kit

Long Qun

TSF

Bu Ct

Thng Long

I.2.2. D liu trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT


Tuyn dy trung th Bu Ct

Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 51 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Bu Ct

46

Tuyn dy trung th Thng Long

Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 52 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Thng Long

Tuyn dy trung th By Hin

Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 53 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy By Hin

Tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn
47

Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 54 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Hc Mn

Tuyn dy trung th Thng Kit

Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 55 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Thng Kit

Tuyn dy trung th Long Qun

Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT


48

Hnh 56 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Long Qun

Tuyn dy trung th TSF

Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

49

Hnh 57 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy TSF


Tng
STT

Tn tuyn
dy

P
(KW)

Q
(KVAr)

Tn tht Cng
sut
P

Tn tht in p
U

T l tn tht [%]
P

By Hin

4,165.25

2,111.49

9.76

16.89

8,700.00

8,520.00

0.23

0.80

97.93

6,820.43

2,807.57

87.62

178.22

8,700.00

8,510.00

1.28

6.35

97.82

9,639.11

4,945.99

258.70

534.81

8,700.00

8,450.00

2.68

10.81

97.13

Hc Mn
Thng
Kit

Long Qun

9,867.12

6,373.46

98.20

52.33

8,700.00

8,520.00

1.00

0.82

97.93

TSF

6,952.26

4,593.92

69.13

140.11

8,700.00

8,540.00

0.99

3.05

98.16

Bu Ct

6,388.88

3,591.66

44.54

79.87

8,700.00

8,580.00

0.70

2.22

98.62

Thng Long

11,780.43

5,338.98

326.64

680.63

8,700.00

8,540.00

2.77

12.75

98.16

Tng hp kt qu tnh ton tn tht cng sut v in p trn phn


mmPSS/ADEPT

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

50

II. Tnh ton ngn mch


II.1. i tng tnh ton:
i tng p dng tnh ton bi ton ngn mch l li in phn phi
in lc G Vp. Phn gii thiu li in phn phi in lc G Vp khng trnh
by ra y. Cc bn c th tham kho t cc bn ng nghip in lc G Vp Cng ty in lc TP. HCM.

II.2. Quy m thc hin v kt qu tnh ton t phn mm PSS/ADEPT:


Sau y minh ho gii bi ton phn tch ngn mch cho tuyn dy Ty Hi-in
lc G Vp, cc tuyn cn li trnh by trong bi ton phi hp bo v.

Hnh 58Tuyn dy Ty Hi-in lc G Vp

51

Hnh 59 Chn hin th kt qu tnh ton cc kiu ngn mch.

Hnh 60 Xem kt qu tnh ngn mch bng report.

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

52

III. Tnh ton phi hp bo v


III.1. i tng tnh ton:
III.1.1. Gii thiu i tng tnh ton
i tng p dng tnh ton bi ton phi hp bo v l li in phn
phi in lc G Vp. Phn gii thiu li in phn phi in lc G Vp khng
trnh by ra y. Cc bn c th tham kho t cc bn ng nghip in lc G
Vp -Cng ty in lc TP. HCM.
III.1.2. Gii thiu bi ton
3. MC pht tuyn - Ngt Di Nguy
1. MC Tng - Trm Ha Xa

4. LBFCO nhnh r
2. MC tng - Ngt Di Nguy

Hnh 61 Bi ton phi hp bo v

Yu cu bi ton phi hp bo v: S dng s thc ca li in, s dng


cc s liu dng ngn mch theo tnh ton ca trung tm iu , ci t thng s
rle theo bn thng s TTTT.
Gii hn bi ton:
Tnh phi hp bo v cho pht tuyn Ty Hi, gm cc thit b bo v nh
trn hnh v. l bi ton tnh phi hp bo v gia rle my ct ( trm trung gian
v trm ngt ), cng nh gia LBFCO v rle.
Tnh phi hp bo v cho trng hp ngn mch 3 pha 50/51 ( trng hp
ngn mch 1 pha 50/51N kt qa tng t ).
Mc ch bi ton: Kim tra phi hp bo v khi c cc s c ngn mch xy
ra.

53

III.1.3. Xc nh thng s ngun


Thng s ngun (U, Z) quyt nh gi tr dng ngn mch, t c s cho bi
ton phi hp bo v.
in p ngun c xc nh theo gi tr ca thanh ci ti trm trung gian
(U=15000V), y l gi tr gn ng.
Thng s th t thun c xc nh theo dng ngn mch 3 pha ti thanh ci
trm trung gian (13583A) v thng s th t khng c xc nh theo ngn mch
1 pha (18640A).
Thnh phn th t
thun

Gi tr

Inm

13583

15000

Zngun =U/Inm

1.10

Scb

1000000

Ucb

15000

Zcb=Ucb*Ucb/Scb

225

Omh

VA
V
Omh

Z* = Zngun/Zcb

0.0049

dvtd

Z*- pha=Z*/sqrt(3)

0.0028

dvtd

Hnh 62 Xc nh thng s ngun

Kt qa chy ngn mch 3 pha so vi dng ngn mch do TT thng tin


tnh ton ( Bng thng s chnh nh rle 50/51)

BNG SO SNH DNG NGN MCH


Hng mc

PSS/ADEPT

Gi tr theo TTTT

11133

12000

13817

13583

54

Hnh 63 Kt qu tnh ngn mch

Kt qa chy ngn mch 1 pha so vi dng ngn mch do TT thng tin


tnh ton ( Bng thng s ch nh rle 50/51 N)

BNG SO SNH DNG NGN MCH


GI TR THEO
Hng mc
PSS/ADEPT
TTTT
18720

18640

13679

11700

Hnh 64 Kt qu tnh ngn mch v so snh

III.1.4. Hiu chnh tham s rle trong th vin chng trnh


Tham s rle ca PSS/ADEPT khng ging vi tham s rle thc t, v d:
tm ci t tham s TD ( time dial), tham s TAB SETTING ( pick up),
S dng file access: C:\Program Files\PTI\PSS-ADEPT4\ Database\
PTIprot.mdb thay i thng s r le. Giao din nh sau: Thay i tham s rle:

55

Hnh 65 Hp thoi thay i thng s thit b bo v

III.1.5. Chn relay, ci t thng s bo v


Do trong th vin khng c y cc loi rle nh trong thc t, nn ta s
dng mt loi rle tng ng, nhp cc thng s chnh nh v kim tra thng s
trc nghim.
Rle my ct u ngun - trm Ha Xa
BNG SO SNH RLE TRM HA XA
Hng mc

PSS/ADEPT

THC T

Manufacture

ASEA

ABB

Type

RXIDF

SPAJ-140C

VERY INVERSE

VERY INVERSE

800/5

800/5

Time dial (Td)

0.5

K=0.5

Pick up (PU)

I>=1.2In

I inst

60

I>>=12In

Tint

0.5

t>>0.5s

Tr s trc nghim

9687A/0.5s

9600/0.5s

Tr s trc nghim

13042A/0.49s

13583/0.41s

Rle MC tng - Ho Xa

Time characteristic
CT

Hnh 66 Cc ng TC Rle my ct u ngun - trm Ha Xa

Rle my ct tng - Ngt Di Nguy

56

Hnh 67 Cc ng TC Rle my ct tng - Ngt Di Nguy

Rle my ct pht tuyn Ty Hi - Ngt Di Nguy

57

Hnh 68 Cc ng TC Rle my ct pht tuyn Ty Hi - Ngt Di Nguy

Chn cu ch nhnh r CX.Ngn Hng 2- Tuyn Ty Hi


BNG SO SNH LBFCO
Hng mc

PSS/ADEPT

Manufacture

CHANCE

Type
Divide ID
Norma rating

THC T
CHANCE

M30KA

M30KA23

30k

30k

LBFCO NR.C X Ngn Hng 2

Hnh 69 Cc ng TC cu ch nhnh r CX.Ngn Hng 2- Tuyn Ty Hi

III.2. Kt qu phi hp bo v
V tr MC tng Ngt Di Nguy

58

Hnh 70 Cc ng TC ti v tr MC tng Ngt Di Nguy

V tr MC pht tuyn Ty Hi Ngt Di Nguy

Hnh 71 Cc ng TC ti v tr MC pht tuyn Ty Hi Ngt Di Nguy

V tr LBFCO nhnh r CX.Ngn Hng 2 - Tuyn Ty Hi

59

Hnh 72 Cc ng TC ti v tr LBFCO nhnh r CX.Ngn Hng 2 - Tuyn Ty Hi

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

IV. Tnh ton xc nh im dng ti u Topo


IV.1. i tng tnh ton:
IV.1.1. Gii thiu
Hin nay, in lc Ph Th qun l li in trn a bn Qun 10 v Qun
11, ngun in c cung cp ngun t 03 trm trung gian:
Trm trung gian Hng Vng:
in p: 110/15 kV - cng sut: (63 + 63)MVA cung cp cho ch yu Qun 5
v Qun 10 gm 8 l ra, trong c 4 l ra cung cp ch yu cho Qun 10 bng 2
tuyn ng dy ni: Tri Phng, dy 3 thng 2 v dy Hng Vng, v 1 l ra cp
ngm: tuyn cp n Quang.
Trm trung gian Ch Ln:
in p: 110/15 kV - Cng sut: (63+63)MVA cung cp cho ch yu Qun 5,
6, Qun Tn Bnh v Qun 11 gm c 10 l ra, trong c 4 l ch yu cung cp

60

in cho Qun 11 gm c: dy Ph Th Ha, dy Bnh Thi, dy Quc Ton v cp


ngm Minh Phng.
Trm trung gian Trng ua:
in p: 110/15 KV - Cng sut: (63+63)MVA: hin c 7 l ra cung cp
cho Qun 10 v Qun 11 gm c cc l sau:
- L ra Cp Bch Khoa cp in cho Qun 10.
- L ra Hin Thnh cp in cho Qun 10 v Qun 11.
- L ra Hng Thi cp in cho Qun 10.
- L ra L Gia cp in cho Qun 11.
- L ra Ph Bnh cp in cho Qun 11.
- L ra Cp L Vn cp in cho Qun 11.
- L ra ni tuyn Trng ua-Ngt Ph Th
IV.1.2. Cng tc chuyn ti trong vn hnh li in:
Lp cc phng n vn hnh li trong cc trng hp bnh thng v s c
cho TT-TT
Chuyn ti, chn la v sa thi ph ti theo yu cu ca iu trung tm
Trc tip o c ph ti trn li phn phi
Tham gia cc k hoch tng cng v ci to li in trong khu vc qun l.
Li in ny c vn hnh h (radially) v c lin kt vi nhau bng cc
ni tuyn thng qua cc kha in. Cc l do chnh vn hnh h li phn phi
c th nu vn tt nh sau:
Phi hp bo v relay tr nn d dng
Gim dng ngn mch khi c s c trn mt tuyn dy gn trm ngun
iu khin in p trn tng tuyn dy d dng hn v gim c phm vi
mt in trong thi gian gii tr s c.
Nu ch xem xt gi thnh xy dng mi li phn phi th phng n kinh t
l cc li hnh tia.
R rng trong vn hnh h th tn tht nng lng v cht lng in nng
lun km hn mt li phn phi c vn hnh kn v khi c s c, phm vi mt
in ca li phn phi hnh tia thng rng hn. khc phc cc nhc im
ny v to tnh linh hot trong vn hnh h, hu ht cc mng hnh tia c thit k
lin kt vi nhau thng qua cc ni tuyn, do gim thiu c phm vi v thi

61

gian mt in trong lc khc phc s c li v phn no ci thin cht lng in


nng.

Vn t ra l xc nh cc trng thi ng/ct ca cc kho in nh:


Recloser, LBS, DS nh th no cc tiu ho tn tht in nng hay mt hm chi
ph F nh trc
y chng ti xy dng cc m hnh gi lp cc tnh hung cc trng thi
ca cc kha in tm ra phng n ti u khi vn hnh li in sau cho tn
tht nh nht da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT.

IV.2. Quy m thc hin:


IV.2.1. C s l thuyt, phng php tnh:
Xc nh cng sut tiu th ca tng ph ti l bi ton u tin cn gii quyt
cho mi bi ton tnh ton trong li in.
Cc c tnh hin nay cc l ra ca cc trm trung gian gm:
859 trm bin th vi tng cng sut lp t l 283.321,50 kVA
H s cng sut ly trung bnh khong 0.88 ti cc trm MBT.
46 v tr b vi dung lng b l 30.900 kVAr
Phng php tnh cng sut tiu th trung bnh:
Phng php ny ch yu d trn t s gia cng sut lp t ca MBT h p
hay in nng tiu th vi th ph ti o c ti pht tuyn trung gian. Hay ni
cch khc gi thit cc ph ti u c th ph ti ging nhau.
Cng thc tnh cng sut ph ti da trn in k tng ti trm h th:
P(t )tram i =

Vi:

Atram i P(t )lora


Alora

Atram i

(1)
: Tng in nng tiu th ti trm h th trong thng

A l ra : in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th


P(t)L ra

: Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st

P(t) tram i

: Cng sut tiu th ti trm thi im kho st

Chi tit cc gi thit p dng tnh ph ti bng cng thc (1) c trnh by
bng tnh Excel trong chng trnh HOTEMB 1.0 .
Nhn xt:

62

-u im: Tnh ton ph ti nhanh chng n gin, ph hp cho cc khu cng


nghip ln hay phm vi cung cp tp trung.
-Nhc im: Thc t do ng dy trung th cung cp in nng tri rng,
qua nhiu khu vc m tnh cht tiu th ph ti rt khc nhau, nn khi p dng cng
thc (1) lm tn tht ng dy gim i nhiu ln so vi thc t.
Dng chng trnh phn b tro lu cng sut PSS/ADEPT cho li Ph Th,
cc thng s li in nh s khch hng, in nng tiu th, h s cng sut, cng
sut thc. c nhp trc tip vo chng trnh PSS/ADEPT.
IV.2.2. Xc nh cu hnh li in phn phi
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT cung cp trnh con TOPO ( Tie Open Point
Optimization) gii quyt bi ton xc nh cu hnh li in phn phi ti u.
Tuy nhin chng trnh ch t hiu qu cao cn phi cn thc hin cc bc
sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh cc phn t ph ti trn li thc
Bc 2: Rt gn li in ca tng phn t ph ti sao cho c cc
thng s li, trng thi gn ging vi li thc khi m phng bng
PSS/ADEPT.
Bc 3: Thnh lp li in phn phi t cc phn t ph ti nu trn
Bc 4: Xc nh trng thi kho in (cu hnh vn hnh) bng trnh
con TOPO trong PSS/ADPT
Bc 5: Kt ni cc phn t ph ti thc da vo kt qu trng thi
kho in, phn tch li in thc bng chng trnh PSS/ADEPT.
IV.2.3. nh ngha phn t ph ti
Phn t ph ti l tp hp cc ti trong mt nhnh, ni tuyn...c gii hn
bng cc kho in. Ranh gii cc phn t ph ti c nh du bng cc kho
in. Khi xem xt li in gm cc kho in c th thao tc khi c ti, khng ti
hay iu khin t xa th s lng phn t ph ti s thay i.
Trong l in phn phi, c hai loi: ng dy trn khng v cp ngm
chuyn ti in nng n trc tip cc bin th h p. Tuy nhin c s khc nhau
gia hai h thng phn phi bng dy ni v cp ngm.
-H thng cp ngm: Li in chuyn ti in nng bng cp ngm thng
c t trong phng, c cng sut ln t 300 - 1000 kVA. Vi cu trc nh trn,
li phn phi ngm trung th rt tin li cho nhng khu vc ph ti tp trung v n
nh. ng v mt gii tch mch in, cc trm bin th h p c coi l cc nt
v cp ngm lin lc c coi l cc nhnh. iu ny khi tnh ton m phng, in
63

p nt v dng nhnh u hon ton ph hp vi thc t. Trong mt li in phc


tp, s nt v nhnh thc s khng nhiu v hon ton c th m phng thc t.
-H thng ng dy trn khng: Li in chuyn ti in nng bng ng
dy trn khng thng c dng nh hnh 1, cc trm bin th thng c t ngoi
tri (trn nn, trn gin hay treo), c cng sut nh v c cc dng 1 pha, 3 pha,
cng sut t 10 - 400 kVA. Vi cu trc nh trn, li phn phi trn khng trung
th rt tin li cho nhng khu vc ph ti khng tp trung v ang pht trin.

Hnh 73 S n tuyn ca mt phn t ph ti vi MBT h p

ng v mt gii tch mch in, nu cc trm bin th h p c coi l cc


nt th s lng nhnh, nt v cng ln, iu ny ht sc kh khn khi tnh ton m
phng to. gii quyt vn ny, c th coi cc ti ni trn mt nhnh ca
ng dy ni l phn b u v nhm nhng nt c thng s in p gn nhau to
thnh mt nt lm n gin ho li in. to gp thun li cho vic tnh ton m
phng to.
iu ny ch p dng trong vic xc nh trng thi kho in trn li trung
th sao t c tn tht b nht m vn tho cc iu kin vn hnh.
- n gin ho s nt trong tng phn t ph ti: to iu kin n gin
ho s nt trong mt phn t ph ti, cc iu kin u tin ln lt c xem xt
nh sau:
Cc ngun cung cp c th
Cn bng cng sut tiu th
Tiu chun tn tht cng sut
Tiu chun st in p
Tiu chun qu dng ca nhnh
Thng s li in rt gn, trng thi kho in c p dng trnh con TOPO
xc nh trng thi vn hnh ti u (bao gm cc tiu tn tht cng sut v tho cc
iu kin k thut nh st p, dng lm vic cho php ).
64

3. Cc trng thi kha in ban u cha thc hin chng trnh con TOPO
nh sau:
Dy Hng Vng:
stt

Tn Kha in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

My ct u ngun
DS Tr s 1 HV
DS 66 Hng Vng
Rec Nhn Tn
LBS Ng Gia T
DS Ng Gia T
LBS 18A L Hng Phong
LBFCO NKQT
DS Thi T 400
DS K Duyn
LBFCO 930 BPh
LBS Quc Ton 407
Rec Ging Quc Ton 3
Rec K Ha
LBFCO Cao Thng 3
LBFCO u NR Cao Thng 3
LBS Cng Binh

Trng Thi
ng
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Dy Tri Phng:
stt

Tn Kha in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

My ct u ngun
DS Tr s 1 TP
LBS Ng Gia T
DS B Ht
DS Kim Tn
DS Ch C
Rec Qun Y
LBS 3 thng 2
LBS ng Tin
LBS Tri Phng 522
DS K Duyn
Rec Z73
LBS C5
LBS Quc Ton 407

Trng Thi
ng
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Dy 3 thng 2:
stt

Tn Kha in

1
2
3
4

My ct u ngun
LTD 254 Nguyn Ch Thanh
DS Ng Quyn
DS Hong Qun 3

65

Trng Thi
ng
X
X

X
X

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Rec Ch Thanh
LTD Hong Qun 2
LTD 612 Nguyn Ch Thanh
LBS Cng Trng
LTD N6
LBFCO Bo SGGP
Rec Vnh Vin
LTD 539 Nguyn Tri Phng
DS Ng Quyn 314
DS Vn ng
DS L Nam

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Dy Hin Thnh:
stt

Tn Kha in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

My ct u ngun
DS Tr s 1 HT
LTD BV Trng Vng
LBS in lc
Rec Trng ua
DS Pacific 1
DS Pacific 2
DS Ng Quyn 314
LBS 3 thng 2
LBS 946 3 thng 2
DS L Nam
LBS L Thng Kit 2B
Rec L Gia 2
LBS N Tr T
LBS Tri Phng 522
LBS C5
LBS Ch Ha

Trng Thi
ng
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Dy Hng Thi:
stt

Tn Kha in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

My ct u ngun
DS Tr s 1 HThi
Rec Bc Hi
LBS Legamex
Rec Ch Ho 2
LBS Cng Vin L Th Ring
LBS Ch Ha
Rec Ha Hng
LBS Cng Binh

Trng Thi
ng
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

Dy L Gia:
stt

Trng Thi
ng

Tn Kha in

66

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

My ct u ngun
Rec i Hnh 441
LBS Quc Ton 946
LBS i Hnh
Rec Cng Trng
DS 46
DS Quan m
LBS Cng Trng
LTD Hong Qun 2
Rec Bnh Thi 15
Rec u C
LBS Bnh Thi 169

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Dy Quc Ton:
stt

Tn Kha in

1
2

My ct u ngun
DS Quan m

Trng Thi
ng
X

M
X

Dy Bnh Thi:
stt

Tn Kha in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

My ct u ngun
DS 303 Hn Hi Nguyn
LBS 46
DS Bnh Thi 2
DS Hi Thun
DS 179 H Bnh Thi
LBS ng ch Khim
Rec Gia C Bnh Thi
LBS Lnh Binh Thng
LBFCO Gia C Bnh Thi 6

Trng Thi
ng
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Dy Ph Th Ha:
stt

Tn Kha in

1
2
3

My ct u ngun
DS Hi Thun
LBS Lc Long Qun 87

Trng Thi
ng
X

M
X
X

IV.3. Kt qu thc hin TOPO trn PSS/ADEPT:


Sau khi p dng trnh TOPO xc nh cu trc li in ti u, kt qu
trng thi kho in do chng trnh PSS/ADEPT cho ta kt qu nh sau:
Iteration 2
Switch LBSHHUNG [NODE41-LBSHH] closed.
Switch RecChiHoa2 [RECH2-REHHUNG] opened.
New system loss:
372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
67

Iteration 3
Switch lbs2BLTK [LBSTK2B-NODE51] closed.
Switch lbs2BLTK [LBSTK2B-NODE51] opened.
New system loss:
372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
Iteration 4
Switch Switch78 [LBSLGM-LBSLTRIENG] closed.
Switch Switch78 [LBSLGM-LBSLTRIENG] opened.
New system loss:
372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
Iteration 5
Switch Switch24 [R19BC060D-LBSDH] closed.
Switch Switch24 [R19BC060D-LBSDH] opened.
New system loss:
372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
Iteration 6
Switch RecChiHoa2 [RECH2-REHHUNG] closed.
Switch RecChiHoa2 [RECH2-REHHUNG] opened.
New system loss:
372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
Initial system loss:
540.16 kW 1309.69 kvar
Final system loss: 372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
Tuy nhin trong iu kin thc t ca li in trung th khng th iu khin
t xa hay bng tay cc kho in t cc tiu tn tht nng lng. V vy cn xc
nh cu hnh li in m qua tn tht nng lng l b nht trong sut thi
gian vn hnh cho n khi cn chuyn ti sa cha hay chng qu ti c th
nh sau:
Bc 1: Xt mt thi im t1, li in c cu hnh c1, dng trnh TOPO xc
nh cu hnh li in ti u l c1-ti u
Bc 2: Dng cu hnh ti u c2 xc nh phn b cng sut chnh xc cho
tng l ra.
Bc 3: Tnh tng tn tht nng lng trong ton li in ang kho st theo
c1-ti u
Bc 4: Lp li bc 1 v c cu hnh ti u l c2-ti u, cn-ti u
Bc 5: So snh cc cu hnh ti u vi nhau la chn cu hnh tt nht
trong sut thi gian 24 gi.

68

(Ghi Ch: cc bc 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v khng c kha cng nn chng ti khng


thc hin c cc gi lp cc cu hnh c1.cn ti u).

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

V. Tnh ton tin cy li in


V.1. i tng tnh ton:
V.1.1. Gii thiu
i tng p dng tnh ton bi ton tin cy l li in phn phi in
lc G Vp. Phn gii thiu li in phn phi in lc G Vp khng trnh by
ra y. Cc bn c th tham kho t cc bn ng nghip in lc G Vp -Cng ty
in lc TP. HCM.
V.1.2. X l s liu u vo
V.1.2.1. Cch nhp chiu di cho tng ng dy trung th:
Xem s liu chiu di ca tng on dy trn S n tuyn 15kV, qui i
ra n v o km, ri nhp vo cho tng on dy ( v) trong PSS/ADEPT.
Nu trn S n tuyn 15kV cha cp nht s liu chiu di ca on dy
th CBKT da vo S a d (t l 1:10000) o chiu di ca on dy
ri qui i ra n v o km, hay i ra ngoi hin trng thc t o chiu di ca
on dy .
V.1.2.2. Cch nhp cng sut P, Q cho tng ti:
u tin, CBKT thu thp s liu in nng tiu th A (Kwh) ca tng ti
trong 01 thng t Phng Kinh Doanh, s liu dng ti (thp im v cao im)
trong 01 thng t i QLL Bnh Thnh ca in Lc Gia nh.
T s liu dng ti (thp im v cao im) trong 01 thng, CBKT tnh c
dng ti trung bnh ca tng ti trong 01 thng.
Tnh c costb qua cng thc:
cos tb =

A
3 U I tb T

Trong :

69

A: in nng tiu th ca 01 ti trong 01 thng (Kwh)


U: in p h th ca ti (U = 0.4 kV)
Itb: dng ti trung bnh ca ti trong 01 thng (A)
T: thi gian tiu th in ca ti (gi) (cho T = 720 gi cho 01 thng)
C costb ta tnh c P, Q thng qua cng thc tam gic cng sut:

P tai = cos tb S tai


Q tai =

S ta2 i P ta2i

Trong :
Sti: cng sut nh mc ca ti (KVA)
costb: h s cng sut trung bnh ca ti trong 01 thng
V.1.2.3. Cc mc nh ga tin cy p ng tnh.
V.1.2.3.1. Mc th nht:
Nghin cu v kh nng ca h my pht cp in cho ti. H thng truyn ti
khng c xt n mc ny. Ch s tin cy ca mc th nht l Ch S D Bo
Mt Ti (LOLE) v Ch S D Bo Thiu Nng lng Cung Cp (LOEE).
V.1.2.3.2. Mc th hai:
Nghin cu v h thng pht v h thng truyn ti cung cp nng lng ti
cc nt ti. Cc nghin cu ny l nh gi hn hp ca h thng. Ch s ca mc II
mang tnh ton cc hay ti mt thanh ci cung cp in gm c tn sut, thi gian,
ph ti v nng lng.
V.1.2.3.3. Mc th ba:
Lin quan ti c pht in, truyn ti, phn phi xc nh s tng xng
ca ton h thng cung cp n khch hng.
Ch s ca mc th ba ny la ti im tiu th v cc ch s h thng gm c
tn sut, thi gian, ti v nng lng.
V.1.2.4. Cc k hiu trong tin cy:
S = h thng (system)
A = trung bnh (average)
C = khch hng (customer)
Tnh ton
70

Hng nm
Bi h thng
Bi iu min.
Bi cc in Lc.
Phn loi
Duy tr
Thong qua
Khch hng
Ph ti
Trung bnh.
Xc nh.
V.1.2.5. Ch s h thng (System Indices)
C th tnh cc ch tiu hot ng cung cp miu t c tnh thng k nhng
hot ng trc ca h thng.
Cc ch s b sung ny c th c tnh ton bng cch s dng cc ch s c
bn v s lng khch hng v ti kt ni ti mi im trong h thng.
Cc ch s b sung ca h thng l:
Ch tiu tn sut mt in trung bnh ca h thng (SAIFI)
Ch tiu thi gian mt in trung bnh h thng (SAIDI)
Ch tiu thi gian mt in trung bnh khch hng (CAIFI)
Ch tiu tn sut mt in trung bnh khch hng (CAIDI)
Ch tiu kh nng sn sng cung cp (ASAI)
Ch tiu kh nng khngsn sng cung cp (ASUI)
Ch tiu thiu ht in nng (ENS)
Ch tiu thiu ht in nng trung bnh (AENS)
Cc ch tiu trn cng c th c tnh ton d bo kh nng lm vic
trong tng lai.
V.1.2.6. Xc nh cc ch s tin cy:
Cc thut ng c bn ca hng hc, ct thit b v ngng cung cp in
S c hng hc.

71

Ct in, do thao tc ngi vn hnh: Cng bc, tng phn, theo lch,
Qu .
Mt in, do s c: lu di, thong qua, tm thi.
S c hng hc:
S c hng hc l trng thi ca mt phn t h thng m n khng hot
ng nh mong mun. Kt qu l phi ct phn t ra khi h thng. Tuy nhin
khng phi mi hng hc u a n ct in.
Ct thit b:
M t trng thi ca thit b khi n khng c hot ng v mt s cc l do
lin quan n thit b .
-Ct cng bc: l hu qu do cc iu kin khn cp lin quan n thit b
cn phi ct tc thi, hoc t ng nh thit b bo v rle, hoc thao tc ng
ct,hoc do tc ng sai ca thit b bo v hay ngi vn hnh thao tc sai.
-Ct theo lch: thit b a ra khi vn hnh theo thi gian nh trc, thng
thng khi c bo tr, sa cha hoc xy dng.
-Ct cng bc ngn hn: do cc s c thong qua gy ra, cc thit b c th
c a vo vn hnh tr li t ng khi cc CB, my ct t ng li, hoc khi
thay th cu ch.
-Ct cng bc do vn hnh: do cc s c khng th t gii tr c cn phi
sa cha thit b trc khi a vo vn hnh. V d: khi xy ra phng in lm chc
thng cch in, v vy cn sa cha hay thay th trc khi a vo vn hnh.
Ngng cung cp in:
Mt in mt hay nhiu khch hng. Nguyn nhn l do mt hay nhiu thit
b ct khi vn hnh.
-Mt in nh k: Mt in gy ra do ct theo lch.
-Mt in cng bc: gy ra do ct cng bc.
-Thi gian mt in: khong thi gian t lc bt u ct in khch hng cho
n khi phc hi li cho khch hng .
+Mt in thong qua: Mt in c thi gian nh, thit b c a
vo vn hnh tr li, do b phn gim st iu khin t ng hay bng tay
bi ngi vn hnh c th thao tc tc thi.
+Mt in duy tr: l cc trng hp cn li khng thuc loi mt in
thong qua.

72

V.1.2.7. Nhng bin php c c tin cy tt cho li in:


Cng qua cch tnh ton ny, gim cc ch s SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIFI, CAIDI
v tng ch s ASAI, chng ta phi:
Gim xc sut s c bng cch s dng cc VTTB c cht lng cao, c xc
xut s c thp, tng cng kim tra nh k, t xut ngn nga s c (gim ).
Gim ct in nh k (gim ) bng cch c k hoch chi tit, phi
hp tt c cc cng vic c th thc hin c trong ln ct in.
Gim thi gian mt in ca mt v bng cch o to cng nhn c
tay ngh cao, s dng thit b c dng c hin i, quy trnh x l s v
khoa hc, nhanh chng.
Gim ct in t xut (gim ) bng cch tng d phng ca li
in, p dng ni vng trung th khi chuyn ti.

V.2. Kt qu tnh ton


Kt qu phn tch tin cy ca li in t phn mm PSS/ADEPT
lu trn CD-ROM.

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

VI. Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u Capo


VI.1. i tng tnh ton:
i tng p dng tnh ton bi ton xc nh v tr b ti u Capo l li
in phn phi in lc Cn G v Tn Bnh. Phn gii thiu li in phn phi
in lc Cn G v Tn Bnh khng trnh by ra y. Cc bn c th tham kho t
cc bn ng nghip in lc Cn G v Tn Bnh -Cng ty in lc TP. HCM.

73

VI.2. Tnh ton b ti u li in in lc Cn G :


VI.2.1. Quy m v thc hin

Hnh 74 Lp th ph ti

- Vo menu Analysis/Options chn thanh Capo t thng s ty chn cn


tnh ton b ti u, chn th ph ti, t s di t c nh, ng ng v chn cc
v tr cn tnh ton.

Hnh 75 Hp thoi tu chn cho bi ton CAPO

- Chy bi ton Capo.


VI.2.2. Kt qu tnh ton:
VI.2.2.1. Tnh ton phn b cng sut:
Ta c kt qu nh sau:
74

TRM NGUN

TRM AN NGHA

TUYN DY
BNH KHNH

St
(MVA)

P(KW) Q(KVAR)
1016,9

554,46

8,65

7,37

0,85

953,28

491,99

13,31

9,93

1,40

330,85

170,55

1,34

1,16

0,41

1622,44
3923,47

907,33
2124,33

10,49
33,79

17,95
36,41

0,65
0,86

16

CN THNH
TRM CN Gi

HO V

HNG L
TNG CNG

16
32

TT CS TT CSPK
T L % GHI CH
P(KW) Q(KVAR)

VI.2.2.2. Kt qu b nh sau:

TRM NGUN

TRM AN NGHA

TUYN DY
BNH KHNH

St
TT CS TT CSPK
P(KW) Q(KVAR)
T L %
(MVA)
P(KW) Q(KVAR)
16

1015,37

259,04

7,12

6,05

0,70

950,79

199,37

10,82

8,08

1,14

330,85

170,55

1,34

1,16

0,41

1620,05
3917,06

311,34
940,3

8,1

13,85

27,38

29,14

0,50
0,70

CN THNH
TRM CN Gi

HO V

HNG L
TNG CNG

16
32

Sau khi tnh ton v tr t t b ti u ta c 04 v tr b ti u nht.


-Tuyn Bnh Khnh:
+ V tr t ti tr trc chnh BK162.
+ Gi tr t b: 01 b 300kvar.
-Tuyn Cn Thnh:
+ V tr t ti tr nhnh r L Nhn LN159.1
+ Gi tr t b: 01 b 300kvar.
- Tuyn Ho V: Khng t t b.
- Tuyn Hng L:
+ V tr t ti tr trc chnh HL173 v HL143.
+ Gi tr t b: 02 b 300kvar.

75

GHI CH

VI.2.2.3. Gi tr tn tht in nng:


STT TUYN DY

TT
TT
TT
TT
IN NNG
GIM TT GIM TT GIM
P(KW)
Q(KVAR) P(KW) Q(KVAR)
TIT KIM GHI CH
P(KW) Q(KVAR) T L %
KHNG T KHNG T C T
C T
(KWH)

BNH KHNH

8,65

7,37

7,12

6,05

1,53

1,32

18

36,72

CN THNH

13,31

9,93

10,82

8,08

2,49

1,85

19

59,76

HO V

1,34

1,16

1,34

1,16

0,00

10,49
33,79

17,95
36,41

8,1

13,85

2,39

4,1

27,38

29,14

6,41

7,27

23
19

57,36
153,84

HNG L
TNG CNG

BIU SO SNH TN THT CNG SUT P(KW)


TRC V SAU KHI B
1,8
1,4
1,14
0,85
0,7

0,65
0,41

0,41

0,5

0
1 Bnh Khnh

2 Cn Thnh

3 Ho V

4 Hng L

Trc khi b.
Sau khi b.

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

VI.3. Tnh ton b cng sut khng cho li in phn phi in lc


Tn Bnh dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT:
VI.3.1. Quy m thc hin
VI.3.1.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th
Ton b cc tuyn dy trung th cung cp cho a bn Qun Tn Bnh c
tnh ton phn b cng sut xc nh tn tht cng sut v tn tht in p trn
phn mm PSS/ADEPT bao gm:

76

By Hin

Hc Mn

Thng Kit

Long Qun

TSF

Bu Ct

Thng Long

VI.3.1.2. Xc lp thng s
Xy dng th ph ti nh sau:

S dng chc nng Load Snapshot trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT ta


xy dng th ph ti cho li in in lc Tn Bnh nh sau:

Hnh 76 Xy dng th ph ti cho li in in lc Tn Bnh

STT

Cc thng s thit lp th ph ti cho li in in lc Tn


Bnh theo bng sau:
Feeder

Base

Max

77

Note

Name

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

By Hin
Hc Mn
Thng Kit
Long Qun
TSF
Bu Ct
Thng Long

Relative
duration
(pu)

Scale
Factor

0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

Relative
duration
(pu)

Scale
Factor

0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30

1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50

Xc nh s lng t b tnh v ng ng bao gm: S lng gin t b tnh


v gin t b ng ng s lp trn mi tuyn dy c chn nh sau:

Hnh 77 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng

VI.3.2. Kt qu b trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT.


Tuyn dy trung th Bu Ct
Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

78

Hnh 78 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th Bu


Ct

Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Bu Ct:


Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node BC_10_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TTIN2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node XDET6.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node PTRUNG2/17.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node BAUCAT5.
Placed 5 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss:
62.06 kW
116.03 kvar
Final system loss:
46.54 kW
83.82 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
15.52 kW
32.21 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;

Tuyn dy trung th Thng Long


Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

79

Hnh 79 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th


Thng Long

Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Thng Long:


Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node DETNHUOMP7.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node D25_3.
Placed 2 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss:
81.45 kW
165.92 kvar
Final system loss:
74.28 kW
150.70 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
7.18 kW
15.22 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;

Tuyn dy trung th By Hin


Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th By Hin:
Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TANVIET7/1.
Placed 1 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss:
81.45 kW
165.92 kvar
Final system loss:
71.28 kW
155.70 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
6.18 kW
10.22 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;

Tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn
Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

80

Hnh 80 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th Hc


Mn

Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn:


Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TUONGAN.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HOACHATTB.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HHIEN6N.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node XNGBONGSO1.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TANSON3.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node NTHDUONG.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node TUONGAN.
Placed 5 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 2 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss:
185.43 kW
385.29 kvar
Final system loss:
150.54 kW
311.32 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
34.89 kW
73.98 kvar

81

CAPO analysis completed;

Tuyn dy trung th Thng Kit


Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 81 Cc bc lp xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy


trung th Thng Kit

Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Thng Kit:


Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NGOCHAU1/1.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node E21_4.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HONGTHAI3N.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node E7_4.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TANHOA2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TCHAUCAN.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CTNEETACO.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node E19.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node DAILOI1.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node E7_6.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node HONGTHAI55/1.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node CONGHOA6.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node TL466_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node THANHMAU4.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node NTBINH3.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node TL466_1.
Placed 8 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 8 switched capacitor bank(s).

82

Initial system loss:


524.06 kW
1096.42 kvar
Final system loss:
376.04 kW
782.68 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
148.01 kW
313.74 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;

Tuyn dy trung th Long Qun


Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 82 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th Long


Qun

Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Long Qun:


Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TLAP.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CS_TTHANG.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQ_10_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HONGDUC.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node PT1/6.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQ_21.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LODA2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQ_17_3.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQ_2_3.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQUAN4.
Placed 10 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss:
190.08 kW
150.72 kvar
Final system loss:
141.94 kW
99.14 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
48.13 kW
51.57 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;

83

Hnh 83 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th Long


Qun (tip theo)

Tuyn dy trung th TSF


Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT

Hnh 84 Xc lp cc tu chn cho bi ton b

84

Hnh 85 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th TSF

Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th TFS:


Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TFS_13_3.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node VTIEN2_TBD.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node THOHOA5.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CHOVTHOAI2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TFS_9_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TFS_8_1.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node KHUCNP6.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TFS_2_2.
Placed 8 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss:
134.42 kW
278.17 kvar
Final system loss:
98.58 kW
202.32 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
35.83 kW
75.85 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;

VI.3.3. Tng hp kt qu b

BNG TNG HP KT QU CHY BI TON CAPO


S
1
2
3
4
5
6

Tn tuyn dy

By Hin
Hc Mn
Thng Kit
Long Qun
TSF
Bu Ct

B TNH
600KVAr/B
Cng
1
600
5
3,000
8
4,800
10
6,000
8
4,800
5
3,000

85

B NG NG
600KVAr/B
Cng
2
8

1,200
4,800

TNG (KVAr)
600
4,200
9,600
6,000
4,800
3,000

GHI
CH

Thng Long
CNG

2
39

1,200
23,400

10

6,000

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

Ht chng !

86

1,200
29,400

TI LIU THAM KHO:


[01]. Jacobus Jan Meeuwsen, Reliability evaluation of electric transmission and
distribution systems, 1998
[02]. A.S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, 1997
[03]. Scott & Scott, Computerize Mapping and Engineering Data Software
Program, Seatle 1991.
[04]. Nguyen Ngoc Tuyen , Protection and Reliability Improvement in the
Distribution Network of Ho Chi Minh City, 2000
[05]. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mn PSS/ADEPT (ti liu tp hun tp 2
tp) ca Phng CNTT-VT Cty LTP.HCM v Khoa in - in T Trng
HBK.
[06]. B cng sut phn khng li cung cp v phn phi in. Nh xut bn khoa
hc k thut H Ni.
[07]. Adrian A. Hopgood, Knowledge - Base systems, 1993. CRC Press.
[08]. Cooper Power Systems, Capacitor switch - How and why, 1980, Cooper
Power Systems.
[09]. Cooper Power Systems, Power - Electrical distribution system protection,
1994, Cooper Power Systems.
[10]. Dan Rahmel, Visual Basic programmer's reference, 1998, Mc Graw - Hill
Companies Incorporated.
[11]. Siemens, Power engineering guide : Transmission and Distribution, 1996,
Siemens
[12]. Tender document for HCMC District control centre SCADA project, phase 2,
1996. Ho Chi Minh city power company.
[13]. Turan Gonen, Electric power distribution system engineering, 1986, Mc Graw
- Hill Companies Incorporated.
[14]. Trn Bch, Li in & H thng in, Tp 1, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
k thut.
[15]. H thng kim tra gim st v thu thp d liu - SCADA, 1996. Swedpower.
[16]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, H thng ha c s d liu phc v h
thng thng tin a l, 1997, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp EVN - DLHCM
- 97 - 001.
[17]. Trn Lc Hng, C s m phng ngu nhin, 1997, Nh xut bn Gio dc.

87

[18]. Hong Kim (Ch bin), K thut lp trnh m phng : Th gii thc v ng
dng, 1997, Nh xut bn Thng k.
[19]. Trn nh Long, Qui hoch h thng nng lng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc k thut.
[20]. Trn nh Long, L thuyt h thng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut.
[21]. Nguyn Vn m, Mng li in, Tp 1, 2, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k
thut.
[22]. Nguyn Hng Thi, Phn t t ng trong h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[23]. Cao Ho Thi, M hnh m phng, 1999, Tp bi ging chuyn .
[24]. L Vn t, Phn tch & iu khin n nh h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[25]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, M phng vn hnh li in, 2000, Hi
ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[26]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, ng dng cng ngh GIS qun l li
in phn phi, Hi ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[27]. PSS/ADEPT 5.0, Users Guide Shaw Power Technologies - 04 / 2004
[28]. H Vn Hin - H thng in truyn ti v phn phi NXB i hc quc gia
TP. H Ch Minh 2003
[29]. V Ngc Tc M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh NXB Gio dc
2001
[30]. Nguyn Hong Vit Bo v Rle v t ng ha NXB i hc Quc Gia
TPHCM 2003
[31]. C.Russell Mason The Acrt and Science of protective relaying 1967
[32]. Cooper power system Electrical Distribution system Protection 1990
[33]. Cng ty in lc TPHCM Bo co chuyn PSS/ADEPT Phng k thut
cng ty- Thng 08- 2004
[34]. Copper Power Systems- Overcurrent Protection For Distribution SystemSeminar Notes and Reference Materials - 1995
[35]. URL

http://www.pti-us.com

88

DNG PHN MM
PHN TCH V
TNH TON LI IN
PSS/ADEPT
The Power System Simulator/Advanced
Distribution Engineering Productivity TooL

Phn 4
K nng p dng-Phn nng cao

TP H CH MINH THNG 04/2007

GIO TRNH TP HUN

S DNG PHN MM
PHN TCH V TNH
TON LI IN
PSS/ADEPT
Bin son-Trnh by:
Nguyn Hu Phc
ng Anh Tun
Ch bin:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phc

Bn quyn thuc Cng ty in lc 2 - EVN


Mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phi c s ng bng vn bn ca Cng ty in lc 2.

Li ni u
Li in phn phi v truyn ti khng ngng pht trin m rng v qui
m cng nh phc tp. Theo , cc yu cu cung cp in lin tc cho khch
hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao cng gia tng. Thit b trn li
in phn phi hin nay vn c c im l a dng v chng loi, phc tp v
cu to. Qu trnh vn hnh nhm thc hin nhng thao tc mang tnh lp i lp
li nhiu ln nhng li i hi chnh xc cao v vy rt cn thit phi t ng
ha bng cch a nhiu thit b t ng, x l thng tin t ng nhm tng kh
nng truyn t v x l thng tin. Bng my tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng
chng ta c th ngn chn trc v hn ch hng hc trong qu trnh vn hnh
li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v Cng ngh Thng tin nh v kh nng lu tr
ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng php h chuyn gia, mng
neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c mnh tng cng nghin
cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc in nng. m bo v gi vng mi lin
h hu c ca cc thnh phn trong h thng sn xut truyn ti, phn phi v s
dng in nng.
p ng kp thi cc yu cu trn, t thng 01-2005 Tng cng ty in
lc Vit Nam (EVN) trc y, nay l Tp on in lc Vit Nam ch o
p dng th im phn mm PSS/ADEPT tnh ton li in theo a bn do
cc n v trc thuc qun l.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn
tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa
v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao
din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power
Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b
sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Cng ty in lc 2-Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) phi hp cng
Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh nghin
cu p dng phn mm ny. Cng ty in lc 2 thc hin tp hun cho cc n
v trc thuc nhm trang b kh nng s dng phn mm chun tnh ton v phn
tch li in da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. iu ny, nhm gip Cng ty
in lc 2 tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton v
in trong cc hot ng ca Cng ty nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh
li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b

cng sut phn khng, tin cy,l cc vn m cc n v cn gii quyt


hng ngy, thm ch hng gi.
Cc Cng ty in lc cn trin khai cng tc o to n mc chi tit v
s dng phn mm tnh ton k thut in chuyn ngnh nh PSS/U,
PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E, cc n v trc thuc s dng thnh tho cc chng
trnh ny.
Cng ty in lc 2 s trang b kin thc Cng ngh Thng tin ni chung v
phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc n vi trc
thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2 thng qua cc kho o to kt hp vi v trng
i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tin khai ng dng cc phn mm
tnh ton k thut in trong ton Cng ty theo yu cu ca EVN. To iu kin
cc n v trong Cng ty tm hiu cc phng php tnh ton cc bi ton in
c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm tnh ton
chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power Technologics
Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht trin xy dng
mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc n v da vo
cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s
i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v nm bt cc phm mm
khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower,
Vic t chc o to s gp phn nng cao kh nng ng dng my tnh,
nht l s dng cc phn mm tnh ton chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v trc
thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2. Ph bin kinh nghim v trin khai cc kt qu
nghin cu cc phn mm, cc n v tip tc p dng vo thc t cng tc ti
n v. Gp phn hon thnh tt cng tc sn xut kinh doanh ca n v trn c
s cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm mnh. To ra s phi hp sn sng da
trn quan h tt p vn c gia Cng ty in lc 2-n v qun l li in v
trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh-n v gio dc o to
V gio trnh ny c bin son nhm mc ch phc v cho cc bui tp
hun phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 nh trn.
Nhm bin son rt cm n s hp tc m Cng ty in lc 2 dnh cho
nhm ni ring cng nh cho Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa
thnh ph H Ch Minh ni chung. Nhm bin son cng cm n mt s cng tc
vin h tr xy dng gio trnh ny.
Nhm bin son

II

Tm tt ni dung
Gio trnh ny c bin son phc v cho cc bui tp hun s dng phn
mm phn tch v tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Gio trnh gm cc phn:
Phn 1: Kin thc chun b yu cu-n tp kin thc
Phn 2: Hng dn s dng PSS/ADEPT
Phn 3: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn cn bn
Phn 4: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn nng cao
hc vin cc n v nm bt v p dng nhanh, cn c thm cc phn:
Phn 5: Cm nang s dng
Phn 6: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging phn
mm PSS/ADEPT
Phn 7: Cc slide bi ging ca chuyn gia PTI software.
Ngoi ra cn c Gio trnh in t lu tr trn a CD-ROM: Gm cc ti
liu a phng tin (Multimedia) h tr thm cho cc hc vin chun b bi hc
trc khi ln lp, n tp sau kha hc v a phng cng tc. c thc hin
bng k thut lp trnh Web v x l Multimedia (dng phim c m thanh, Web
page,)
Cc chng trnh chuyn i:
1. Chng trnh Chuyn Excel DAT File.
2. Chng trnh Chuyn DAT File Excel.
3. Chng trnh x l s liu u vo
4. Chng trnh Tnh Cng Sut Ngun.
5. Chng trnh Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th.
6. Chng trnh chia s PSS/ADEPT qua mng LAN, WAN v internet
7. H thng cc bi tp trc nghim trn my tnh sut kho hc
8. Chng trnh thi kt thc kho hc bng trc nghim trc tip trn my
tnh
V cc CD-ROM:
-CD1: Gio trnh in t h tr
-CD2: Cc bi ging v bi tp

III

-CD3: D liu li in
-CD4: D liu li in (tt) v source cc chng trnh h PSS/*
-CD5: Cc chng trnh h tr kho hc
Gm cc ti nguyn hc tp nh: ti liu tham kho, Users Guide, website
PTI (offline, xem khng cn kt ni internet), web documents, source software
PSS/ADEPT and untilities, cc phn mm chuyn i d liu v demo phc v
ng dng tnh ton bng PSS/ADEPT,
Qua kinh nghip tp hun v gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v in lc
p dng nhanh phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc
tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings

To s
Creating diagrams

Chy 8 bi ton phn tch


Power System Analysis

BO CO
Reports, diagrams

V cc ni dung nng cao:


Biu din trng thi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn
tch.
S dng cc lp d liu.
T chc v qun l ph ti v khch hng s dng in.
Kh nng h tr cc c s d liu khc.
B sung cc thng s dy dn vo t in cu trc dy dn.
B sung thit b bo v vo th vin thit b bo v.

IV

M rng bi ton phn tch cho li in qui m ln, nhiu cp in


p
nh gi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn tch.
p dng kt qu tnh ton lm c s vn hnh li in. Thc hin
lp v bo v cc k hoch tiu, trung v i tu hay pht trin mi li
in.
Phn tch v tnh ton li in trn nn H thng thng tin a lGIS.
M phng vn hnh li in.
Tham kho cc phn mm tnh ton phn tch li in khc.
Nhng ni dung ny gip hc vin tm hiu thm mt s kin thc hu ch
lin quan.
Chi tit ni dung s c trnh by trong phn u cc tp gio trnh v cc
chng trong cc phn.
Nhm bin son

Thut ng, k hiu v vit tt.


CAD:
CAM:
CNPM:
CNTT:
CSDL:
GUI:
GIS:
IA:
MIS:
NNLT:
PC:
SQL:
CB:
DS:
EVN:
H s dng in:
HT:
IEC:
ISO:
Khch hng:
LBS:
LPP:
LTD:
MBA:
LKV:
PC HCMC:
PC 2
REC:
SCADA:
TP.HCM:
VHL:
KC:
Network:

Computer Aided Design


Computer Aided Manufacture
Cng ngh phn mm
Cng ngh thng tin.
C s d liu.
Graphic user interface.
H thng thng tin a l-Geographic Information System
Tr tu nhn to-Inlelligence Artificielle
H Thng Tin qun l
Ngn ng lp trnh.
Personal computer
Structured query language.
Cn b
Disconect Swicth-Dao cch ly.
Tp on in lc Vit Nam
H s dng in qua cu li, qua in k ph.
H thng in.
y ban k thut in quc t-International Electrotechnical Commission.
T chc tiu chun quc t-International Organization for
Standardization
H s dng in theo hp ng cung ng s dng in vi
ngnh in qua in k chnh.
Load break switch-Dao cch ly ng ct c ti.
Li in phn phi.
Dao cch ly chu sc cng-Line Tenson Disconect
My bin p
in lc khu vc.
Cng ty in lc TP HCM
Cng ty in lc 2
My ct t ng ng li-Recloser
H thng iu khin v gim st thu thp d liu.
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Vn hnh li in.
Khi ng ng c
Li in

VI

Ch

Lin quan

V d, bi tp

Lu tp tin v d mu
D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

Ht chng !

VII

Ht chng

Mc lc tng qut
Phn Mt: Kin thc chun b
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN
CHNG 2 PHN B CNG SUT
CHNG 3: NGN MCH
CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM DNG TI U
CHNG 5: PHI HP BO V
CHNG 6: SNG HI
CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U
CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY
CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Hai: Hng dn s dng phn mm
CHNG 1: HNG DN CI T PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
CHNG 2: HNG DN S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
PH LC 1: M HNH XUT TUYN DY C LP
PH LC 2: NGUYN TC PHN PHI
PH LC 3: KIU D LIU
Phn Ba: K nng p dng-Phn c bn
CHNG 1: D LIU CHUN B
CHNG 2: CC BC THC HIN
CHNG 3: MT S KT QU P DNG
Phn Bn: Cm nang s dng
Phn Nm: K nng p dng-Phn nng cao
CHNG 1: X L S LIU
CHNG 2: B SUNG CC THNG S VO PHN MM
CHNG 3: BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT QU TNH TON H TR
RA QUYT NH
CHNG 4: C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI IN CA CC
IN LC KHU VC
CHNG 5: QUN L V TNH TON LI IN PHN PHI TRN NN H
THNG THNG TIN A L
CHNG 6: M PHNG VN HNH LI IN
CHNG 7: GII PHP CHIA S KHA CNG PHN MM TRN MY N CHO
NHIU NGI S DNG
CHNG 8: TM HIU MT S PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN KHC
Phn Su: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging
Phn By: Cc slide bi ging ca PTI software

VIII

GIO TRNH TP HUN


S DNG PHN MM PHN TCH V
TNH TON LI IN

PSS/ADEPT
Phn Bn:
K nng p dng
-Phn nng cao

04

MC LC CHI TIT PHN 4


MC LC CHI TIT PHN 4 ........................................................................ 1
CHNG 1: X L S LIU........................................................................ 6
I. Cc phng php thu thp s liu.................................................................. 7
II. Cc phng php x l s liu ..................................................................... 7
II.1.1. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh ............................................................ 7
II.1.2. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh b sung............................................... 8
II.1.3. Phng n xy dng th ph ti t th ph ti h th chun ................... 10
II.2. Phng n s dng .................................................................................................. 11

III. Nhu cu chuyn i d liu. ...................................................................... 12


IV. Tm hiu v CSDL ca PSS/ADEPT. ....................................................... 13
IV.1. Giao tip ca phn mm:........................................................................................ 13
IV.2. Kt xut ca phn mm:......................................................................................... 15

V. Chng trnh chuyn i v tnh ton cc thng s u vo cho


PSS/ADEPT. ................................................................................................... 16
V.1. Thu thp d liu:...................................................................................................... 16
V.2. Chng trnh ng dng: .......................................................................................... 16

VI. Chuyn i cc lai nh dng d liu...................................................... 17


VI.1. Nhp liu theo bng tnh Excell: ............................................................................ 17
VI.2. S dng chng trnh chuyn bng tnh Excel sang d liu dng .dat: ................. 18
VI.3. S dng chng trnh PSS/ADEPT chy file .dat: ................................................ 18
VI.4. Chnh sa d liu bng Hot Embeded Systems 2.0: .............................................. 19

CHNG 2: B SUNG CC THNG S VO PHN MM .................. 21


I. B sung thng s dy dn vo t in dy dn. .......................................... 22
I.1. Cc nh ngha s dng trong module ...................................................................... 22
I.2. Giao din chng trnh.............................................................................................. 24
I.3. Thanh cng c ca chng trnh............................................................................... 24
I.4. Thit lp cc tham s ca chng trnh .................................................................... 24
I.5. Cc thao tc v v tnh ton c bn........................................................................... 28
I.6. Kh nng kim tra li t ng................................................................................... 32

II. B dung d liu thit b bo v................................................................... 33


II.1. C s d liu thit b bo v .................................................................................... 33
II.1.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 33
II.1.2. Cc chc nng chnh......................................................................................... 34
II.1.3. Tnh ton tng tr ngun .................................................................................. 37
II.2. B sung thit b bo v vo th vin thit b bo v................................................ 38
II.2.1. C s d liu thit b bo v ............................................................................. 38
II.2.2. Giao din chnh ca chng trnh..................................................................... 38
II.2.3. Cc chc nng chnh......................................................................................... 38

CHNG 3: BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT QU PHN


TCH H TR RA QUYT NH................................................................ 50
I. Biu din ...................................................................................................... 51
I.1. Xem cc chiu phn b cng sut ............................................................................. 51
I.2. Chn mu sc hin th kt qu tnh ton ................................................................... 54

II. Phn tch...................................................................................................... 55


II.1. Phn tch trn cc s tnh ton ............................................................................ 55
II.2. Phn tch trn cc th........................................................................................... 57
1

III. nh gi ..................................................................................................... 58
IV. Tnh ton li in quy m ln nhiu cp in p ................................... 68
IV.1. iu chnh to ................................................................................................... 68
IV.2. Tnh ton tng tr my bin th ............................................................................. 70

CHNG 4: C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI


IN CA CC IN LC KHU VC ..................................................... 72
I. Tng kt p dng.......................................................................................... 73
I.1. Chc nng tnh ton .................................................................................................. 73
I.2. Thu thp v x l s liu u vo. ............................................................................ 73

II. Cc kin ngh .............................................................................................. 74


II.1. V s liu u vo.................................................................................................... 74
II.2. V phn mm: .......................................................................................................... 76

CHNG 5: QUN L V TNH TON LI IN PHN PHI TRN


NN H THNG THNG TIN A L ..................................................... 79
GIS-BASED DISTRIBUTION NETWOK ANALYSIS AND
MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................ 79
III. Phn tch li in trn nn h thng thng tin a l-GIS....................... 80
III.1. H thng thng tin a l ........................................................................................ 80
III.2. ng dng vo qun l, tnh tan li in phn phi ............................................ 81
III.3. Kt lun .................................................................................................................. 84

IV. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT trn nn h thng


thng tin a l................................................................................................. 84
IV.1. Tng qut: .............................................................................................................. 84
IV.2. p dng vo ng dy Quc Ton ca in lc Ph Th: ................................. 85
IV.2.1. Nhp vo cc bng s liu............................................................................... 85
IV.2.2. Thc hin cc chc nng tnh ton li in trn PSS/Adept......................... 86
IV.2.3. Hin th kt qu tnh ton li in bng PSS/Adept trn bn GIS. .......... 87

CHNG 6: M PHNG VN HNH LI IN ................................. 90


I. Gii thiu phn mm m phng vn hnh................................................... 91
I.1. Cc chc nng ca chng trnh............................................................................... 91
I.1.1. Tng qut : ......................................................................................................... 91
I.1.2. 2. Cc chc nng chnh ca phn mm :........................................................... 91
I.2. Ni dung m phng:.................................................................................................. 92
I.2.1. 1. Th hin s li in phn phi trung th : .............................................. 92
I.2.2. 2. Dy dn, on trc, nhnh r : ....................................................................... 92
I.2.3. 3. Thit b bo v :.............................................................................................. 92
I.2.4. 4. Thit b ng ct : .......................................................................................... 93
I.2.5. 5. Thit b b : .................................................................................................... 93
I.3. Chi tit ....................................................................................................................... 94
I.3.1. Trm ngun v trm ngt : ................................................................................. 94
I.3.2. Dy dn, on trc, nhnh r : ........................................................................... 94
I.3.3. Thit b bo v:................................................................................................... 94
I.3.4. Thit b ng ct : .............................................................................................. 94
I.3.5. Thit b b: ......................................................................................................... 94
I.3.6. Trm phn phi h th : ..................................................................................... 94
I.3.7. M phng cc trng thi :................................................................................... 94
I.3.8. M phng thao tc :............................................................................................ 94

II. Ci t v chy phn mm.......................................................................... 95


II.1. Mi trng, ci t v chy chng trnh :.............................................................. 95
2

II.1.1. a. Mi trng hot ng : ................................................................................. 95


II.1.2. b. Ci t : ........................................................................................................ 95
II.2. 2. Giao din chnh :................................................................................................. 95
II.3. 3. Giao din vn hnh. ............................................................................................. 96
II.4. Truy cp d liu-hnh nh i tng ....................................................................... 97
II.4.1.
1. Xem thng s on trc :......................................................................... 97
II.4.2. 2. Xem thng s v thao tc cc dn t b........................................................ 97
II.4.3. RECLOSER. ..................................................................................................... 98
II.4.4. DS ..................................................................................................................... 99
II.4.5. 5. LBS ............................................................................................................. 100
II.4.6. Thng bo trng thi vn hnh........................................................................ 102
II.4.7. Xem ch dn thao tc ca chuyn gia vn hnhli in................................ 103

III. IV. Tnh ton v in kt qu ...................................................................... 103


III.1. IV. 1. Tnh dng ngn mch ................................................................................. 103
III.2. IV. 2. Kt qu tnh ton ........................................................................................ 105

CHNG 7: GII PHP CHIA S KHA CNG PHN MM TRN


MY N CHO NHIU NGI S DNG Solution of sharing a hardlock
fromsingle-user to multi-users ...................................................................... 107
IV. M U:................................................................................................ 108
V. NI DUNG .............................................................................................. 108
V.1. Hin trng: ............................................................................................................. 108
V.1.1. Kt ni trc tip:............................................................................................. 110
V.1.2. Kt ni qua DialUp (qua ng dy in thoi): tc ng truyn thp 56
Kbps........................................................................................................................... 110
V.2. Gii php thc hin: (Gm 6 bc)....................................................................... 110
V.2.1. Bc 1: Yu cu h thng: ............................................................................. 110
V.2.2. Bc 2: Ci t Server: .................................................................................. 112
V.2.3. Bc 3: To Users s dng: cp quyn truy cp cho cc clients qua account114
V.2.4. Bc 4: Gn quyn Remote Desktop cho mi User s dng: cho php cc
Clients truy cp qua Remote Desktop ...................................................................... 115
V.2.5. Bc 5: Xc lp tnh bo mt cho Users: cho php truy cp t xa thng qua
Terminal Server ......................................................................................................... 116
V.2.6. Bc 6: Cch s dng phn mm qua Application Server: ........................... 117
V.3. Kt qu:.................................................................................................................. 118
V.4. nh gi:................................................................................................................ 118
V.4.1. Tit kim chi ph............................................................................................. 119
V.4.2. Tit kim thi gian: ........................................................................................ 119

VI. KT LUN ............................................................................................. 120


CHNG 8: TM HIU MT S PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN
KHC............................................................................................................ 122
I. Tng quan................................................................................................... 123
I.1. Phn mm PSS/U .................................................................................................... 123
I.2. Phn mm PSS/E..................................................................................................... 123
I.3. Phn mm ASPEN ONE LINER ............................................................................ 124
I.4. Phn mm PSAF ..................................................................................................... 124
I.5. Phn mm VPRO II (COOPER POWER SYSTEMS) ........................................... 124
I.6. Phn mm PSIM ..................................................................................................... 124
I.7. Phn mm EMTP .................................................................................................... 124
I.8. Phn mm ETAP (POWER STATION) ................................................................. 124

II. Phn mm phi hp bo v VPRO-II ....................................................... 124


II.1. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................... 124
II.2. Mn hnh giao din chnh ca chng trnh .......................................................... 125
II.3. Cc giao din khai bo ca mt vi thit b ........................................................... 125
II.4. Nguyn tc phi hp. ............................................................................................. 129
II.5. La chn thit b bo v......................................................................................... 129
II.6. Mt s kt qu phi hp ........................................................................................ 129

III. Phn mm Easy Power ............................................................................ 136


III.1. 1. Gii thiu.......................................................................................................... 136
III.2. Giao din chnh ca chng trnh ........................................................................ 137
III.3. Kt qu tnh ton .................................................................................................. 140

IV. Phn mm CYME ................................................................................... 143


IV.1. Cc chc nng ca phn mm.............................................................................. 143
IV.2. CYMFLOW V CYMFAULT............................................................................ 144

V. Cc phn mm tnh ton li in PSS/U v PSS/E................................ 167


V.1. Li ni u............................................................................................................. 167
V.2. S lc v PSS/U v PSS/E .................................................................................. 167
V.3. Tm hiu PSS/E 28 ............................................................................................. 168
V.3.1. Gii thiu ........................................................................................................ 168
V.3.2. Ci t............................................................................................................. 169
V.3.3. Giao din chnh v h thng menu ................................................................. 170
V.3.4. Cc chc nng chnh....................................................................................... 172
V.4. Minh ha s dng chc nng Power Flow ............................................................ 172
V.4.1. Cc bc thc hin ......................................................................................... 172

TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................ 178

CHNG 1:
X L S LIU

CHNG 1:
X L S LIU
Xc nh cng sut tiu th ca tng ph ti l bi ton u tin cn gii
quyt cho mi bi ton tnh ton trong li in. y cng l vn c nhiu
Cng ty in lc quan tm nhm la chn phng php thu thp d liu kh dng
vi hin trng.
Do vy thc hin chng trnh PSS/ADEPT phc v cho cng vic tnh
ton li in chng ti phi x l cc thng s hin ti in lc c c theo
phng n s c trnh by trong mc 2 phn x l s liu u vo nhp cho
chng trnh PSS/ADEPT.
Ngoi ra chng ti cn cung cp thm nhiu cng c h tr x l d liu.
Chuyn i nhiu nh dng d liu qua li vi d liu ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT.
Sau y trnh by mt s phng n thu thp, x l d liu phc v cho s liu
u vo cc bi ton tnh ton phn tch trong cc phn mm chuyn ngnh in.

I. Cc phng php thu thp s liu


Hin nay, ti cc Cng ty in lc ph bin 2 hnh thc thu thp s liu li
in nh sau:
Thu thp trc tip: Do cc n v qun l li in trc tip i n cc v tr,
dng thit b o cm tay thu thp s liu. S liu thu thu c bng hnh thc ny
bao gm: S liu vn hnh my bin th nh: Dng ti (A), Cos, in th (V),
theo nh k.
Thu thp t xa: Da vo h thng SCADA, do cc n v vn hnh li in
ti cc trm trung gian, s dng cc thit b o hin i thu thp s liu. S liu thu
thu c bng hnh thc ny bao gm: S liu vn hnh my bin th trung gian,
cc pht tuyn gm mt s thng s nh: Dng ti (A), Cos , in th (V), cng
sut P, theo qui trnh vn hnh.

II. Cc phng php x l s liu


II.1.1. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh
II.1.1.1. Gii thiu
Phng n ny ch yu da trn t s gia cng sut lp t ca MBT h p
hay in nng tiu th vi th ph ti o c ti pht tuyn trung gian. Hay ni
cch khc gi thit cc ph ti u c th ph ti ging nhau.
II.1.1.2. Cng thc tnh cng sut ph ti da trn in k tng ti
trm h th:
P(t ) tram i =

Atram i P(t ) lora


Alora

(1)

Vi:

Atram i

: Tng in nng tiu th ti trm h th i trong thng

A l ra

: in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th

P(t)L ra : Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st


P(t) tram i : Cng sut tiu th ti trm thi i im kho st
Nu vic xc nh tng in nng tiu th ti tng trm v in nng tiu th
ti l ra trung th l kh khn, chng ta c th p dng cng thc ny theo t l cng
sut lp t ca tng my bin th vi tng cng sut lp t my bin th ca ton
l ra, vi gi thit cng sut tiu th t l thun vi cng sut t ca trm bin th,
chi tit cng thc th hin cng thc di y.

II.1.1.3. Nhn xt:


u im: Tnh ton ph ti nhanh chng, n gin, ph hp cho cc khu cng
nghip ln hay phm vi cung cp tp trung.
Nhc im: Thc t do ng dy trung th cung cp in nng tri rng,
qua nhiu khu vc m tnh cht tiu th ph ti rt khc nhau, nn khi p dng cng
thc (1) lm tn tht ng dy khng chnh xc so vi thc t.
S dng cng thc (1) xc nh cng sut tiu th ca cc ph ti ca l ra
B Bng. th ph ti o ti trm Nh B qua h thng SCADA trong 1 ngy c
dng nh hnh 1.
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
23

21

19

17

15

13

11

Hnh 7.1: th ph ti ngy ca l ra B Bng (dng in A/gi)


(Trch dn t s liu ca Trung tm iu -Thng tin, cng ty in lc
TP. HCM)
II.1.2. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh b sung
II.1.2.1. Gii thiu
Thc cht phng n ny hon ton tng t nh phng n trn, tuy nhin c
thu thp thm mt s th ph ti c c ti cc Recloser v LBS ti cc nhnh
r. p dng cng thc (1) cho tng nhnh r v cc on trc c thng s ly c
t Recloser.
II.1.2.2. Nhn xt:
+ u im: Chnh xc hn phng n 1, do phm vi cung cp ca tng nhnh
r cho cc khu vc khng qu ln, tnh cht ca th ph ti khng khc nhau
nhiu, v vy c th xem xt y l mt phng n mang tnh hiu qu cao nht khi
cn tnh ton nhanh tnh trng li in m khng nht thit cn chnh xc cao.

+ Nhc im: Thc t khng phi ng dy trung th no cng c lp t


s b ghi d liu c sn trong cc kho in. i khi cc Recloser ca mt s
nh sn xut ch ghi li c cc thng s Imax, hay thi im s c ch yu
phc v cho cc cng tc xc nh nguyn nhn s c
Trnh t phng n ny bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Cng sut tc dng ca cc trm bin p trong khu vc do nhnh r
cung cp c xc nh theo cng thc (2) nh sau:
P (t ) trami =

Vi:

Atrami P(t ) nhanh re


Anhanh re

(2)

Atram i: Tng in nng tiu th ti trm h th i trong thng

A nhnh r

: in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th

P(t)nhnh r

: Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st

P(t) tram i

: Cng sut tiu th ti trm i thi im kho st

V cc ch s in nng k tng ti cc trm trn cng mt nhnh c ghi


theo cc phin l trnh khc nhau nn c kt qu chnh xc cn c gi tr in
nng k trong thi gian di gim mc nh hng do sai bit phin l trnh.
Tuy nhin cng tc ghi nhn gi tr in nng tiu th ca tng trm cng khng
phi d dng cho tng thi im. V vy c th p dng cng thc (3) vi gi thit
cng sut tiu th t l thun vi cng sut t ca trm bin th.
P(t )tram i =

Stram i P(t )nhanh re


n

S
i =1

Vi:

tram i

(3)

Stram i : Cng sut lp t MBA ca trm i

Stram i

: Tng cng sut lp t ti khu vc nhnh r cung cp

P(t)nhnh r

: Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st

P(t) tram i

: Cng sut tiu th ti trm i thi im kho st

: s trm bin p h th c trn nhnh r

H s cng sut ca trm c ly bng hoc cao hn h s cng sut o c


ti cc nhnh r hoc l ra. L do ny c th gii thch nh sau: Hu ht li in h
th ca cc trm bin th h p u dng cp ABC c gi tr tr khng rt b (0.07
0.085 Ohm/km), c nhiu ti tiu th tng trm h th c b cng sut phn
khng, nhng tr khng ng dy trung th cao dn n h s cng sut trn
ng dy trung th thp.

Bc 2:
Chy chng trnh cc chc nng tnh ton ca phn mm.
Bc 3:
Xc nh cc ph ti cn li trn trc chnh, c th xc nh t hiu ca th
tng o c ti l ra v cc th ph ti nhnh r theo cng thc (1)
II.1.3. Phng n xy dng th ph ti t th ph ti h th chun
II.1.3.1. Gii thiu
Phng n ny ch yu da vo tnh cht qui nh loi th ph ti ca trm
bin th h p. Cc dng th c o c trong thi gian di c c th
c trng. Vic phn chia cc loi trm bin th h p c th da vo t l thanh
ton trn ho n tin in. T cc th ph ti chun, nng lng in nng tiu
th v loi trm, ta c th xy dng c th ph ti ti nhnh r hay on trc
ca bt c ng dy trung l no.
II.1.3.2. Nhn xt:
C th ni y l phng n c chnh xc cao nht c th thc hin c
m khng cn u t thm bt c mt thit b ghi d liu no ln li.
Cc th ph ti o c trn cc nhnh ch yu dng kim tra mc
chnh xc ca tnh cht loi ti c xc nh trn cc ho n thu tin in.
Tuy nhin mt nhc im ht sc ln y l phi xc nh th ph ti
chun thun cho tng loi hnh tiu th in nh Thng nghip, khch sn, nh
hng; Qun l v tiu dng dn c ; Cng nghip xy dng . Thc t cc trm
bin th h p cung cp cho nhiu loi h tiu th khc nhau. Vic t b ghi d
liu ti cc trm bin th h p gp kh khn trong vic bo qun, an ninh v s
lng trm cn kho st qu nhiu

.
10

Xy dng

Hnh 7.2:Xc nh th ph ti ca cc trm trn trc chnh


(Trch dn t s liu ca Trung tm iu -Thng tin, cng ty in lc
TP. HCM)
th ph ti xy dng theo phng n 3 c trnh by ti hnh trn. Trong
hnh ny cng so snh mc sai lch gia th xy dng v th ph ti ghi
nhn t h thng SCADA. Cc s liu trong chng trch dn t s liu ca Trung
tm iu -Thng tin, cng ty in lc TP. HCM.

II.2. Phng n s dng


S dng phng n 1: Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh, theo phng
n ny ch yu da trn t s gia in nng tiu th v cng sut s dng ti cc
pht tuyn ca trm trung gian xc nh cng sut s dng trung bnh ca tng
trm bin th, c i chiu vi cng sut nh mc ca tng ph ti.
Theo cng thc trn thu thp cc d liu sau:
Bc 1: Thu thp bng ph ti ca 7 pht tuyn ti cc trm trung gian trn
thng (thng 7/2004) v tnh ton ra dng ti trung bnh, max, min ca tng tuyn.
Bc 2: Thu thp in nng tiu th ca tng pht tuyn (thng 7/2004)
c cung cp t Phng kinh doanh ca in lc thng qua vic c ch s in k
u ngun vo u thng, t s liu ny in lc Tn Bnh tnh ton c costrung
bnh cho mi pht tuyn, t costrung bnh tnh ton c cng sut trung bnh cho

11

tng pht tuyn. Sau tnh ton c thi gian s dng trung bnh ca ton pht
tuyn.
Bc 3: Thu thp in nng tiu th ca tng trm (thng 7/2004) c cung
cp t Phng kinh doanh ca in lc thng qua tp tin ha n ca tng trm
khch hng v trm cng cng. T s liu ny tnh ton c cng sut trung bnh
ca tng trm, trng hp trn tp tin ha n khng c in nng phn khng th
in lc Tn Bnh tm xem costrung bnh ca trm bng costrung bnh ca pht tuyn
.
nh gi u khuyt im ca phng n cng sut trung bnh.
u im: Thu thp c s liu nhanh chng v y , tnh ton d dng v
ph hp. Tnh chnh xc ti u ngun cao.
Nhc im: Theo phng n trn tnh chnh xc trn tng ph ti s khng
ph hp, cn tu thuc vo s vn hnh li in. Khng th xy dng trong
thi gian ngn v chnh xc ca tnh trung bnh s khng cao.

III. Nhu cu chuyn i d liu.


PSS/ADEPT l phin bn nng cao trn Windows ca PSS/U. Nhn chung d
liu ca PSS/ADEPT gm 02 phn:
Phn ha: minh ha trc quan s li in.
Phn d liu thuc tnh: Dng bng (Foxpro, Excel). Cha thng tin
li in ng vi cc phn t ha.
k tha v khng lng ph cng sc ca qu trnh s dng PSS/U v tn
dng ti a cu trc d liu trn PSS/ADEPT, cc Cng ty in lc ra mt s
nhu cu chnh yu nh sau:
Cc s Vn hnh li in ti cc Cng ty in lc c v v cp
nht thng xuyn nn rt ph hp vi thc t, v th nu tn dng
ngay d liu ha sn c ny chuyn vo PSS/ADEPT th s ha
nhp ngay vo cng tc qun l vn hnh ti cc Cng ty in lc.
Cc s a d li in ti cc Cng ty in lc c xy dng trn
nn tng h thng thng tin a l GIS (Geographic Information
System) vi d liu thng c thit k bng cc phn mm nh
Mapinfo, Arcview, v.v Cc d liu ny hon ton c cu trc tng
thch vi c s d liu PSS- Adept, v th y cng l ngun d liu
chuyn vo PSS/ADEPT.
12

Bn thn PSS/ADEPT khng h tr thit k ha nh cc phn mm


khc (AutoCAD, ,vv), v th chng ta s gp nhiu kh khn trong
vic thit lp s li in nu khng c mt s nh hnh hoc mt
tham chiu nn c xc nh trc.
Ngoi ra, v phn d liu thuc tnh: nu cp nht mt cch th cng trn
PSS/ADEPT chng ta khng tn dng c cc d liu hin c ti cc Cng ty
in lc trong cc mt qun l Kinh doanh K thut v nht l cc d liu ny
lun thay i, ngoi ra vic nhp liu mt cch th cng nh vy s d dn n sai
st kh kim sot c. Do chng ta phi s dng PSS/ADEPT vi mt hng
tip cn khc ph hp vi mi trng qun l Kinh doanh K thut ca cc Cng
ty in lc v tng thch vi cc h thng SCADA c trin khai sau ny.

IV. Tm hiu v CSDL ca PSS/ADEPT.


Do tnh bo mt ca C s d liu ny khng phi l trng tm nghin cu ca
chng ti cho nn vn t ra l giao tip, kt xut v h tr ca phn mm ny v
mt d liu l nh th no.

IV.1. Giao tip ca phn mm:


Tp in chnh ca PSS/ADEPT c phn m rng l .adb ngoi ra cn cho
php ngi dng m cc tp tin thuc h PSS di dng .dat, .slu, .dmp.
iu ny h tr chng ta c s dng cc d liu t PSS/U.

Ring i vi cc File *.dat th d liu hon ton c c v n lu tr di


dng Text. Ni dung File ny (nh km phn ph lc) c trnh by nh sau:

13

y l File text c b cc trnh by theo mt cu trc r rng c th phn


tch nh sau:
.

Ni dung phn tiu .

END/ TITLE
Kt thc phn tiu .
.
.
Ni dung phn thng s thit lp cho li in.
.

END/ PARAMS Kt thc phn thng s thit lp cho li in.


.
.
D liu phn Nodes (Nt)
.

END/ NODES
Kt thc d liu phn Nodes.
.
.
D liu phn Source (Ngun)
.

END/ SOURCE Kt thc d liu phn Source.


.
.
D liu phn Branch (ng dy & TBC)
.

END/ BRANCH Kt thc d liu phn Branch.


.
.
D liu phn Transformer (MBA phn phi)
.

END/ TRANSF Kt thc d liu phn Transf.


.
.
D liu phn Loads (Ph ti)
.

14

END/ LOADS
Kt thc d liu phn Loads.
.
.
D liu phn Capacitor (T b)
.

END/ CAPS
Kt thc d liu phn Caps.
.
.
Tip tc cho cc phn t khc ca h thng (nu c)

IV.2.

Kt xut ca phn mm:

Ngoi vic giao tip ca phn mm nh trnh by nu trn, PSS/ADEPT cho


php chng ta kt xut d liu ra cc file dng .XLS. D liu ca cc phn t
li in (Network) c PSS/ADEPT cho php xut ra cc file Excel (.XLS) theo
yu cu ca ngi dng gm: Nodes, Lines, Switches, Transformers, Series
Capacitors, Static Loads, MWH Loads, Sources, Induction Machines, Synchronous
Machines, Capacitors, v.v Cc File ny (nh km phn ph lc) gip cho
ngi dng m rng s thit lp cc quan h vi d liu hin c trong qu trnh
qun l cp nht mi thng tin.

15

V. Chng trnh chuyn i v tnh ton cc thng s


u vo cho PSS/ADEPT.

V.1. Thu thp d liu:


Chng trnh PSS/U thit lp thng tin li in v thu thp chng vo 13
Sheet file t Excel. Cc Sheet file ny c th c tch hp t cc d liu ca
Mapinfo, Esri, ArcView, AutoCAD, v.v cc lu v mt ha nh sau:
Mt im bt k M(x,y) c v trn phn mm AutoCAD hay cc phn
mm GIS khi thu thp v chuyn i:
i vi PSS/U: M(x,y) tha yu cu giao din ha cho ngi s
dng (Graphical User Interface -GUI), GUI ca PSS/U cn tun th cc
php bin i hnh hc tha mn cc thng s v mt phng th hin
li in (kch thc chiu ngang, dc); khong cch cc ng vch
trn trc x, y; h s chiu ngang, dc ti u ca mn hnh trn GUI v
thng s xc nh phn gii ca cc ng chiu. (Tham kho cc
cng thc theo ti liu nh km phn ph lc).
i vi PSS/ADEPT: giao din ha chp nhn trc tip M(x,y).
y l mt u im mnh ca PSS/ADEPT gip phn mm ny c th
ha nhp ngay vo cc d liu c thit k t H thng Thng tin a
l (GIS).

V.2. Chng trnh ng dng:


Gm 03 chng trnh:
Chuyn Excel --> DAT File. (1)
Tnh Cng Sut Ngun. (2)
Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th. (3)
-Chuyn Excel --> DAT File. Thc hin chuyn i d liu t 13 Sheet file
ca Excel thnh .DAT file.
-Tnh Cng Sut Ngun: Tnh tng tr ngun t cng sut ngn mch 1 pha
hoc 3 pha ti thanh ci trm trung gian. Nhn rng chng trnh ny dng gi lp
ngun ti cc im giao nhn (ranh gii qun l) nu ng dy cung cp cho nhiu
in lc.
-Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th. Chng trnh tnh tng tr MBA t cc thng
s: in p s cp, th cp; t u dy; Cng sut biu kin; Tn hao khng ti,
ngn mch, in p ngn mch phn trm (Un%).

16

VI. Chuyn i cc lai nh dng d liu


VI.1. Nhp liu theo bng tnh Excell:
Trc y, in Lc s dng phn mm PSS/U tnh ton phn b cng
sut trn li in. Phn mm ny c nhp liu bng bng tnh Excel cc thng
s tn nt, ta nt, tn ngun, to ngun, nhnh lin kt nt, thng s nhnh,
s lng t b v v tr gn t, ph ti ti nt. Bng tnh ny c th chnh sa trong
giao din PSS/U nh chnh sa trong Excel. Tuy nhin, trong phn mm
PSS/ADEPT khng s dng bng tnh Excel trc tip cp nht s liu c. Vic
nhp liu bng bng tnh Excel rt tin li do s dng c c s d liu sn c ca
in Lc vi cc file d liu .dbf, .xls qua cc chng trnh qun l in Lc vn
ang s dng.

17

VI.2. S dng chng trnh chuyn bng tnh Excel sang d liu dng
.dat:
Chng trnh PSS/ADEPT c th c cc file dng .dat ca chng trnh
PSS/U nh mt cch k tha v s dng li cc d liu c. Tn dng kh nng ny,
Trung tm iu thng tin cung cp chng trnh chuyn d liu t file dng
Excel (.xls) sang file dng text (.dat). iu ny gip ch rt nhiu cho cng tc nhp
liu ca chng trnh, tn dng c cc c s d liu c trc y ca in
Lc s dng phn mm PSS/U cng nh nhng s liu mi trong cc c s d liu
dng .dbf, .xls.
Sau khi nhp cc s liu cn thit vo bng tnh Excel, in Lc Si Gn s
dng chng trnh chuyn d liu sang dng .dat, sn sng dng PSS/ADEPT x l
d liu.

VI.3. S dng chng trnh PSS/ADEPT chy file .dat:


Do file dng .dat c chuyn t file .xls ca Excel nn khi dng chng trnh
PSS/ADEPT chy c th s bo li. Cc li s c chng trnh thng bo r
rng nn ngi s dng c th x l tt c cc li. File .dat sa li chy bnh
thng trong chng trnh. Ngi s dng c th xa, sa, thm, bt cho mng li
hin th trn giao din ca chng trnh v lu file di dng .adp (file ca
PSS/ADEPT) hoc .dat ( cp nht v sa cha theo bng tnh Excel).
Mt tin ch ng ch ca chng trnh PSS/ADEPT l kh nng rp s
cc tuyn dy li vi nhau thnh mt s ln tnh ton tng qut.

18

VI.4. Chnh sa d liu bng Hot Embeded Systems 2.0:


H thng in do in Lc qun l l h thng c s thay i lin tc v s
lng trm bin th, cng sut ph ti,... Do cn c cp nht, chnh sa
thng xuyn. Nu d liu thay i khng nhiu c th chnh sa trc tip trong
chng trnh PSS/ADEPT khi x l file d liu. Tuy nhin, c nhng d liu cn
chnh sa vi khi lng ln (nh thay i hng lot thng s ph ti, di ta
nhiu im nt, thay i cp in p vn hnh ca hng lot im nt...) th vic
chnh sa trc tip tn rt nhiu thi gian v c th gp nhiu sai st.
in hnh trong vic tnh ton li in, cn thay i ph ti hng trm im
nt cho ph hp, hoc lin kt nhnh tng t nhau t im nt trm ngm ra cc
im nt trm ni. iu cn ch l khi chy chng trnh PSS/ADEPT, chnh
sa nhng im sai st cn xut ngc d liu ra dng bng tnh EXcel cp nht
th chng trnh ny cng khng h tr.

Ht chng !

19

CHNG 2:
B SUNG CC THNG S
VO PHN MM

CHNG 2:
B SUNG CC THNG S VO PHN MM
in tr v in khng (th t thun, th t khng) ca ng dy l cc
thng s quan trng khi tnh ton cc bi ton trong truyn ti v phn phi in
nng. Cc gi tr ny ngoi vic ph thuc vo bn cht ca dy dn (hoc cp)
cn ph thuc vo cch lp t ca chng nh th no. C ngha l ngoi thnh
phn t thn ca dy dn (hoc cp) th cn c thnh phn tng h gia cc pha
trong mch v ca cc mch c v tr ln cn. C th ly VD khi thay i v tr ba
pha ca mt mch ic hay khi mch in c lp t gn mt mch in khc th
cc gi tr dc trng nu trn chc chn s thay i. thun tin cho ngi s
dng trong vic tnh ton cc thng s ng dy, PSS/ADEPT cung cp mt
module tnh ton ring l :LINE CONSTANT. Ta c th s dng module ny tnh
ton cc thng s ca ng dy da trn tnh cht cc loi dy dn hay cp trong
tp tin th vin *.con qui nh ca chng trnh.Trong tp tin ny c lit k cc loi
dy dn (theo chun no , thng l ca M ) hin hu cng vi cc c tnh k
thut ca n. Ta c th dng chng trnh NOTEPAD thay i cc thng tin ny
ph hp vi mng in c th ca chng ta, cng nh cp nht cc loi dy dn
khc ko c trong th vin. Vn ta s bn sau, y trnh by cch thc s
dng module LINE CONSTANT tnh ton thng s ng dy.
PSS/ADEPT cung cp mt c s d liu cc thit b bo v phc v cho bi
ton tnh phi hp bo v. Ngoi vic cung cp cc thit b bo v c sn trong
CSDL , PSS/ADEPT cn cho php ngi dng thay i cc c tnh k thut ca
cc thit b cng nh cp nht thm cc thit b bo v khc ko c trong CSDL.
Kh nng ny ca PSS/ADEPT rt quan trng v khi ng dng PSS/ADEPT phn
tch cc mng in khc nhau chng ta s phi i mt vi cc thit b bo v rt
a dng do nhiu hng sn xut khc nhau trn th gii. Mt khi trn h thng ca
chng ta c cc thit b khc vi cc thit b c trong CSDl chng ta d dng
cp nht thm s dng. CSDL ny c tn PTIProt. c a ch: C:\Program
Files\PTI\PSS-ADEPT5\Database (gi s C: l a ci t PSS/ADEPT , nu ci
t PSS/ADEPT a khc th ta c th thay i tn a tng ng)

21

I. B sung thng s dy dn vo t in dy dn.


I.1. Cc nh ngha s dng trong module
Hnh lang li in (coridor): mt nhm cc mch in c v tr song song
vi nhau (v th mt mch c nh hng ng k n cc mch khc). Chiu ngang
ca hnh lang ny vo khong 30 n 500 feet (khong 10 n 150 mt) v chiu
di rt ln (ln n hng trm Kilomet)
V tr mc dy (Position) hay b dy(bundle) : Gm mt nhm nhiu dy dn
song song (hoc ch mt dy dn) cng loi sp xp c trt t xung quanh mt im
trung tm, c ni vi nhau lm sao cho mi dy dn trong nhm u c in p
nh nhau. Mi v tr mc dy c th tng ng vi mt dy pha hoc dy ni t.
Mt nhm cc v tr mc dy hp li thnh mch in.
Mch in (Circuit) : gm mt mhm cc b dy song song dng truyn ti
in nng. Mi b dy tng ng vi mt pha hoc dy trung tnh. Pha (A, B hay
C) tng ng vi mi b dy ph thuc cty in lc v c th thay i theo thi
gian. Mix b dy trong mch in ch tng ng vi mt pha nhng mt pha ca
mch in c th bao gm nhiu b dy. Nhiu mch in (ung dy) song song
gn nhau hp thnh hnh lang li in.
Ungrounded position : b dy ko c tip t
Grounded Position : b dy c tip t
Shield wire :tng t nh grounded position
Conductor : Dy dn ti dng in, mi b dy gm mt hay nhiu dy dn
Conductor type :loi dy dn, VD: ACSR, AAC, AAAC, CU, EHS, ACAR.
Conductor Name :
Wire : cch gi khc ca dy dn, c bit l dy ni t
Phase :
Conductor resistance : in tr ac (xoay chiu) mi v chiu di dy dn
nhit thit k
Conductor reactance : khng tr ac (xoay chiu) mi v chiu di dy dn
nhit v khong cch thit k.(khong cch thit k thng chn bng 1 foot
(~30 cm) hoc mt mt.
Conductor diameter : kch thc vt l ca dy dn

22

Circuit Impedance : tng tr ca mt v chiu di ng dy (/v chiu


di), c hai thnh phn mt thnh phn thc l in tr v thnh phn o l khng
tr
Circuit Admittance : tng dn ca mt v chiu di ng dy (siemen/v
chiu di hay mho/v chiu di), ccng gm hai thnh phn l in dn (Thnh
phn thc) v in np (Thnh phn o)
Sag : vng ca ng dy,
Earth resistivity : in tr sut ca t k hiu thng l v n v l *v
chiu di. Ngoi ra cn c khi nim sut dn l nghch o ca in tr sut k hiu
l .

hiu r hn ta xem trong hnh di y:

23

I.2. Giao din chng trnh

I.3. Thanh cng c ca chng trnh

I.4. Thit lp cc tham s ca chng trnh


chn mc Options/Setup t Menu chnh hoc nt Change Default trn thanh
cng c
Bng Option gm 3 tab l USER, CIRCUIT v CORIDOR nh sau

24

Tab ny cho php ngi dng thit lp mi trng lm vic chung : hin th
hnh lang li in nhu th no, mu sc hin th; H n v s dng; loi dy dn
mc nh lm dy tip t; loi dy dn mc nh lm dy pha, cc thng s tng
qut v tn s .

25

Tab ny cho php ngi dng thit lp cc gi tr mc nh ca mch in


(hay ng dy). Cc gi tr mc nh ny c gn cho cc mch in c to
mi. Bao gm cc thng s : tn mc nh ca ng dy, s lng b dy
(position) trn ng dy; thng s ca b dy (tn, tnh trng ni t, to
ngang, cao , vng, khong cch gia hai dy trong b, gc nghing, s lng
dy dn trong b, loi dy dn s dng)

26

Tab ny cho php ngi dng thit lp cc gi tr mc nh ca hnh lang li


in. Bao gm : in tr sut ca t, s lng ng dy, ghi ch thm .

27

I.5. Cc thao tc v v tnh ton c bn


thun tin ta ly ngay v d sau y (c trong USER GUILD ca chng
trnh).

v d trn ta thy hnh lang li in bao gm hai ng dy t gn nhau


(khong cch l 75 feets). Cc s liu v s lng b dy trn mi ng dy, s
lng dy dn trn mi b dy, cng nh cc khong cch , v tr u c m t t
m v chnh xc trong hnh. thc hin tnh ton cc gi tr in tr v khng tr
(th t thun, khng) ca 2 ng dy trn ta th hin nh sau.

V mt ng dy vo hnh lang li in. Dng nt Add New Circuit trn


thanh cng c.

28

Chn tn v v tr ngang ca ng dy.Trn mn hnh hnh lang li in


xut hin ng dy ti v tr ta xc nh .

Click chut vo vung bao quanh ng dy nhp cc thng s ca


ng dy ny, bao gm: tn ung dy, v trc a ng dy, s lng b dy trn
ng dy, tn ca tng b dy (ng thi xc nh b dy ti pha no hoc l dy
trung tnh); to ngang v cao ca tng b dy, vng; khong cch gia cc
dy dn trong b dy; gc nghing ; s lng dy dn trong tng b dy, loi dy
dn s dng.

29

Ca s chn loi dy dn nh sau :

Ta c th chn loi dy dn s dng ph hp t danh sch rt nhiu loi dy


dn ny. Danh sch ny c qui nh trong tp tin .CON ca chong trnh. Nu ko
c loi dy dn ph hp chng ta phi tin hnh cp nht tp tin.CON ny (Dng
NOTEPAD thc hin, chi tit c cp sau)
Tng t thc hin vi ng dy cn li. Khi trn mn hnh hnh lang
li in xut hin c hai ng dy.

30

Tin hnh tnh ton ta s dng nt Calculate Impedance trn thanh cng c.
Kt qu xut ra trong ca s nh sau:

31

Kt qu tnh ton gm tt c cc tham s in tr , khng tr, tng tr t thn


v tng h . ca tng ng dy (c th t thun ln th t khng)

I.6. Kh nng kim tra li t ng


Module ny c tch hp kh nng kim tra d liu nhp vo. Nu pht hin
li s thng bo cho ngi s dng. Chc nng ny hn ch ti a sai st khi tnh
ton (Cc li thng gp chng hn nh t vng ca b dy ln qu sinh ra
chm gia cc b dy hay gia b dy vi t.)

32

II. B dung d liu thit b bo v


II.1. C s d liu thit b bo v
II.1.1. Gii thiu
Giao din chnh ca chng trnh

33

II.1.2. Cc chc nng chnh


Thm mt loi cu ch: nhn nt theo hng dn hnh giao din chnh ca
chng trnh nh trn

Thm mt loi Relay :nhn nt theo hng dn hnh giao din chnh ca
chng trnh nh trn

Thm mt loi Recloser : nhn nt theo hng dn hnh giao din chnh ca
chng trnh nh trn
34

Chnh sa c tnh ca cu ch c : nhn nt theo hng dn hnh giao


din chnh ca chng trnh nh trn

35

Chnh sa c tnh ca Relay c : nhn nt theo hng dn hnh giao


din chnh ca chng trnh nh trn

Chnh sa c tnh ca Recloser c : nhn nt theo hng dn hnh giao


din chnh ca chng trnh nh trn

36

II.1.3. Tnh ton tng tr ngun


Ngun c nhim v cung cp in p cho ton b h thng. Ngun trong
PSS/ADEPT c cc thng s quan trng cn xc nh nh: in tr v in khng
th t khng, in tr v in khng th t thun hay in tr v in khng ni
t.Trong in tr v in khng ni t xc nh d dng. in tr v in
khng t t khng (cng nh th t thun) c xc nh thng qua cng sut ngn
mch ba pha v cng sut ngn mch mt pha. Cng thc xc nh c th nh sau:
Xc nh tng tr th t thun t cng sut ngn mch 3 pha (MVA-3)

Nu bit gc pha ca cng sut ngn mch, ta c

suy ra:

Xc nh tng tr th t khng t cng sut ngn mch 1 pha (MVA-3)

Nu bit gc pha ca cng sut ngn mch , ta c

Cp nht tp tin *.CON

37

II.2. B sung thit b bo v vo th vin thit b bo v.


II.2.1. C s d liu thit b bo v
PSS/ADEPT cung cp cho ngi dng mt c s d liu ln v thit b bo v
thng dng trn li phn phi nh ch, recloser v relay phc v cho bi ton
phn tch phi hp bo v.
Ngoi vic cung cp cc thit b bo v c sn trong c s d liu,
PSS/ADEPT cn cho php ngi dng thay i cc c tnh k thut ca cc thit b
cng nh cp nht thm cc thit b bo v khc ph hp vi thc t m hin
cha c trong c s d liu. Kh nng ny ca PSS/ADEPT rt quan trng v khi
ng dng PSS/ADEPT phn tch cc mng in khc nhau chng ta s phi i mt
vi cc thit b bo v rt a dng do nhiu hng sn xut khc nhau trn th gii.
Mt khi trn h thng ca chng ta c cc thit b khc vi cc thit b c chng
ta d dng cp nht thm s dng.
C s d liu ny c tn PTIProt.mde nm ti th mc c a ch: C\Program
Files\PTI\PSS-ADEPT5\Database (gi s C: l a ci t PSS/ADEPT, nu ci
t PSS/ADEPT a khc th ta c th thay i tn a tng ng)
II.2.2. Giao din chnh ca chng trnh

Hnh 1 Giao din chnh ca chng trnh c s d liu


II.2.3. Cc chc nng chnh
II.2.3.1. Thm mt loi ch:
Nhn chut vo nt tng ng theo hng dn hnh giao din ca chng
trnh chnh trnh by trn, ti mn hnh s xut hin giao din cho php ngi
dng tin hnh b sung ch vo c s d liu nh sau :
38

Hnh 2 Giao din b sung thm ch vo c s d liu


Trn giao din ny cc mc c du sao (*) bt buc ngi dng phi nhp vo
thng tin chnh xc . Cc mc cn li c th b qua nu khng cn thit.
II.2.3.2. Thm mt loi Relay :
Nhn chut vo nt tng ng theo hng dn hnh giao din ca chng
trnh chnh trnh by trn, ti mn hnh s xut hin giao din cho php ngi
dng tin hnh b sung relay vo c s d liu nh sau:

39

Hnh 3 Giao din b sung thm relay vo c s d liu


II.2.3.3. Thm mt loi Recloser:
Nhn chut vo nt tng ng theo hng dn hnh giao din ca chng
trnh chnh trnh by trn, ti mn hnh s xut hin giao din cho php ngi
dng tin hnh b sung recloser vo c s d liu nh sau:
u tin cp nht tn hng sn xut recloser: lu MANUID l m nh xn
xut, mc ny quan trng hn l tn nh xn xut v khi truy xut thng tin s da
vo kha ny tin hnh

Hnh 4 Giao din b sung hng sn xut recloser vo c s d liu

40

Hnh 5 Giao din b sung thm recloser vo c s d liu


II.2.3.4. Chnh sa c tnh ca cu ch c :
Nhn chut vo nt tng ng theo hng dn hnh giao din ca chng
trnh chnh trnh by trn, ti mn hnh s xut hin giao din cho php ngi
dng tin hnh chnh sa c tnh ca ch c:

Hnh 6 Giao din hiu chnh cc c tnh ca ch


u tin chn hng sn xut ti mc manufatuerer
Tip theo chn loi ch cn hiu chnh trong mc fuse type. Khi cc c
tnh ca ch tng ng s xut hin cho php ngi dng hiu chnh.

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