Tng cc bu in vit nam trung tm o to bu chnh vin thng vin khoa hc k thut bu in

Ti liu bi dng

cng ngh thoi IP v ng dng trn mng vin thng vit nam

Nhm bin son:

ThS. inh Vn Dng TS. Trn Ho Bu KS. Nguyn Trung

Thnh

H ni - 11/2001

Li ni u...................................................................7 CHNG 1.Tng quan cc cng ngh mng v xu th pht trin ..................9 1.1.Cng ngh IP .................................................................9 1.1.1.Mng Internet............................................................9 1.1.2.Kin trc TCP/IP........................................................9 1.1.3.Giao thc lin mng IP.............................................10 1.2.Mt s dch v Internet truyn thng..........................13 1.2.1.Dch v th in t.................................................13 1.2.2.Dch v truyn tp................................................14 1.2.3.Dch v Web...........................................................14 1.2.4.Dch v ng nhp t xa (Telnet)..........................15 1.3.IP phin bn 6................................................................15 1.3.1.Gii thiu15 1.3.2.Bi cnh ra i ca IP phin bn 6.........................15 1.3.3.S cn thit ca IP phin bn 6..............................16 1.3.4.IP phin bn 6 qua cc d n th nghim...............16 1.3.5.Tng hp c im ca IP phin bn 6...............17 1.4. Cht lng dch v IP.....................................................17 1.4.1.Th no l cht lng dch v..................................17 1.4.2.Ti sao chng ta li cn n cht lng dch v cho mng IP........18 1.4.3.Cc tham s QoS.....................................................19 1.4.4.Cc m hnh QoS p dng cho vic qun l truyn thng d liu 19 CHNG 2.Tng quan v VoIP................................................21 2.1.Cuc gi thoi IP ...........................................................21 2.2.Giao thc H323.............................................................23 2.2.1.Cu trc H.323........................................................24 2.2.2.H.323 cho IP Telephony..........................................26 2.3.Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng VoIP........................28 2.3.1.Thit b u cui..................................................28 2.3.2. Gateway32 2.3.3.Gatekeeper.............................................................34 2.3.4.B iu khin v x l a im..........................35 2.4.Dch v thoi qua Internet............................................36 2.4.1.Thoi thng minh.....................................................37 2.4.2.Dch v tnh cc cho pha b gi ..........................37

2.4.3.Dch v Callback Web ...........................................38 2.4.4.Dch v fax qua IP..................................................38 2.4.5.Dch v Call center.................................................39 CHNG 3.Bo hiu v x l cuc gi.....................................40 3.1.Giao thc H.245............................................................40 3.1.1.Tng quan v khuyn ngh..................................40 3.1.2.Cc th tc ca giao thc iu khin....................40 3.2.Giao thc H.225.0.........................................................44 3.2.1.Tng quan..............................................................44 3.3.nh tuyn knh iu khin v bo hiu....................46 3.3.1.nh tuyn knh bo hiu cuc gi........................47 3.3.2.nh tuyn knh iu khin..................................48 3.4.Cc th tc bo hiu.....................................................49 3.4.1.Bc 1 - Thit lp cuc gi........................................49 3.4.2.Bc 2 - Thit lp knh iu khin..........................58 3.4.3.Bc 3 - Thit lp knh truyn thng o...................59 3.4.4.Bc 4 - Dch v........................................................60 3.4.5.Bc 5 - Kt thc cuc gi.........................................62 CHNG 4.K thut nn tn hiu thoi...................................65 4.1.Tng quan....................................................................65 4.2.Nguyn l chung ca b m ho CELP ..........................68 4.3.Nguyn l m ho CS-ACELP..........................................70 4.3.1.Nguyn l chung ca b m ho..............................70 4.3.2.Nguyn l b m ho CS-ACELP...............................71 4.3.3.Nguyn l b gii m CS-ACELP...............................73 4.4.Chun nn G.729A........................................................74 4.5.Chun nn G.729B........................................................76 4.6.Chun nn G.723.1.......................................................78 4.6.1.Nguyn l b m ho G.723.1..................................79 4.6.2.Nguyn l b gii m G.723.1..................................80 4.7.Chun nn GSM 06.10..................................................81 CHNG 5. nh s v chuyn i a ch.........................82 5.1.Yu cu chung...............................................................82 5.1.1.Yu cu i vi cuc gi t IP n PSTN................82 5.1.2.Yu cu i vi cuc gi t PSTN n IP ...............83 5.1.3.Yu cu i vi cuc gi t PSTNIPPSTN ...........83 5.1.4.Yu cu i vi cuc gi t IP PSTN IP.............84 5.1.5.Cc phng thc quay s.........................................84 5.1.6.Cc s la chn ......................................................84 5.2.Phng php nh s thu bao......................................86 4

5.2.1.Yu cu i vi quy tc nh s...........................86 5.2.2.Quy tc nh s h tr ti giao din i vi mng PSTN............86 5.2.3.Phng php nh s thu bao................................87 5.3.Phng php chuyn i s E.164 v a ch IP.......91 5.3.1. Khuyn ngh ca IETF...........................................91 5.3.2.M hnh phi hp hot ng trong chuyn i a ch..............92 5.4.Phng php nh tuyn gia PSTN v IP...................95 5.4.1.Cch th nht..........................................................95 5.4.2.Cch th hai............................................................96 5.4.3.Cch th ba.............................................................96 5.5.Khuyn ngh ................................................................96 CHNG 6.Tnh cc trong dch v in thoi IP.....................98 6.1.Gii thiu.......................................................................98 6.2.Vn tnh cc i vi dch v VoIP..........................98 6.3.Kin trc h thng tnh cc mi cho VoIP...................100 6.4.Thu thp d liu cch s dng v chuyn i ........101 6.5.Kt lun .....................................................................104 CHNG 7.o kim dch v VoIP...........................................105 7.1.Tng quan..................................................................105 7.2.nh gi kh nng thit lp cuc gi...........................106 7.2.1.Thit b u cui l telephone:..........................106 7.2.2.Thit b u cui l IP terminal (IP Phone hoc PC): ..................108 7.2.3.o kim nh gi cht lng ting ni...................109 7.2.4.Mi quan h gia cc nhn t nh hng ti cht lng ting ni. . .110 7.2.5. trung thc ca ting ni .................................111 7.2.6.nh gi trung thc ca ting ni da trn mc cm nhn. .113 7.2.7.nh gi trung thc ca ting ni da trn cc nhn t nh hng..........................................................114 7.2.8. tr u cui ..................................................116 7.2.9. vng119 CHNG 8. Th trng v thit b..........................................124 8.1.Phn mm u cui..................................................124 8.2.Sn phm Gateway.....................................................126 8.2.1.Phn loi126 8.2.2. Cc sn phm tiu biu.......................................128 5

D bo th trng...............................................................132 8.3.Th trng kinh doanh dch v....................................132 8.4.Th trng phn mm u cui..................................135 8.5.Th trng Gateway......................................................136 CHNG 9.Trin khai mng in thoi IP..............................138 9.1.nh gi c s h tng mng s liu...........................138 9.2.nh gi c s h tng mng thoi...............................140 9.3.Lp k hoch trin khai mng WAN cho in thoi IP ..........................................................................................142 9.3.1.Thu thp cc thng tin v mng WAN hin ti......142 9.3.2.Xc nh bng thng thoi...................................145 9.3.3.Phn tch cc yu cu nng cp........................147 9.3.4.Thc hin nng cp v chuyn i...................147 9.3.5.nh gi kt qu trin khai...................................147 9.4.Mng VoIP ca cc nh cung cp Vit Nam.............149 9.4.1.Mng VoIP ca Vietel.............................................149 9.4.2.Mng VoIP ca VDC...............................................150 Thut ng v vit tt...............................................151 Ti liu tham kho....................................................155

Li ni u
Trong nhng nm gn y mng vin thng Vit nam pht trin mt cch nhanh chng. c bit, dch v in thoi qua mng IP (VoIP) c bt u trin khai th nghim t nm 2000. Trong nm 2001 Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam a vo khai thc trn din rng dch v ny. Hin nay dch v VoIP gi 171 lin tnh v quc t c mt ti nhiu tnh thnh trong c nc. Trin khai dch v VoIP l mt bc tin quan trng trong qu trnh nng cp mng vin thng v xy dng mng th h mi. VoIP l dch v s dng nhiu cng ngh tin tin v mi m i vi nhiu cn b k thut v qun l ca Tng cng ty. Trong bi cnh vic t chc mt kho hc gii thiu v cng ngh thoi IP l ht sc cn thit. Nhm thc hin kin ch o ca Tng gim c Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam theo cng vn s : 5232/TCCBL ngy 3/10/2001 v vic t chc bi dng v tp hun nghip v, cng ngh VoIP cho cc Bu in tnh, hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng c giao nhim v bin son cun gio trnh ny. Vic bin son cun gio trnh ny cng nm trong ni dung ti khoa hc cng ngh cp nh nc KC01.02 Nghin cu pht trin v ng dng cng ngh, dch v mng IP tip cn cng ngh In-t-nt (Internet) th h mi . Gio trnh gm c 9 chng, cp n nhng vn nh l cc thnh phn v m hnh mng, bo hiu v x l cuc gi, cc k thut v chun nn thoi, nh s v a ch, tnh cc, trin khai v o kim mng... Chng 1 gii thiu s lc v cng ngh mng cng nh xu hng pht trin trong tng lai. Chng 2 i vo khi nim ca dch v thoi IP, cc dch v p dng thoi IP v giao thc c s dng trong thoi IP. Chng 3 tp trung vo cc giai on, cc th tc bo hiu H323. Chng 4 gii thiu cc cng ngh m ho thoi v cc chun nn c s dng rng ri.

Chng 5 gii thiu cc phng thc nh a ch v cc phng php nh tuyn thoi IP do mt s t chc quc t a ra. Chng 6 Phn tch cc kh khn v a ra m hnh tnh cc cho dch v thoi IP Chng 7 l phng php v quy trnh o kim tra nh gi cht lng dch v thoi IP. Chng 8 gii thiu mt s cc sn phm phn mm u cui, gateway v cc nh cung cp. a ra d bo ca th trng kinh doanh dch v cng nh th trng cc sn phm u cui v Gateway. Chng 9 l chng cui cng ca gio trnh. Ni dung ca chng ny l xc nh cc cng vic cn thit khi trin khai mng thoi IP. Xem xt mng thoi IP ca mt s nh cung cp dch v nh Vietel , VDC. Mc ch chnh ca gio trnh ny l cung cp cc kin thc c bn v ci nhn tng quan v cng ngh VoIP cho cc hc vin c nn tng kin thc tt v vin thng ni chung. Trong qu trnh bin son chc chn khng th trnh nhiu thiu st, do vy chng ti rt mong nhn c nhiu kin gp b ch gio trnh c hon thin hn. Nhm bin son

CHNG 1. Tng quan cc cng ngh mng v xu th pht trin

1.1. Cng ngh IP
1.1.1. Mng Internet
Tin thn ca mng Internet l mng ARPANET ca B quc phng M. Mng ARPANET ra i vi mc ch l kt ni cc trung tm nghin cu ca mt s Vin nghin cu v trng i hc nhm chia s, trao i ti nguyn thng tin. Ban u giao thc truyn thng c s dng l NCP (Network Control Protocol) nhng sau c thay th bi TCP/IP. ARPNET nhanh chng m rng thm cc nt mng mi v tr thnh mng quc gia. B quc phng M quyt nh tch phn qun s ra khi ARPANET l mng Milnet. Nm 1987, mng NFSNet do U ban khoa hc quc gia M xy dng nhm kt ni 5 trung tm siu my tnh ln trn ton lin bang to thnh mng xng sng phc v cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc. S xut hin ca mng xng sng NFSNet (vi tc ng truyn ln 1,5Mbps so vi 56Kbps ca ARPANET) v cc mng vng thc y s tng trng mnh m ca Internet. Mt xa l thng tin mi hnh thnh v nhiu trng i hc, vin nghin cu tham gia vo cng ng Internet. V mt a l, Internet cng nhanh chng vt ra khi nc M v tr thnh mng ton cu vi hng triu ngi dng nh hin nay. V kin trc, mng Internet cng c thay i. Trc y, ngi ta nh ngha Internet l mng ca tt c cc mng s dng giao thc IP. Nhng hin nay iu khng cn chnh xc na v nhiu mng c kin trc khc nhau nhng nh cc cu ni giao thc nn vn c th kt ni vo Internet v vn c th s dng y cc dch v Internet.

1.1.2. Kin trc TCP/IP

TCP/IP l h giao thc cung cp cc phng tin lin kt cc mng nh vi nhau to ra mt mng ln hn gi l lin mng (internetwork). Hnh 1. m t s tng ng gia cc tng dch v ca TCP/IP vi by tng dch v ca OSI.

TCP/IP ng dng ng dng v dch v TCP IP Lin kt d liu v Vt l UDP

OSI

Trnh din Phin Giao vn Mng Lin kt d liu v Vt l

Hnh 1. S tng ng gia TCP/IP v OSI

1.1.3. Giao thc lin mng IP

Mc ch chnh ca IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh mt lin mng truyn d liu. Vai tr ca IP tng t nh vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt, c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu. 1.1.3.1. n v d liu ca IP - IP Datagram VER IHL Type of Service Flag s Source Address Destination Address Total Length Fragment offset Header Checksum

Identification Time to live Protocol

10

Options-Padding Data Hnh 1. Khun dng gi tin IP Giao thc IP thc hin truyn thng tin di dng cc n v d liu gi l datagram. Mt datagram bao gm hai phn chnh l header v data vi khun dng chi tit c m t Hnh 1. . 1.1.3.2. ng gi cc datagram Khi gi cc datagram trn ng truyn vt l, cc datagram phi c ng gi li di dng cc frame do ng vt l khng xc nh c cc datagram. Ton b datagram s nm trong vng d liu ca Frame nh Hnh 1.

Hnh 1. S tng ng gia datagram v frame 1.1.3.3. Khun dng datagram Trong trng hp ti u, mt IP datagram va khp vi mt frame vt l, nhng trn thc t do kch thc cc datagram rt khc nhau do rt kh c th xc nh kch thc ln nht ca datagram sao cho ph hp vi mt frame, hn na mi mng u tn ti mt n v truyn dn cc i (MTU_Max Transfer Unit), n v ny biu th kch thc ti a m mt n v d liu c th c truyn qua. Do khi mt datagram c kch thc vt qu kch thc cho php ca frame trong mng, n cn phi c phn on, mi on c kch thc nh hn kch thc cho php. Qu trnh phn on thng din ra ti cc gateway ni gia hai mng c MTU khc nhau trn ng truyn d liu. Cc on sau khi c phn chia vn gm hai thnh phn : phn header c cu trc ging vi phn header ca datagram ban u ngoi tr cc bit ch th trong phn flags v phn data l thnh phn ca phn d liu ban u. Kch thc tng th ca c on ng nhin phi nh hn tham s MTU ca mng hin thi. Khi d liu c gi ti trm ch, da vo cc tham s flags v Fragment offset m d liu s c tp hp li nh ban u.

11

1.1.3.4.

Chn ng cho cc IP datagram

Cc phn mm IP thc hin chn ng truyn d liu da trn hai yu t : - Mt n mng con (subnetwork mask) - Bng chn ng (routing table) 1.1.3.5. a ch IP Mi trm trong mng u c c trng bi mt s hiu nht nh gi l a ch IP (Internet Address). l mt dy s nh phn 32 bit c tch thnh 4 phn ,mi phn chim 1 octet (8 bit), chng c th c biu din di dng thp phn, nh phn hay thp lc phn. n gin ho ngi ta c th biu th a ch IP bng 4 s thp phn phn cch nhau bi du chm. Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con trong lin mng khc nhau nn ngi ta chia i ch IP thnh cc lp ABCD. Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi trm. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Lp B cho php nh Lp C cho php nh danh c khong 2 triu mng vi ti a 254 host trn mt mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm. Lp D c dng gi cc IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trong lin mng. Lp A 0 NetID HostID Lp B 1 0 Lp C 1 1 0 Lp D 1 1 1 0 NetID NetID Multicast Address HostID HostID

Hnh 1. Phn lp a ch IP Trong nhiu trng hp, ty theo cch t chc mng ca tng n v ,mt mng c th chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet). Khi cn c thm mt vng subnetID nh danh cc mng con . Vng subnet ID s nm trong vng hostID c (Xem Hnh 1. ) Sau khi host gi d liu, a ch IP cn phi c chuyn thnh a ch LAN vt l tng ng v ng truyn vt l khng th nhn bit c a ch IP. Qu trnh chuyn i ny c thc 12

hin nh mt giao thc gi l giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol). 1.1.3.6. Mt n mng con

Trong qu trnh truyn d liu thng tin ch c th gi c ti trm ch nu vic tm kim a ch mng v i ch mng con din ra thnh cng. Phn a ch mng c th d dng nhn c do vic a ch ho lun phi tun theo cc tiu chun phn lp nu trn. Vn l xc nh phn a ch mng con vn rt khc nhau i vi tng t chc. gii quyt vn ny ngi ta s dng subnet mask. l mt dy 32 bit thng tin trong tt c cc bit tng ng vi a ch mng v a ch mng con c thit lp ln 1, cn cc bit tng ng vi host ID trong mng con th c reset v 0. Nh vy khi thc hin bit mask ta s c c a ch mng con cn tm. 1.1.3.7. Bng chn ng Bng chn ng l ni lu tr cc thng tin v ng i ca d liu trn mng. Cu trc ca bng chn ng bao gm : - a ch ca mng ch, mng con, host - a ch IP ca router k tip - Giao din mng c s dng (loopback,Ethernet,Token ring..) - Subnetmask - Khong cch ti trm ch

1.2. Mt s dch v Internet truyn thng

1.2.1. Dch v th in t
y l mt trong nhng dch v thng tin ph bin nht trn Internet. Dch v ny khng phi dng end-to-end, ngha l bn gi v bn nhn khng phi lin kt trc tip vi nhau. N l dch v kiu lu v chuyn tip (store and forward). Th in t c chuyn t my ny qua my khc cho ti my ch ging nh trong h thng bu chnh thng thng. Mi ngi dng kt ni vi mt Email server. Sau khi son tho xong, th s c gi n Email server. Email server ny c nhim v chuyn th n email server ca ngi nhn hoc qua cc email server trung gian khc. Th s c chuyn n email server ca ngi nhn v c lu ti . n khi ngi nhn thit lp mt lin 13

kt n email server ca h th th s c chuyn v my ca ngi nhn. Giao thc truyn thng c s dng cho dch v th in t l SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). Giao thc ny c c t trong hai chun l RFC 822 ( nh ngha cu trc th) v RFC 821 (c t giao thc trao i th gia hai trm ca mng)

1.2.2. Dch v truyn tp

Dch v truyn tp hay cn gi l FTP c t tn theo giao thc m n s dng l FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP cho php chuyn cc tp t mt trm ny sang mt trm khc bt k trm u v s dng h iu hnh g, ch cn chng c kt ni Internet v c ci t FTP. FTP l mt chng trnh phc tp v c nhiu cch khc nhau x l tp v cu trc tp, cha ni n c nhiu cch lu tr tp khc nhau ( binary hay ASCII, nn hay khng nn...)

1.2.3. Dch v Web

World Wide Web hay cn gi l dch v Web l mt dch v thng tin hp dn nht trn Internet. N da trn mt k thut biu din thng tin c gi l siu vn bn (hypertext), trong cc t trong vn bn c th c m rng bt k lc no cung cp cc thng tin y hn v t . S m rng y c hiu theo ngha l chng c cc lin kt ti cc ti liu khc ( c th l vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh hoc hn hp ca chng) c cha cc thng tin b sung. xy dng c cc trang thng tin mang nhiu thng tin nh vy, Web s dng mt ngn ng c tn l HTML (HyperText Markup Language). HTLM cho php c v lin kt cc kiu d liu khc nhau trn cng mt trang thng tin. thc hin vic truy nhp, lin kt n cc ti nguyn thng tin khc hau theo k thut siu vn bn, Web s dng khi nim URL (Uniform Resource Locator). y l mt dng tn nh danh duy nht cho mt ti liu hoc mt dch v trn Web. Hot ng ca Web da trn m hnh client-server. Ti trm client, ngi dng s dng trnh duyt Web gi cc yu cu tm kim tp tin HTML n cc Web server xa trn mng Internet nh a ch URL. Web server nhn cc yu cu ri thc hin v gi kt qu v cho Web client. Trnh duyt Web c nhim v bin dch cc tp tin HTML v hin th cc trang ti liu c yu cu. 14

1.2.4. Dch v ng nhp t xa (Telnet)

Dch v Telnet cho php ngi s dng t mt trm lm vic ca mnh c th ng nhp (login) vo mt trm xa qua mng v lm vic vi h thng ging nh mt trm cui kt ni trc tip vi trm xa .

1.3. IP phin bn 6
1.3.1. Gii thiu
Din n IP phin bn 6 c bt u vo thng 7-1999 bi 50 nh cung cp Internet hng u vi mc ch pht trin giao thc IP phin bn 6, n s ci thin ton b v cht lng v bo mt ca Internet, thit lp mt c cu cho th k mi. IP phin bn 6 c bit quan trng khi cc thit b tnh ton di ng tip tc gia tng trong thp k ti. Nu cc thnh phn lin quan khng c nhng hnh ng chuyn t IP phin bn 4 sang IP phin bn 6 th cng tng t nh Y2K, gy ra s xo trn kinh t ton cu.

1.3.2. Bi cnh ra i ca IP phin bn 6

Do s thay i v bn cht ca internet v mng thng mi m giao thc lin mng IP, mng TCP/IP trc nhanh chng tr ln li thi. Trc y, Internet v hu ht mng TCP/IP cung cp s h tr cc ng dng phn tn kh n gin nh truyn file, mail, truy nhp t xa qua TELNET, song ngy nay internet ngy cng tr thnh a phng tin, mi trng giu tnh ng dng, dn u l WWW (World Wide Web). Tt c s pht trin ny b xa kh nng p ng cc chc nng v dch v ca mng IP. Mt mi trng lin mng cn phi h tr lu lng thi gian thc, k hoch iu khin nghn mch linh hot v cc c im bo mt m IP ang tn ti khng p ng c. Th gii ang i mt vi vic thiu a ch IP cho cc thit b mng, a ch di 32 bit khng p ng c s bng n ca mng. Thm na IP phin bn 4 l giao thc c, p ng nhng yu cu mi v bo mt, s linh hot trong nh tuyn v h tr lu lng, IP phin bn 6 c thit k bao gm nhng chc nng v nh dng m rng hn IP phin bn 4. Khi IP phin bn 6 c trin khai th mng Internet v cc mng khc c th h tr nhng ng dng trong th k 21.

15

1.3.3. S cn thit ca IP phin bn 6

Tt c cc a ch s dng trong Internet u phi duy nht. Vi phng thc nh a ch hin nay th vic thiu a ch s sy ra sm hn. IP phin bn 6 l mt giao thc thay th c kh nng duy tr s pht trin ca Internet, gii quyt vn khng gian a ch IP : 3,4x1038 so vi khong 4 t a ch IP phin bn 4 v nhng thuc tnh khc ca Internet. IP phin bn 6 khng ch c kh nng m rng a ch m cn h tr kin trc mng hnh thang, pht trin bo mt v tnh ton vn d liu, cht lng dch v (QoS) v nng cao tnh bo mt, nh tuyn n gin v c tnh t ng nh cu hnh. Vi khng gian a ch v cng ln n cho php cc nh thng mi trin khai cc desktop, mobile v thit b mng trong hiu qu v s qun l. S linh hot trong nh tuyn vi cc a ch ca node, thit b nh v theo cu trc cy v kh nng t nh cu hnh v pht hin cc thit b xung quanh.

1.3.4. IP phin bn 6 qua cc d n th nghim

Mng IPv4 c kh nng rt ln v c mt phm vi cc ng dng phong ph. Tuy nhin, mt tr ngi nghim trng l Internet khng th m bo bng thng cho cc dch v thi gian thc nh thoi IP hoc VideoIP. D n EURESCOM P702 bt u nghin cu h tr ngi s dng khi to bng thng theo yu cu cho Internet, c bit trong kt ni IP phin bn 6. tng s dng mng chuyn mch cng cng nh PSTN, ISDN, ATM hoc Frame Relay kho st cc c hi cho cuc gi NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multiple Access Networks) chuyn cc lung IP c bit vi mt cht lng dch v xc nh. D n P702 nghin cu vin cnh mng v xc nh cc khi lin kt hai th gii: lu v chuyn IP (Store and Forward IP) v thoi chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Telephony), th nghim vi ng truyn s dng giao thc IP phin bn 6 v chuyn mch lu lng qua ISDN c thc thi vi s cng tc ca Telebit Communications an Mch v trng i hc Lancaster ca Anh. D n nh gi cc c tnh chung v cc yu cu ca dch v bng thng ng gm nhng thnh phn chnh sau: CLNS:Connection-less Network nh Public Internet hoc Private Intranets.

16

 Non-Broadcast Multiple Access Networks (NBMA): ISDN v ATM. Decision Point: my c phn cng v mm nh tuyn gi n cc mng khc (CLNS,NBMA). Cut-through Data: im m ti cc thng tin tnh ng c lin quan c lu tr hoc tnh ton. Policy: thng tin v ngi no c cho php s dng ci g vi cc c im g, bao lu v mc gi g. Flow Specification: thng tin v cc c tnh xc nh ca cut-through nh bng thng v tr. Autonomous System (AS): tp hp my chia s mt Decision Point v mt nhm kt hp Cut-through Data D n mng national IP phin bn 6 (UNI-C) c th im trong 2 nm. Cc kt qu cui cng a ra kin kt lun : IP phin bn 6 p ng c s pht trin ca mng Internet trong tng lai.

1.3.5. Tng hp c im ca IP phin bn 6

Khng gian a ch cho php phn cp v gii quyt c s thiu a ch. nh dng header v kch c chun d dng x l gi trong kin trc phn cng 64 bit. Nn header v d liu. Chun v QoS v cc dch v khc Bo mt (chng thc, tnh ton vn, s tin cy v qun l kho) T ng nh cu hnh Cp nht cc giao thc nh tuyn (RIP phin bn 6,OSPFv6,BGP4+,IDRPv6). Cc kh nng Multi-homing. Dual stack hot ng tng thch vi IP phin bn 4. H tr mng thng tin di ng.

1.4. Cht lng dch v IP

1.4.1. Th no l cht lng dch v
Ni mt cch n gin nht, chng ta c th coi Quality of Service (QoS) nh nhng cch thc c c nhng dch v cung cp d liu n nh v hiu qu.

17

QoS cho chng ta bit kh nng ca mt phn t mng (c th l mt ng dng, l mt host hay mt router) bo m nhng yu cu no v lu lng, v kh nng cung cp dch v vv. c th hn, chng ta hy xem xt n vn QoS ca mt h thng mng. Trong trng hp ny, QoS khng lin quan n mt gii php tng gii thng sn c ca ng truyn trn mng, bi v tht phi l khi i hi ng truyn mt gii thng ln hn kh nng m n c th cung cp, m QoS s lin quan n cch qun l gii thng ca ng truyn trc nhng yu cu ca cc ng dng cung nh lin quan n cch thit lp cu hnh mng.

1.4.2. Ti sao chng ta li cn n cht lng dch v cho mng IP

Nh chng ta bit, giao thc c s ca Internet: giao thc IP cng nh cu trc ca bn thn Internet u da trn s trao i cc datagram, cc datagram ny, vi phn a ch ngun v ch lu trong header, c th t lu chuyn qua cc router lin kt gia cc mng con m khng cn ti s tr gip ca pha gi hay nhn chng. Tuy nhin vic n gin ho hot ng ca mng cng c ci gi ca n. Bi giao thc IP rt n gin, nn n khng c kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v. IP c th cung cp a ch ch cho cc gi tin datagram cng nh c th phn on cc gi tin ri rp li chng sau , nhng IP khng th cung cp mt c ch truyn d liu m bo tin cy. Cc router c quyn hu b cc gi tin IP m khng cn thng bo g cho pha gi cng nh pha nhn. Tt nhin l IP s da vo cc giao thc truyn thng tng trn n, v d TCP c th qun l cc gi tin. Tuy nhin cc giao thc ny cng ch bo m rng cc gi tin s c gi i ch khng th m bo v tnh thi gian thc ca cc gi tin n hay v thng lng d liu. Nh chng ta bit, giao thc IP ch cung cp c ci gi l dch v best effort, m thc cht l dch v truyn gi tin nhng khng quan tm n khi no gi tin s n ch cng nh c bao nhiu gi tin c th n ch Hn ch ny cha phi l mt vn nghim trng khi chng ta xt n nhng dch v Internet truyn thng nh web, email, FTP vv. Nhng vi nhng dch v mi i hi thng lng cao v tr

18

thp, v d nh cc dch v truyn m thanh v hnh nh, th y qu l mt tr ngi ln. Khng ging nh nhng cng ngh truyn thng s dng cc knh o (virtual circuit) nh ATM v Frame-Relay, IP khng quan tm nhiu n vic phn phi ti nguyn mng. Mt mt iu ny cho php tn dng gii thng hiu qu nhng mt khc n s khin cho vn chia s ng truyn tr nn phc tp hn nhiu. iu ny c th gy ra nhng li khng th on trc c. c th khc phc c nhng li ny, chng ta cn p dng nhng mc bo m ring cho cht lng mng.

1.4.3. Cc tham s QoS

Di y l cc tham s chnh cn phi c m bo trong QoS: Gim ti thiu tr trong qu trnh truyn gi tin Gim ti thiu s bin i v tr ca gi tin Cung cp thng lng truyn d liu n nh

1.4.4. Cc m hnh QoS p dng cho vic qun l truyn thng d liu
Cung cp thm ti nguyn mng Gii php u tin m chng ta c th ngh ti gii quyt vn tc nghn trn ng truyn mng l cung cp thm ti nguyn mng nhm mc ch tng gii thng ca mng trong trng hp xy ra tc nghn. Tuy nhin r rng l gii php ny khng c tnh kinh t, t nht l i vi cu trc mng nh hin nay, bi v chng ta him khi c th d on trc c thi im s xy ra tc nghn mng v cng khng th tm ti nguyn mng tho mn tt c cc nhu cu trn mng. Hn na , dch v theo kiu best-effort khng th m bo cung cp cc dch v tin cy. Thm ch ngay c i vi nhng mng khng chu ti ln, th tr trn mng cng nh hng ti cht lng ca cc ng dng thi gian thc. Bi vy, c th cung cp c nhng bo m v cht lng. cc dch v IP phi h tr kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau v nhiu mc dch v cho tng lp ngi dng v ng dng khc nhau. Di y l hai m hnh QoS c th c p dng ring r hay phi hp trong cc h thng mng IP.

19

M hnh lu gi ti nguyn - Cu trc dch v tch hp Integrated Service architecture (IntServ) Cu trc dch v tch hp c nh ngha bi IETF nhm mc ch a Internet tr thnh mt c s h tng cho cc dch v tch hp tnh nng cao h tr truyn thng ting ni, hnh nh, d liu thi gian thc cng nh cc d liu truyn thng. Cc ti nguyn mng s c phn chia tu theo cc yu cu QoS c th, v c tp trung vo cc chin lc qun l gii thng. Cc c ch gii quyt vn ny c cung cp bi giao thc lu gi ti nguyn RSVP nh mt phn ca cu trc IntServ. M hnh phn quyn u tin - C ch cung cp dch v khc bit Differentiated Services Framework (DiffServ) C ch cung cp dch v khc bit c nh ngha bi IETF cung cp cc lp dch v khc bit trn ng truyn Internet, h tr nhiu loi ng dng v p ng nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip. C ch ny hot ng da trn vic cung cp cht lng dch v cho tng nhn t s to nn cc dch v khc nhau hn l cho bn thn cc dch v. C th l, c ch ny s dng 8 bit trong trng TOS (IP phin bn 4 header) hay 8 bit trong trng Traffic Class (IP phin bn 6 header) ca tng gi tin xc nh cch thc truyn gi tin trn tng node mng. Cch thc truyn thng trn mng cng nh cc ti nguyn mng s c phn loi da trn cc tiu chun qun l gii thng. m bo cht lng dch v, vic phn loi trn phi a ra nhng c ch u tin cho nhng ng dng c nhu cu cao hn.

Tm lc Mng Internet v kin trc TCP/IP a ch IP, phn lp a ch IP Mt s dch v truyn thng trn mng Internet Cc nhc im ca IPv4 v s ra i ca IPv6 c im ca IPv6 Khi nim cht lng dch v trong mng IP, cctham s QoS Cc m hnh QoS p dng cho vic qun l truyn thng d liu

20

CHNG 2. Tng quan v VoIP

Gn y, mt s hng vin thng ln nh BT, AT&T Sprint v Telstra thng bo v vic chuyn cc mng vin thng ch o sang nn mng mch gi. iu ny c ngha l phn ln lu lng thoi s c truyn qua mng mch gi trong thi gian khng xa. in thoi qua Internet gy c s ch mnh m nht v c kh nng tr thnh nn tng cho mng thoi dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi. Cc phn tip theo s vch hin trng ca in thoi qua Internet, xem xt cc ng lc thc y, nh gi s pht trin v cn nhc cc yu t c tc ng n tng lai ca cng ngh ny.

2.1. Cuc gi thoi IP

gip ngi c c th hiu mt cch c bn v khi nim in thoi IP, chng ta hy bt u bng mt v d cuc trong thoi IP. V d a ra di y khi qut mt cuc gi khng ch sn c trong mi trng hin nay m cn l mt cuc gi in hnh, t nht l cho n thi im khi m h thng IP ngy cng tr nn ph bin v rng khp. Liu ton b PSTN c chuyn sang chuyn mch gi hay khng? S c rt nhiu vn v thoi IP c n gin ho v khi khng cn n kt ni ti mng chuyn mch knh. Nu trong tng lai, ton b l chuyn mch gi th ngy cng cn rt lu.
Dave'Mom LEC A

Nh cung cp dch v Internet Telephony Dave

LEC B

Hnh 2. V d mt cuc gi in thoi VoIP Hnh 2. trnh by mt v d v dch v m hin nay s dng nhiu nht ng dng ca dch v thoi IP, c gi l Toll-bypass. V d, Dave sng ti LosAngeles mun gi in cho m ca anh ta sng ti NewYork. Dave ng k thu bao ti mt trong s cc nh cung cp dch v thoi Internet (ITSP) thc hin dch

21

v thoi ng di, vi hy vng s tn dng mc gi cc thp ca h cho cc cuc gi ng di trong lin bang. Khi Dave nhc in thoi ln v quay s in thoi ca m anh ta, tng i ni ht ca Dave (LEC A) s nhn dng y l mt cuc gi ng di khi Dave quay s 1 u tin v LEC s chuyn cuc gi ti tng i m Dave chn (IXC). Cng vic ca IXC l chuyn cuc gi ti cng ty thoi a phng ca b m ca Dave (LEC B) sao cho LEC B chung in thoi v kt ni cuc gi ti m ca Dave. V IXC ca Dave l mt ITSP, nn chuyn mch knh thng thng s kt thc ti . ITSP ca Dave s phi chuyn knh audio thnh cc lung gi v chuyn cc gi ti NewYork. n , cc gi phi c chuyn tr li thnh lung audio trn mt mch thoi "bnh thng" truyn ti qua mng truyn thng ti LEC B v ti in thoi ca m Dave. thc hin qu trnh ny, phi thc hin mt s chc nng sau: Phn tch a ch. Cng Gateway gia LEC A ca Dave v ITSP phi tm c a ch IP ca cng gateway gia ITSP v LEC B ca b m anh ta. iu ny c thc hin nh vo vic kt hp s in thoi c gi vi gateway c trch nhim vi m vng ca bn b gi. nh tuyn. Mng ITSP phi chuyn cc gi t gateway ti LosAngeles ti Gateway ti NewYork bng cc phng tin sn c nht, duy tr kh nng thp nht khi cn bng lu lng qua mng sao cho cc kt ni khng b qu ti. Bo m cht lng. Tu thuc vo cc dch v do ITSP cung cp (cng c th l mt nh cung cp dch v Internet ISP m lu lng d liu cng nh lu lng thoi s c truyn qua mng ca h), cuc gi ca Dave s cng tn ti vi cc lu lng khc. Nu c mt lu lng d liu cng chung kt ni, ITSP phi c cch thc phn bit v nhn dng lu lng thoi vi cc lu lng thoi khc, sao cho thoi c u tin v thc hin theo cch ca n. Thm ch nu ch c lu lng thoi trn mng, s c mt s cch thc cuc gi ca Dave khng b ln lt bi cc cuc gi khc m lm mng qu ti n mc cht lng ca mi ngi gi b suy gim. Truyn ti d on. Lp truyn ti ca Giao thc Internet (TCP/IP) phi m bo mt mc tin cy cho chui d liu, truyn ti lin tc, khng c li v nhng bo m khc. Trong trng hp lu lng thi gian thc, chc nng quan trng nht ca lp truyn ti l bo m vic truyn ti thng tin audio bnh thng. Khi khng thc hin c vic truyn ti d on (khi khng kt ni c vi IP), gateway 22

LosAngeles t nht l phi gn c d liu vi mt khong thi gian tng i sao cho gateway NewYork c th ti thit lp n vi mt khong thi gian tng t. Bo hiu cuc gi. Mng ITSP khng phi ch truyn ti cuc gi ca Dave vo ng gateway, n cn phi gi bo hiu cho gateway khi n ch cui cng ca cuc gi, trong trng hp ny l khi n c in thoi ca b m Dave. Do phi c cch thc gateway NewYork hiu c s b gi t lung IP, n c th quay s qua LEC NewYork ti m ca Dave v kt ni cuc gi IP vi cuc gi LEC. M ho thoi. Cuc gi ca Dave c LEC m ho s n ti ITSP di dng chui d liu s vi tc 64kb/s. Phn ln u im ca thoi IP so vi thoi truyn thng l kh nng nn chui d liu ny thnh chui ch c tc 32kb/s, 16 kb/s hoc thm ch cn nh hn. ng nhin l cc gi IP c s dng truyn ti chui ny. X l li. Nu c mt vn pht sinh trong qu trnh thc hin cuc gi chng hn nh li ca gateway, LEC, hoc s gin on dch v mng ca ITSP, phi tn ti mt s phng thc sa li hon thnh c cuc gi. C mt s vn c bn m bt k mt h thng thoi IP no phi gii quyt. Cc vn chng hn nh kiu mng m IP vn hnh, cch thc mng audio ti in thoi hoc thit b u cui v mt s vn lin quan n tnh cc, qun l v bo tr. Nhng vn ny khng c ITU-T gii quyt bi v l cc vn khng trc tip phn nh tnh vn hnh ca h thng. Do cc vn ny c dnh cho cc nh thit k mng v thit b ci tin chng.

2.2. Giao thc H323

Khi cp n thoi IP, tiu chun quc t thng c cp n l H.323. c ban hnh ln u tin vo nm 1996 v gn y nht vo 2/1998, khuyn ngh ny hin ang l mt bn ch tiu k thut c bn v cc sn phm thoi qua IP. Tuy nhin khuyn ngh H.323 rt chung chung nn t c coi l tiu chun c th. Trong thc t, hon ton c th thit k mt h thng hon ton thoi tun th H.323 m khng cn n IP. Khuyn ngh ny ch a ra yu cu v "giao din mng gi" ti thit b kt cui. C mt cht chm bim l H.323 d nh ginh cho X.25, sau l ATM, nhng gi y li l Internet v TCP/IP, trong khi c rt t H.323 c vn hnh trn mng X.25 v ATM. 23

Theo tiu ca ITU-T cho H.323:"H thng truyn thng a phng tin da trn cng ngh gi", H.323 thc t m t cch thc ca h thng kt ni l nhng h thng c nhiu kh nng hn ngoi cc kh nng truyn v nhn tn hiu audio thoi. Ngi ta hy vng rng cc h thng truyn thng a phng tin ny c th h tr cho ngnh vin thng v c th h tr cc ng dng video nh teleconferencing v data-conferencing hoc truyn file. Mc d H.323 c nhiu cng dng nhng trng tm chnh ca th trng i vi khuyn ngh ny l kh nng audio thc hin thoi IP. C thm mt iu chm bim na ca H.323 l c tnh a phng tin ton din c s dng nh mt trong nhng ng dng audio c bn nht - l thoi. C l c nhiu phng php h tr VoIP tt hn H.323, cng l mc ch trong chng ny.

2.2.1. Cu trc H.323

V VoIP ch s dng mt phn cu trc H.323 nn s rt tt nu ta xem xt cu trc H.323 mt cch hon chnh trc khi tin hnh khai thc mt phn ca H323 c s dng trong mng VoIP. Ton b cu trc H.323 c minh ho trong Hnh 2. . Cu trc H.323 c th c s dng mt cch thng dng mng LAN hoc mng gi din rng. Bt k mt mng gi khng tin cy (khng c m bo v v cht lng dch v), hoc c tr cao u c th c s dng cho H.323. Theo hnh v, mng LAN c ch ra vi 4 loi thit b H.323 chnh. Nhng ngi s dng u phi c thit b u cui H.323, l nhng PC a phng tin in hnh c th tn dng c mi u im ca H.323, bao gm hi ngh video a im. Mi thit b truyn thng a im s dng khi iu khin a im H.323 - MCU . Tt nhin cc kh nng ca H.323 c th m rng cho mng WAN nu cc kt ni c thit lp gia cc thit b H.323. y l chc nng chnh ca cc thit b Gatekeeper H.323, cc thit b ny l tu chn H.323. Nu khng c cc gatekeeper, tt c cc thit b phi c kh nng t a ra cc bn tin bo hiu trc tip. Mi kt ni WAN u c x l bng mt hoc nhiu cc gateway H.323. V mt k thut, bt k thit b no nm ngoi gateway H.323 u khng c cp trong khuyn ngh H.323, nhng cc gateway H.323 c th phi hp hot ng vi cc loi thit b khc nhau trong cc cu trc mng khc nhau. 24

Thit b u cui H.323

Khi iu khin a im H.323

Gatekeeper Gatekeeper H.323 H.323

Gateway Gateway H.323 H.323

Thit b u Thit b u cui H.323 cui H.323

Thit b u Thit b u cui H.323 cui H.323

PSTN

QoS LAN

N-ISDN

B-ISDN

Thit u V.70

b cui

Thit u H.324

b cui

Thit b u cui speech

Thit u H.322

b cui

Thit b u cui speech

Thit u H.320

b cui

Thit u H.321

b cui

Hnh 2. Cu trc H.323 H.323 c th c s dng vi PSTN ton cu, N-ISDN (mng chy vi tc di 1,5 hoc 2 Mb/s), mng B-ISDN s dng ATM (mng chy c tc ln hn 1,5 hoc 2 Mb/s). Thm ch l mt in thoi hoc mt u cui cng c th tham gia vo hi ngh H.323 nhng ch vi kh nng audio. Thit b kt cui V.70 c nhiu chc nng khc nhau, nhng kt cui h tr cho c thoi s ho v d liu qua mt mng in thoi "bnh thng" v nhng kt cui H.324 (Kt cui H.324 c th truyn thi gian thc c thoi, d liu, video hoc bt k s kt hp no chng hn nh thoi video, thng qua modem chy vi tc 33,6kb/s). Thng thng, kt cui H.324 ch l mt PC vi mt vi chng trnh phn mm c bit. Khi H.323 c s dng vi N-ISDN, in thoi ISDN hoc cc kt cui H.320 cng c s dng. H.320 m t mt s sp xp cc kt cui i vi h thng in thoi N-ISDN. Cc thit b ny thng c s dng cho cc dch v videoconference v videophone. Nu c mt mng LAN c gn lin vi ISDN m bo cht lng mc nh ca cc tham s dch v, khi kt cui H.322 l u cui gn lin vi mng trong ng truyn bao gm 1 hoc nhiu mng LAN, mi mng LAN c cu to cung cp mt cht lng dch v Q0S tng xng vi cht lng ca N-ISDN. H.322 vn hnh trn phm vi Ethernet m rng c gi l Ethernet ng thi, hoc isoethernet, l cu trc Ethernet c bn c 25

ghp thm mt s knh 64kb/s. Tuy nhin v mt s l do, isoethernet khng c s dng. Cui cng, nhng mng B-ISDN da trn ATM c th dng cc kt cui H.321 video/audio. H.321 p dng khi nim kt cui H.320 vo B-ISDN. B-ISDN cng c th s dng cu hnh gi l Cu hnh kt cui H.310 hot ng trong H.321. Cc kt cui H.310 l mt kiu kt cui "super" audio/visual tn dng c B-ISDN v ATM v mt dch v v bo hiu. Tm li, H.320 c dng xc nh 4 loi kt cui (thit b s dng). Cc kt cui H.321 cho B-ISDN v ATM, kt cui H.322 cho QoS cc mng LAN, kt cui H.323 cho hi ngh, v H.324 dnh cho cc kt ni kiu quay thoi 33,6kb/s. Khi c s dng cho thoi IP, H.323 bao gm c cc cuc gi VoIP c thc hin gia cc kt cui H.323 hoc gia kt cui H.323 v gateway H.323. Khng c cc quy nh s dng VoIP i vi cc thnh phn khng thuc h H.320, m ch tp trung vo vic VoIP trn cc dng kt cui H.323.

2.2.2. H.323 cho IP Telephony

Cu trc H.323 l qu mc cn thit i vi VoIP v thm ch l c i vi mng thoi IP hon chnh. Ch c mt tp hp con ca H.323 l cn thit vn hnh cc kt cui audio (cc PC hoc in thoi) qua mng IP. Do khi p dng cho thoi IP, ch s dng mt phn trong H.323 nh trong Bng 2. . Bng 2. H.323 cho thoi IP
Hnh Video nh m thanh G.711 G.722 G.723 G.728 G.729 RTP RTCP Chuyn ti tin cy (TCP) iu khin H.225 Terminal to gatekeepe r signaling H.225 Tn hiu cuc gi H.245 D liu T.120 (Chuyn tip d liu a im

H.261 H.263 (m ho video)

RTP

RTCP

Chuyn ti khng tin cy (UDP)

Thoi IP ch s dng thnh phn audio v iu khin ca H.323 . Thnh phn audio x l ton b chc nng VoIP v tiu chun audio m H.323 yu cu l G.711 (64kb/s). Tt nhin hu ht cc cu hnh ca VoIP, c l G.728 (16kb/s) s c ngha hn khi 26

thc hin thoi s ho c tc thp, c bit l G.723 (5,3 hoc 6,4 kb/s) hoc G.729 (kb/s). H.323 ch ra rng cc mo u ca giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc RTP s c b sung vo d liu UDP. kim sot cht lng ca thoi trn mng, mt s giao thc iu khin truyn ti thi gian thc RTCP c thc hin. Trong phn sau s trnh by chi tit hn v hot ng ca RTP v RTCP. Phn iu khin ca H.323 cng c th s dng cc UDP nhanh chng thit lp cc kt ni gia thit b u cui H.323 v gatekeeper H.323. Gatekeeper H.323 v mt c bn l mt server truy cp t xa RAS ca mng H.323. H.225 cng c s dng iu khin cuc gi vi TCP thit lp, duy tr nhng kt ni VoIP. H.245 s dng vi mi kt cui H.320 cng c th c s dng vi TCP. Phn tip theo s lm sng t cc phn phc tp trong cc khuyn ngh H ny.
Chc nng ca H.323

Audio In/Out

iu khin h thng

Mng IP (Internet) M Audio Chuyn ti Chuyn IP i

Hnh 2. Cc chc nng giao thc ca h thng VoIP Trong khi mt s cc nh sn xut thit b v phn mm VoIP tu thuc vo cc thnh phn v giao thc c quyn, hu ht h s dng khuyn ngh H.323 v c gng tun th n mt cch y c gng c th phi hp hot ng vi nhiu nh khai thc khc. Thc t lm cho H.323 tr thnh m hnh tt i vi cc h thng VoIP. Hnh 2. ch ra cho thy cc chc nng chnh ca h thng VoIP tun th H.323. n gin, trong phn ny ch a cc chc nng m cn thit cho hot ng ca VoIP. Cc giao thc v th tc khi c trnh by s c so snh vi m hnh ny v s dng m hnh nh mt khung c th phc tho ra cc chc nng, c tnh v kh nng ca chng. 27

nh hng quan trng nht v H.323 l n lm ci g v khng bao gm ci g. Nh ch ra trong Hnh 2. , H.323 khng nh ngha c ch a cc tn hiu thoi vo h thng VoIP. H.323 khng nh ngha cc c tnh ca mng m qua thoi c ng gi s truyn i, cng khng nh ngha cc giao din gia cc kt cui thoi v mng . H.323 ch nh ngha rt r vai tr ca kt cui v gateway H.323. Hnh 2. m t hu ht chc nng ca H.323 v cc sn phm VoIP.

2.3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng VoIP

2.3.1. Thit b u cui
Mt thit b u cui H.323 c th bao gm cc phn t c th hin trn Hnh 2. . Cc phn t ny c th c chia lm 2 loi: cc phn t khng nm trong phm vi ca khuyn ngh H.323 v cc phn t thuc phm vi ca khuyn ngh H.323.
Scope of Rec. H.323 Video I/O equipment Video Codec H.261, H.263 Receive Path Delay Local Area Network Interface

Audio I/O equipment

Audio Codec G.711, G.722, G.723, G.728, G.729

User Data Applications T.120, etc. System Control H.245 Control System Control User Interface Call Control H.225.0 RAS Control H.225.0

H.225.0 Layer

T1524040-96
V A Us T.120,e SystemCoUrIn VideoCH.261, AudioCG.71,2 G.723,9 SystemC H.245Co Calo H.25RASCo H.25 ScopefR Reciv PathDely ideoI/Oq udioI/Oeq H erDatApLy tc. ntrolface T15240 LocalA NetworInfac 3c ec2, 8, ontrl ntrol ntrol .0ntrol .0 ec.H32 uipment uipment licatons.250 rea ke 40-96

Hnh 2. Cu trc thit b u cui H.323 Cc phn t nm ngoi phm vi ca khuyn ngh H.323 Thit b vo ra video bao gm: camera, mn hnh v cc thit b iu khin la chn x l nn tn hiu video v thc hin chc nng phn chia cc khung hnh. Thit b vo ra audio bao gm: micro, loa, my in thoi, thit b trn ghp cc knh audio v thit b kh ting vng.

28

 Thit b vo ra d liu: s dng giao din T.120 hoc dch v d liu khc trn knh d liu. Giao din mng LAN: cung cp giao din vi mng LAN h tr bo hiu v mc tn hiu tu theo cc chun quc gia v quc t. Giao din ngi s dng: cung cp giao din cho ngi s dng iu khin h thng v s dng cc dch v. 2.3.1.1. Cc phn t nm trong phm vi ca H.323 a/ B m ho v gii m video: N c nhim v m ho tn hiu video t tn hiu video gc truyn i v gii m tn hiu video nhn c hin th ln mn hnh. B m ho v gii m video l phn t khng bt buc c trong thit b u cui H.323. Mt thit b u cui H.323 khi c chc nng giao tip video th s c b m ho v gii m tn hiu video theo chun H.261 QCIF. Ngoi ra n c th c b m ho v gii m tn hiu video theo chun H.261 CIF hoc H.263 SQCIF, QCIF, CIF, 4CIF v 16CIF. Thng qua giao thc iu khin H.245 mt thit b u cui H.323 c th cng lc truyn i nhiu hn 1 knh video (v d mt knh ting ni v mt knh video). N cng c th cng lc nhn nhiu knh video (v d hin th nhiu thnh vin trong mt hi ngh a im). Trong trng hp ny, thit b u cui H.323 phi c chc nng trn hoc chuyn mch tn hiu video. Thit b u cui H.323 s da vo kh nng x l ng thi ca giao thc H.245 xc nh c bao nhiu lung video c th cng mt lc c gii m. Kh nng gii m ng thi ca mt thit b u cui khng phi l gii hn s lung video cng nhm a ch trong dch v hi ngh (vic la chn ny c iu khin bi thit b iu khin a im MC). Giao thc iu khin H.245 s nh ngha cc thng s cho b gii m tn hiu video gm: tc bit ca lung video, nh dng hnh nh v cc thut ton. B m ho s m ho v truyn tn hiu i theo cc thng s c t. Khi mt knh logic video c m th ch lm vic ti a s c s dng trn knh v c bo cho pha nhn trong giao thc H.245 thng qua bn tin OpenLogicalChannel. Ch lm vic ti a bao gm nh dng hnh nh vi phn gii cao nht,

29

thut ton v tc m ho ln nht. nh dng ca lung tn hiu video c trnh by trong H.225.0 b/ B m ho v gii m audio Tt c cc thit b u cui H.323 u phi c b m ho v gii m tn hiu audio theo chun G.711, kh nng truyn v nhn tn hiu m ho PCM theo lut A v lut . Cc thit b u cui cng c th c kh nng m ho v gii m tn hiu ting ni m ho theo khuyn ngh G.722, G.728, G.729, MPEG 1 audio v G.723. Khi m ho v gii m tn hiu audio ca thit b u cui H.323 c kh nng hot ng mt cch khng i xng trn cng mt knh ting c ngha l n c kh nng gi tn hiu m ho theo G.711 v nhn tn hiu m ho theo G.728 nu nh n c kh nng m ho v gii m vi c hai dng tn hiu ny. Thit b u cui H.323 c th c kh nng truyn cng nh nhn nhiu knh audio cng mt lc. C th chc nng ny c s dng cho chc nng hi ngh a im. Lc thit b u cui H.323 phi c chc nng trn m thanh, n s s dng kh nng x l ng thi ca H.245 xc nh bao nhiu lung tn hiu m thanh c th c gii m ng thi. Kh nng x l ng thi ca mt thit b u cui khng phi l gii hn trn ca s lung tn hiu m thanh c cng nhm a ch trong mt dch v hi ngh. nh dng ca lung tn hiu m thanh c trnh by trong khuyn ngh H.225.0. c/ B m nhn tn hiu Tt c cc gi thng tin khi nhn v u c ghi vo b m nhn tn hiu c tc dng iu khin tr trn ng nhn tn hiu, n thc hin chc nng cng thm tr vo cc gi tn hiu tu theo tr ca chng t c ng b trn knh . Ngoi ra n cng c th c kh nng x l iu khin tr trn cc b m nhn t c ng b gia cc lung tn hiu vi nhau. d/ Khi iu khin h thng. Mi thit b u cui H.323 u c mt khi iu khin h thng. N c nhim v iu khin v gim st mi hot ng ca thit b trong mng. Khi iu khin h thng gm c 3 chc nng iu khin tn ti c lp vi nhau l: iu khin theo H.245, chc nng bo hiu RAS, chc nng bo hiu cuc gi.

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 Khi iu khin theo chun H.245: s dng knh iu khin H.245 truyn cc bn tin iu khin im - im iu khin cc hot ng ca cc phn t H.323 trong mng bao gm: cc kh nng trao i, m v ng cc knh logic, yu cu cc ch hot ng thch hp, iu khin tnh tun t ca cc bn tin, pht cc lnh v cc ch th. Bo hiu H.245 c thit lp gia hai im gm: gia mt im u cui v mt MC hoc gia mt im u cui v mt Gatekeeper. Mi im u cui ny s thit lp ng mt knh iu khin H.245 xc nh t trc cho mi cuc gi m n tham gia. Mi mt thit b u cui, MCU, Gateway hoc Gatekeeper c th h tr nhiu cuc gi cng c ngha l nhiu knh H.245 mt lc. Knh iu khin H.245 s c truyn trn knh logic 0 l mt knh lun lun m khi thit lp knh iu khin H.245 tr khi n b s c hoc b chim. Cc th tc thng thng thc hin m v ng knh logic s khng c p dng i vi knh iu khin H.245. Cc bn tin ca chun H.245 c chia lm 4 loi: Yu cu, p ng, Lnh v Ch th. Bn tin Yu cu a ra mt yu cu hot ng c th ca pha nhn k c yu cu tr li ngay lp tc. Bn tin p ng l tr li li mt yu cu c th. Bn tin Lnh a ra mt yu cu hot ng c th nhng khng yu cu tr li. Bn tin Ch th ch c ngha thng bo (trng thi ca cc phn t) m khng yu cu mt hot ng c th no. H.245 s dng bn tin userInputIndication truyn i cc s, k t m ngi s dng a vo t bn phm, n tng ng vi cc tn hiu DTMF s dng trong in thoi tng t. Ni dung ca cc bn tin ny c s dng iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b t xa v d nh voice mail hoc video mail. C th v giao thc iu khin H.245 c trnh by trong mc 2.2.1. Chc nng bo hiu cuc gi: s dng bo hiu theo khuyn ngh H.225.0 thit lp kt ni gia hai u cui H.323. Knh bo hiu ny c lp vi knh bo hiu RAS v knh iu khin H.245. Trong mt h thng khng c Gatekeeper th knh bo hiu cuc gi c thit lp ni gia hai u cui tham gia vo cuc gi. Cn trong h thng c Gatekeeper th knh bo hiu cuc gi s c thit lp gia cc u cui vi Gatekeeper hoc gia hai u cui vi nhau, vic la chn ph31

ng n thit lp knh bo hiu nh th no l do Gatekeeper quyt nh. Knh bo hiu RAS: s dng cc bn tin c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh H.225.0 thc hin cc chc nng gm: ng k v cho php dch v, thay i rng bng tn, bo trng thi hot ng gia cc u cui v Gatekeeper. Do tnh c lp vi nhau nn knh logic c thit lp bi H.245 s khng c s dng truyn knh bo hiu RAS. Trong mng LAN khng c Gatekeeper th khng tn ti knh bo hiu RAS cn trong mng LAN c Gatekeeper th knh bo hiu RAS c thit lp gia mt u cui v Gatekeeper.

2.3.2.

Gateway

Gateway l mt phn t khng nht thit phi c trong mt giao tip ca cc phn t H.323, n ng vai tr lm phn t cu ni v ch tham gia vo mt cuc gi khi c s chuyn tip t mng H.323 (v d nh mng LAN hoc Internet) sang mng phi H.323 (v d nh mng SCN hoc PSTN). Gateway thc hin mt s chc nng nh: chuyn i gia cc dng khung truyn dn (v d nh t H.225.0 thnh H.221 v ngc li); chuyn i gia cc th tc giao tip (v d nh t H.245 thnh H.242 v ngc li); hn na Gateway cn chuyn i gia cc dng m ho khc nhau ca cc lung tn hiu hnh nh cng nh m thanh (v d nh t tn hiu m thanh m ho theo G.729 thnh tn hiu m thanh m ho theo G.721) v Gateway cng thc hin vic thit lp v xo cuc gi c pha mng LAN cng nh pha mng chuyn mch SCN. Gateway khi hot ng s c c im ca mt thit b u cui H.323 hoc mt MCU trong mng LAN v c c im ca mt thit b u cui trong SCN hoc mt MCU trong SCN. V vy ta c 4 cu hnh c s ca Gateway c th hin trn hnh Hnh 2. . Mi Gateway c th c t hp ca cc cu hnh c s hoc c th gm c 4 cu hnh ny.

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LAN

H .323 T erminal Functio n

Conversion Functio n

SCN T erminal Functio n

SCN

G atew ay A

LAN

H .323 M CU Functio n

Conversion Functio n

SCN T erminal Functio n

SCN

G atew ay B

LAN

H .323 T erminal Functio n

Conversion Functio n

SCN M CU Functio n

SCN

G atew ay C

LAN

H .323 M CU Functio n

Conversion Functio n

SCN M CU Functio n

SCN

G atew ay D

Hnh 2. Cc cu hnh c s ca Gateway Bn pha mng LAN, khi thc hin chc nng u cui H.323 c trnh by trong mc 2.3.1. Bn pha mng SCN cc khi thc hin chc nng u cui SCN v SCN MCU c trnh by trong cc khuyn ngh tng ng (H.310, H.320, H.321, H.322, H.324, V.70). Khi chuyn i chc nng cung cp cc chuyn i cn thit v dng khung truyn dn tun theo cc khuyn ngh khc nhau ca cc lung tn hiu iu khin, m thanh, hnh nh v cc lung d liu. Mt Gateway c th kt ni qua mng SCN ti mt Gateway khc thit lp giao tip gia hai u cui H.323 nm trong hai mng LAN khc nhau 33

2.3.3. Gatekeeper
Gatekeeper l phn t khng nht thit phi tn ti trong mt h thng H.323, n thc hin vic iu khin cc dch v cuc gi ca cc u cui H.323. Cc chc nng ca mt Gatekeeper c phn bit lm 2 loi l cc chc nng bt buc v cc chc nng khng bt buc. 2.3.3.1. Cc chc nng bt buc ca Gatekeeper Chc nng dch a ch - Gatekeeper s thc hin vic chuyn i t mt a ch hnh thc (dng tn gi) ca cc thit b u cui v Gateway sang a ch truyn dn thc trong mng (a ch IP). Chuyn i ny da trn bng i chiu a ch c cp nht thng xuyn bng bn tin ng k dch v ca cc u cui. iu khin truy nhp - Gatekeeper s chp nhn mt truy nhp mng LAN bng cch s dng cc bn tin H.225.0 l ARQ/ACF/ARJ. Vic iu khin ny da trn rng bng tn v ng k dch v hoc cc thng s khc do nh sn xut qui nh. y cng c th l mt th tc rng c ngha l chp nhn mi yu cu truy nhp ca cc thit b u cui. iu khin rng bng tn - Gatekeeper h tr vic trao i cc bn tin H.225.0 l BRQ/BCF/BRJ iu khin rng bng tn ca mt cuc gi. y cng c th l mt th tc rng c ngha l n chp nhn mi yu cu v s thay i rng bng tn. iu khin vng - y ch vng c trng cho tp hp tt c cc phn t H.323 gm thit b u cui, Gateway, MCU c ng k hot ng vi Gatekeeper. C ch iu khin ca Gatekeeper thc hin lin lc gia cc phn t trong vng cng nh t vng ny sang vng khc s c trnh by sau. 2.3.3.2. Cc chc nng khng bt buc ca Gatekeeper iu khin bo hiu cuc gi - Gatekeeper c th la chn gia hai phng thc iu khin bo hiu cuc gi l: n kt hp vi knh bo hiu trc tip gia cc u cui hon thnh bo hiu cuc gi hoc ch s dng cc knh bo hiu ca n x l bo hiu cuc gi. Khi chn phng thc nh tuyn bo hiu cuc gi trc tip gia cc u cui, th Gatekeeper s khng phi gim st bo hiu trn knh H.225.0. 34

 Hn ch truy nhp - Gatekeeper c th s dng bo hiu trn knh H.225.0 t chi mt cuc gi ca mt thit b u cui khi nhn thy c li trong vic ng k. Nhng nguyn nhn t chi bao gm: mt Gateway hoc u cui ng k hn ch gi i m li c gng thc hin mt cuc gi i v ngc li hoc mt u cui ng k hn ch truy nhp trong nhng gi nht nh. Gim st rng bng tn - Gatekeeper c th hn ch mt lng nht nh cc u cui H.232 cng mt lc s dng mng. N c th thng qua knh bo hiu H.225.0 t chi mt cuc gi do khng c bng tn thc hin cuc gi. Vic t chi ny cng c th xy ra khi mt u cui ang hot ng yu cu thm rng bng tn. y c th l mt th tc rng ngha l tt c mi yu cu truy nhp u c ng . Gim st cuc gi - Mt v d c th v chc nng ny ca Gatekeeper l n lu danh sch tt c cc cuc gi H.323 hng i ang thc hin ch th cc thu bao b gi no ang bn v cung cp thng tin cho chc nng qun l rng bng tn.

2.3.4. B iu khin v x l a im
Vi cng 1 cch h thng thoi truyn thng c mng ring v mng cng cng pht trin h tr cc dch v gi tr gia tng, H.323 cho php cung cp cc ng dng thoi khng truyn thng. C l iu i hi kh nng thc thi cuc gi 3 bn , hoc conferenece, l nhng cuc gi ch yu trong mi trng kinh doanh. H.323 x l yu cu ny thng qua khi nim v s dng h thng iu khin a im MC v x l a im MP. Mt h thng kim sot a im hot ng nh mt im trung tm thng qua im nhng im cui c th trao i thng tin v nhng kh nng c c v c th "ph v" nhng dng audio v dng khc ph bin i vi cc thnh vin trong hi ngh. Chc nng ca MC c th c tch hp trong mt gatekeeper, gateway hoc thm ch mt u cui. Cc lung audio v thng tin khc to thnh mt hi ngh thit lp c th c tp trung ho hoc phi tp trung tu thuc vo cng sut ca nhng im cui hoc ca MC h tr cc dng ph bin. Trong mt mi trng hi ngh tp trung, mi im cui tham gia vo hi ngh thit lp nhng mi kt ni im ti im cng vi im cui c cha ng MC, gi l khi iu khin a im 35

(MCU). Khi MC c th qun l hi ngh mt cch trc tip, bi v n hnh thnh 1 trung tm vin thng iu khin tn hiu. Nhng hi ngh phi tp trung i hi nhng im cui hoc gateway phi trc tip kt ni vi nhau qua multicast, s dng MC ch dnh cho vic iu khin hi ngh. Hi ngh phi tp trung ti t hn ln MCU nhng i hi cc im cui (v mng ca h) h tr cc kt ni multicast v x l hn hp nhng lung audio khc. Ngoi ra, mi trng phi tp trung i hi mi im cui h tr cc dng ph bin. MC c th cung cp 1 nh ngha c th cho hi ngh kiu lin lc c la chn SCM, khng cn phi iu chnh s khc bit gia cc im cui. i vi chc nng ny, H323 nh ngha h thng x l a im (MP) hnh thnh mt b phn ca 1 MCU phc v mc ch trn ln, chuyn mch, hoc nu khng th iu chnh cc lung audio khc nhau, cc chui ny hnh thnh 1 hi ngh di s iu khin ca MC. MP c th thu c cc lung audio t nhng ngun khc nhau, mi lung c m ho khc nhau. MP chuyn cc lung audio thnh audio tng t vi mc ch trn ln chng thnh 1 tn hiu audio hn hp. Cc tn hiu c m ho li tu theo kh nng ca mi trm u cui. H323 l 1 cch hiu qu v ph bin thc thi h thng thoi VoIP v IP. Tuy nhin, H323 khng phi l phng php duy nht c th c s dng kt hp mng IP v mng thoi

2.4. Dch v thoi qua Internet

in thoi Internet khng cn ch l cng ngh cho gii s dng my tnh m cho c ngi s dng in thoi quay vo gateway. Dch v ny c mt s nh khai thc ln cung cp v cht lng thoi khng thua km cht lng ca mng thoi thng thng, c bit l trn cc tuyn quc t. Mc d vn cn mt s vn v tng thch ca cc gateway, cc vn ny s sm c gii quyt khi tiu chun H.323 ca ITU c s dng rng ri. Bng 2. sau y a ra qu trnh pht trin ca in thoi Internet . Bng 2. S pht trin ca loi hnh dch v thoi Internet
Nm Mi trng s dng 1994 PC PC 1998 PC-PC PC-Fax PC-in thoi in thoi-in thoi ISP

Loi khch hng

Nh pht trin phn

36

mm VoIP Cht lng dch v Kh nng hot ng vi cc mng khc Km Theo chun ring ca tng hng pht trin

Nh bn l Kh khai thc mng Gn bng cht lng thoi qua PSTN Tng thch tiu chun ITU H323, cho php hot ng gia cc gateway

Sut t khi cc my tnh bt u kt ni vi nhau, vn cc mng phc hp lun l mi quan tm ca mi ngi. Mng my tnh pht trin bn cnh mng in thoi. Cc mng my tnh v mng in thoi song song tn ti ngay trong cng mt c cu, gia cc c cu khc nhau, v trong mng rng WAN. Cng ngh thoi IP khng ngay lp tc e do n mng in thoi ton cu m n s dn thay th thoi chuyn mch knh truyn thng. Sau y l cc ng dng ca dch v thoi Internet tiu biu.

2.4.1. Thoi thng minh

H thng in thoi ngy cng tr nn hu hiu: r, ph bin, d s dng, c ng. Nhng n hon ton ng ngn. N ch c 12 phm iu khin . Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta c gng to ra thoi thng minh, u tin l cc thoi bn, sau l n cc server. Nhng mi c gng u tht bi do tn ti cc h thng c sn. internet s thay i iu ny. K t khi Internet ph khp ton cu, n c s dng tng thm tnh thng minh cho mng din thoi ton cu. Gia mng my tnh v mng in thoi tn ti mt mi lin h. Internets cung cp cch gim st v iu khin cc cuc thoi mt cch tin li hn. Chng ta c th thy c kh nng kim sot v iu khin cc cuc thoi thng qua mng Internet.

2.4.2. Dch v tnh cc cho pha b gi

Thoi qua Internet gip bn c kh nng cung cp dch v tnh cc cho b gi n cc khch hng nc ngoi cng ging nh khch hng trong nc. thc hin c iu ny, bn ch cn PC vi h iu hnh Windows95, a ch kt ni Internet ( tc 28,8Kbps hoc nhanh hn), v chng trnh phn mm chuyn i chng hn nh Quicknet's Technologies Internet PhoneJACK. Thay v gi qua mng in thoi truyn thng, khch hng c th gi cho bn qua Internet bng vic s dng chng trnh phn mm chng hn nh Internet Phone ca Vocaltec hoc 37

Netmeeting ca Microsoft. Vi cc chng trnh phn mm ny, khch hng c th gi n cng ty ca bn cng ging nh vic h gi qua mng PSTN. Bng vic s dng chng trnh chng hn Internet PhoneJACK, bn cng c th x l cc cuc gi cng ging nh cc x l cc cuc gi khc. Bn c th nh tuyn cc cuc gi ny ti cc nh vn hnh, ti cc dch v t ng tr li, ti cc ACD. Trong thc t, h thng in thoi qua Internet v h thng in thoi truyn thng l hon ton nh nhau.

2.4.3. Dch v Callback Web

"worldwide web" lm cuc cch mng trong cch giao dch vi khch hng ca cc doanh nghip. Vi tt c cc tim nng ca web, in thoi vn l mt phng tin kinh doanh quan trng trong nhiu nc. in thoi web hay " bm s" (click to dial) cho php cc nh doanh nghip c th a thm cc phm bm ln trang web kt ni ti h thng in thoi ca h. Dch v bm s l cch d nht v an ton nht a thm cc knh trc tip t trang web ca bn vo h thng din thoi

2.4.4. Dch v fax qua IP

Nu bn gi nhiu fax t PC, c bit l gi ra nc ngoi th vic s dng dch v Internet faxing s gip bn tit kim c tin v c knh thoi. Dch v ny s chuyn trc tip t PC ca bn qua kt ni Internet. Hng nm, th gii tn hn 30 t USD cho vic gi fax ng di. Nhng ngy nay Internet fax lm thay i iu ny.Vic s dng Internet khng nhng c m rng cho thoi m cn cho c dch v fax.Mt trong nhng dch v gi fax c a chung l comfax. Khi s dng dch v thoi v fax qua Internet, c hai vn c bn: Nhng ngi s dng dch v thoi qua Internet cn c chng trnh phn mm chng hn Quicknet's Internet PhoneJACK. Cu hnh ny cung cp cho ngi s dng kh nng s dng thoi qua Internet thay cho s dng in thoi bn truyn thng. Kt ni mt gateway thoi qua Internet vi h thng in thoi hin hnh. Cu hnh ny cung cp dch v thoi qua Internet ging nh vic m rng h thng in thoi hin hnh ca bn.

38

2.4.5. Dch v Call center

Gateway call center vi cng ngh thoi qua Internet cho cc nh kim duyt trang Web vi cc PC trang b multimedia kt ni c vi b phn phi cc cuc goi t ng (ACD). Mt u im ca thoi IP l kh nng kt hp c thoi v d liu trn cng mt knh .

Tm lc Khi nim cuc gi in thoi IP Giao thc H323, cc giao thc lin quan n H323 v phm vi p dng ca chng. H323 p dng cho in thoi IP Cc thnh phn c bn trong mng thoi IP, c im, chc nng ca chng. Mt s loi hnh dch v m thoi IP cung cp

39

CHNG 3. Bo hiu v x l cuc gi

3.1. Giao thc H.245
3.1.1. Tng quan v khuyn ngh
Khuyn ngh H.245 ca ITU-T m t c php v nh ngha cc bn tin, tm lc nhng th tc iu khin c chc nng thit lp v gim st qu trnh lin lc a phng tin (d liu v m thanh) gia hai u cui. Cc bn tin iu khin ca H.245 kim sot hot ng ca khi H.323 bao gm cc kh nng trao i, ng m knh logic, yu cu ch u tin, iu khin lung, ra lnh v ch th. Chng c chuyn i trn Knh iu khin H.245 ng vi knh logic 0. Mi cuc gi ch c mt Knh iu khin H.245 c m c nh t giai on thit lp ca Chc nng iu khin H.245 cho n lc knh logic 0 b kt thc. Cc th tc thng thng phc v cho qu trnh ng m knh logic s khng c p dng cho Knh iu khin H.245. Bo hiu H.245 c thit lp gia hai u cui. c th l thit b u cui, MC, Gatekeeper hoc Gateway. Khuyn ngh H.245 m t cc khi giao thc c lp h tr cho qu trnh bo hiu: quyt nh master/slave, trao i kh nng, bo hiu ca knh logic, ng knh logic bi u cui nhn, thay i cch tip cn bng ghp knh H.223, yu cu ch d liu v m thanh, quyt nh tr vng, mch vng bo dng, ra lnh v ch th.

3.1.2. Cc th tc ca giao thc iu khin

a/. Quyt nh master-slave + Chc nng: xc nh vai tr master/slave ca hai u cui trong qu trnh lin lc. + Mc ch: nhm trnh kh nng xung t xy ra khi hai u cui cng thc hin ng thi nhng s vic ging nhau trong khi ch c mt s vic c php din ra ti mt thi im.

40

+ c im: th tc s ch ra cch thc p ng ca hai u cui trong trng hp c xung t v trng thi ca u cui l khng thay i trong thi gian din ra cuc gi. + Giao thc: Master Slave Detemination Signalling Entity (MSDSE). Ch c mt MSDSE cho mi u cui. MSDSE c 3 trng thi, 4 bn tin, 4 bin trng thi, 1 b m v 1 b nh thi. + Th tc quyt nh master-slave c th c khi to ti ch hoc t xa bi ngi s dng hoc bi MSDSE. Trong qu trnh thc hin, u tin gi tr terminalType s c so snh, u cui no c gi tr trn ln hn s c chn lm master. Nu hai gi tr trn ging nhau th StatusDeteminationNumbers s c so snh theo php tnh m un chn ra u cui master. Nu s sai khc gia cc StatusDeteminationNumbers l 0 hoc 223 (theo mun 224) th MSDSE s nhn c mt kt qu khng xc nh. Khi , hoc bn tin MasterSlaveDeterminationReject c gi i, hoc mt s ng vi quyt nh trng thi mi c to ra v MSDSE p ng nh th th tc c khi to li bi MSDSE ti ch. b/. Trao i kh nng + Chc nng: xc nh kh nng trao i d liu v m thanh ca tng u cui. + Mc ch: nhm m bo rng nhng tn hiu c truyn i l nhng tn hiu m u cui nhn c kh nng x l. + c im: trc khi tin hnh cuc gi a phng tin, mi u cui phi bit c kh nng nhn v gii m tn hiu ca u cui cn li. Bit c kh nng nhn ca u cui nhn, u cui truyn s gii hn ni dung ca thng tin m n truyn i, ngc li vi kh nng truyn ca u cui truyn, n s cho php u cui nhn la chn ch nhn ph hp. Tp hp cc kh nng ca u cui cho nhiu lung thng tin c th c truyn i ng thi v u cui c th khai bo li tp hp cc kh nng ca n bt k lc no. Tp hp cc kh nng ca mi u cui c cung cp trong bn tin TerminalCapabilitySet. + Giao thc: Capability Exchange Signalling Entity (CESE). Ch c mt CESE cho mi cuc gi v cc bn tin c truyn i gia hai CESE ngang cp. c/. Bo hiu ca knh logic mt chiu 41

+ Chc nng: ng m knh logic mt chiu. + Mc ch: thit lp knh logic 0 cho php truyn bo hiu ca cuc gi trn . + Giao thc: Logical Channel Signalling Entity (LCSE). Th tc c tin hnh qua vic trao i cc tin t gia LCSE vi LSCE ca ngi s dng, v gia LCSE vi LCSE trng thi. C mt LCSE i v mt LCSE n cho mi knh logic ti tng u cui v khng c kt ni gia LCSE i v LCSE n ca cng mt u. + c im: hot ng ng m knh logic c thc hin qua cc bn tin OpenLogicalChannel v CloseLogicalChannel c truyn i trn cc LCSE ngang cp. D liu ch c chuyn i trn knh logic khi LCSE c hai u u nm trng thi ESTABLISHED. Mt ch chuyn i c thc hin khi ng knh logic ang tn ti v m knh logic mi. Nhm ngn nga xung t c th xy ra khi c hai u cui cng ng thi yu cu m knh logic, u cui master s t chi yu cu t pha u cui slave v u cui slave s p ng li yu cu t pha u cui master vi s ghi nhn rng yu cu trc ca n b t chi. d/. Bo hiu knh logic hai chiu + Chc nng: ng m knh logic hai chiu. + Mc ch: nh trn + Giao thc: Bidirectional Logical Channel Signalling Entity (BLCSE). Th tc c tin hnh qua vic trao i cc tin t gia B-LCSE vi B-LSCE ca ngi s dng, v gia B-LCSE vi BLCSE trng thi. C mt B-LCSE i v mt B-LCSE n. Ch c mt khi B-LCSE cho mi knh logic ti hai u i v n v khng c kt ni gia B-LCSE i v B-LCSE n ca cng mt u. + c im: knh logic hai chiu bao gm mt cp kt hp knh mt chiu, d liu c truyn i trn knh "forward" v nhn v trn knh "reverse". Tuy nhin, d liu c th c nhn v trn knh "forward" nu B-LCSE trng thi AWAITING CONFIRMATION. Ngoi ra, u cui c th t chi yu cu m knh logic hai chiu do n khng c kh nng cung cp tham s cho knh "reverse". Trong trng hp ny, n s thit lp mt knh logic hai chiu vi cc tham s cho knh "reverse" bng vi cc tham s cho knh "forward" ca u cui bn kia. 42

e/. ng knh logic bi u cui nhn + Chc nng: ng knh logic n. + Mc ch: cho php u cui nhn c kh nng ng knh logic n. + Giao thc: Close Logical Channel Signalling Entity (CLCSE). C mt CLCSE i v mt CLCSE n cho mi knh logic ti tng u cui. + c im: yu cu ng knh logic n c thc hin bi u cui nhn qua bn tin RequestChannelClose c gi cho CLCSE ngang cp. u cui truyn s thc hin vic ng knh logic qua tin t RELEASE.request c gi cho LCSE hoc BLCSE tng ng. f/. Thay i cch tip cn bng ghp knh H.223 + Chc nng: xc nh cch tip nhn bng ghp knh H.223. + Mc ch: thng bo cho u cui nhn mt trong 16 cch tip cn bng ghp knh H.223. + Giao thc: Multiplex Table Signalling Entity (MTSE). C mt MTSE i v mt MTSE n cho mi cch tip cn bng ghp knh ti tng u cui. Th tc c thc hin qua vic truyn bn tin MultiplexEntrySend gia hai MTSE ngang cp. + c im: bng ghp knh H.223 kt hp mi octet trong bn tin H.223 MUX vi mt s hiu c th ca knh logic. u cui truyn c th kch hot hoc hu b cch tip cn bng ghp knh. Nu u cui nhn chp nhn thng bo t u cui truyn th s hiu cho cch tip cn mi s thay th s hiu c (mc nh l 0). Th tc ny c th c thc hin bt k lc no trong qu trnh thc hin cuc gi. g/. Yu cu ch d liu v m thanh + Chc nng: m t kh nng trao i d liu v m thanh ca tng u cui. + Mc ch: thit lp ch truyn ph hp vi kh nng ca tng u cui. + Giao thc: Mode Request Signalling Entity (MRSE). C mt MRSE i v mt MRSE n cho mi cuc gi ti tng u cui. Th tc c thc hin qua vic truyn bn tin RequestMode gia hai MRSE ngang cp. + c im: yu cu ch s khng thc hin c vi u cui m trong tp hp cc kh nng truyn 43

3.2. Giao thc H.225.0

3.2.1. Tng quan
Khuyn ngh H225.0 ca ITU-T m t phng thc kt hp d liu, m thanh, tn hiu video v tn hiu iu khin, phng thc m ho v ng gi cho qu trnh chuyn ti thng tin gia hai thit b H.323 trn mng truyn s liu gi. Khuyn ngh ny cng m t giao thc v nh dng bn tin cho tng i gateway H.323, qua lin quan n thit b u cui H.320, H.324 hoc H.310/H.321 trn cc mng N-ISDN, GSTN v B-ISDN tng ng. Ngoi ra, cc giao thc v bn tin cho qu trnh truyn thng gia hai tng i gateway H.322 cho cc mng LAN c cht lng dch v (QOS) c bo m, v qua gia hai thit b u cui H.322 cng c trnh by trong khuyn ngh ny. Khuyn ngh H.225.0 c nh hng cho nhiu mng truyn gi khc nhau bao gm IEEE 802.3, Token Ring..., v th n c nh ngha nh mt lp nm bn trn cc lp chuyn ti nh TCP/IP/UDP, SPX/IPX... Nh vy, phm vi ca qu trnh trao i thng tin lin quan n Khuyn ngh H.225.0 l gia cc khi H.323 trn cng mt mng truyn gi s dng chung mt giao thc chuyn ti. Bng 3. di y s m t phm vi ca Khuyn ngh H.225.0. Mc d vic cung cp cc phng thc nhm bo m QOS trn mng truyn gi hoc Internet l vt qu phm vi nhng Khuyn ngh H225.0 vn cho php ngi s dng thit b H.323 xc nh cc vn v QOS xut pht t s tc nghn trn mng, ng thi cung cp cho khch hng cc th tc iu chnh tng ng. Khuyn ngh H.323/H.225.0 cn c nh hng m rng cuc gi hi ngh/kt ni H.320/H.221 trn mi trng mng truyn gi c QOS khng c m bo. M hnh cuc gi hi ngh s cp, khc vi cuc gi qung b din rng, c th c s thnh vin tham gia t mt vi ti vi ngn vi c ch iu khin gim st cht ch v c hiu qu. Khuyn ngh H.225.0 s dng giao thc RTP/RTCP (Giao thc Chuyn ti Thi gian thc/Giao thc iu khin Chuyn ti Thi gian thc) cho qu trnh ng gi v ng b lung a phng tin i vi tt c cc mng truyn gi bn di (vic s dng 44

RTP/RTCP khng bao hm ngha gn cht vi vic s dng TCP/IP/UDP). Khuyn ngh H.225.0 a ra m hnh cuc gi trong bo hiu ban u trn mt a ch chuyn ti non-RTP, c s dng thit lp cuc gi v trao i kh nng (c m t y trong Khuyn ngh H.323 v H.245), c thc hin sau khi thit lp mt hoc mt vi kt ni RTP/RTCP. Khuyn ngh cng bao gm cc thng tin chi tit v vn s dng hai giao thc ny. Khuyn ngh H.225.0 c thit k sao cho mt tng i gateway H.323 c y kh nng phi hp hot ng vi cc thit b u cui H.320 (1990), H.320 (1993) v H.320 (1996). Mc du vy, mt vi c im trong H.225.0 c th hng trc tip cho php nng cao qu trnh khai thc nhng phin bn trong tng lai ca thit b H.320. Ngoi ra, vic thay i cht lng dch v v pha thit b H.320 ph hp vi c tnh v kh nng ca tng i gateway H.323 cng c bo m bi Khuyn ngh ny. Bng 3. Phm vi ca H.225.0 trong cu trc phn lp H.323
ng dng A/V G.xx x iu khin v qun l u cui H 2 6 RTCP 1 ng dng d liu T.124

H.225.0 Bo hiu t u cui ti

H.225. 0 Bo hiu cuc gi

H.245

Gatekeep RTP er (RAS) Chuyn ti khng an ton Lp mng Lp knh Lp vt l

T.125 Chuyn ti an ton T.123

Hot ng ca giao thc Qu trnh bo hiu ca cuc gi c bt u bi bn tin SETUP c gi i trn knh bo hiu an ton H.225.0. Theo sau bn tin ny s l chui cc bn tin phc v cho qu trnh thit lp cuc 45

gi vi trnh t da trn khuyn ngh Q.931m u tin l bn tin yu cu gim st bt buc. Yu cu ny cng vi nhng bn tin sau lin quan n qu trnh khai bo/tm kim gia u cui v Gatekeeper s c truyn i trn knh khng an ton RAS (knh truyn thng tin v khai bo, gim st v trng thi). Qu trnh ny kt thc khi thit b u cui nhn c trong bn tin CONNECT a ch chuyn ti an ton m trn s gi i cc bn tin iu khin H.245. Bn tin bo hiu H.225.0 s khng b phn on khi i qua cc PDU (Khi D liu Giao thc), cn nhng bn tin c truyn i trn knh RAS l nhng bn tin khng chun ho. Sau khi qu trnh bo hiu hon tt, knh iu khin an ton H.245 v cc knh b sung phc v cho vic chuyn ti d liu, tn hiu audio v video c thit lp da trn kt qu ca th tc trao i kh nng ca knh logic H.245. Tuy nhin, thit b u cui H.225.0 cng c th s dng cc giao thc RTP v RTCP truyn tn hiu audio v video trn cc knh khng an ton vi thi gian tr nh nht.

3.3. nh tuyn knh iu khin v bo hiu

Nh trnh by trong mc 3.1 v 3.2, c 3 knh bo hiu tn ti c lp vi nhau lin quan n bo hiu v x l cuc gi l: knh iu khin H.245, knh bo hiu cuc gi v knh bo hiu RAS. Trong mng khng c gatekeeper, cc bn tin bo hiu cuc gi c truyn trc tip gia hai u cui ch gi v b gi bng cch truyn bo hiu a ch trc tip. Trong cu hnh mng ny th thu bao ch gi phi bit a ch bo hiu ca thu bao b gi trong mng v v vy c th giao tip mt cch trc tip. Nu trong mng c gatekeeper, trao i bo hiu gia thu bao ch gi v gatekeeper c thit lp bng cch s dng knh RAS ca gatekeeper truyn a ch. Sau khi trao i bn tin bo hiu c thit lp, khi gatekeeper mi xc nh truyn cc bn tin trc tip gia hai u cui hay nh tuyn chng qua gatekeeper.

46

3.3.1. nh tuyn knh bo hiu cuc gi

Cc bn tin bo hiu cuc gi c th c truyn theo 1 trong 2 phng thc v vic la chn gia cc phng thc ny do Gatekeeper quyt nh: th nht l cc bn tin bo hiu ca cuc gi c truyn t thu bao n ti thu bao kia thng qua Gatekeeper gia hai thit b u cui (Hnh 3. ). th hai l cc bn tin bo hiu ca cuc gi c truyn trc tip gia hai thit b u cui (Hnh 3. ).
Gatekeeper

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ARQ ACF/ARJ Set-up Set-up ARQ ACF/ARJ Connect Connect

3 8

4 5 6

cui 1 u

cui 2 u

Knh bo hi cuc gi u Knh bo hi RAS u

Hnh 3. Bn tin bo hiu ca cuc gi c nh tuyn qua Gatekeeper

Gatekeeper

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 ARQ ACF/ARJ Set-up ARQ ACF/ARJ Connect

2 3 6

cui1 u

cui 2 u

Knh bo hi cuc gi u Knh bo hi RAS u

Hnh 3. Bn tin bo hiu c truyn trc trc tip gia cc thit b u cui C hai phng thc ny u s dng cc kt ni ging nhau vi cng mc ch, dng bn tin c s dng cng ging nhau, cc bn tin thit lp bo hiu c trao i trn knh RAS ca Gatekeeper, sau ti trao i bn tin bo hiu cuc gi trn 47

knh bo hiu cuc gi. Sau mi ti thit lp knh iu khin H.245. Trong phng thc Gatekeeper nh tuyn cc bn tin th n c th ng knh bo hiu cuc gi khi vic thit lp cuc gi hon thnh hoc vn duy tr knh ny h tr cc dch v b xung. Ch c Gatekeeper mi c th ng knh bo hiu cuc gi, nhng khi Gateway tham gia vo cuc gi th cc knh ny khng c php ng.

3.3.2. nh tuyn knh iu khin

Khi cc bn tin bo hiu cuc gi c Gatekeeper nh tuyn th sau knh iu khin H.245 s c nh tuyn theo 2 cch th hin trn hnh Hnh 3. v Hnh 3. :
Gatekeeper 1 ARQ 2 ACF/ARJ 3 Set-up 4 Set-up 5 ARQ 6 ACF/ARJ 7 Connect 8 Connect 9 H.245 Channel

cui 1 u

cui 2 u

Knh u khi H.245 i n Knh bo hi cuc gi u Knh bo hi RAS u

Hnh 3. Knh iu khin H.245 kt ni trc tip hai thit b u cui

Gatekeeper

1 ARQ 2 ACF/ARJ 3 Set-up 4 Set-up 5 ARQ 6 ACF/ARJ 7 Connect 8 Connect 9 H.245 Channel 10 H.245 Channel

10

cui 1 u

cui 2 u

Knh u khi H.245 i n Knh bo hi cuc gi u Knh bo hi RAS u

Hnh 3. Gatekeeper nh tuyn knh iu khin H.245

48

 knh iu khin H.245 c thit lp mt cch trc tip gia cc thit b u cui, (Hnh 3. ). Khi ch cho php kt ni trc tip 2 thit b u cui. knh iu khin H.245 c thit lp t thit b u cui ny ti thit b u cui kia thng qua Gatekeeper (Hnh 3. ). Khi cho php Gatekeeper nh tuyn li knh iu khin H.245 ti mt MC khi thc hin dch v hi ngh.

3.4. Cc th tc bo hiu
Ngi ta chia mt cuc gi lm 5 giai on gm: giai on 1: thit lp cuc gi (xem mc 3.4.1) giai on 2: thit lp knh iu khin (xem mc 3.4.2) giai on 3: thit lp knh thoi o (xem mc 3.4.3) giai on 4: dch v (xem mc 3.4.4) giai on 5: kt thc cuc gi (xem mc 3.4.5).

3.4.1. Bc 1 - Thit lp cuc gi

Trong giai on ny cc phn t trao i vi nhau cc bn tin c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh H.225.0 theo mt trong cc th tc c trnh by sau y. 1/ Cuc gi c bn - C hai thit b u cui u khng ng k Khi c hai thit b u cui u khng ng k vi Gatekeeper, th chng s trao i trc tip cc bn tin vi nhau nh Hnh 3. . Khi ch gi s gi bn tin thit lp cuc gi ti lp TSAP trn knh bo hiu bit trc a ch ca thu bao b gi
cui 1 u cui 2 u

Set-up (1) Call proceeding (2) Alerting (3) Connect (4)

Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Cuc gi c bn khng c Gatekeeper 2/ C hai thu bao u ng k ti mt Gatekeeper Tnh hung ny c 2 trng hp xy ra: 49

 C hai thu bao u cui u ng k ti mt Gatekeeper v Gatekeeper chn phng thc truyn bo hiu trc tip gia 2 thu bao (Hnh 3. ). u tin thu bao ch gi trao i vi Gatekeeper cp bn tin ARQ (1)/ACF (2) thit lp bo hiu. Trong bn tin ACF do Gatekeeper tr li cho thu bao ch gi c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca thu bao b gi. Sau thu bao ch gi s cn c vo a ch ny gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti thu bao b gi. Nu thu bao b gi chp nhn yu cu, n s trao i cp bn tin ARQ (5)/ ACF (6) vi Gatekeeper. Nu thu bao b gi nhn c ARJ (6) th n s gi bn tin Release Complete ti thu bao ch gi.

cui 1 u ARQ (1) ACF/ARJ (2) Set-up (3)

Gatekeeper 1

cui 2 u

Call proceeding (4) ARQ (5) ACF/ARJ (6) Alerting (7) Connect (8)

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Hai thu bao u ng k vi mt Gatekeeper bo hiu trc tip

50

 cui 1 u

Gatekeeper 1 ARQ (1) ACF (2) Set-up (3) Call Proceeding (5) Set-up (4) Call Proceeding (5) ARQ (6) ACF/ARJ (7) Alerting (8) Connect (10) Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u Alerting (8) Connect (9)

cui 2 u

Hnh 3. Hai thu bao u ng k vi mt Gatekeeper Bo hiu qua Gatekeeper C hai thu bao u cui u ng k vi mt Gatekeeper v bo hiu cuc gi c nh tuyn qua Gatekeeper (Hnh 3. ). Khi nhn c ACF (2) c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper, thu bao ch gi s cn c vo a ch ny gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti Gatekeeper. Sau Gatekeeper s gi Set- up (4) ti thu bao b gi. Nu thu bao b gi chp nhn cuc gi, n s trao i ARQ (6)/ACF (7) vi Gatekeeper. Nu nhn c ARJ (7) th thu bao b gi s gi bn tin Release Complete ti Gatekeeper. 3/ Ch c thu bao ch gi c ng k vi Gatekeeper Trong trng hp ch c thu bao ch gi c ng k vi Gatekeeper v bo hiu cuc gi c truyn trc tip gia hai thu bao, th tc bo hiu ca n c th hin trn Hnh 3. . Sau khi nhn c ACF (2), thu bao ch gi s gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti thu bao b gi. Nu thu bao b gi chp nhn cuc gi n s tr li bng bn tin Connect ti thu bao ch gi.

51

 cui 1 u ARQ (1) ACF/ARJ (2) Set-up (3)

Gatekeeper 1

Endpoint 2

Call proceeding (4) Alerting (5) Connect (6)

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Ch c thu bao ch gi ng k - Bo hiu truyn trc tip Khi cc bn tin bo hiu cuc gi do Gatekeeper nh tuyn, th th tc thit lp cuc gi c th hin trn Hnh 3. . Trong trng hp ny cc th t bn tin ca th tc ging ht trng hp trn, ch khc duy nht mt im l tt c cc bn tin bo hiu gi t thu bao ny ti thu bao kia u thng qua phn t trung gian l Gatekeeper 1.
cui 1 u ARQ (1) ACF (2) Set-up (3) Call Proceeding (5) Setup (4) Call Proceeding (5) Alerting (6) Connect (8) Alerting (6) Connect (7) Gatekeeper 1 cui 2 u

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Ch c thu bao ch gi ng k - Gatekeeper nh tuyn bo hiu 4/ Ch c thu bao b gi c ng k vi Gatekeeper

52

 Trong trng hp ch c thu bao b gi ng k vi Gatekeeper v cc bn tin bo hiu truyn trc tip gia hai thu bao th th tc bo hiu ca n s c dng nh Hnh 3. .
cui 1 u Set-up (1) Call proceeding (2) ARQ (3) ACF/ARJ (4) Alerting (5) Connect (6) Gatekeeper 2 cui 2 u

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Ch c thu bao b gi ng k - Bo hiu truyn trc tip u tin thu bao ch gi gi bn tin Set-up (1) trn knh bo hiu bit a ch ti thu bao b gi. Nu thu bao b gi chp nhn n s trao i cp bn tin ARQ (3)/ACF (4) vi Gatekeeper 2. Thu bao b gi cng c th nhn c ARJ (4), khi n s gi bn tin Release Complete ti thu bao ch gi. Trong trng hp chp nhn thu bao b gi s tr li bng bn tin Connect (6) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 cho thu bao ch gi. Trng hp bo hiu do Gatekeeper nh tuyn, th tc bo hiu c th hin trn Hnh 3. . u tin thu bao ch gi s gi bn tin Set-up (1) trn knh bo hiu bit trc a ch ti thu bao b gi , nu thu bao b gi chp nhn cuc gi n s trao i bn tin ARQ (3)/ARJ (4) vi Gatekeeper. Trong bn tin ARJ m Gatekeeper tr li cho thu bao b gi cha m yu cu nh tuyn cuc gi qua Gatekeeper (routeCallToGatekeeper). Khi thu bao b gi s gi bn tin Facility (5) c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper ti thu bao ch gi. Sau thu bao ch gi gi bn tin Release Complete (6) ti thu bao ch gi v cn c vo a ch knh bo hiu thu bao ch gi s gi bn tin Set-up (7) ti Gatekeeper, Gatekeeper gi bn tin Set-up (8) ti thu bao b 53

gi. Sau thu bao b gi s trao i bn tin ARQ (9)/ACF (10) vi Gatekeeper, thu bao b gi gi bn tin Connect (12) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ti Gatekeeper. Gatekeeper s gi bn tin Connect (13) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca thu bao b gi.
cui 1 u Set-up (1) Call Proceeding (2) ARQ (3) ARJ (4) Facility (5) Release Complete (6) Set-up (7) Call Proceeding (2) Set-up (8) Call Proceeding (2) ARQ (9) ACF/ARJ (10)
Alerting (11) Connect (13) Alerting (11) Connect (12)

Gatekeeper 1

u cui 2

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Ch c thu bao b gi ng k - Gatekeeper nh tuyn bo hiu 5/ Hai thu bao ng k vi hai Gatekeeper khc nhau Tnh hung ny c 4 trng hp xy ra: C hai Gatekeeper u chn cch nh tuyn bo hiu trc tip gia hai thu bao, khi th tc bo hiu c th hin trn Hnh 3. . u tin thu bao ch gi trao i cc bn tin ARQ (1)/ACF (2) vi Gatekeeper 1, trong bn tin ACF s cha a ch knh bo hiu ca thu bao b gi. Cn c vo a ch ny thu bao ch gi gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti thu bai b gi. Nu thu bao b gi chp nhn th n s trao i ARQ (5)/ACF (6) vi Gatekeeper 2, nu thu bao b gi nhn c ARJ (6) th n s 54

gi bn tin Release Complete ti thu bao ch gi. thu bao b gi. Khi nhn c ACF thu bao b gi s gi bo tin Connect (8) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ti thu bao ch gi.
cui 1 u ARQ (1) ACF/ARJ (2) Set-up (3) Gatekeeper 1 Gatekeeper 2 cui 2 u

Call proceeding (4) ARQ (5) ACF/ARJ (6) Alerting (7) Connect (8)

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Hai thu bao u ng k vi hai Gatekeeper - C hai Gatekeeper u truyn bo hiu trc tip gia hai thu bao Trng hp th hai l Gatekeeper 1 pha ch gi truyn bo hiu theo phng thc trc tip cn Gatekeeper 2 pha b gi nh tuyn bo hiu cuc gi qua n. Th tc bo hiu trong trng hp ny c th hin trn Hnh 3. . u tin thu bao ch gi trao i ARQ (1)/ACF (2) vi Gatekeeper 1, sau thu bao ch gi s gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti thu bao b gi. Nu thu bao b gi chp nhn, n s trao i ARQ (5)/ARJ (6) vi Gatekeeper 2, trong bn tin ARJ (6) c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca n v cha m ch th bo hiu nh tuyn ti Gatekeeper 2 (routeCallToGatekeeper). Sau thu bao b gi s tr li thu bao ch gi bng bn tin Facility (7) c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper 2. Tip theo thu bao ch gi s gi bn tin Release Complete ti thu bao b gi v trao i cp bn tin DRQ (9)/DCF (10) vi Gatekeeper 1. Khi nhn c DCF thu bao ch gi s li bt u trao i bn tin ARQ (11)/ACF (12) vi Gatekeeper 1. Tip theo thu bao ch gi s gi bn tin 55

Set-up (13) ti a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper 2, sau Gatekeeper 2 s gi bn tin Set-up (13) ti thu bao b gi. Thu bao b gi s bt u trao i ARQ (15)/ACF (16) vi Gatekeeper 2, sau thu bao b gi s gi bn tin Connect (18) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca n ti Gatekeeper 2. Gatekeeper 2 s gi bn tin Connect (19) ti thu bao ch gi.
cui 1 u Gatekeeper 1 ARQ (1) ACF (2) Set-up (3) Call Proceeding (4) ARQ (5) ARJ (6) Facility (7) Release Complete (8) DRQ (9) DCF (10) ARQ (11) ACF (12) Set-up (13) Set-up (14) Call Proceeding (4) Call Proceeding (4) ARQ (15) ACF/ARJ (16) Alerting (17) Connect (19) Alerting (17) Connect (18) Gatekeeper 2 cui 2 u

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Hai thu bao ng k vi 2 Gatekeeper - Pha ch gi truyn trc tip cn pha b gi th nh tuyn bo hiu qua Gatekeeper 2 Trng hp th 3 l Gatekeeper 1 pha ch gi nh tuyn bo hiu qua n cn Gatekeeper 2 pha b gi chn phng thc truyn bo hiu trc tip. Th tc bo hiu ca trng hp ny c th hin trn Hnh 3. . u tin thu bao ch gi trao i bn tin ARQ (1)/ACF (2) vi Gatekeeper 1, khi nhn c ACF c cha a ch knh bo hiu 56

ca Gatekeeper 1 th TB ch gi s gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti Gatekeeper 1. Gatekeeper 1 s gi bn tin Set-up (4) c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca n ti TB b gi. Nu TB b gi chp nhn, n s trao i ARQ (6)/ACF (7) vi Gatekeeper 2, nu nhn c ARJ (7) th n s gi bn tin Release Complete ti thu bao ch gi. Nu nhn c ACF (7) th TB b gi s gi bn tin Connect (9) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca n ti Gatekeeper 1. Gatekeeper 1 s gi bn tin Connect (10) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca TB b gi ti TB ch gi.
cui 1 u ARQ (1) ACF (2) Set-up (3) Call Proceeding (5) Call Proceeding (5) ARQ (6) ACF/ARJ (7) Alerting (8) Alerting (8) Connect (9) Connect (10) Set-up (4) Gatekeeper 1 Gatekeeper 2 cui 2 u

Knh bo hi RAS u

Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Hai thu bao ng k vi 2 Gatekeeper Gatekeeper 1 pha TB ch gi nh tuyn bo hiu cn pha b gi th truyn trc tip Trng hp th 4 l hai TB ng k vi 2 Gatekeeper v c hai Gatekeeper ny u chn phng thc nh tuyn bo hiu cuc gi qua chng. Th tc bo hiu ca trng hp ny c th hin trn Hnh 3. . u tin TB ch gi trao i ARQ (1)/ACF (2) vi Gatekeeper 1, trong bn tin ACF c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper 1. Tip theo TB ch gi cn c vo a ch ny gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti Gatekeeper 1. Qu trnh trao i bn tin c trnh t gn 57

ging cc trng hp trc nhng ch khc mt im l cc TB ch trao i bn tin bo hiu vi cc Gatekeeper qun l n v cc Gatekeeper c trao i bn tin bo hiu cuc gi vi nhau.
cui 1 u ARQ (1) ACF (2) Set-up (3) Call Proceeding (5) Set-up (4) Call Proceeding (5) ARQ (6) ARJ (7) Facility (8) Release Complete (9) Set-up (10) Call Proceeding (5) Set-up (11) Call Proceeding (5) ARQ (12) ACF/ARJ (13) Alerting (14) Alerting (14) Connect (16) Connect (17) Alerting (14) Connect (15) Gatekeeper 1 Gatekeeper 2 cui 2 u

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u

Hnh 3. Hai thu bao u ng k - nh tuyn qua hai Gatekeeper 6/ Thit lp cuc gi qua Gateway Nh trnh by trong mc 2.3.2, mt cuc gi ch lin quan n Gateway khi cuc gi c s chuyn tip t mng PSTN sang mng LAN hoc ngc li. V vy v c bn c th phn bit cuc gi qua Gateway thnh 2 loi: cuc gi t mt thu bao in thoi vo mng LAN v cuc gi t mt thu bao trong mng LAN ra mt thu bao trong mng thoi.

3.4.2. Bc 2 - Thit lp knh iu khin

Trong giai on 1 sau khi trao i cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi, cc u cui s thit lp knh iu khin H.245. Knh iu 58

khin ny c th do thu bao b gi thit lp sau khi n nhn c bn tin Set-up hoc do thu bao ch gi thit lp khi n nhn c bn tin Alerting hoc Call Proceeding. Trong trng hp khng nhn c bn tin Connect hoc mt u cui gi Release Complete, th knh iu khin H.245 s b ng. Chi tit v chc nng v hot ng ca knh iu khin H.245 c trnh by trong mc 3.1.1.

3.4.3. Bc 3 - Thit lp knh truyn thng o

Sau khi trao i kh nng (tc nhn ti a, phng thc m ho..) v xc nh master-slave trong giao tip trong giai on 2, th tc iu khin knh H.245 s thc hin vic m knh logic truyn thng tin. Cc knh ny l knh H.225 (chi tit xem mc 3.2.1). Sau khi m knh logic truyn tn hiu l m thanh v hnh nh th mi u cui truyn tn hiu s truyn i mt bn tin h2250MaximumSkewIndication xc nh thng s truyn. 1/ Thay i ch hot ng Trong giai on ny cc thit b u cui c th thc hin th tc thay i cu trc knh, thay i kh nng v ch truyn cng nh nhn. 2/ Trao i cc lung tn hiu video Vic s dng ch th videoIndicateReadyToActive c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh H.245 l khng bt buc, nhng khi s dng th th tc ca n nh sau. u tin thu bao ch gi s khng c php truyn video cho n khi thu bao b gi ch th sn sng truyn video. Thu bao ch gi s truyn bn tin videoIndicateReadyToActive sau khi kt thc qu trnh trao i kh nng, nhng n s khng truyun tn hiu video cho n khi nhn c bn tin videoIndicateReadyToActive hoc nhn c lung tn hiu video n t pha thu bao b gi. 3/ Phn phi cc a ch lung d liu Trong ch mt a ch, mt u cui s m mt knh logic ti MCU hoc mt u cui khc. a ch ca cc knh cha trong bn tin openLogicalChannel v openLogicalChannelAck. Trong ch a ch nhm, a ch nhm s c xc nh bi MC v c truyn ti cc u cui trong bn tin communicationModeCommand. Mt u cui s bo cho MC 59

vic m mt knh logic vi a ch nhm thng qua bn tin openLogicalChannel v MC s truyn bn tin ti tt c cc u cui trong nhm.

3.4.4. Bc 4 - Dch v
1/ Thay i rng bng tn rng bng tn ca mt cuc gi c Gatekeeper thit lp trong khong thi gian thit lp trao i. Mt u cui phi chc chn rng tng tt c lung truyn, nhn m thanh v hnh nh u phi nm trong rng bng tn thit lp. Ti mi thi im trong khi hi thoi, u cui hoc Gatekeeper u c th yu cu tng hoc gim rng bng tn. Mt u cui c th thay i tc truyn trn mt knh logic m khng yu cu Gatekeeper thay i rng bng tn nu nh tng tc truyn v nhn khng vt qu rng bng tn hin ti. Trong trng hp ngc li th u cui phi yu cu Gatekeeper m n ng k thay i rng bng tn.
Gatekeeper 1 BRQ (1) BCF/BRJ (2) CloseLogicalChannel (3) OpenLogicalChannel (4) BRQ (5) BCF/BRJ (6) OpenLogicalChAck (7) cui 1 u cui 2 u Gatekeeper 2

Ch : Gatekeeper 1 v Gatekeeper 2 c thl m Gatekeeper t

Hnh 3. Yu cu thay i rng bng tn - Thay i thng s truyn Th tc thay i rng bng tn - thay i thng s truyn c th hin trn Hnh 3. . Khi u cui 1 mun tng tc truyn trn knh logic trc ht n phi xc nh xem c th vt qu rng bng tn ca cuc gi hin ti khng. Nu c th th n s gi bn tin BRQ (1) ti Gatekeeper 1. Khi nhn c bn tin BCF (2) c ngha l c rng bng tn cho yu cu, u cui 1 s gi bn tin closeLogicalChannel (3) ng knh logic. Sau n s m li knh logic bng cch gi 60

bn tin openLogicalChannel (4) c cha gi tr tc mi ti u cui 2. Trc ht n phi xc nh xem gi tr c vt qu rng bng tn ca knh hay khng, nu chp nhn gi tr ny th n s trao i bn tin yu cu thay i rng bng tn BRQ (5)/BCF (6) vi Gatekeeper 2. Nu rng bng tn cho yu cu thay i th u cui 2 s tr li u cui 1 bng bn tin openLogicChannelAck (7), trong trng hp ngc li n s t chi bng bn tin openLogicChannelReject. Th tc thay i rng bng tn - Thay i thng s nhn c th hin trn Hnh 3. . Khi u cui 1 mun tng tc nhn trn knh logic ca mnh, trc ht n phi xc nh xem c th vt qu rng bng tn ca cuc gi hin ti khng. Nu c th th n s gi BRQ (1) ti Gatekeeper 1, khi nhn c BCF (2) th n s gi bn tin flowControlCommand (3) c cha gii hn tc mi ca knh ti thit b u cui 2. Trc ht u cui 2 phi xc nh xem bng tn mi c vt qu kh nng ca knh khng, nu chp nhn c th n s gi bn tin yu cu thay i rng bng tn BRQ (4) ti Gatekeeper 2. Khi nhn c BCF (5) th u cui 2 s gi bn tin closeLogiclChannel (6) ng knh logic sau m li knh logic bng bn tin openLogicalChannel (7) c cha tc bit mi ti u cui 1. u cui 1 s xc nh tc mi v tr li u cui 2 bng bn tin openLogicalChannelAck (6).
Gatekeeper 1 BRQ (1) BCF/BRJ (2) FlowControlCommand (3) BRQ (4) BCF/BRJ (5) CloseLogicalChannel (6) OpenLogicalChannel (7) OpenLogicalChAck (8) cui 1 u cui 2 u Gatekeeper 2

Ch : Gatekeeper 1 v Gatekeeper 2 c thl m Gatekeeper t

Hnh 3. Yu cu thay i rng bng tn - thay i thng s nhn 2/ Trng thi 61

 gim st trng thi hot ng ca u cui, Gatekeeper lin tc trao i cp bn tin IRQ/IRR vi cc u cui do n kim sot . Khong thi gian u n gia cc ln trao i cc bn tin c th ln hn 10 giy v gi tr ca n do nh sn xut quyt nh. Gatekeeper c th yu cu mt thit b u cui gi cho n bn tin IRR mt cch u n nh gi tr ca trng irrFrequency trong bn tin ACF gi cho thit b u cui xc nh tc truyn bn tin IRR. Khi xc nh c gi tr ca trng irrFrequency, thit b u cui s gi bn tin IRR vi tc trong sut khong thi gian ca cuc gi. Trong khi Gatekeeper c th vn gi IRQ ti thit b u cui v yu cu tr li theo c ch nh trnh by trn. Trong khong thi gian din ra cuc gi, mt u cui hoc Gatekeeper c th u n hi trng thi t u cui bn kia bng cch s dng bn tin Status Enquiry. u cui nhn c bn tin Status Enquiry s tr li bng bn tin ch th trng thi hin thi. Th tc hi p ny c th c Gatekeeper s dng kim tra mt cch u n xem cuc gi c cn ang hot ng khng. C mt lu l cc bn tin ny l bn tin H.225.0 c truyn trn knh bo hiu cuc gi khng nh hng n cc bn tin IRR c truyn trn knh RAS.

3.4.5. Bc 5 - Kt thc cuc gi

Mt thit b u cui c th kt thc cuc gi theo cc bc ca th tc sau: 1) Dng truyn lung tn hiu video khi kt thc truyn mt nh, sau ng tt c cc knh logic phc v truyn video. 2) Dng truyn d liu v ng tt c cc knh logic dng truyn d liu. 3) Dng truyn audio sau ng tt c cc knh logic dng truyn audio. 4) Truyn bn tin H.245 endSessionCommand trn knh iu khin H.245 bo cho thu bao u kia bit n mun kt thuc cuc gi. Sau n dng truyn cc bn tin H.245 v ng knh iu khin H.245. 5) N s ch nhn bn tin endSessionCommand t thu bao u kia v s ng knh iu khin H.245

62

6) Nu knh bo hiu cuc gi ang m, th n s truyn i bn tin Release Complete sau ng knh bo hiu. 7) N cng c th kt thc cuc gi theo cc th tc sau y. Mt u cui nhn bn tin endSessionCommand m trc n khng truyn i bn tin ny, th n s ln lt thc hin cc bc t 1 n 6 trn y ch b qua bc 5. Ch : Kt thc mt cuc gi khng c ngha l kt thc mt hi ngh (cuc gi c nhiu u cui tham gia), mt hi ngh s chc chn kt thc khi s dng bn tin H.245 dropConference. Khi cc u cui s ch MC kt thc cuc gi theo th tc trn.
Gatekeeper 1 cui 1 u EndSessionCommand (1) EndSessionCommand (1) Release Complete (2) DRQ (3) DCF (4) DRQ (3) DCF (4) cui 2 u Gatekeeper 2

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u Knh u khi H.245 i n Ch : Gatekeeper 1 v Gatekeeper 2 c thl m Gatekeeper t

Hnh 3. Thit b u cui kt thc cuc gi c s tham gia ca Gatekeeper Trong mt cuc gi khng c s tham gia ca Gatekeeper th ch cn thc hin cc bc t 1 n 6. Nhng trong cuc gi c s tham gia ca Gatekeeper th cn c hot ng gii phng bng tn, th tc ny c th hin trn Hnh 3. . V vy sau khi thc hin cc bc t 1 n 6, mi u cui s truyn i bn tin DRQ (3) ti Gatekeeper. Sau Gatekeeper s tr li bng bn tin DCF (4). Sau khi gi DRQ, th u cui s khng gi bn tin IRR ti Gatekeeper na v khi cuc gi kt thc. Trn y l th tc kt thc cuc gi c s tham gia ca Gatekeeper do u cui thc hin. Th tc kt thc cuc gi do Gatekeeper thc hin c th hin trn Hnh 3. . u tin Gatekeeper gi bn tin DRQ ti u cui, khi nhn c bn tin 63

ny u cui s ln lt thc hin cc bc t 1 n 6 sau tr li Gatekeeper bng bn tin DCF. Thu bao u kia khi nhn c bn tin endSessionCommand s thc hin th tc gii phng ging trng hp u cui ch ng kt thc cuc gi. Nu cuc gi l mt hi ngh th Gatekeeper s gi DRQ ti tt c cc u cui tham gia hi ngh
Gatekeeper 1 DRQ (3) EndSessionCommand (1) EndSessionCommand (1) Release Complete (2) DCF (4) DRQ (3) DCF (4)
T1524210-96

cui 1 u

cui 2 u

Gatekeeper 2

Knh bo hi RAS u Knh bo hi cuc gi u Knh u khi H.245 i n Ch : Gatekeeper 1 v Gatekeeper 2 c thl m Gatekeeper t

Hnh 3. Kt thc cuc gi bt u t Gatekeeper

Tm lc Giao thc H245, chc nng v phm vi p dng ca chng trong thoi IP Giao thc H225, chc nng v phm vi p dng ca chng trong thoi IP nh tuyn knh iu khin nh tuyn knh bo hiu Cc giai on bo hiu Th tc kt ni nhanh (FastConnect) v phng php gi gi tin iu khin H245 trong gi tin bo hiu H225.

64

CHNG 4. K thut nn tn hiu thoi

4.1. Tng quan
Trong mng in thoi thng thng tn hiu thoi c m ho PCM theo lut A hoc vi tc 64 kbps. Cch m ho ny cho php khi phc mt cch tng i trung thc cc m thanh trong di tn ting ni. Tuy nhin trong mt s ng dng c bit (v d nh truyn tn hiu thoi trn Internet), m thanh c truyn vi tc thp hn. T xut hin mt s k thut m ho v nn tn hiu ting ni xung tc thp c th nh G.723.1, G.729, G.729A v GSM. V c bn cc b m ho ting ni c ba loi: m ho dng sng (waveform), m ho ngun (source) v m ho lai (hybrid) (ngha l kt hp c hai loi m ho dng trn). Nguyn l ca m ho dng sng l m ho dng sng ca ting ni. Ti pha pht, b m ho s nhn cc tn hiu ting ni tng t lin tc v m thnh tn hiu s trc khi truyn i. Ti pha thu s lm nhim v ngc li khi phc tn hiu ting ni. Khi khng c li truyn dn th dng sng ca ting ni khi phc s rt ging vi dng sng ca ting ni gc. C s ca b m ho dng sng l: nu ngi nghe nhn c mt bn sao dng sng ca ting ni gc th cht lng m thanh s rt tuyt vi. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, qu trnh m ho li sinh ra tp m lng t (m thc cht l mt dng ca mo dng sng), song tp m lng t ny thng nh khng nh hng n cht lng ting ni thu c. u im ca b m ho loi ny l: phc tp, gi thnh thit k , tr v cng sut tiu th thp. Ngi ta c th p dng chng m ho cc tn hiu khc nh: tn hiu bo hiu, s liu di m thanh, v c bit vi nhng thit b iu kin nht nh th chng cn c kh nng m ho c c tn hiu m nhc. B m ho dng sng n gin nht l iu ch xung m (PCM), iu ch Delta (DM)...Tuy nhin, nhc im ca b m ho dng sng l khng to c ting ni cht lng cao ti tc bit di 16kbit/s, b m ho ngun khc phc c nhc im ny. Nguyn l ca m ho ngun l m ho kiu pht m (vocoder), v d nh b m ho d bo tuyn tnh (LPC). Cc b m ho ny c th thc hin c ti tc bit > 2kbit/s. Hn ch ch yu ca m ho kiu pht m LPC l gi thit rng: tn hiu ting ni bao 65

gm c m hu thanh v m v thanh. Do , i vi m hu thanh th ngun kch thch b my pht m s l mt dy cc xung, cn i vi cc m v thanh th n s l mt ngun nhiu ngu nhin. Trong thc t c rt nhiu cch kch thch c quan pht m. V n gin ho, ngi ta gi thit rng ch c mt im kch thch trong ton b giai on ln ging ca ting ni, d cho l m hu thanh. Vo nm 1982, Atal xut mt m hnh mi v kch thch, c gi l kch thch a xung. Trong m hnh ny, khng cn bit trc xem l m hu thanh hay v thanh, c phi l giai on ln ging hay khng. S kch thch c m hnh ho bi mt s xung (thng thng l 4 xung trn 5ms) c bin v v tr c xc nh bng vic cc tiu ho sai lch, c tnh n trng s th cm, gia ting ni gc v ting ni tng hp. Vic a ra m hnh ny gy ch v l m hnh u tin ca mt th h mi ca cc b m ho ting ni phn tch bng tng hp.Chng c kh nng cho ting ni cht lng cao ti tc bit quanh 10 kbit/s v c th ti tn 4.8kbit/s. Tn hiu kch thch Ting ni s c ti u ho mt cch k lng v ngi ta s dng k thut m gc ho dng sng m ho tn hiu kch thch ny mt cch c s(n) hiu qu. Bng 4. u(n ra m hnh tng qut ca m ho ting ni a s*(n Control ew(n) e(n B lc tng )tng hp Tnh trng ) theo phng php LPC phn tch bng _ ) plane
(UNI) u(n ) hp Ting ni s sai s gc s(n) e(n )

B to tn hiu kch thch

Cc tiu s*(n B sai s holc tng ) _ hp

Tnh trng s sai s

ew(n)

Cc tiu ho sai s

a/ B m ho
B to tn hiu kch thch u(n ) B lc tng s*(n) hp Ting ni tng hp

b/ B gii m Hnh 4. M hnh m ho ting ni LPC phn tch bng tng hp 66

Trong : u(n): Tn hiu kch thch s*(n): Tn hiu ting ni tng hp s(n): Tn hiu ting ni gc ew(n): Tn hiu sai s M hnh bao gm 3 phn chnh: Phn th nht: B lc tng hp LPC, l b lc ton cc bin i theo thi gian m hnh ho ng bao ph ngn hn ca dng sng ting ni. u ra ca b lc tng hp l tn hiu ting ni tng hp. Phn th hai: B to kch thch. B ny s cho ra dy kch thch cp cho b lc tng hp to ra ting ni ti to my thu. Vic kch thch s c ti u ho bng cch cc tiu ho sai lch, c tnh trng s th cm gia ting ni gc v ting ni tng hp. Phn th ba: Th tc c s dng trong vic ti thiu ho sai lch (Gm 2 khi: Tnh trng s sai s v cc tiu ho sai s). Tiu chun cc tiu ho sai lch c s dng rng ri nht l sai lch bnh phng trung bnh (mes: mean squared error). Trong m hnh ny, tiu chun cc tiu ho sai s c s dng l: tn hiu sai lch ew(n) c a qua mt b lc nh gi trng s sai s, c tnh trng s th cm, v b lc ny s to dng ph tp m theo mt cch no cng sut tn hiu s tp trung nht ti cc tn s formant ca ph ting ni. Th tc m ho: bao gm 2 bc: Bc1: thng s ca b lc tng hp c xc nh t cc mu ting ni . Bc 2: dy kch thch ti u i vi b lc ny c xc nh bng cch cc tiu ho, c tnh theo trng s th cm gia ting ni gc v ting ni tng hp. Khong thi gian ti u ho kch thch khong 4 7.5 ms, thp hn khung thi gian cp nht thng s LPC. Khung ting ni c chia thnh nhiu khung con, vic kch thch c xc nh ring r cho tng khung con. Cc tham s ca b lc v tn hiu kch thch s c lng t ho trc khi gi n pha thu. Th tc gii m: Cho tn hiu kch thch c gii m qua b lc tng hp to ting ni khi phc. C rt nhiu phng php m hnh ho s kch thch: Phng php kch thch a xung (MPE), phng php kch thch xung u (RPE), phng php d on tuyn tnh kch thch m (CELP). y chng ti tp trung ch yu gii thiu phng php d on tuyn tnh kch thch m CELP. Hin nay phng php

67

ny tr thnh cng ngh ch yu cho m ho ting ni tc thp.

4.2. Nguyn l chung ca b m ho CELP

Tn hiu kch thch l mt mc t ca mt bng m rt ln c phn b mt cch ngu nhin. S nguyn l ca phng php tng hp CELP c a ra trong Bng Hnh 4. .m thch
ng Ting ni
tng hp

Khuch i

u(n )

B lc tng hp

s*(n )

Tr khung con

Khuch i Bng m ngu nhin

Hnh 4. S nguyn l ca phng php tng hp CELP

Ti pha pht: Cc tham s ca b lc tng hp cng vi tng ch v tr ca cc bng m (bao gm bng m thch ng v bng m ngu nhin) c truyn i. Ti pha thu: cng s dng nhng bng thch ng v ngu nhin nh th xc nh tn hiu kch thch ti li vo b lc tng hp LPC to ra ting ni tng hp. Bng m kch thch gm L t m (l cc vc t ngu nhin) c di N mu (thng thng L=1024 v N=40 mu ng vi mt khung kch thch 5ms). Bng cch tm kim trit ton b bng m ngu nhin ngi ta s chn c tn hiu kch thch ca mt khung ting ni di N mu. B lc tng hp tnh trng s c cho bi:
P

W(z) = 1/A(z/) = 1/ ( 1- (ak k z-k )

k=1

68

Trong : l mt phn s t 0 n 1. {ak} l cc tham s b lc tng hp LPC hay cn gi l h s d on. p l bc ca b lc tng hp LPC hay bc ca b d on. Sau khi xc nh c cc tham s ca bng m thch ng (bao gm c tng ch v tr ln ging) th ting ni tng hp tnh trng s s*(n) c cho l: s*(n) = ck(n) * h(n) + Gy(n) + s*0(n) Trong : Tch chp l khng nh. ck(n) l t m kch thch vi ch s k. l h s t l. h(n) l phn ng xung ca b lc tng hp tnh trng s W(z). s*0(n) l phn ng li vo khng ca b lc tng hp tnh trng s. G l tng ch ca bng m thch ng. y(n) =c(n)*h(n) l phn ng trng thi khng ca b lc tng hp tnh trng s i vi t m c(n) c la chn t bng m thch ng. Sai s tnh trng s gia ting ni tng hp v ting ni gc c cho bi: ew(n) = s(n) - s*(n) Trong : s*(n): Tn hiu ting ni tng hp s(n): Tn hiu ting ni gc ew(n): Tn hiu sai s Sau sai s ny s c cc tiu bng phng php sai lch bnh phng trung bnh (mes):
N-1

E = [ew(n)]2
n=0

phc tp ca b m ho ny tng khi tc bit gim. Th d, CELP c th cho ting ni tc thp ti 4.8kbit/s vi iu kin tnh ton rt phc tp do: tn hiu kch thch ti u c tm kim thng qua bng m rt ln (kch thc bng m thng gm khong 1024 mc t). i vi bng m c 1024 t m v mt khung kch th-

69

c 40 mu th cn phi thc hin khong 40.000 php nhn sot bng m. C th nhn xt rng nhc im ca phng php CELP l: c mt th tc i hi tnh ton ln rt kh c th thc hin trong thi gian thc. Do vy cn c mt phng php n gin ho th tc sot bng m sao cho khng nh hng ti cht lng ting ni. l phng php s dng cc bng m i s ACELP (Algebraic CELP) trong cc bng m c to ra nh cc m sa li nh phn c bit. nng cao hiu qu r sot bng m, ngi ta s dng cc bng m i s c cu lin kt CS-ACELP (Conjugate-Structure ACELP). Khuyn ngh ITU G.729 a ra nguyn l ca b m ho ting ni s dng phng php CS-ACELP m ho ting ni tc 8kbit/s.

4.3. Nguyn l m ho CS-ACELP

Tn hiu PCM 64kbit/s u vo (theo qui lut A hoc ) qua b m ho thut ton CS-ACELP , c ly mu ti tn s 8kHz, sau qua b chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM u 16 bit a ti u vo b m ho. Tn hiu u ra b gii m s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM (theo qui lut A hoc ) theo ng tn hiu u vo. Cc c tnh u vo/u ra khc, ging nh ca tn hiu PCM 64kbit/s (theo khuyn ngh ITU G.711), s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM u 16 bit ti u vo b m ho, hoc tn hiu PCM u 16 bit s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu ra PCM theo ng qui lut ca tn hiu u vo b gii m s c trnh by chi tit sau.

4.3.1. Nguyn l chung ca b m ho

B m ho CS-ACELP da trn c s ca b m d bo tuyn tnh kch thch m CELP. B m ho CS-ACELP thc hin trn cc khung ting ni chu k 10 ms tng ng vi 80 mu ti tc ly mu l 8000 mu/s. C mi mt khung 10 ms, tn hiu ting ni li c phn tch trch ly cc tham s ca b m CELP ( l: cc h s ca b lc d bo thch ng, ch s cc bng m c nh v bng m thch ng cng vi cc tng ch ca cc bng m). Cc tham s ny s c m ho v truyn i. S phn b bit ca cc tham s m ha c trnh by Bng 4. .

70

Bng 4. S phn b bit ca cc tham s ca thut ton CSACELP tc 8kbit/s (khung 10 ms)
Tham s Cc cp vch ph tr m thch ng chn l tr bc Ch s m c nh Du m c nh Cc khuych i m (bc 1) Cc khuych i m (bc 2) Tng cng T m L0,L1,L2,L3 P1, P2 P0 C1, C2 S1, S2 GA1, GA2 GB1, GB2 S bit trong khung con 1 8 1 13 4 3 4 S bit trong khung con 2 5 13 4 3 4 Tng s bit trong 1 khung 18 13 1 26 8 6 8 80

Ti pha thu: s dng cc tham s ny khi phc cc tham s tn hiu kch thch v cc tham s ca b lc tng hp. Tn hiu ting ni s c khi phc bng cch lc cc tham s tn hiu kch thch ny thng qua b lc tng hp ngn hn B lc tng hp ngn hn da trn c s b lc d bo tuyn tnh LP bc 10. B lc tng hp di hn, hay b lc tng hp cao dng cho vic lm trn m thch ng. Sau khi khi phc, nh b lc sau ting ni s c lm tng trung thc.

4.3.2. Nguyn l b m ho CS-ACELP

S khi b m ho c m t nh Hnh 4. .
Ting ni u vo Khi tin x l Khi tng hp LP s lng t ho v ni suy LPC info B lc tng hp LPC info cm nhn

Bng m c nh Bng m thch ng

Gc

Gp B tng hp cao Tm bng m c nh

S lng t ho khuch i

LPC

S lng t ho khuch i

Lung bit pht i

71

Hnh 4. S nguyn l ca b m ho CS-ACELP Tn hiu u vo a qua b tin x l, b ny c hai chc nng: lc thng cao v tnh ton tn hiu. Tn hiu u ra b tin x l l tn hiu u vo ca cc khi tng hp tip sau. S tng hp d bo tuyn tnh (LP) c thc hin mt ln trong mt khung 10 ms tnh cc h s ca b lc d bo tuyn tnh (LP). Cc h s ny c bin i thnh cc cp vch ph (LSP) v c lng t bng phng php lng t ho vc t d bo hai bc (VQ) 18 bit. Tn hiu kch thch c la chn bng cch cc tiu ho sai s, c tnh n trng s th cm gia ting ni gc v ting ni tng hp. Cc tham s kch thch (gm: bng m c nh v bng m thch ng) c xc nh qua tng khung con 5 ms (tng ng vi 40 mu). Cc h s ca b lc LP c lng t v cha c lng t c s dng cho phn khung th 2, cn ti phn khung th nht cc h s ca b lc LP c ni suy s c s dng (trong c hai trng hp lng t v cha lng t). tr bc mch vng h s c tnh ton mt ln trong mt khung 10 ms da trn ln tn hiu thoi. Sau cc php tnh ny s lp li trong tng phn khung tip theo. Tn hiu ban u x(n) c tnh bng cch lc d LP thng qua b lc tng hp W(z)/A(z). Trng thi ban u ca b lc ny l tn hiu li gia tn hiu d LP v tn hiu kch thch. S phn tch bc ca mch vng ng s c thc hin sau ( tm tr m thch ng v khuych i), dng tn hiu ban u x(n) v c tuyn xung h(n), bng cch lm trn gi tr tr bc ca mch vng h. tr bc c m ho bng m 8 bit trong phn khung th nht, vi sai ca tr c m ho bng m 5 bit trong phn khung th 2. Tn hiu x (n) l hiu s ca 2 tn hiu: tn hiu ban u x(n) v tn hiu m thch ng (tn hiu m c nh). Tn hiu ny c dng trong vic tm tn hiu kch thch ti u. Gi tr kch thch m c nh c m ho bng m i s 17 bit (trong : Ch s bng m c nh c m ha bng t m C1, C2 (13 bit) ; Du bng m c nh c m ho bng t m S1, S2 - 3 72

bit). Cc khuch i bng m c nh v bng m thch ng c lng t ho bng vc t 7 bit (Trong : bc 1 c m ho bng t m GA1, GA2 - 3 bit ; bc 2 c m ho bng t m GB1, GB2 - 4 bit). Ti y s dng s d on trung bnh ng MA cho khuch i m c nh. Cui cng, da vo cc b nh lc s xc nh c tn hiu kch thch.

4.3.3. Nguyn l b gii m CS-ACELP

S khi ca b gii m c m t trong Hnh 4. .
Bng m c nh Bng m thch ng B lc ngn hn B x l trm

Gc

Gp

Hnh 4. S nguyn l ca b gii m CS-ACELP u tin, cc ch s ca cc tham s c trch ra t lung bit thu. Cc ch s ny s c gii m thu li cc tham s ca b m ho trong 1 khung ting ni 10 ms. Cc tham s l: cc h s LSP, 2 phn tr bc ( tr bc v vi sai ca tr bc), 2 vc t bng m c nh (ch s m c nh v ch s bng m c nh), v 2 tp hp khuch i bng m c nh v bng m thch ng. Cc h s LSP c ni suy v c chuyn i thnh cc h s b lc LP cho mi phn khung. Sau , c mi phn khung thc hin cc bc tip theo: Gi tr kch thch c khi phc l tng ca vc t bng m c nh v bng m thch ng nhn vi cc gi tr khuch i tng ng ca chng. Ting ni c khi phc bng cch lc gi tr kch thch ny thng qua b lc tng hp LP. Tn hiu ting ni khi phc a qua bc x l trm, bao gm b lc thch ng da trn c s cc b lc tng hp ngn hn v di hn, sau qua b lc thng cao v b nng tn hiu. Bng 4. m t ch s ca cc tham s truyn. S sp xp theo th t lung bit c m t trong bng. Vi mi tham s, bit c ngha ln nht (MBS) s c truyn trc. 73

Bng 4. Cc tham s ca b m ho v gi m CS-ACELP

K hiu L0 L1 L2 L3 P1 P0 S1 C1 GA1 GB1 P2 S2 C2 GA2 GB2 M t Ch s d bo MA chuyn mch ca b lng t LSP Vc t bc u tin ca b lng t LSP Vc t thp bc th hai ca b lng t LSP Vc t cao bc th hai ca b lng t LSP tr ln ging ca khung con th nht Bit chn l dnh cho tr ln ging Du ca cc xung bng m c nh ca khung con th nht Bng m c nh ca khung con th nht Khuch i bng m (bc 1) ca khung con th nht Khuch i bng m (bc 2) ca khung con th nht tr ln ging ca khung con th hai Du ca cc xung bng m c nh ca khung con th hai Bng m c nh ca khung con th hai Khuch i bng m (bc 1) ca khung con th hai Khuch i bng m (bc 2) ca khung con th hai Cc bit 1 7 5 5 8 1 4 13 3 4 5 4 13 3 4

4.4. Chun nn G.729A

G.729A l thut ton m ho ting ni tiu chun cho thoi v s liu ng thi s ho (DSVD). G.729A l s trao i lung bit vi G.729, c ngha l: Tn hiu c m ho bng thut ton G.729A c th c gii m thng qua thut ton G.729 v ngc li.Ging nh G.729, n s dng thut ton d bo tuyn tnh m kch thch i s c cu trc lin kt (CS-ACELP) vi cc khung 10 ms. Tuy nhin mt vi thut ton thay i s c gii thiu m kt qu ca cc thut ton ny lm gim 50% phc tp. Nguyn l chung ca b m ho v gii m ca thut ton G.729A ging vi G.729. Cc th tc lng t ho v phn tch LP ca cc khuych i bng m c nh v thch ng ging nh G.729. Cc thay i thut ton chnh so vi G.729 s tng kt nh sau: B lc trng s th cm s dng cc tham s b lc LP lng t v c biu din l W(z) = A(z)/A(z/) vi gi tr c nh = 0,75. Phn tch ln ging mch vng h c n gin ho bng cch s dng phng php decimation (c ngha l trch 10 ly 1) trong khi tnh s tng quan ca ting ni trng s. Cc tnh ton phn ng xung ca b lc tng hp trng s W(z)/A(z) , ca tn hiu ban u , v vic thit lp trng thi ban u ca b lc c n gin ho bng cch thay th W(z) bng 1/A(z/). 74

 Vic tm bng m thch ng c n gin ho. Vic tm s cc i ho gi tr tng quan gia kch thch trc v tn hiu ban u lc trc (nng lng ca kch thch trc lc l khng ng k). Vic tm bng m c nh c n gin ho. Thay v tm tp trung mch vng t ong, gii php tm s hnh cy su trc c s dng. Ti b gii m, ho ba ca b lc sau s c n gin bng cch s dng ch cc tr nguyn Bng 4. Cc thng s WMOPS v MIPS ca G.729 v G.729A
Chc nng Tin x l Phn tch LP Lng t ho v ni suy LSP Bin i LSP thnh A(z) v trng s Ln ging mch vng h Ln ging mch vng ng Bng m i s Lng t ho cc khuch i Tm kch thch v cp nht b nh Tng cng (m ho) Gii m B lc sau x l sau Tng cng (gii m) Tng cng (m ho + gii m) WMOPS G.729 G.729A 0,20 0,20 1,63 1,28 0,95 0,95 0,30 0,12 1,45 2,83 6,35 0,46 0,21 14,38 0,68 2,13 0,22 3,03 17,41 0,82 1,55 1,86 0,46 0,08 7,32 0,68 0,73 0,22 1,63 8,95 C50 MIPS G.729 G.729A 0,226 0,226 1,957 1,696 1,390 1,390 0,461 0,173 1,563 3,453 8,406 0,643 0,278 18,377 1,133 2,539 0,266 3,938 22,315 0,955 1,778 3,046 0,643 0,112 10,019 1,133 1,000 0,226 2,399 12,418

MIPS: (Million Instructions Per Second): triu cu lnh trn 1 giy WMOPS: (Weighted Million Operations Per Second): triu thao tc trn 1 giy. C hai b m ho G.729 v G.729A c th nghim trn vi mch T1 TMS320C50 DSP. Trong th nghim USH, thut ton m ho song cng G.729A yu cu 12,4 MIPS, trong khi G.729 yu cu 22,3 MIPS. Vic gim phc hp ca c hai b m ho G.729 v G.729A c a ra trong Bng 4. cho c hai phn m ho v gii m. phc tp y c th hin qua 2 s hng: C50 MIPS v WMOPS ca thut ton c s. V yu cu b nh: G.729A yu cu t hn 2K RAM v 10K ROM trong khi G.729 yu cu khong 2K RAM v 11K ROM. Hin nhin rng: s dng G.729A gim c 75

khong 50% phc tp so vi s dng G.729, vi vic gim mt t cht lng trong trng hp 3 b i (m ho / gii m) v trong trng hp c tp m nn.

4.5. Chun nn G.729B

G.729B a ra mt nguyn l nn im lng tc bit thp c thit k v ti u ho lm vic chung c vi c G.729 v G.729A phc tp thp. t c vic nn im lng tc bit thp cht lng tt, mt mun b d hot ng thoi khung c bn l yu t cn thit d cc khung thoi khng tch cc, gi l cc khung tp m nn hoc khung im lng. i vi cc khung thoi khng tch cc d c ny, mt mun truyn gin on o s thay i theo thi gian ca c tnh tn hiu thoi khng tch cc v quyt nh xem c mt khung m t thng tin im lng mi c th c gi i duy tr cht lng ti to ca tp m nn ti u cui thu c khng?. Nu c mt khung nh th c yu cu, cc tham s nng lng v ph m t cc c tnh cm nhn c ca tp m nn c m ho v truyn i mt cch hiu qu dng 15b/khung. Ti u cui thu, mun to tp m ph hp s to tp m nn u ra s dng tham s cp nht pht hoc cc tham s c trc . Tp m nn tng hp t c bng cch lc d bo tuyn tnh tn hiu kch thch tp gi trng c to ra trong ni b ca mc iu khin. Phng php m ho tp m nn tit kim tc bit cho ting ni m ho ti tc bit trung bnh thp 4kbit/s trong cuc m thoi ting ni bnh thng duy tr cht lng ti to. i vi cc ng dng DSVD (Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data: thoi v s liu ng thi s ho) v nhy tc bit khc, G.729b l mt iu kin ti cn thit gim tc bit hn na bng cch s dng cng ngh nn im lng. Khi khng c ting ni, tc bit c th gim, gii phng dung lng knh cho cc ng dng xy ra ng thi, v d nh cc ng truyn ting khc trong in thoi t bo a truy nhp phn knh theo m/ theo thi gian (TDMA/CDMA) hoc truyn s liu ng thi. Mt phn ng k trong cc cuc m thoi thng thng l im lng, trung bnh ln ti 60% ca mt cuc m thoi 2 chiu. Trong sut qu trnh im lng, thit b u vo ting, v d nh tai nghe, s thu thng tin t mi trng n. Mc v c tnh n c th thay i ng k, t mt phng im lng ti ng ph n o 76

hoc t mt chic xe t chuyn ng nhanh. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc ngun tp m thng mang t thng tin hn thng tin ting, v vy, trong cc chu k khng tch cc t s nn s cao hn. Nhiu ng dng in hnh, v d h thng ton cu i vi in thoi di ng GSM, s dng vic d tm chu k im lng v chn tp m ph hp to c hiu qu m ho cao hn. Xut pht t quan nim v d tm im lng v chn tp m ph hp dn ti cc cng ngh m ho ting mu kp. Cc mu khc nhau bi tn hiu u vo, c biu th l: thoi tch cc i vi ting ni v l thoi khng tch cc i vi im lng hoc tp m nn, c xc nh bi s phn loi tn hiu. S phn loi ny c th c thc hin bn trong hoc bn ngoi b m ho ting ni. B m ho ting ton tc c th c tc dng trong qu trnh ting thoi tch cc, nhng c mt nguyn l khc c dng i vi tn hiu thoi khng tch cc, s dng bit t hn v to ra t s nn trung bnh cao hn. S phn loi ny c gi chung l b d hot ng thoi (VAD: Voice Activity Detector) v u ra ca b ny gi l mc hot ng thoi. Mc hot ng thoi l 1 khi c mt hot ng thoi v l 0 khi khng c hot ng thoi.

77

Ting ni u vo

B m ho tn hiu thoi khng tch cc Lung tn hiu thoi tch B m ho tn hiu cc thoi tch cc Mc quyt nh VAD

Lung tn hiu thoi khng tch cc

B gii m tn hiu thoi khng tch cc Lung tn hiu thoi B giitch m cc tn hiu

Knh thng tin

Ting ni khi phc

thoi tch cc

VAD

Hnh 4. H thng thng tin ting ni c b VAD Thut ton VAD v b m ho ting ni khng tch cc, ging vi cc b m ho G.729 v G.729A, c thc hin trn cc khung ca ting ni c s ho. ph hp, kch thc cc khung ging nhau c dng cho mi s v khng c tr thm vo no c to ra bi thut ton VAD hoc b m ho thoi khng tch cc. S m t h thng thng tin ting ni dng VAD v b m ho khng tch cc i vi tc nn cao hn c trnh by Hnh 4. . u vo b m ho ting ni l tn hiu ting ni n c s ho. Vi mi khung ting ni u vo, VAD a ra mc hot ng thoi, mc ny c dng nh mt chuyn mch gia cc b m ho thoi tch cc v thoi khng tch cc. Khi b m ho thoi tch cc c tc dng, lung bit thoi tch cc s gi ti b gii m tch cc cho mi khung.Tuy nhin, trong cc chu k khng tch cc, b m ha thoi khng tch cc c th c chn gi cc thng tin mi nht gi l b m t vic chn im lng (SID: Silence Insertion Descriptor) ti b gii m khng tch cc hoc khng gi g c. K thut ny c tn l truyn gin on (DTX: Discontinuous Transmission). Vi mi khung, u ra ca mi b gii m c dng lm tn hiu khi phc.

4.6. Chun nn G.723.1

Khuyn ngh G.723.1 a ra mt b m ho tiu chun dng nn tn hiu ting ni hoc cc tn hiu audio khc ca cc dch 78

v a phng tin ti tc rt thp, ging vi phn tiu chun ca h H.323. V tc bit: B m ho ny c 2 tc bit: 5.3kbit/s v 6.3 kbit/s. B m ho c tc bit cao hn s c cht lng cao hn. B m ho c tc bit thp hn em li cht lng tt v, cng thm tnh linh hot, cung cp cho cc nh thit k h thng. B m ho v gii m bt buc phi c c 2 tc bit ny. Chng c th chuyn mch c gia 2 tc bit ti bt k ng bin gii no ca khung. Khi tn hiu l phi thoi th c th la chn mt tc bit bin thin truyn khng lin tc v iu khin nhng khong trng. Tn hiu u vo c th ca b m ho: ny ti u ho tn hiu ting ni vi cht lng cao ti cc tc bit ni trn vi mt hn ch v phc tp. B m ho ny dng m ho ting ni v cc tn hiu audio khc vi cc khung dng k thut m ho phn tch bng tng hp d bo tuyn tnh. Tn hiu kch thch, i vi b m ho tc bit cao hn, l lng t ho ng cc i a xung (MP-MLQ) v i vi b m ho c tc bit thp hn, l d on tuyn tnh kch thch m i s (ACELP). Kch thch khung l 30ms, cng thm 7,5ms look-ahead, to ra tr x l thut ton tng cng l 37,5ms. Ton b tr thm vo b m ho l tng ca: Tr x l, tr truyn dn trn cc ng truyn thng tin v tr m ca cc giao thc ghp knh.

4.6.1. Nguyn l b m ho G.723.1

Tn hiu PCM 64kbit/s u vo (theo qui lut A hoc ) qua b m ho ny, c ly mu ti tn s 8kHz, sau qua b chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM u 16 bit a ti u vo b m ho. Tn hiu u ra b gii m s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM (theo qui lut A hoc ) theo ng tn hiu u vo. Cc c tnh u vo/u ra khc, ging nh ca tn hiu PCM 64kbit/s (theo khuyn ngh ITU G.711), s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM u 16 bit ti u vo b m ho, hoc tn hiu PCM u 16 bit s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu ra PCM theo ng qui lut ca tn hiu u vo b gii m s c trnh by chi tit sau. B m ho da trn nguyn l b m ho phn tch bng tng hp d bo tuyn tnh v c gng cc tiu ho sai s c tnh trng s th cm. B m ho thc hin theo tng khung 240 mu. iu ny 79

tng ng vi chu k khung l 30 ms v tn s ly mu l 8kHz. Ti mi khi, u tin tn hiu c a qua b lc thng cao loi b thnh phn tn hiu mt chiu DC v sau c chia thnh 4 khung con. Vi mi khung con, s dng tn hiu u vo cha s l tnh ton b lc m ho d bo tuyn tnh bc 10 (LPC). B lc LPC ca khung con cui cng s c lng t ho bng phng php lng t ho vc t phn chia d bo (PSVQ). Cc h s LPC cha c lng t s c dng khi phc b lc trng s th cm ngn hn. Vi mi hai phn khung (120 mu), s s dng tn hiu ting ni trng s tnh ton chu k ln ging ting ni mch vng kn, LOL. Chu k ln ging ting ni c tnh trong khong t 18 n 142 mu. Sau tn hiu ting ni s c s l theo tng phn khung c bn 60 mu. S dng nh gi chu k ln ging ting ni trc khi phc b lc dng n ho ba. Phn ng xung c to bi vic u ni b lc tng hp LPC, b lc c tnh trng s th cm formant v b lc dng tp m ho ba. Ngi ta s dng phn ng xung ny cho cc php tnh ton tip sau. B d on chu k ln ging mch vng kn c tnh ton bng cch s dng nh gi chu k ln ging, LOL, v phn ng xung. Ngi ta s dng b d on ln ging bc 5. Chu k ln ging s c tnh l gn ng gi tr vi sai nh ca nh gi ln ging mch vng h. Thnh phn thm vo b d on ln ging sau s c loi b khi vc t ban u. C hai gi tr ch k ln ging v gi tr vi sai ca n s c truyn v pha b gii m. Cui cng, cc thnh phn khng c d on ca tn hiu kch thch s c ly gn ng. i vi b m ho c tc bit cao, ngi ta s dng gi tr kch thch lng t ho gn ng cc i a xung (MP-MLQ), v i vi b m ho c tc bit thp, ngi ta s dng gi tr kch thch m i s (ACELP).

4.6.2. Nguyn l b gii m G.723.1

B gii m c thc hin trn nguyn l c bn tng khung. u tin cc ch s ca b lc LPC s c gii m, sau b gii m s khi phc b lc tng hp LPC. i vi mi phn khung, c hai gi tr kch thch bng m c nh v gi tr kch thch bng m thch ng s c gii m v a ti u vo b lc tng hp LPC. 80

B lc sau thch ng bao gm formant v b lc sau ln ging pha sau-pha trc (forward-backward). Tn hiu kch thch s c a ti u vo b lc sau ln ging, u ra b lc sau ln ging c a ti u vo b lc tng hp, v u ra b lc tng hp s c a ti u vo b lc sau formant.

4.7. Chun nn GSM 06.10

u vo b nn GSM 06.10 bao gm cc khung 160 mu cc tn hiu PCM tuyn tnh ly mu ti tn s 8kHz. Chu k mi khung l 20 ms, khong 1 chu k thanh mn i vi nhng ngi c ging ni cc thp, v khong mi chu k thanh mn i vi ngi c ging ni rt cao. y l khong thi gian rt ngn, v trong khong ny sng ting ni thay i khng nhiu lm. tr truyn dn thng tin c tnh bng tng thi gian s l v kch thc khung ca thut ton. B m ho thc hin nn mt khung tn hiu u vo 160 mu (20ms) vo mt khung 260 bits. Nh vy mt giy n s thc hin nn c 13.103 bits (tng ng vi 1625 bytes). Do vy nn mt megabyte tn hiu ch cn mt thi gian cha y 10 pht. Trung tm ca qu trnh s l tn hiu l b lc. u ra b lc ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi tr u vo n ca n. Khi c mt dy cc gi tr a qua b lc th dy tn hiu ny s c dng kch thch b lc. Dng ca b nn GSM 06.10 dng nn tn hiu ting ni bao gm hai b lc v mt gi tr kch thch ban u.B lc ngn hn d bo tuyn tnh, c t ti tng u tin ca qu trnh nn v ti tng cui cng trong sut qu trnh gin, c gi s tun theo quy lut m thanh ca mi v c quan pht thanh.N c kch thch bi u ra ca b lc d bo di hn (LTP).

Tm lc Cc phng php m ho tn hiu thoi Nguyn l hot ng ca b m ho v gii m CELP Nguyn l hot ng ca b m ho v gii m CS-ACELP Nguyn l ca cc chun m ho G.729A, .729B, G.723.1, GSM 06-10, so snh c im ca cc chun m ho ny.

81

CHNG 5. nh s v chuyn i a ch
5.1. Yu cu chung
ETSI a ra hai khuyn ngh TS 101 324 Ver.2.1.1 v TR 101 327 Ver.1.1.1 v yu cu nh s i vi thu bao VoIP m bo vic phi hp hot ng gia hai mng IP v mng PSTN. Sau y l mt s yu cu chung: 1. Mng VoIP phi nhn dng c s b gi theo chun E.164 c s dng trong mng quc t; 2. Mng VoIP c th nhn dng c mi s b gi theo chun E.164 c s dng trong mng quc gia; 3. Mng VoIP c th nhn dng c s b gi trong cc mng ni b (trong trng hp mng IP ni b kt ni vi mng SCN ni b; 4. Mng VoIP phi truyn c y mi tn khch hng yu cu hn ch nhn dng thu bao ch gi; 5. Mng VoIP phi h tr c ch la chn nh cung cp mng theo quy nh ca tng quc gia trong trng hp c nhiu nh cung cp mng; Ch : Vic la chn nh cung cp mng c th c thc hin bng nhiu cch: t ngm nh, la chn trc bi ngi s dng, quay s m truy nhp v m nhn dng ca nh cung cp mng, hoc bng mt cch thc khc do quc gia quy nh. 6. Mng VoIP phi h tr chc nng phn tch s la chn nh cung cp dch v nu cn thit; Ch : Cc quc gia khc nhau c yu cu khc nhau v s la chn nh cung cp dch v. Mt vi quc gia yu cu chc nng b sung trong mng khi pht cuc gi v mng chuyn tip.

5.1.1. Yu cu i vi cuc gi t IP n PSTN

Trong trng hp ny (trng hp 1), mng VoIP phi cung cp cc chc nng sau: 1. Thu bao ch gi trong mng VoIP phi nhn dng c s thu bao b gi kiu E.164 trong mng PSTN, hoc s s dng trong mng SCN ni b trong trng hp mng IP ni b kt ni vi mng SCN ni b; 82

Ch : Trong trng hp quy tc nh s khc c s dng trong mng VoIP, th tn gi trong mng IP s c chuyn i sang s E.164 hoc chuyn i sang s s dng trong mng SCN ni b trong trng hp mng IP ni b kt ni vi mng SCN ni b. 2. Mng VoIP phi c kh nng cung cp nhn dng thu bao ch gi (CLI) cho mng PSTN nu c yu cu ngay c khi thu bao ch gi kch hot dch v hn ch CLI. Cc thng tin CLI phi nhn dng c hoc u cui hoc ngi s dng hoc c hai; Ch : Cc thng tin CLI c mng yu cu phc v mc ch qun l thm ch k c khi n khng c chuyn n thu bao b gi. 3. Trong trng hp mng c s dng cc m tin t (v d nh m vng), th mng VoIP cng phi h tr m tin t; 4. Trong trng hp mng c s dng cc s dch v c bit (v d nh 116,113, 115...) th mng VoIP cng phi h tr s dng cc s ny.

5.1.2. Yu cu i vi cuc gi t PSTN n IP

Trong trng hp ny (trng hp 2), mng VoIP phi cung cp cc chc nng sau: 1. Mng VoIP phi xc nhn i vi mi yu cu hn ch nhn dng thu bao ch gi nhn c t mng PSTN; 2. Trong trng hp c nhiu nh cung cp dch v th mng VoIP phi h tr vic la chn ny.

5.1.3. Yu cu i vi cuc gi t PSTNIPPSTN

Trong trng hp ny (trng hp 3), mng VoIP phi cung cp cc chc nng sau: Mng VoIP phi truyn c cc thng tin CLI, cc thng tin bo hiu tng ng c cung cp bi mng PSTN khi pht v cc s thu bao b gi c th thit lp thnh cng cuc gi.

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Ch : Trong trng hp ny mng IP ch cung cp kt ni gia cc mng PSTN, v vy s thu bao ch gi v b gi chnh l s ca chng trong mng PSTN v chng c th khng c a ch IP tng ng. V vy vic nh tuyn cuc gi trong mng IP s da trn cuc gi xut pht t u trong mng PSTN v cc phn ca s thu bao b gi theo nh dng E.164 v d nh m quc gia, m vng hoc m nt ca mng ni b nh tuyn cuc gi n ch trong mng PSTN.

5.1.4. Yu cu i vi cuc gi t IP PSTN IP

Trong trng hp ny (trng hp 4), mng VoIP phi cung cp cc chc nng nh trong cc trng hp 1 v 2.

5.1.5. Cc phng thc quay s

Phng thc thu bao ch gi quay s thit lp cuc gi vi thu bao b gi c chia lm hai loi: phng thc thit lp mt giai on v phng thc thit lp 2 giai on. - Phng thc thit lp mt giai on: thu bao ch gi c th kt ni trc tip vi thu bao b gi bng cch bm s vi ch mt chui s lin tip l s in thoi ca thu bao b gi. Chui s c bm loi ny c th bao gm mt prefix v m ca nh cung cp mng hoc nh cung cp dch v. - Phng thc thit lp hai giai on: thu bao ch gi trc tin phi kt ni vi mt trm trung gian v d nh im truy nhp ca nh cung cp dch v hoc PBX t ti to nh ni thu bao b gi bng cch bm s in thoi ca trm . Sau khi kt ni c vi trm trung gian, thu bao ch gi phi bm tip s in thoi ca thu bao b gi thit lp cuc gi. Thng thng ln bm s th hai ny xy ra sau khi thu bao ch gi nhn c tn hiu phc p t trm trung gian. i vi ngi s dng, phng thc thit lp mt giai on thng dng v thun tin hn bi v s lng ch s ngi s dng phi bm t hn so vi phng thc hai giai on. Bn cnh , nh cung cp mng v nh cung cp dch v cng thch phng thc thit lp mt giai on hn do thi quen ca ngi s dng.

5.1.6. Cc s la chn
Nm 1999, ITU-T nghin cu v phng thc v cch nh cc s la chn trong mng SCN v a ra tiu chun chun quc t cho cc s ny. Theo ITU-T, cc s la chn bao gm3 loi sau: 84

La chn vng: cho php thu bao ca mng SCN gi nguyn s E.164 khi h di chuyn t vng ny sang vng khc. - La chn nh cung cp dch v: cho php thu bao ca mng SCN gi nguyn s E.164 khi ngi chuyn t s dng dch v ca nh cung cp dch v ny sang nh cung cp dch v khc. - S la chn dch v: cho php thu bao ca mng SCN gi nguyn s E.164 khi ngi chuyn t s dng dch v ny sang dch v khc. Trong cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T, cc s la chn c gi s l c th thc hin c gia cc s E.164 trong cng mt quc gia. Mc d vic nghin cu v cc s la chn ch yu c ng dng trong mng SCN, tuy nhin khi nim v s la chn cn c th c p dng trong cc dch v vin thng khc bao gm c dch v in thoi IP. IETE v ETSI a ra cc khuyn ngh ring bit v khi nim nh a linh hot trong dch v in thoi IP Bng 5. Vn cn gii quyt i vi cc lp kt ni trong in thoi IP
Lp kt ni Lp 1 (T in thoi - in thoi qua Internet) V tr TB ch gi SCN V tr TB b gi SCN S GW trn ng kt ni - GW ca TB ch gi - GW ca TB b gi (Thng qua hai GW) Cc vn cn gii quyt - To ra cu trc a ch thu bao b gi thch hp. - Phng thc tm GW tng ng trong mng SCN - Phng thc tm tm GW tng ng ca TB b gi trong mng Internet (C ch chuyn i a ch E.164 ca TB b gi thnh a ch IP ca GW) - Cn m bo s E.164 tng ng vi a ch TB b gi. - Phng thc tm GW tng ng trong mng SCN - Cch tm a ch IP ca TB b gi (C ch chuyn i thng tin a ch ca TB b gi). - Phng thc tm tm

Lp 2 -1 (in thoi ti PC)

SCN

Internet

Mt GWgia mng SCN v Internet

Lp 2-2

Internet

SCN

Mt GW gia

85

Lp kt ni (T PC ti in thoi)

V tr TB ch gi

V tr TB b gi

S GW trn ng kt ni mng SCN v Internet

Cc vn cn gii quyt GW tng ng trong mng Internet (C ch chuyn i t s E.164 ca TB b gi thnh a ch IP ca GW). - Phng thc tm a ch ca TB b gi (C ch chuyn i thng tin a ch ca TB b gi).

Lp 3 (T PC ti PC)

Internet

Internet

Khng qua GW

5.2. Phng php nh s thu bao

5.2.1. Yu cu i vi quy tc nh s
Quy tc nh s trong mng VoIP c trnh by trong khuyn ngh TS 101 324 Ver.2.1.1 v TR 101 327 Ver.1.1.1 ca ETSI phi p ng cc yu cu ti thiu sau y: 1. Cc s c th ch bao gm cc s thp phn; 2. di ca s thu bao c th c s dng trong mng ton cu hoc trong vic phi hp gia cc mng ni b; 3. S thu bao phi l duy nht trong phm vi ton cu i vi mng cng cng; 4. Cc s thu bao phi cho php ngi s dng quay s mt cp; 5. Cc s phi h tr vic di ng trong mt vng v lin vng theo khuyn ngh TR 101 338 6. Cc s phi h tr la chn nh cung cp dch v trong khi vn gi nguyn s.

5.2.2. Quy tc nh s h tr ti giao din i vi mng PSTN

Quy tc sau c p dng i vi mi trng hp cuc gi a) i vi mng VoIP cng cng Trong mng VoIP cng cng, cc s a ch trao i vi mng PSTN phi tun theo khuyn ngh E.164 ca ITU-T. Ch : khuyn ngh E.164 ca ITU-T a ra nhiu cch la chn nh s khc nhau. C th cng mt lc la chn mt hay nhiu khun dng nh s ny. i vi mng VoIP khng cn thit phi nh s tng ng mt-mt gia mt s E.164 i vi mt u

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cui trong mng VoIP v c th c nhiu ngi s dng cng s dng mt u cui VoIP. b) i vi mng VoIP ni b Trong mng VoIP ni b, cc a ch trao i vi mng SCN ni b phi tun theo khuyn ngh ETS 300 189 hoc ISO/IEC 11571 . Trong mng VoIP ni b, cc a ch trao i vi mng PSTN phi tun theo khuyn ngh E.164 ca ITU-T.

5.2.3. Phng php nh s thu bao.

5.2.3.1. Quy tc ca IETF Theo IETF, h thng nh s cho in thoi IP da trn nguyn tc mi s E.164 c ng k cho mi ngi s dng c th truy nhp Internet thng qua bt c mt u cui no ca mng. Nm 1998 Lee v orsis a ra hai u im ca vic n nh s E.164 i vi ngi s dng my tnh truy cp Internet. Vic n nh s E.164 cho php ngi s dng d dng hn trong vic s dng cng in thoi gi cho ngi khc s dng my tnh. Bn cnh , nhng chc nng sn c trn mng Internet c th c s dng cung cp cho dch v in thoi IP. Khi vic nh tuyn trn Internet da trn s E.164 ng k ng vi thu bao b gi, th s E.164 cn phi chuyn i thnh a ch IP tng ng. Vic chuyn i ny c thc hin thng qua c s d liu ca mng c t phn tn ti mi GW ca nh cung cp dch v. C 3 phng n i vi cu trc hnh cy c u tin ca c s d liu chuyn i gia s E.164 v a ch IP. a) S dng h thng tn theo vng cho in thoi IP Nm 1998 Faltstrom a ra nguyn tc s dng h thng tn vng (DNS) cho dch v in thoi IP. DNS cung cp chuyn i gia tn vng v a ch IP.Khi s E.164 c ghi theo dng tn vng th DNS c th thc hin chuyn i t s E.164 v a ch IP cho dch v in thoi IP. Nguyn tc: to mt min ph e164.int v ghi li s E.164 di dng tn vng. Trong cu trc s E.164, u tin l m quc gia (CC), sau l m nc ca thu bao b gi (NDC) ri n s ca thu bao b gi (SN). Mt khc, cu trc ca tn vng l : u tin l vng mc thp, sau l vng mc cao. Chnh v vy tn vng 87

ca s E.164 c cu trc i lp vi s E.164 ban u v vit theo th t ngc li. V d: S E.164 l: + 1 555 123 4567 S tn vng ca n l : 7.6.5.4.3.2.1.5.5.5.1.e164.int. b) S dng vng ph tcp.int cho in thoi IP. Vng ph tcp.int c a ra nm 1993 phc v mc ch chia s my ch fax v phc v cho mc ch gi fax qua th in t. Nguyn tc gi Fax qua th in t: dch v fax s dng vng ph tcp.int, mi my ch fax ng k mt tn vng dng tcp.int vi h thng my ch fax bao gm s E.164 m bn tin fax c gi ti. D liu v s E.164 c ghi li di dng tn vng trong khong tn tcp.int. C hai cch thc thc hin iu ny c minh ho thng qua hai v d di y: V d 1: s E.164 l: + 1 555 123 4567 s tn vng ca n l: 7.6.5.4.3.2.1.5.5.5.1.tcp.int. V d 2: s E.164 l: + 1 555 123 4567 s tn vng ca n l : 15551234567.iddd.tcp.int. Cu trc a ch ca dch v fax s dng vng ph l : Remote-printer.recipient_name@fax_number.iddd.tcp.int Trong , recipient_name l tn ca ngi nhn c s fax l s E.164 ng k. ng dng nguyn tc trn bng cch s dng phng thc vng ph tcp.int cho dch v in thoi IP. Nm 1998, Brown xut cu trc c s d liu ca s E.164 cho php nh x trong cu trc hnh cy. Trong cu trc hnh cy ca mt c s d liu, mi ch s ca s E.164 ng vai tr nh mt im nt. C s d liu ny em li nhiu li th trong vic trin khai cc dch v trong tng lai. V vy, Mr Brown cng a ra cch thc chuyn i s E.164 trong c s d liu, nh c th truy nhp thng qua dch v danh b c sn nh: DNS, DAP, LDAP v X.500. 5.2.3.2. Khuyn gh ca ETSI ETSI nghin cu v ng dng ca in thoi IP v tn d n ca n l TIPHON Nhng yu cu i vi loi hnh kt ni PC - in thoi: Thu bao b gi s dng in thoi phi ng k s E.164 trong SCN. 88

 Thu bao ch gi s dng my tnh thng qua Internet c th quay s E.164 xc nh thu bao b gi. S E.164 s c lm r phn no l a ch cng, phn no l a ch ca u cui hoc ngi s dng. Vic chuyn i t s E.164 thnh dng a ch IP cn phi c sn sng, s E.164 c s dng nhn ra c thu bao b gi v thit lp ng ni t PC n in thoi. V th s E.164 c quy nh l thng tin a ch c chuyn thng qua SCN v Internet. Bn cnh trong dch v in thoi IP cng yu cu nhn dng c thu bao ch gi, nhn dng c loi cuc gi nh nhng cuc gi cp cu khn cp..v.v..V vy SCN cng yu cu thu bao ch gi phi ng k s E.164 v ch c s E.164 mi c th c s dng nhn dng thu bao ch gi trong mng SCN. ETSI a ra 3 kiu cu trc ca s E.164 nn s dng trong dch v in thoi IP. l: s nh v theo vng a l quc gia, s cho cc quc gia khng chia vng a l v s nh v ton cu. ETSI cng khuyn ngh nn s dng 3 kiu cu trc ny trong tng trng hp c th . a) Loi 1: S theo vng a l quc gia. S E.164 c ng k cho ngi s dng trn Internet c cu trc ging nh s in thoi trong mng SCN. NDC trong s E.164 c ng k cho my tnh cng c gi l m vng. Dch v in thoi thng v in thoi IP dng chung NDC trong mi vng s. Do vy dung lng ca n b gii hn l khong nh hn 107 s cho mi NDC (mi s in thoi c 7 ch s). iu ny to ra nhng nhc im khng nh do nhu cu v vic s dng s E.164 s tng mnh trong tng lai. b) Loi 2: S cho cc quc gia khng phn vng a l Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta quy nh mt NDC ring trong s E.164 cho nhng thu bao s dng my tnh trn Internet nhn dng c nhng thu bao ny. Tuy nhin i vi nhng cuc gi quc t th c th cc NDC cho in thoi IP khng c nhn ra v mi nc c mt quy nh v NDC ring. Dung lng ngi s dng trong trng hp ny cng b gii hn c n*107 vi n l s m NDC c s dng. Loi 3: S nh v ton cu 89

Trong trng hp ny, in thoi IP c nhn dng nh l mt dch v ton cu. Phn CC v GSN trong s E.164 c s dng ch ra khch hng s dng PC trong mng Internet. V CC c dnh ring s dng cho dch v in thoi IP nn dung lng c m rng tu thuc vo dung lng ti a i vi mi CC. Do phn CC ch c ti a l 3 ch s v GNS c ti a l 12 ch s nn dung lng tng tn c 1012 cho mi CC. S lng ny c th p ng c cho nhng nhu cu trong tng lai. Bng 5. th hin cc trng hp nh s E.164 cho ngi s dng PC kt ni Internet. Bng 5. nh s E.164 cho ngi s dng my tnh kt ni Internet.
Cu trc s E.164 ng k cho ngi s dng dch v in thoi Internet . 1. S theo vng a l quc gia. Cc thu mng SCN v in thoi IP dng chung m vng. 2. S khng theo vng a l quc gia. Nhn ra cc thu bao s dng dch v in thoi IP thng qua NDC. Vi NDC l 800 cho dch v in thoi min ph. 3. S nh v ton cu. Nhn dng cc thu bao in thoi IP ton cu thng qua CC. Nh CC bng 800 cho dch v in thoi quc t min ph. V d vi cc loi hnh ng k. Dung Lng C th xc nh c v tr ngi s dng in thoi IP khng? Khng

V d ti Boston +1-617-Nxx-xxxx

Rt nh

NDC bng 777 Nh c ng k cho dch v in thoi IP M vi cu trc : +1-777-xxx-xxxx

C i vi cc cuc gi trong nc Khng vi cc cuc gi quc t.

Coi CC bng 777 l ng k cho cc thu bao in thoi IP ton cu. +777-xxxxx... (15 ch s tt c)

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5.3. Phng php chuyn i s E.164 v a ch IP

5.3.1. Khuyn ngh ca IETF
Nm 1998, Rosenberg v Schulzrinne a ra c ch chuyn i gia s E.164 v a ch IP trong trng hp kt ni in thoi - in thoi v PC - in thoi . H a ra cc c tnh c bn ca GW cho dch v in thoi IP v xut cc my ch nh v. Mi GW c xc nh bi 3 thng s: Vng s E.164 m n c th cung cp dch v. S lng dch v m n c th cung cp c. Kiu dch v m n c th cung cp. Nhng c im ny c s dng my ch la chn GW v thit lp ng truyn cho cuc gi. Nm 1998, Agapi v mt s ngi khc a ra c cu chuyn i a ch vi loi hnh kt ni PC - in thoi v PC - PC v a ra 3 m hnh kinh doanh khi s dng phi hp hot ng vi my ch nh v nh sau: ITSP trin khai v duy tr hot ng ca tt c cc GW v my ch nh v. My ch nh v ca ITSP chu trch nhim chuyn i s E.164 thnh a ch IP ca GW thch hp thit lp cuc thoi. Cc ITSP phi hp vi nhau chia s cc GW v thng tin a ch ca cc GW vi nhau. My ch nh v ca cc ITSP trao i thng tin kt ni vi nhau. Cc my ch nh v thc hin chc nng chuyn i a ch E.164 ca thu bao b gi thnh a ch IP ca GW dng chung trong mng, xc nh GW thch hp nht thit lp cuc thoi. Tt c cc ITSP c th chia s GW v thng tin a ch GW trong mng cng cng. Tt c cc my ch nh v trao i thng tin ca chng vi nhau v chia s cc thng tin chuyn i gia s E.164 ca thu bao b gi v a ch IP ca GW. Nm 1998 Lee v Orsic a ra phng thc chuyn i a ch trong loi hnh kt ni in thoi - PC, PC - PC. hai trng hp ny, thu bao b gi l my tnh trn Internet. Gi s rng mi khch hng s dng PC kt ni Internet c mt s E.164 v mi kt ni Internet ny c mt a ch IP. M hnh chuyn i ny gn ging vi m hnh do Rosenberg v Schulzrinne a ra. 91

5.3.2. M hnh phi hp hot ng trong chuyn i a ch

Cc khuyn ngh ca Agapi v cc nh nghin cu khc trong vic chuyn i a ch c th c m rng v p dng cho tt c cc loi kt ni in thoi IP. Sau y l 3 m hnh tng qut: mng ring, mng quan h mt thit v mng lin kt m. Sau phn ny s a ra phng thc nh tuyn trn ba m hnh ny. 5.3.2.1. M hnh mng ring Mi ITSP t trin khai v duy tr hot ng ca tt c cc GW cn thit v cc my ch cung cp dch v in thoi IP. ITSP lu tr cc thng tin a ch GW ca h trong cc my ch ca h. Nu cc ITSP khc thit lp cuc thoi IP th n cng lu gi cc thng tin a ch vo nh trong my ch ng vi thu bao ca h tham gia cuc thoi phc v cho cc ln kt ni sau. 5.3.2.2. M hnh nhm quan h mt thit Mt vi ITSP chia s GW khi lin kt. Mi ITSP trong lin kt lu tr thng tin a ch GW trong my ch ca n. Ngoi ta, n cn c th cung cp thng tin a ch ca thu bao khi thit lp dch v. Chnh v th cc ITSP c th chia s thng tin a ch v do cn phi c mt chun chung cho d liu a ch trong cc lin kt. 5.3.2.3. M hnh lin kt m Tt c cc ITSP chia s GW khi lin kt. Mi ITSP trong lin kt lu tr thng tin a ch cng trong my ch ca n. Ngoi ta, n cn c th cung cp thng tin a ch ca thu bao khi thit lp dch v. Cu trc h thng d liu m c yu cu chia s cc thng tin a ch. ITSP cung cp dch v chuyn tip theo cc thng tin a ch chia s. Khi mt thu bao ca mng SCN b gi th my ch ca ITSP s chuyn i s E.164 thnh a ch IP ca GW ph hp nht. Khi mt thu bao PC kt ni Internet b gi th mays ch s chuyn i s E.164 thnh a IP ca thu bao . Mi ITSP c th la chn m hnh thch hp cho mc ch kinh doanh ca mnh. Tuy nhin mi ITSP ch c th chn mt trong ba m hnh, khng th chn 2 m hnh hoc nhiu hn ti cng mt thi im. Vic chuyn i thng tin a ch gia cc ITSP cn phi h tr ln nhau. 92

 m hnh lin kt mng ring, do tt c cc hot ng i hi chuyn i a ch u do ITSP o t thc hin nn ITSP c th s dng nhng giao thc ring cho vic chuyn i. Tuy nhin trong m lin kt mng ring c nhng hn ch v cung cp dch v do s gii hn ca cc GW. Bn cnh , n khng cung cp c cc dch v chuyn tip khi thu bao b gi l my tnh s dng Internet ng k dch v vi mt ITSP khc. m hnh nhm quan h mt thit, ITSP cn s dng giao thc thng thng cho vic chuyn i. Giao thc ny c th c lp vi cc lin kt. Do cc GW c chia s vi cc ITSP khc trong lin kt nn m hnh nhm quan h mt thit s c t hn ch hn trong vic cung cp dch v so vi m hnh lin kt mng ring. Tuy nhin ging m hnh lin kt mng ring, n khng cung cp c cc dch v chuyn tip khi thu bao b gi l my tnh s dng Internet ng k dch v vi cc ITSP khng nm trong lin kt. Bn cnh , i vi h thng lin kt m, vic lin kt gia cc GW c th khng gii hn cc dch v m ITSP cung cp. Tuy nhin, ITSP cn s dng giao thc chun cho vic chuyn i. 5.3.2.4. nh tuyn cho cc loi hnh dch v a) nh tuyn trong kt ni in thoi - in Thoi Trong loi hnh lin kt ny, thu bao ch gi la chn ITSP c th cung cp dch v chuyn giao cho h. ITSP c chn s la chn mt cng ring thit lp ng dn ti thu bao b gi. Nu ITSP c la chn theo mt hnh lin kt mng ring, n cn la chn cng. Nu s lng cng c th chia s cng nhiu th kh nng la chn cng cao. Khi qung ng truy nhp vo SCN s ngn hn hoc ta s c mt vng cung cp dch v ln hn. Vi loi hnh lin kt theo h thng m c th s mang li cho ITSP mt kh nng la chn ln nht cho cng ring bit v mt khong truy nhp ngn nht trong SCN. b) nh tuyn trong kt ni in thoi - My tnh Trong loi hnh lin kt ny, ITSP cung cp vic thit lp dch v cho thu bao b gi. Thu bao ch gi s dng in thoi SCN c th khng bit thu bao b gi s dng my tnh trn Internet. Thu bao ch gi khng c nh s dng dch v chuyn giao trong loi hnh dch v in thoi IP. Khi , thu bao ch gi ch bm s E.164 ca thu bao b gi. Do vy, trong cu trc ca 93

s E.164 ca thu bao b gi cn phi c mt phn c bit b phn nh tuyn trong SCN c th nhn ra thu bao b gi s dng my tnh trn Internet v truy cp vo cng ca ITSP. M nhn dng (IC) hoc mt vi ch s ca m nc b gi (NDC) c th s dng nh l mt phn ca s E.164 cho vic thng bo dch v in thoi IP. iu ny s gy thm s phc tp trong h thng nh tuyn trong SCN. c) nh tuyn trong kt ni t My tnh - in thoi Trong loi hnh kt ni t my tnh n in thoi, ngi gi la chn ITSP c kh nng cung cp dch v chuyn giao cho h. ITSP cung cp dch v chuyn giao cho thu bao ch gi cn la chn cng thch hp thit lp ng dn n thu bao b gi thng qua n. Cc phng thc khc nhau a ra cc ng dn khc nhau. Nu ITSP c la chn theo mt hnh lin kt mng ring, n cn la chn cng. Nu s lng cng c th chia s cng nhiu th kh nng la chn cng cao. Khi qung ng truy nhp vo SCN s ngn hn hoc ta s c mt vng cung cp dch v ln hn. Vi loi hnh lin kt theo h thng m c th s mang li cho ITSP mt kh nng la chn ln nht cho cng ring bit v mt khong truy nhp ngn nht trong SCN. d) nh tuyn trong kt ni My tnh - My tnh Trong loi hnh kt ni my tnh - my tnh, thu bao ch gi la chn ITSP c kh nng cung cp dch v chuyn giao cho h. Bn cnh , ITSP cung cp dch v u cui cho thu bao b gi. ITSP c la chn bi thu bao ch gi cn tm ra a ch IP ca thu bao b gi thng qua s E.164 c bm bi thu bao ch gi. Cn phi lu rng ITSP c la chn bi thu bao ch gi cn phi khc vi ITSP cung cp dch v u cui cho thu bao b gi. V th nhng g xy ra vi vic nh tuyn trong loi hnh kt ni gia my tnh vi my tnh cng ging nh trong loi hnh in thoi vi my tnh khi thu bao ch gi c nh s dng dch v chuyn goai ca dch v in thoi IP. Nu ITSP c la chn bi thu bao ch gi cung cp nhng dch v u cui cho thu bao b gi, ITSP c th khi phc li c a ch IP ca thu bao b gi t c s d liu ca n bt k m hnh lin kt ca ITSP. V th ITSP c th thit lp ng dn t thu bao ch gi n thu bao b gi. 94

Mt khc ITSP c la chn t thu bao ch gi khc vi ITSP cung cp thit dch v u cui cho thu bao b gi. Vi ITSP hot ng theo m hnh lin kt mng ring bit, ITSP c th cung cp dch v chuyn giao cho thu bao ch gi li khng th truy nhp c s d liu theo thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi c lu tr v do ng dn khng c thit lp. Vi ITSP hot ng theo m hnh lin kt ng gi v nhng ITSP khc khng c cng mi lin kt, ITSP khng th truy nhp c s d liu theo thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi c lu tr v do ng dn khng c thit lp. Nu c hai ITSP hot ng theo m hnh lin kt ng gi trong cng mt mi lin kt hoc nu c hai ITSP hot ng theo m hnh lin kt h thng m, ITSP c th khi phc li c a ch IP ca thu bao b gi t c s d liu chia s. Ging nh biu hin ca vic nh tuyn trong kt ni in thoi - my tnh, khi mt thu bao ch gi c nh s dng dch v chuyn giao ca in thoi IP, mt phn c bit trong s E.164 ca thu bao ch gi thng bo dch v in thoi IP khng c s dng cho vic nh tuyn trong trng ny.

5.4. Phng php nh tuyn gia PSTN v IP

Khi thc hin mt cuc gi m thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi nm ring r trong mng SCN v Internet, thu bao ch gi phi a ra thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi h thng nh tuyn trong mng SCN v mng Internet cn c vo nh tuyn cuc gi. C 3 cch khc nhau nh tuyn cuc thoi IP gia cc thu bao nm ring r trong mng SCN v Internet.

5.4.1. Cch th nht

Thm cc chc nng mi cho mng SCN x l cc thng tin nh tuyn s dng trong mng Internet. Cc thng tin a ch c s dng trn Internet c th l a ch IP, tn vng, a ch e-mail.v.v. Nhng ngi s dng dch v in thoi IP cn c ng k a ch IP. Thu bao ch gi s ch nh thu bao b gi thng qua cc thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cu trc ca n ging nh cu trc tn vng bng vic s dng cc ch s t 0 - 9 v cc k hiu # v *. Do cn phi a ra cc quy c khi s dng nhng k t ny. Tuy nhin iu ny c th khng kh thi do vic a a ch vo s rt phc tp.

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5.4.2. Cch th hai

Thm cc chc nng mi cho SCN giao tip vi s E.164 trn Internet. Mi thu bao s dng dch v in thoi IP c ng k s E.164. Mi chc nng mi ra i cn a ra php chuyn i t s E.164 sang a ch IP. Khi ngi s dng ch a vo s E.164 v h thng coi nh l thng tin a ch ca ngi s dng dch v in thoi IP. Tuy nhin do dch v in thoi IP s dng chung s E.164 vi cc dch v khc nn dung lng ngi s dng dch v in thoi IP s b gii hn.

5.4.3. Cch th ba
Thm cc cch thc nh a ch mi c lp vi h thng a ch IP v s E.164. Mt h thng nh a ch mi cn c s dng cho dch v in thoi IP . H thng ny cn phi ci tin t cc h thng nh a ch c v p dng cho c thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi. Tuy nhin cng ging nh h thng nh a ch IP, iu ny c th khng kh thi do vic a a ch vo s rt phc tp. V vy tc gi quyt nh la chn phng thc th hai l phng thc ng k a ch cho cc thu bao s dng dch v in thoi IP.

5.5. Khuyn ngh

Gii php ph hp nht i vi h thng nh s trong mng in thoi qua Internet bao gm ba yu t sau y: - nh s E.164 ton cu cho ngi s dng theo my tnh u cui trn Internet, - Phng php h thng m i vi c ch lp s gia s E.164 v cc a ch IP v - Yu cu i vi tr gip cho quay s mt-giai on khng qua m truy nhp nh cung cp dch v. S kt hp gia cc yu t ny em li dung lng nh s ln cho ngi s dng trn Internet, cho php sp xp d dng cc ng dng di chuyn s v trnh trng hp ng dn khng th thit lp. C quan c thm quyn nn quyt nh cch thc v mc m in thoi qua Internet c coi l dch v in thoi. C quan c thm quyn cn phi xem xt cc kha cnh sau y khi ra chnh sch:

96

H thng phn s E.164 cn phi thay i ng thi phn cho ngi s dng trn Internet, - Cn c quy tc phi hp gia nh cung cp dch v VoIP (ITSP) v nh cung cp dch v trn SCN cho in thoi qua Internet v - ng dng di chuyn s cho in thoi qua Internet c th i hi vic cng c cc ITSP v nh cung cp dch v trn SCN. C s d liu cho dch v in thoi qua Internet c chia thnh c s d liu hnh chnh gm thng tin phn a ch v c s d liu s dng thi gian thc nh tuyn. Trong khi c s d liu hnh chnh cn phi c qun l di quyn phn thng tin a ch, vic qun l c s d liu s dng thi gian thc c th khng cn ph thuc vo quyn ny. Tuy nhin, giao thc chun m l cn thit trao i d liu lp s gia cc c s d liu s dng thi gian thc vi nhau. Vic phn s E. 164 cho ngi s dng trn Internet c coi l i hi ti thiu i vi mi quan h qua li gia SCN v Internet. Nhng h thng a ch khc vi h thng E. 164 c th c s dng trong kt ni PC-n-PC. H thng phn a ch ph hp khc cho kt ni PC-n-PC cn phi c nghin cu thm. -

Tm lc Cc yu cu chung cho vic nh s thu bao PSTN v IP Cc yu cu cho tng loi cuc gi (IP-phone, Phone-Phone, Phone-IP v IP-IP) Phng thc quay s mt giai on v hai giai on Phng php nh s thu bao do IETF a ra Phng php nh s thu bao do ETSI a ra Cc m hnh phi hp hot ng gia cc nh cung cp dch v VoIP chuyn i a ch IP v s E.164 Cc phng php nh tuyn gia PSTN v IP

97

CHNG 6. Tnh cc trong dch v in thoi IP

6.1. Gii thiu
Nh chng ta u bit, hin nay cc dch v thoi, fax v ISDN c tnh cc theo nguyn tc khong cch v thi gian. iu ny l hon ton hp l bi v chuyn mch cho cc dch v ny l chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin khi xut hin nhng dch v mi da trn nn tng ca chuyn mch gi th phng php tnh cc truyn thng bc l nhiu nhc im, do xut hin mt yu t mi rt quan trng l cht lng dch v (QoS). Trong mng chuyn mch gi QoS thay i theo thi gian v nh cung cp dch v khng th m bo mt cch chc chn nh trong mng chuyn mch knh. Cc h thng tnh cc VoIP c s dng nc ta hin nay trn thc t vn tnh cc theo phng php truyn thng, ngha l ch cn c vo khong cch v thi gian. Hin nay ch c phng thc tr tin sau c p dng, tuy nhin vic a ra th trng cc th in thoi VoIP l hon ton c th thc hin c. Trong trng hp ny khch hng s tr tin trc cho cc dch v m h s s dng. Mi mt th s tng ng vi mt m truy nhp v mt ti khon trong h thng tnh cc ca nh cung cp dch v. Tuy nhin y ch l gii php tm thi, trong tng lai vic s dng cc h thng tnh cc th h mi l khng th trnh khi. Trong phn sau chng ta s xem xt vn ny.

6.2. Vn tnh cc i vi dch v VoIP

S phc tp ca vn tnh cc cho VoIP xut pht t nhiu yu t: a) Cc dch v th h tip theo Cc nh cung cp dch v thoi Internet th h tip theo ang phi i mt vi s cnh tranh quyt lit. Thc t tn ti nhng ro cn v chm tr khi a sn phm ra th trng trong kinh doanh thm nhp thun tu, lm cho n tr nn c kh nng cho hu ht mi ngi vi mt chic my tnh c th tr thnh mt ISP (Internet Service Provider) trong mt sm mt chiu. Vic gia tng cnh tranh lm cho li nhun gim xung, do s bt buc cc nh cung cp phi tm ra cc dch v IP gia tng gi tr tng thm li nhun. Trong khi cc dch v nh VoIP, thng ip hp nht, hi ngh qua video, v mng ring o (VPN : Virtual 98

Private Networks) m rng cc ngh dch v v tng li nhun, th chng cng lm phc tp thm vn tnh cc. b) S phc tp ca vic cung cp cc dch v mi Do cc dch v tr nn phc tp hn, nn tnh cc phi p ng c cc yu cu: - Dch v thoi chun c tnh gi theo thi gian v khong cch thoi. - Truy cp Internet cho e-mail v duyt Web p dng mc cc ng nht. Nhng cc dch v gia tng gi tr to ra mt kha cnh mi cho cht lng dch v hn hp. Cc dch v nh hi ngh video l cc ng dng yu cu cht ch v ti nguyn, i hi bng thng ng k cng vi thi gian thc. Mc d cha ch ra c chnh xc s tnh cc nh th no cho nhng loi dch v mi ny, nhng c mt iu chc chn rng cc h thng tnh cc phi thay i thch nghi vi cc yu cu dch v mi, v im ch o chnh l kh nng mm do. c) Cc phng php ghi cc mm do: Tnh cc khng nhng ch h tr cc phng php ghi cc (theo bit, byte, thi gian v gi theo theo nhiu cu hnh), m cn phi c kh nng nhanh chng thay i cc ngh v gi tng cng tnh cnh tranh. Thm vo , kh nng cung cp cc nhm bng gi, cc phng thc gim gi linh hot, v nhm dch v l cn thit thu ht khch hng. Kh nng la chn cch thanh ton cng phi c kh nng thch ng, ngha l cung cp cc hnh thc tr sau cng nh tr trc, tr bng th tn dng, hay cho n, trong khi thc hin nhiu hnh thc qung co nng cao uy tn v thu ht khch hng ng k. d) T ng ho Cc nh cung cp mun t ng ho cc dch v v h tr cng nhiu cng tt, gim thiu s cn thit ca cc i din dch v khch hng. Cc h thng da trn Web cho php khch hng mi ng nhp, nhn, xem li, v tr ho n - tt c u trc tuyn v thi gian thc - tng cng chm sc khch hng nhng li to ra nhng thch thc mi cho h thng tnh cc. e) Thi gian thm nhp th trng Cui cng, thi gian thm nhp th trng l mt yu t quan trng. Kinh doanh trong lnh vc Internet i hi kh nng phn ng nhanh chng vi cc dch v mi v cc hnh thc gi mi. Cc nh cung cp khng th tiu tn nhiu thng cho vic thay i 99

h thng tnh cc ca h ph hp vi nhng thay i trong cc ngh dch v, h cn phi lin tc nng cao lun gi v tr ng u trn th trng.

6.3. Kin trc h thng tnh cc mi cho VoIP

tnh cc cho nhiu lp dch v nh VoIP, tnh cc da trn cch s dng (usage-based) l cn thit. N cho php thit lp gi dch v lin quan, v iu khin ti ca lu lng mng thng qua cc hp ng lu lng. To ra bn ghi chi tit cho tnh cc trn c s cch s dng l thc s kh khn trong mng IP, bi v cc gi d liu lin quan n mt cuc gi khng nht thit phi i qua cng mt tuyn ng n ch, v do chng c th c cc QoS khc nhau. Cc gateway IP/PSTN phi gim st cht lng ton b cuc gi m t c SLA. Thm vo , d liu tnh cc thu thp c phi tng thch vi cc h thng tnh cc ca cc mng khc hay ca cc nh cung cp dch v m i vi h thng tin tnh cc phi c trao i. H thng nn h tr tnh cc thi gian thc v xp loi vi cc dch v IP da trn cch s dng v khng da trn cch s dng. Xp loi a chiu v kh nng x l kp mm do cho ng gi dch v, cho php t chc qu trnh tnh cc p ng c ton b kh nng ca sn phm v dch v. Nh vy, h tnh cc s bao gm cc thnh phn sau: - B thu thp d liu cch s dng in hnh l gii quyt vic thu thp d liu cch s dng t cc phn t mng, v d nh Gateway. - B tng hp bn ghi N c nhim v tp hp v chuyn i cc cc thng tin v cch s dng thnh dng thc m h thng tnh cc hiu c (cn c gi l XDR - IPDR) - B phn phn loi H thng phn loi s s dng cc bn ghi cch s dng ti u vo (ngha l: IPDR) v tnh ton gi tr thnh tin ca chng. - H thng tnh cc H thng tnh cc bao gm c chm sc khch hng nn m rng nh ngha cc loi dch v mi v cc d kin phn mc.

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Hnh 6. a ra mt kin trc in hnh cho h thng tnh cc

Hnh 6. Kin trc h thng tnh cc cho VoIP

6.4. Thu thp d liu cch s dng v chuyn i

Cc b chuyn mch thng thng h tr cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh to ra cc bn ghi chi tit cuc gi (CDRs: Call Detail Records) c th a vo h thng tnh cc. Tuy nhin, VoIP ang da trn thoi chuyn mch gi, nhng thng tin ny phi c a ra khi nhiu phn t mng nh gateway VoIP. D liu th phi c chuyn i thnh cc thng tin thng mi c ngha nh CDR, ri sau chng c a vo h thng tnh cc. Do , thu thp d liu cch s dng i hi mt gii php h tng thng mi vn chuyn lp kt ni d liu tp hp t nhiu ngun, nhiu lp v cc h thng kt hp. Gii php phn mm nn cung cp thng tin mng chi tit cn thit cho tnh cc VoIP v n cng c th c s dng cho cc ng dng khc nh qun l quan h khch hng, thm tra lp dch v, v cc ng dng OSS/BSS khc. Gii php c th bao gm mt h thng thu thp d liu phn tn, nhiu ngun, nhiu lp nm bt phin IP v thng tin giao dch t mng ring hay cc phn t dch v, in hnh l Gateway trong trng hp VoIP. Tip theo, s dng mt thut ton tng hp bn ghi da trn c s thi gian thc, thay i thnh cc thng tin kinh doanh c nhiu ngha. iu ny c th c gii quyt bng cch s dng cc m un phn mm mc ch chung, cng nh ring bit cho tng loi thit b. C nhiu m un phn mm nm bt, lc, tng hp, xc nh tng quan, v kt hp d liu thu thp t nhiu phn t mng nh cc gateway VoIP v cc phn t phc v khc.

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Hnh 6. a ra mt biu biu th mt h thng thu thp thng tin cch s dng nh vy.

Hnh 6. Kin trc thu thp d liu cch s dng mc ch chung Vn chuyn d liu v nh dng Mi mt trong cc ng dng di (trong v d ny l h tnh cc) nn nhn d liu cch s dng c nh dng chnh xc v c vn chuyn ph hp vi h thng tnh cc. D liu cch s dng in hnh s c hiu lc t thit b mng di dng thc ca cc tp tin ng k cch s dng. D liu cch s dng ny c th xem l 'XDR' (Extended Detail Record) nh l mt cch gi chung cho bn ghi chi tit m rng. Chng l cc bn ghi cch s dng ton din tng t nh bn ghi chi tit cuc gi (CDR). Tuy nhin, khng ging nh CDR l cc bn ghi c chiu di c nh, XDR phi c cu hnh theo tng yu cu c th. Do , XDR c th c cu hnh ph hp vi mi dng thc chun (nh AMA, CSV, IPDR, XML ...) v s dng mt trong bt c cch no ca cc c ch vn chuyn (nh Shared Directory, FTP, AMADNS, CORBAR, COM) ph hp vi cc ng dng di. Bn ghi cch s dng nh XDR ln lt c s dng bi b phn phn loi tnh ton gi tr thnh tin ca cuc gi. XDR - tng hp bn ghi Trong khi thu thp thng tin t nhiu Gateway, v theo di nhiu thng s nh cht lng dch v, bng thng c s dng, tc bit, thi gian, h thng s chuyn nhng thng tin ny vo phn s dng dch v lp khch hng mt cch chi tit v r rng. Thi gian thc, tng hp bn ghi da trn chnh sch (loi trng lp, tng cng, lc, tp hp, kt hp) bin i d liu cch s

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dng th thnh thng tin thng mi c ngha l khng kh dng t mt ngun thng tin n. Ti cng mt thi im, thng tin cung cp bi cc cng ngh vn chuyn c th cung cp tnh kh dng ti nguyn, s h hng vn chuyn, vn chuyn tng th cung cp di dng byte hay khung, v cc thng s khc thch hp vi cc lp dch v. Hnh 6. cho thy mt cch tip cn tng hp XDR.

Hnh 6. Tng hp bn ghi Kin trc b tp hp cch s dng Nh vy, thu thp cch s dng c th thc hin bng m un mc ch chung gi l "B tp hp cch s dng". B tp hp cch s dng c th hnh dung c cc thnh phn sau: a) M un thu thp cch s dng Cc m un ny c s dng thu thp d liu cch s dng th t cc gateway ca mng. Ngi s dng c th chn mt tp hp cc trng bng cch cu hnh n, to ra XDR mong mun. b) M un tng cng d liu Chng c s dng lm giu thm d liu phin IP thu c t cc ngun s cp v s dng d liu kh dng t cc ngun khc. iu ny cho php tng cng cc trng d liu cng vi cc thng tin ca ngi s dng do to ra XDR c nhiu ngha hn. c) M un x l d liu M un ny gii quyt chnh sch mm do trn c s lc v tp hp. Bng cch ny, cc khi d liu c th c gim xung nhiu hn do tng tnh hiu qu.

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Hnh 6. di y a ra mt ci nhn khi qut bng cch no h thng bin i d liu cch s dng thnh thng tin thng mi

c ngha. Hnh 6. H thng chuyn i d liu thnh cc thng tin thng mi

6.5. Kt lun
Cc vn lin quan n tnh cc VoIP ang tr nn phc tp cng vi s gia tng s lng cc dch v ang c cc ISP a ra. S mm do l mt yu cu ht sc quan trng i vi cc h thng tnh cc mi. Tm lc Ti sao li phi s dng phng php tnh cc khc cho VoIP Cc kh khn gp phi khi tnh cc cho VoIP Cc yu cu t ra i vi h thng tnh cc VoIP Kin trc h thng tnh cc VoIP, chc nng ca cc thnh phn Thu thp cc d liu v chuyn i sang cc bn ghi cc

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CHNG 7. o kim dch v VoIP

7.1. Tng quan
Hin nay dch v thoi Internet VoIP ang pht trin rt nhanh chng vi nhiu loi hnh ng dng khc nhau. S d dch v ny c sc hp dn nh vy i vi cc nh pht trin cng ngh v cung cp dch v l v n c p dng trn h thng mng chuyn mch gi, ni m khc vi mng chuyn mch knh, nhiu loi d liu khc nhau c th cng chia s gii thng, n n tng hiu qu s dng. Tuy vy, s pht trin ca dch v VoIP trn mng Internet vn cn nhiu tr ngi do cht lng chung ca n khng th snh bng cht lng ca dch v thoi thng thng. Nh chng ta bit, v tnh thi gian thc ca cc cuc hi thoi ,cc tn hiu thoi phi c gi i lin tc v theo ng trnh t. Tuy nhin, vi thc trng mt s lng ln cc gi tin (bao gm nhiu loi d liu khc nhau ngoi d liu thoi) cng c gi i trn ch mt ng truyn ca mng IP, tnh th t v lin tc ca cc tn hiu thoi c th khng c m bo. y l mt tnh hung khng bao gi xy ra ti h thng mng chuyn mch knh v lm gim ng k cht lng thoi. Ngoi ra, vic a ra cc quy chun v cht lng thoi VoIP cng phc tp hn nhiu so vi mng chuyn mch knh PSTN do tn hiu thoi mun n c tai ca ngi nghe cn phi i qua rt nhiu thnh phn chuyn tip, trong ngoi cc thit b ca mng chuyn mch knh nh tai nghe, tng i, ng truyn PSTN v cc b x l tn hiu thoi cn c cc thit b VoIP (mi thit b li bao gm cc b x l tn hiu s, b m ho tc thp, b m v ng gi, tch hp gi tin...), cc thit b lin kt lin mng (router, gateway, switch...), h thng ng truyn IP vv. Mi thnh phn trn u c th gy nh hng n cht lng thoi VoIP. Chnh v vy m vic thc hin o kim nh gi cht lng dch v VoIP ca cc nh cung cp dch v cng rt phc tp vi nhiu cng on v i hi nhiu cng sc cng nh kinh ph. Nh cp trn, o kim dch v VoIP rt phc tp v n lin quan n rt nhiu yu t ch quan v khch quan khc nhau. Lnh vc o kim ca VoIP cng tri rng t cht lng thoi, kh nng kt ni, kh nng bo hiu PSTN, kh nng bo hiu VoIP, kh nng ca cc thit b x l cho n cht lng ng 105

truyn. C th tm phn cc yu t phn nh cht lng dch v VoIP vo mt s lnh vc sau: - Kh nng thit lp cuc gi - Kh nng thit lp cuc gi pha PSTN - Kh nng thit lp cuc gi VoIP n thun - Cht lng ting ni + trung thc + tr + vng + Kh nng trit khong lng Kh nng p ng ca h thng mc giao vn (transport layer) + Tr 1 chiu + Tr 2 chiu + T l mt gi + Tr bin i + Tr truyn gi - Kh nng p ng chun VoIP Cn ch rng vic phn loi nh vy ch l tng i v ch nhm mc ch to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh thc hin o kim. Cht lng ca mt yu t QoS trong lnh vc ny c th b nh hng bi mt hay nhiu yu t ca cc lnh vc khc. V d nh kh nng p ng ca h thng mc giao vn c th nh hng mt cch gin tip n cht lng ting ni m ngi nghe cm nhn c.

7.2. nh gi kh nng thit lp cuc gi

Tu theo loi thit b u cui l TelePhone hay PC m chng ta s c cc quy trnh o khc nhau.

7.2.1. Thit b u cui l telephone:

Trong m hnh cung cp dch v c thit b u cui l telephone, ngi dng s thc hin hi thoi qua h thng in thoi thng thng. H thng in thoi ny s ni ti mt gateway VoIP lm nhim v kt ni mng thoi vi mng IP. Gateway ny chnh l trung tm ca m hnh, mt mt n phi c kh nng thit lp v nhn cc cuc gi n t mng chuyn mch knh, mt khc n phi c kh nng thit lp v nhn cc cuc gi n 106

t mng chuyn mch gi. i tng o ca chng ta trong trng hp ny chnh l gateway VoIP-PSTN. Di y l bng lit k cc tham s o s dng trong phn o kh nng thit lp cuc gi, kiu o v phng php o c th p dng. Bng 7. Cc tham s o kh nng thit lp cuc gi vi u cui telephone
Tham o s ngha tham s o ch ng S dng 2 my m phng cuc gi c chc nng nhn cuc gi o b ng S dng my o bo hiu hoc thu thp s liu thng k t tng i ni ht

Thi gian Thi gian thit lp thit lp cuc gi c tnh t cuc gi thi im thu bao ch gi gi s cui cng n thi im thu bao ch gi nhn c tn hiu cho bit trng thi ca thu bao b gi bn hay ri. Thi gian cuc gi (dng nh gi chnh xc ghi cc) T l cuc gi thit lp thnh cng Thi gian cuc gi c tnh t thi im c hai pha bt u hi thoi cho n lc mt trong hai pha kt thc cuc gi Cuc gi thit lp thnh cng l cuc gi m thu bao gi sau khi quay s nhn c tn hiu cho bit trng thi ca thu bao b gi bn hay ri

S dng 2 my m phng cuc gi c chc nng nhn cuc gi

Trong trng hp quay s kiu one-step, c th dng my o bo hiu

S dng 2 my m phng cuc gi c chc nng nhn cuc gi

Trong trng hp quay s kiu one-step, c th dng my o bo hiu

T l cuc Cuc gi b ri l gi b ri cc cuc gi c thit lp thnh cng nhng li b gin on m

S dng 2 my Khng p dng m phng cuc c gi c chc nng nhn cuc gi

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khng phi do li ca khch hng.

Cn ch rng kt qu o m chng ta nhn c chu nh hng ca c cc nhn t pha IP ln PSTN. Mun c c nh gi chnh xc v kh nng thit lp cuc gi ca ch ring dch v VoIP, chng ta cn xc nh c kh nng thit lp cuc gi ca bn thn h thng PSTN kt ni vi dch v VoIP chng ta cn o. Trong khun kh ti chng ti s khng trnh by chi tit v cch thc nh gi kh nng thit lp cuc gi ca h thng PSTN bi n c trnh by trong nhiu ti liu v quy trnh o kim trc y.

7.2.2. Thit b u cui l IP terminal (IP Phone hoc PC):

Trong m hnh cung cp dch v c thit b u cui l IP terminal, ngi dng s thc hin hi thoi qua mt my PC hay IP Phone. Trong trng hp ny, cc gi tin H.323 truyn trn mng IP s c IP terminal chuyn thnh tn hiu m thanh ti tai ngi nghe. Bi vy i tng m chng ta cn o kim chnh l IP terminal, bi cht lng thoi s ch ph thuc vo cht lng mng truyn dn IP v bn thn thit b u cui IP terminal. nh gi kh nng thit lp cuc gi trong trng hp thit b u cui l IP terminal chng ta cng s dng cng cc tham s nh trong trng hp thit b u cui l telephone. Tuy nhin c mt im khc bit l cc thit b IP terminal khng th pht ra tn hiu nhc my(off-hook), bo bn (busy-tone) hay bo chung (ring-tone),bi vy chng ta c th coi thi im m ngi s dng chn nt "connect", hay "call" trn giao din chng trnh H323 thit lp cuc gi nh thi im "kt thc gi s cui cng" v thi im ngi dng chn nt "accept " chp nhn cuc gi nh thi im ngi dng nhc my. Di y l bng lit k cc tham s o s dng trong phn o kh nng thit lp cuc gi, kiu o v phng php o c th p dng. Bng 7. Cc tham s o kh nng thit lp cuc gi
Tham o Thi s ngha tham s o ch ng dng o b ng dng my

gian Thi gian thit lp S

phn S

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thit lp cuc gi c tnh t mm m phng phn tch giao cuc gi thi im thu bao cuc gi VoIP thc VoIP ch gi gi s cui cng n thi im thu bao ch gi nhn c tn hiu cho bit trng thi ca thu bao b gi bn hay ri. Thi gian Thi gian cuc gi S dng phn S dng my cuc gi c tnh t thi mm m phng phn tch giao im c hai pha cuc gi VoIP thc VoIP bt u hi thoi cho n lc mt trong hai pha kt thc cuc gi T l cuc gi thit lp thnh cng Cuc gi thit lp S dng phn S dng my thnh cng l cuc mm m phng phn tch giao gi m thu bao gi cuc gi VoIP thc VoIP sau khi quay s nhn c tn hiu cho bit trng thi ca thu bao b gi bn hay ri

T l cuc Cuc gi b ri l S dng phn Khng p dng gi b ri cc cuc gi c mm m phng c thit lp thnh cuc gi VoIP cng nhng li b gin on m khng phi do li ca khch hng.

7.2.3. o kim nh gi cht lng ting ni

Cht lng ting ni ca dch v VoIP c th b nh hng bi rt nhiu yu t nh mng truyn dn hay h thng x l thoi u cui. Bn thn h thng mng v cc thit b u cui c nh hng ln ti kh nng m ho/gii m, tr v kh nng kh ting vng. Cc thit b u cui v mi trng chng hot ng cng

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c th l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng nhiu nn. Di y l mt s nhn t c th gy nh hng n cht lng ting ni: Nhiu nn c nh hng tiu cc n cht lng thoi. S xut hin ca nhiu nn s lm gim cht lng ting ni (gim im s MOS) Ting vng trn ng truyn cng c nh hng tiu cc n cht lng thoi. S xut hin ca ting vng ti pha nhn/nghe s lm gim cht lng ting ni Vic trit khong lng (Silence Suppression hay Voice Activity Detection) ca cc thit b VoIP cng gy ra nhng nh hng tiu cc. Mc d phng php trit khong lng cho php chng ta tit kim c nhiu gii thng, nhng n thng to ra cc hiu ng gy gim cht lng ting ni nh front-end clipping (xem mc "nh gi trung thc ca ting ni da trn cc nhn t nh hng " trong phn 7.2.7), c bit khi c s hin din ca nhiu nn Mt gi tin cng l mt nhn t gy ra nhng nh hng khng tt n cht lng thoi. tr cng nh hng n cht lng ting ni. Bi v tr thng c gy ra do thi gian s ho tn hiu, gi ho d liu thoi, truyn gi tin qua mng, cng nh a d liu vo b m, nn n c th xy ra c hai pha tham gia hi thoi. Tuy nhin i tng s cm nhn c nhng nh hng l bn thn khch hng-nhng ngi s dng dch v khi h tip xc vi cc thit b u cui. Bi vy cch tt nht thc hin nh gi cht lng ting ni l thc hin o kim ti cc im dch v u cui end-to-end.

7.2.4. Mi quan h gia cc nhn t nh hng ti cht lng ting ni

C ba nhn t chnh c th nh hng n cht lng thoi trn mng VoIP, l: trung thc (clarity): Bao gm s chnh xc ca cc tn hiu thoi, r, mo v d hiu ca ting ni tr u cui (end-to-end delay): L khong thi gian tn hiu thoi do ngi ni pht ra c th n c tai ngi nghe vng (echo): m thanh m ngi ni pht ra b vng li. C ba nhn t trn u c tc ng ln n cht lng thoi nghe c, mi lin quan gia chng kh phc tp. Tuy nhin chng ta c 110

th hiu l khi m trung thc cng gim, tr v vng cng tng th cht lng ting ni cng b gim st. Ngoi ra chng ta c th nhn xt thy rng: S xut hin ca ch mt nhn t s nh hng ti ton b cht lng ca thoi. Mt trong nhng l do chnh chng ta nhm cc nhn t trung thc, tr v vng thnh mt nhm l v nu ch mt trong cc nhn t trn tr nn khng th chp nhn c, hu ht ngi s dng s nh gi cht lng thoi l khng th chp nhn c. V d, ngi dng thng khng th phn bit mo ca thoi vi ting vng h nhn c. Trong khi cc nh cung cp dch v cn phi xc nh r nguyn nhn st gim cht lng dch v thoi l do u, th ngi dng khng cn phi quan tm n iu . trung thc v tr l hai nhn t kh c lp vi nhau. mo v r ca thoi hon ton c lp vi tr c th c trong khi hi thoi. l l do ti sao mt h thng mng c th c tr ln, nhng vn c kh nng cho cht lng ting ni rt trung thc. iu ny cng ng trong trng hp ngc li, khi mt cuc hi thoi c thc hin vi tr rt nh nhng cc tn hiu thoi li b bp mo ng k. cht lng thoi c th chp nhn c, chng ta phi m bo cho tr nh v trung thc ca ting ni tt. vng l nhn t ph thuc vo tr nhng n li c nh hng ln ti trung thc. vng ca thoi s ch c ngi dng nhn bit khi tr ca h thng ( y l tr vng t ngi ni cho n thnh phn gy ra ting vng) c gi tr ln vt qua mt ngng xc nh. Ni cch khc, ngi dng s khng nghe thy ting vng n t bt k mt im no trong mng nu nh tr khng ln khin cho ting vng n sau tn hiu thoi ca ngi ni mt khong thi gian c th nhn thy c. Tng t nh vy, n lt mnh vng cng li c nhng nh hng tiu cc n trung thc ca thoi thng qua mc mo trong tn hiu vng m n sinh ra.

7.2.5. trung thc ca ting ni

Trong lnh vc cht lng thoi , trung thc c nh ngha nh chnh xc ca tn hiu thoi, r, v mc mo ca ting ni. trung thc ca thoi cng phn nh mc d hiu ca ting ni -cho bit ngi s dng c th nhn bit c bao 111

nhiu thng tin t tn hiu thoi. Tuy nhin, ngi ta vn c th hiu c nhng thng tin trong bui hi thoi bng cch vn dng kinh nghim ca mnh. Trn thc t, trung thc ca ting ni ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. V d, gii tn ca ting ni ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nh gi trung thc ca ting ni. B th cm thnh gic ca con ngi thng nhy cm hn trong vic nh gi mo v suy hao ca cc tn hiu thoi nm trong gii tn t 1000-1200Hz hn l cc tn hiu trong gii tn t 250-800 Hz. Mt v d khc l mt cu ni hon chnh thng s d c nhn bit hn l mt chui cc t khng c lin quan vi nhau, thm ch nu nhng t c mo t hn. u l nhng yu t nh hng n trung thc ca ting ni trong mt h thng mng IP/PSTN kt hp? Di y l mt s yu t in hnh: Mng in thoi PSTN c th gy ra nh hng ti trung thc ca ting ni thng qua cht lng ca cc b microphone v loudspeaker, suy gim ca cc tn hiu gi v nhn, v ting vng sinh ra t cc thit b vo/ra m thanh nh loudspeaker v microphone. Trn mng PSTN ng trc, tng hiu qu ngi ta thng s dng cng ngh truyn dn s. Tuy nhin chnh vic s ho cc tn hiu thoi tng t cng c th gy ra nhng nh hng tiu cc n trung thc ca ting ni. Cc gateway VoIP lm nhim v lin kt mng PSTN v mng IP cng c th gy ra nhng nh hng n trung thc ting ni thng qua cc b gii m/m ho ting ni, cc c ch trit khong lng v sinh nhiu trong khong lng. Bn thn mng truyn dn VoIP cng tc ng ti trung thc thng qua vic lm mt cc gi tin v gi cc gi tin thoi vi tr bin i. Cc thit b u cui VoIP (v d nh PC hay IP Phone) cng tc ng n trung thc ca ting ni thng qua cc b gii m/m ho ting ni, cc c ch trit khong lng v microphone, loudspeaker ca n. C hai phng php chng ta cn quan tm khi nh gi trung thc ca ting ni. Th nht l nh gi trung thc ting ni da trn mc cm nhn ti u cui, th hai l nh gi trung thc ting ni da trn cc yu t nh hng ti n. 112

Trong cc phn di y, chng ti s trnh by r hn v tng phng php.

7.2.6. nh gi trung thc ca ting ni da trn mc cm nhn

trung thc ca ting ni l yu t quan trng nht nh gi cht lng thoi VoIP. Chng ta c th nh gi trung thc ca ting ni da trn mc cm nhn bng cc phng php ch quan hay khch q uan. Phng php nh gi cht lng ting ni theo ch quan c trnh by trong khuyn ngh P.800 ca ITU. nh gi theo ch quan tc l cn c vo cm nhn ca con ngi nh gi cht lng theo thang im 5 t tt nht(5) cho n mc ti nht(1) . u im ni bt ca phng php nh gi ny l a ra kt qu tng hp trc tip da vo nh gi ch quan ca con ngi. Tuy nhin kt qu nh gi theo phng php ny ch c tnh nh tnh m khng c tnh nh lng. Do nh gi theo ch quan m mi c nhn c cch nh gi rt khc nhau, nn mun c kt qu chnh xc cn phi ly kin ca nhiu c nhn. Chnh v vy nh gi theo phng php ny tn rt nhiu thi gian v chi ph thc hin cng rt ln. qu trnh o c thc hin mt cch nhanh chng v t ng, mt s phng php o khch quan c kh nng a ra kt qu nh gi tng t nh ca phng php o ch quan dc xut: PAMS (Perceptual Analysis Measurement System ) vi thang im 5(ging MOS), PSQM [khuyn ngh ITU-T P.861. (Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement ) vi thang im t 0(tt nht)-6.5(ti nht),... Bc u tin ca cc phng php o khch quan l chuyn i mu m thanh t min thi gian sang cc tham s nhn thc di dng tai v b no ngi cm nhn. Qu trnh ny bao gm vic i sang min tn s, phn tch vo cc di tn s phi tuyn v bin i phi tuyn cc gi tr cng sut ca mi di tn. Sau cc tham s nhn thc c so snh gia u pht v u thu, t xc nh suy gim ca cht lng ting ni theo s cm nhn ca tai v b no. Cui cng suy gim ny c chuyn Mu Nn/ thnh im s nh giTn hiu cht lng ting ni. Hnh 7. di y im im cn tin i php y l s gii nn minh ho quy trnhPSQM theo phngPSQM PSQM o MOS
g ni
kim tra sang MOS Tn hiu PSQM ting Hnh 7. chun trnh o PSQM Quy ni

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7.2.7. nh gi trung thc ca ting ni da trn cc nhn t nh hng

a. M ho thoi : Trc khi d liu thoi c gi i trn mng chuyn mch gi IP, cc tn hiu thoi tng t phi c ly mu v m ho thnh dng bit nh phn c th a vo cc gi tin IP. Nu chng ta ch m ho m khng thc hin nn cc tn hiu thoi, th d liu gi i s cn n 64kbps gii thng. c th tit kim gii thng trn mng IP, ngi ta s dng nhiu phng php nn thoi. Cc phng php ny s gim bt lng d liu c truyn i bng cch gim bt nhng d liu d tha, v d nhng khong lng khng mang thng tin hi thoi. Tuy nhin, cc phng php nn ting ni cng c nhng nhc im ca n. l cht lng ca thoi sau khi thc hin nn khng th tt bng thoi thng thng. Thng th t l nn cng cao s cho chng ta cht lng thoi cng thp. Mi phng php nn s dng nhng thut ton ring x l. Vic s dng cc thut ton ny s li nhng tc ng rt khc nhau ti kh nng x l, thi gian, b nh cng nh cht lng. Vic la chn thut ton nn thng da trn nhng yu cu v cht lng thoi, kh nng x l, tr v gii thng c th ca mng truyn dn. Phng php nn cng tiu th nhiu gii thng th cng c kh nng x l tt hn, do cho chng ta cht lng ting ni tt hn. Hn na, vic tit kim c nhiu gii thng hn cng c th gy ra kh nng tr truyn dn cao hn. b. Kh nng ca b trit khong lng : Phng php trit khong lng c s dng ht sc rng ri trong cc h thng mng VoIP nhm mc ch tit kim gii thng. thc hin trit ting vng, cc VoIP terminal s s dng mt b d tn hiu thoi (VAD-Voice Activity Detector) pht hin khi no i tng tham gia hi thoi s ct ting ni. Ch khi VAD pht hin c tn hiu thoi, vic truyn thng mi thc s c thc hin. Khi VAD cn cha nhn thy c tn hiu thoi, n s tm "ng" phin truyn thng bo m rng thit b VoIP khng truyn i cc khong lng khng c thng tin mt cch khng cn thit, nh m tit kim c gii thng.

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B d tn hiu thoi thng hot ng ti pha gi tn hiu ca gateway hay H434 terminal v thng c kh nng p ng trc nhiu mc tn hiu thoi cng nh nhiu, tc l n c kh nng hi t ti mt ngng thch hp no ti u ho hot ng trong mt phin hi thoi. Bi v cc phin hi thoi bnh thng lun din ra theo c hai chiu trong mt thi gian di, vic s dng VAD s gip tit kim c ti 50 phn trm gii thng trn mt knh thoi. Hnh 7. di y s m t v hot ng ca VAD v cc tham s ca n.

Hnh 7. Cc tham s cht lng ca b d tn hiu thoi tch cc VAD Tuy phng php trit khong lng t ra rt hu ch, nhng nhiu khi n cng gy ra nhng nh hng tiu cc ti cht lng ting ni. C hai tham s c th c s dng nh gi nh hng ca vic s dng phng php trit khong lng ti cht lng ting ni l front-end clipping v hold-over time. Hin tng front-end clipping xy ra khi ngi tham gia hi thoi bt u ni. Ti thi im ny, VAD ang tm "ng" v n s khng th ngay lp tc m phin truyn thng truyn i li thoi ca ngi ni bi v n cn cn mt khong thi gian c th nhn bit c tn hiu thoi do ngi ni pht ra. Trong khong thi gian ny, tn hiu thoi s khng c truyn i m b ct b. Nu khong thi gian ny qu di, nh hng ca front-end clipping s gy ra nhng tc ng c th nhn thy c ti ngi s dng.

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Hold-over time l khong thi gian tnh t thi im ngi tham gia hi thoi ngng ni cho n khi VAD tm "ng " ngng vic truyn thng thoi. trnh cho VAD khi phi m v ng phin truyn thng qu nhiu ln, ngi ta thng gii hn gi tr hold-over-time khong t 0.5 cho ti 1 giy. Tuy nhin nu v mt l do no m gi tr ny c thit lp mc qu nh, VAD s phi ng v m phin truyn thng lin tc, dn n kh nng xy ra front-end clipping. Ngc li, nu thi gian hold-over-time qu di, VAD s vn m phin truyn thng d cho ngi dng ngng ni, kt qu l phin truyn thng din ra ngay c khi khng c thng tin thoi v gii thng b chim dng mt cch lng ph. C ch VAD thng c thc hin ti cc b m ho/gii m. Ngoi ra, mt s chun m ho cng cung cp cc c t VAD ring ca mnh (v d G.729A v G.729B)

c. Kh nng sinh nhiu trong khong lng Khi cc i tng tham gia hi thoi khng thc hin pht m, b pht hin tn hiu thoi VAD s ngng khng thc hin vic s ho gi d liu thoi sang pha i thoi. Ti thi im , hai ngi tham gia i thoi s khng nghe c bt c mt tn hiu g. to cho ngi s dng s thoi mi khi i thoi, cc thit b VoIP trn mng s sinh ra mt tn hiu nhiu gi l comfort noise nhm mc ch to ra mt mi trng ging nh mi trng thoi thc. Tn hiu nhiu comfort noise thng c t mc cng gn vi mc nhiu nn (xut hin khi hi thoi) cng tt. Nu gi tr ny ln hn hoc nh hn mc nhiu nn, n c th to cho ngi s dng s khng thoi mi trong khi hi thoi. Tham s s dng nh gi kh nng sinh nhiu trong khong lng l mc tng ng gia ph ca nhiu nn (background noise) v ph ca comfort noise. 7.2.8. tr u cui tr l thi gian cn thit mt tn hiu thoi pht ra t ming ngi ni n c tai ngi nghe. Tr u cui l gi tr tng hp ca thi gian tr ti ng truyn v ti cc thit b khc

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nhau trn ng truyn. Di y l mt s nhn t c th gy ra tr: 7.2.8.1. Tr trn mng PSTN Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mng PSTN cng gy ra mt thi gian tr nh. Tr ti mng PSTN thng l tr truyn dn ti cc tuyn truyn dn khong cch ln. Thi gian tr s c bit ln khi trong qu trnh truyn dn c s tham gia ca cc lin kt v tinh. Ngoi ra tr ti mng PSTN cng c th gy ra do cc node chuyn mch trn mng. Tuy nhin thng gi tr ny nh hn so vi tr truyn dn. 7.2.8.2. Tr trn mng IP Tr ti mng IP thng c gy ra do cc gi tr sau: - Tr do bt gi gi tin : Tr do bt gi gi tin l khong thi gian cn thit nhn c ton b gi tin trc khi x l v gi chng i qua router. Gi tr ny thng c quyt nh bi di gi tin v tc truyn dn. Vic s dng cc gi tin c kch thc nh trn mt mng gii thng cao s lm gim thiu thi gian tr nhng cng gim hiu qu hot ng ca mng. - Tr chuyn i/nh tuyn gi tin : l thi gian cn thit router c th chuyn i gi tin. y l khong thi gian m router thc hin vic phn tch phn header ca gi tin, kim tra bng nh tuyn v gi gi tin ti cng output. Thi gian tr chuyn i /nh tuyn gi tin ph thuc vo cu trc ca b nh tuyn cng nh bng nh tuyn. Thi gian sp hng : Do trng thi dn knh ca mng IP cng nh s bt ng b v th t n ca cc gi tin, ti cc cng vo ra ca router v switch, ngi ta s dng cc hng i sp hng cc gi tin. Vic a cc gi tin vo hng i cng s to ra mt khong thi gian tr. Tuy nhin thi gian tr ny l cn thit cc thit b lin mng thc hin lu chuyn cc gi tin. 7.2.8.3. Tr ti thit b VoIP Qu trnh x l cc tn hiu ti c pha nhn v pha gi ca cc gateway VoIP v cc thit b u cui VoIP cng c th gy nn tr u cui. Thi gian tr ny bao gm thi gian cn thit m ho cc tn hiu thoi tng t thnh tn hiu s cng nh gii m cc tn hiu s thnh tng t. Mt s b m ho/gii m cn thc hin nn cc tn hiu thoi, bi vy lm tng thm thi gian tr. T l nn cng cao th thi gian tr cn thit cng ln. 117

Ti pha gi, vic gi ho d liu thoi cng l mt nhn t gy nh hng ti thi gian tr. Tr gi ho l khong thi gian cn thit a d liu thoi vo mt gi tin IP. Kch thc gi tin cng ln th cng cn nhiu thi gian. Vic s dng cc gi tin c kch thc nh c th hn ch bt thi gian tr , tuy nhin n li lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca mng bi cng nhiu gi tin c gi, chng ta cng c nhiu thng tin tha lu trong phn header. Ti pha nhn, do cc thi gian tr ca cc gi tin nhn v khng ging nhau, nn c th th t nhn cc gi tin s thay i. Bi vy, cc gi tin phi c lu vo mt b m gi l jitter buffer ng b ho th t cc gi do cng to ra mt khong thi gian tr gp phn tng thm thi gian tr u cui ca tn hiu thoi. 7.2.8.4. nh gi tr u cui Nh cp trn, tr u cui cng l mt trong nhng nhn t nh hng n cht lng ca hi thoi. Chng ta cng cn ch rng tr khng nh hng n bn thn ting ni, nhng n li nh hng n nhp v cm gic ca ngi tham gia hi thoi. C hai cch chnh c th nh gi tr trong mi trng truyn gi tin VoIP, l acoustic PING v MLS Normalize Cross Correlation. Acoustic PING Trong phng php acoustic PING, mt xung m thanh nhn s c gi t mt u ca knh thoi cho n u kia. tr u cui khi s c tnh bng thi gian cn thit truyn xung. Phng php ny c u im l n gin. Tuy nhin, xung nhn truyn i c th b nhng xung nhiu khc xut hin trn ng truyn che mt hay n c th b suy gim n mc khng th nhn ra c. Hn na, do di xung nh gi rt ngn nn trong qu trnh gi ho c th n ch c a vo mt vi gi tin IP. Trn ng truyn, nu nhng gi tin ny b mt, chng ta s khng c cch no nh gi c tr. MLS Normalized Cross Correlation C mt k thut khc cng c th c s dng nh gi tr u cui, l k thut x l tn hiu s MLS Normalized Cross Correlation . Trong k thut ny, mt tn hiu kim tra s c gi ti h thng cn nh gi, sau tn hiu nhn v s c so snh vi tn hiu gi i xc nh tr u cui. Tn hiu kim tra trng phng php MLS ny l mt tn hiu m thanh t118

ng t nh mt tp m trng/nhiu trng (white noise)(Xem ITUT G.165). Tuy nhin , khc vi tp m trng, tn hiu nhiu MLS (maximum length sequence) l mt mu nhiu c th d on c, lp li nhiu ln bi vy cho php chng ta thc hin cc qu trnh x l. tr o c khi s dng phng php MLS thng cho gi tr chnh xc hn, chi tit hn v t b nh hng bi nhiu hn phng php Acoustic PING. 7.2.9. vng Ting vng c inh ngha nh m thanh m ngi tham gia hi thoi pht ra nhng li b truyn li ti tai ngi . Nu thi gian gia thi im ngi ni pht m n lc ngi nghe c ting vng nh (25-30 ms), ting vng s hu nh khng c nh hng ti qu trnh hi thoi. Trn thc t trong hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch PSTN u c tn ti ting vng nhng v n xy ra qu gn vi thi im ngi ni pht m nn khng gy ra nh hng g ln. 7.2.9.1. Nguyn nhn gy ra vng Trong hu ht cc trng hp, ting vng c gy ra do s bt tng xng (bt ng b) gia thit b thoi tng t v thit b truyn tn hiu thoi trn mng gi l tail-circuit. Tail-circuit c th l bt c thit b no kt ni gia VoIP gateway v pha PSTN nh switch, b hp knh, PBX, vv. c bit hin tng bt ng b ny c th din ra gia mt knh truyn thng s hay mt lung E&M(4 dy) vi mt ng FXO hai dy. Vic chuyn i 4 dy thnh hai dy s c din ra trong mt thit b gi l mch lai (hybrid) lm nhim v phn tch cc tn hiu phn gi v phn nhn truyn chng i trn hai ng ring bit hay trn ng truyn s. Bi v cc phng thc c s dng phn tch cc tn hiu gi-nhn khng phi l ti u, mt s tn hiu phn gi s b chuyn sang phn nhn, do ngi s dng s nghe c ting vng. Mt nhn t khc cng c th gy nn ting vng l tai nghe v microphone ca in thoi c vn v kt ni ti mch vng (Xem khuyn ngh ITU-T P.310) Nh cp trn, trong hu ht cc h thng PSTN u c ting vng nhng do khong thi gian thi gian gia thi im ngi ni pht m n lc ngi nghe c ting vng nh nn khng nh hng n cht lng thoi. Vy ti sao trong mng VoIP 119

ting vng li l mt nhn t c nh hng ln ti cht lng hi thoi? l bi tr vng xy ra trn ng truyn thoi trong mng VoIP thng c gi tr vt qu ngng 32 ms, do khin cho ting vng tn ti trn mng tr nn c th nhn thy c. Nu ting vng c sinh ra t mch tail circuit u xa, n s phi tri qua khong thi gian bng hai ln tr u cui (cn gi l tr vng -round trip delay) mi c th ti c tai ngi nghe u gn. Bi vy nn tn hiu nhiu d b suy gim vn l mt nhn t gy kh chu cho ngi nghe. Cn ch rng, ting vng nhn bit c ch n t ngi i thoi t pha u xa, bi ting vng sinh ra ti u gn s gn nh ngay lp tc n tai ngi ni nn khng gy ra nh hng. 7.2.9.2. B kh ting vng gii quyt cc ting vng khng mong mun, cc thit b trn mng VoIP nh VoIP Gateway hay u cui VoIP s dng mt b x l gi l b kh ting vng (echo canceller), b kh ting vng ny thng c t cng gn mch tail circuit cng tt c th gim st ting vng v kh chng. (Xem hnh di y).

Hnh 7. S hot ng ca b kh ting vng c th hn ch ting vng, b kh ting vng to lp mt m hnh ton hc cho thit b tail-circuit m n gim st, sau n s dng m hnh ny xc nh u l ting vng, u l tn hiu thoi. Sau khi xc nh c cc tn hiu vng, b kh ting vng s tch ring nhng tn hiu ny ra, do tn hiu thoi m ngi nghe nhn c s khng cn b vng na.

120

Mt trong nhng tnh nng ng ch ca cc b kh ting vng hin i ngy nay l kh nng hi t ca thut ton c lng vng. Ti thi im bt u ca mt cuc gi, b kh ting vng sau mt khong thi gian gii hn no s hi t c thut ton xc nh tn hiu, t nhanh chng xc nh cc tn hiu vng, iu ny cho php b kh ting vng c th p ng trc nhng thay i v trng thi tn hiu v tail-circuit khc nhau. V d, khi bt u mt cuc gi VoIP kt ni qua mt thit b tail circuit tng t, ting vng s xut hin mc nhn thy c, nhng sau n s b kh nhanh chng bi b kh ting vng. Cc b kh ting vng thng hot ng khng tt trong trng hp xy ra double-talk- trng hp khi ngi tham gia hi thoi u xa ngt li ngi tham gia hi thoi u gn. S d nh vy l do cc b kh ting vng u hot ng vi gi thit rng thit b tailcircuit cn kh vng l tuyn tnh v bt bin v thi gian. Khi xy ra double-talk, thit b tail-circuit tr nn khng cn tuyn tnh na, do thut ton c lng vng cng mt kh nng hi t v kh nng c lng ting vng ca b kh ting vng khng cn chnh xc. 7.2.9.3. o vng C nhiu kha cnh khc nhau c th c nh gi trong qu trnh o ting vng. Trc ht l mc vng v tr ca vng. Sau chng ta c th nh gi kh nng x l ca b kh ting vng, v cui cng l mc nh hng ca ting vng ti ngi s dng trn h thng in thoi. Xc nh cc c tnh ca ting vng C hai c tnh quan trng ca ting vng, l mc suy hao ca ting vng v tr vng. Mc suy gim ca ting vng trc khi n n c tai ca ngi nghe c gi l suy hao ca ting vng ERL(echo return loss). Tham s ny rt quan trng bi trn thc t nhiu b kh ting vng s khng th nhn bit hay x l c ting vng nu n khng b suy hao i mt phn. i vi tr vng, hay thi gian cn thit ting vng quay tr li tai ca ngi nghe cng vy. b kh ting vng c th x l c, tr vng cng phi nm trong mt di gi tr no chp nhn c. suy hao ting vng v tr vng u l cc tham s ph thuc vo thit k ca thit b sinh vng tail circuit, chng c nh hng khng nh n hot ng ca b kh ting vng. Bi vy vic nh gi hai tham s ny l ht sc cn thit 121

 chng ta c th quyt nh xem b kh ting vng c hot ng tt hay khng hay cn phi thit k li thit b tail circuit. Xc nh kh nng hot ng ca b kh ting vng Cng vi vic xc nh ting vng c th c trn mng, chng ta cng cn nh gi kh nng x l ca b kh ting vng. lm vic ny, chng ta c th p dng kiu o ch ng, gi lp cc hot ng ca mch tail circuit sinh ting vng vi cc tham s tr vng, ERLvv. Khi nh gi kh nng ca b kh ting vng, chng ta cn ch ti cc thng s sau: - Thi gian hi t (Phn 4 ITU-T P.502): Thi gian cn thit b kh ting vng c th nhn bit c thit b tail circuit sinh ra ting vng cng nh a ra cch thc tng ng kh vng. - Mc kh vng: Mc vng c kh (tnh theo decibal db) - Kh nng x l khi xy ra tnh trng hai ngi i thoi cng ni (double talk) (phn 5 ITU-T P.502) Mc nh hng ca ting vng ti ngi s dng Mt trong nhng cch nh gi hu hiu xc nh cht lng ting ni trong phin hi thoi VoIP l xc nh mc nh hng ca ting vng ti bn thn ngi s dng. Cng ging nh qu trnh nh gi trung thc ca ting ni, vic nh gi nh hng ca vng cng c th thc hin theo hai cch ch quan hoc khch quan. Nu s dng phng php ch quan, chng ta cn c s nh gi ca mt s lng ln ngi nh gi. Nu p dng phng php khch quan, chng ta c th p dng mt trong cc cch sau: Thut ton nh gi ting vng dng nhiu trng (white noise) (ITU-T G.165) - Thut ton nh gi ting vng dng cc tn hiu vi tn s xc nh (ITU-T G.168) - Thut ton nh gi ting vng da trn tham im mc cm nhn PSQM (ITU-T P.861). Trong cc thut ton trn, ngoi tr thut ton nh gi ting vng dng cc tn hiu vi tn s xc nh (ITU-T G.168) vn cn ang dng mc nghin cu, hai thut ton cn li u c mt s t chc o kim p dng trong cng tc o kim nh gi cht lng ca mnh.

Tm lc Cc phng php o (o ch ng v o th ng) Cc tham s nh gi cht lng dch v thoi IP 122

Phng php o v quy trnh o cho tng loi tham s

123

CHNG 8. Th trng v thit b

8.1. Phn mm u cui
Ngy cng c nhiu chng trnh in thoi qua Internet. Sau y l mt s chng trnh ca cc nh sn xut ln hay ca cc nh sn xut lm chng trnh lu nm. l Personal Edition V 1.01 ca Free Tel, Internet Connection Phone 2.0 ca IBM, Internet Phone vi Video 4.5 ca VolcalTec, Netscape CoolTalk 3.0 (i km vi Netscape Navigator 3.0), WebPhone Full3.0 ca NetSpeak, cc bn ca beta Internet Video Phone 1.0 ca Intel, Netmeeting 2.0 ca Microsoft (km vi Internet Explorer 4.0), Netscape Conference ( mt phn ca Netscape Communicator 4.0) v Tele Vox 2.5 ca Voxware. Nhng chng trnh ny cho php bn tr chuyn min ph. Hu ht chng cho php bn nh my trong mt ca s dng in m. Vi mt s chng trnh, bn c th dng chung ti liu trn mn hnh, truyn file v iu khin cuc in m gia ba hay nhiu ngi. Thm ch nu bn c my quay phim, s c 4 gi phn mm cho php cng s ca bn nhn thy bn trong khi ang nghe. Nhng chng trnh ny khng t tin. C 3 chng trnh min ph, 3 chng trnh kia i km vi nhng trnh duyt hng u, v nhng chng trnh kia gi cha n 60 USD. Bn c th ti np ton b hay mt phn chng trnh t a ch Web ca cc cng ty hoc ca PC World Online (US) Mun xem chng trnh ny c ng gi hay khng, trung tm kim nghim PC World US b ra mt thng dng th nhng chng trnh ny, thm vo mt s th cn thit chng trnh lm vic c , gi qua modem hay bng ng ISDN, nhanh hn. Kim nghim cn c ngu nhin mc kh linh ng, chuyn sang mt ISP khc nu vic kt ni khng thnh cng v gi trong gi hnh chnh cng nh trong lc t ngi truy nhp Internet. Ngi ta ghi nhn nhng cuc hi m ging nhau bng tng chng trnh v bng in thoi thng thng. Cc th nghim dng modem 33,6 Kb/s mi trm u cui v din ra cng mt thi im bo m mc truyn ca Internet l nh nhau. Nhm ngi tham gia nghe nhng cuc gi, nh gi chng trn nhng tiu chun nh ting vang, vng tn s, mc tnh, v 124

nhng m tit b mt. m thanh ca nhng tiu chun ny c ghi ti a ch www.pcworld.com/jun97/netphone. Bng 8. a ra kt qu xp hng mt s sn phm tiu biu trong nm 1996 ca VON. Bng 8. Mt s sn phm phn mm u cui
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Internet Telephony VoaclTec Internet Phone TeleVox NetMeeting Intel Internet Video Phone CU-SeeMe CoolTalk WebPhone FreeTel VDOPhone Net2Phone im 1176 316 314 216 202 173 169 135 111 107 URL http://www.vocaltec.com http://www.voxware.com http://www.microsoft.co/netmeeting http://www.intel.com http://www.wpine.com http://www.netscape.com http://www.netspeak.com http://www.freetel.com http://www.vdo.net http://www.net2phone.com

Sau y l phn loi cc phn mm u cui theo h iu hnh. Phn mm trn Windows Internet Phone (Vocaltec); http://www.vocaltec.com/ Powwow (Tribal Voice); http://www.tribal.com/ Sound Ideas ( NewStar); http://www.newstartech.com/ Softphone (SilverSoft); http://www.pak.net/ Digiphone (Camelot); http://www.planeteers.com/index.htm CyberPhone (Cyberscience/Voxware) Farsite (databeam); http://www.databeam.com/Products/FarSite/ PGPfone (MIT); http://www.mit.edu/network/pgpfone/ Precept Software, Inc; http://www.precept.com IRIS Phone; http://alpha.acad.bg/ GatherTalk - Voice Conferencing on Internet; http://dsp.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/proj /gtalk/welcome Phn mm trn Mac Maven (U.of Illinois); ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/packages/infosystems/maven PGPfone (MIT); http://web.mit.edu/network/pgpfone/ ClearPhone; http://www.kaiwan.com/ radiobob/ Phn mm trn Unix RAT (Robust-Audio Tool); http://www-mice.cs.ucl.ac.uk/mice/rat/ Nautilus Secure Phone; http://www.lila.com/nautilus 125

Free Phone; http://www..inria.fr/rodeo/fphone Nevot; http://www.fokus.gmd.de/srep/employees/hgs/nevot/ GatherTalk - Voice Conferencing on Internet; http://dsp.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/proj /gtalk/weelcome.html Vat; ftp://cs.ucl.ac.uk/mice/videoconference/vat CyberPhone(Cyberscience); http://magenta.com/cyberphone/ Mtalk (Linux); ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/talk/ VDOphone; http://www.vdolive.co/vdophone/ Tr chuyn khng phi lc no cng l mc tiu ca nhng chng trnh ny. Hu ht chng u c tnh nng khc phc v cho cng tc trn Internet. Hu ht cc chng trnh ca Intel cho php hi m bng cch g nhng cu trao i cho nhau theo thi gian thc cng nh pht m chng. Tnh nng ny tht ng gi khi bn mun hi ai xem ti sao khng nghe thy m thanh. Nu ang ni chuyn vi ai v mun gi cho h mt file, hu ht cc chng trnh ny cho php bn gi file m khng cn n e-mail. Vi whiteboarding, bn c th qut (scan) nhng tm nh ny v dn chng ln whitebroad ri dng cng c truyn file ca Internet Phone gi file hnh nh cho pha bn kia. Tnh nng ny cng cn thit cho vic kinh doanh ging nh chuyn bn mt chin dch qung co mi vy

8.2. Sn phm Gateway

8.2.1. Phn loi
Da trn s khi v nhim v ca Gateway nh c trnh by trn, cc nh sn xut ch to ra cc sn phm Gateway v a vo khai thc trn mng. Nhn chung Gateway c phn lm 5 loi cu hnh c bn sau: 1/. Gateway xy dng da trn server PC s dng card m thanh (v d nh Dialogic, NMS). y l Gateway c cu hnh n gin nht u tin. Vi u im gi thnh r, n nhanh chng chim lnh th trng tuy nhin n c cc hn ch sau: Cc card m thanh ny khng c thit k hot ng vi cc ng dng thi gian thc. Phn mm in thoi IP phi x l lung tn hiu m thanh khng lin tc. Cc nguyn nhn ny s gy ra tr khi hi thoi. Card m thanh khng c chc nng nn v gin lung tn hiu m thanh, v vy PC s phi thc hin ton b nhim v ny 126

ti CPU, to ra tr trong qu trnh x l tn hiu v gim kh nng x l ca CPU. Ni chung cc card m thanh ny kh ci t v thit lp cu hnh cho n. Trong loi cu hnh ny, mi nh sn xut c mt chun ring v vy khi chn gii php ny chng ta s b ph thuc vo nh cung cp thit b. 2/. Gateway xy dng da trn server PC s dng card x l tn hiu s (DSP) chuyn dng cho in thoi Internet. Bng vic xy dng Gateway da trn card DSP chuyn dng trn nn PC, loi Gateway ny c nhiu u im ni bt so vi loi Gateway trn. Cc b x l tn hiu s chuyn dng DSP s thay th CPU thc hin cc chc nng nh ly mu, nn, v truyn tn hiu ting ni, cn CPU thc hin chc nng x l thi gian thc v iu khin cuc gi. Gii php ny to ra cht lng thoi tt hn, gim tr v cho php mt PC c th phc v c nhiu cuc thoi ng thi hn. Loi Gateway ny cn c mt u im quan trng na l gi thnh r, ch vo khong 500 n 1000 USD cho mt cng. 3/. Gateway gn vi mt phn t ca mng ni b (v d nh Route, Hub hoc PABX). y l mt loi Gateway c thit k phc v cho cc mng ni b. Hng Cisco l mt nh sn xut hng u b xung thm chc nng ca Gateway H.323 vo cc Route u cui tc cao ca h. Gii php ny cho php thc hin c hai chc nng ca mng my tnh v ca dch v thoi Internet trong cng mt thit b. Mt s nh sn xut khc v d nh Shoreline Teleworks v Touchwave Communications a ra cc Gateway gn lin vi Ethernet Hub. Mi thit b kt ni vi ng dy in thoi bng dy chun RJ14 v kt ni vi mng Ethernet bng dy chun RJ45. V thc cht, mi Hub ng vai tr nh mt tng i PBX. 4/. Gateway xy dng da trn card a dng NIC vi kh nng ghp ni vi mng in thoi. Loi Gateway ny thch hp thc hin dch v thoi Internet cho cc nhm c nhn nh vi gi thnh r hn rt nhiu so vi cc loi trn. Cc card ny l loi chuyn dng c thit k cho in thoi Internet.

127

Mt trong nhng sn phm loi ny l Internet PhoneJACK ca hng Quicknet Technologies. y l card ting ni c thit k cho in thoi IP, i km vi n l mt trong cc phn mm Microsoft NetMeeting, VocalTec Internet Phone, IDT Net2Phone. Gi ca sn phm ny l 200 USD. 5/. Gateway c lp cho mng in thoi Internet. y l loi Gateway phc v cho mng cng cng, n ni trc tip vi tng i in thoi v c s h tng ca mng Internet.

8.2.2.

Cc sn phm tiu biu

Bng 8. l danh sch mt s sn phm Gateway do cc hng ch to c khai thc trn mng. Trong bng a ra cc thng tin v c im ca Gateway nh: tn, nm a vo khai thc, kh nng x l cuc gi, chun v tc m ho tn hiu, dch v v cc kt ni h tr, gi thnh h thng.

128

Bng 8. Mt vi sn phm Gateway ca cc hng.

Hng Sn phm Cu hnh C u tr c DSP Giao din ting ni T1/E1 v tng t S cuc gi cng mt lc 96 Dng tn hiu giao tip Voice, fax, video, modem Tun theo H.323 Chun m ho Tc bit sau m ho 4,8 kbps B m trt ng b Thu pht DTM F C Ki m tra mc u tin Khn g RSVP Gi thnh / cng

ACT Networks Inc. Camarillo, Calif., 805-3882474

http://www.acti.com

Servicex change 5, SX10

B truy nhp tp trung cc voice card Voice card cho server Max 4000, 6000 Voice card cho Router Voice card cho PC server Voice card

khng

c quyn

C th iu chnh, gi tr mc nh L 150 MS Thay i

Khng

Ascend Commmunications Inc. Alameda, Calif., 510-7696001

Ascend VoIP

DSP

http://www.ascen.com
Cisco System Inc. San Jose, Calif., 408-5264000 Voice/fa x module for 3600 series eStream

T1/E1, giao din tc c s Tng t

96

Voice

G.729A

8 kbps

Khn g

Khng

DSP

12

Voice, fax

G.729

7,9 kbps

ng

Khn g

http://www.cisco.com
E-Fusion Inc. Beaverton, Ore., 503-2076300

500 $ (24 cng) thm 3995 $ cho Gatekeep er 750 $ (48 cng) thm 3000 $ cho Gatekeep er 6900 $ (1 router c 4 cng voice) 2500 $ (24 cng)

DSP

T1/E1, PRI

48

Voice

G.723.1

5,3 kbps

ng

Khn g

Khng

http://www.efusion.co m
Franklin Telecommunications Corp. Westlake Village, Calif., 805-373-8688 Tempest Data/ Voice Gateway Integrate d Enterpris e Network (IEN) Vocalnet

DSP

T1/E1, tng t, PRI

24

Voice, fax

G.723.1, G.729A

6,3 kbps

ng

Khn g

Khng

987 $ (24 cng)

http://www.ftel.com
Hypercom Corp. Phoenix, 602-504-5000

http://hypercom.com
Inter-tel Inc.

B truy nhp tp trung cc voice card Voice

DSP

T1/E1, tng t

1024

Voice, fax, modem

G.723.1, G.729, c quyn c

5,3 kbps

ng

Khn g

300 $ (24 cng)

DSP

T1/E1, t-

96

Voice

Khng

13,6

iu khin

Khn

Khng

1580 $

129

Chandler, Ariz.,602-9619000

Server

http://www.intertel.com
Lucent Technologies Inc. Murray Hill, N.J., 908-5828500 Interet Telepho ny Server V/IP Phone/Fa x IP Gateway

card cho PC server

ng t, PRI

quyn

kbps

c, gi tr mc nh l 100 ms ng C

http://www.lucent.co m
Micom Communications Corp. Simi Valley, Calif., 805583-8600

Voice card cho PC server Voice card cho PC server

DSP

T1/E1, tng t, PRI

96

Voice, fax

G.723.1, c quyn

5,3 kbps

(24 cng) thm 230 $ cho mt cng Gatekeep er 2520 $ (24 cng)

DSP

T1/E1, tng t

24

Voice, fax

Khng

G.723.1, G.729

5,3 kbps

http://www.micom.co m

iu khin c, gi tr mc nh l t 2 n 4000 ms ng

Khn g

750 $ (24 cng)

Motorola Inc. Mansfield, Mass., 508-2614000

http://www.mot.com/i sg
Netrix Corp. Herndon, Va., 703-7426000

Vanguar d 320 Vipr, MP Router Vipr series Network Exchang e 2210 Webpho ne Gateway exchang e Ethergat e

Voice card cho router

DSP

T1/E1, tng t, PRI

80

Voice, fax

Khng

G.723.1, c quyn

5,3 kbps

Khn g

660 $ (24 cng)

Voice card

DSP

T1/E1, tng t

168

Voice, fax

Khng

c quyn

5,3 kbps

ng

Khn g

Khng

http://www.netrix.com
Netspeak Corp. Boca Raton, Fla., 561-9974001 Voice card cho PC server Voice card cho PC server DSP T1/E1, tng t 96 Voice Khng GSM 13,6 kbps ng C C Khng

500 $ (24 cng); 390 $ (168 cng) 2000 $ (24 cng)

http://www.netspeak.c om
Phonet communication Ltd. Herziliya, Israel, 972-9950-2133

DSP

Tng t

16

Voice, fax

G.723.1, G.729A

5,3 kbps

ng

Khn g

600 $, thm 600$ cho server PC

http://www.phonet.co m

RADvision Ltd. Tel Aviv, Israel, 972-3-6455220

L2W-323

DSP

BRI, tng t

Voice, video

G.723.1, G.729

5,3 kbps

http://www.radvision.c

iu khin c, gi tr mc nh l 40 ms

Khn g

Khn g

Khng

1000 $ (8 cng)

130

om

3Com Corp. Santa Clara, Calif., 408764-5000

http://www.3com.com
Vienna Systems Corp. Kanata, Ontario, 613-5913219

Hiper Access System for Total Control Vienna.w ay

http://www.viennasys. com
Vocaltec Inc. Heziliya, Israel, 972-9-525858 Vocaltec Telepho ny Gateway

B tp trung truy nhp vi voice card Voice card cho server PC Voice card cho server PC

DSP

T1/E1, PRI

312

Voice, fax

G.723.1, G.729

5,3 kbps

DSP

T1/E1, BRI, PRI

96

Voice, fax

Khng

c quyn

7,3 kbps

CPU , DSP

T1/E1, tng t

96

Voice, fax

G.723.1, c quyn

4,8 kbps

iu khin c hoc ng, gi tr mc nh l 30 ms iu khin c, gi tr mc nh t 30 n 75 ms ng

Khng

500 $

Khn g

Khng

Khn g

900$ (48 cng) thm 5000$ cho Gatekeep er 1400$ (24 cng)

http://www.netrix.com

131

D bo th trng
C mi nm trong sut thp k va qua., Inernet li tng gp i quy m ca n. Trong cc cng ty nghin cu th trng Internet, c mt nhn nh thng nht l tng doanh s bn trong nm 1996 l t 2 n 3 t USD. Mc tiu t ra l th trng s tng trng rng ln vi cc d on dao ng t 110% n 157%. Forrester d on l n nm 2001, tr gi giao dch s t mc 327 t USD, ActiveMedia l 314 t USD v IDC l 220 t USD. Theo kin chuyn gia Kelly ca ITU, th trng giao dch thoi quc t c phn thnh 3 lnh vc sau: Gia cc quc gia, nhng tp on quc t nh Concert, Global One v AT&T-Unisource s cho bn thit b kt ni u cui n u cui (end to end). Nhng tp on ny s phi i mt vi s cnh tranh ngy cng tng ln t pha dch v thoi Internet , t cc ch ca cc phng tin quc t (chng hn nh ngi iu hnh v tinh, cc nh iu hnh cp t nhn..) bn trc tip cho khch hng v t pha cc th trng giao ngay vi mc gi bn li. i vi cc cuc gi gc, cnh tranh s ngy cng tr nn gay gt bi nhng ngi mi thm nhp th trng nh cc call-back, thoi Internet, v nhng ngi bn li thng qua vic ku gi s dng dch v card v bn quyn . i vi nhng u cui cuc gi, cnh tranh s b chm li bi v cc nh c quyn trc kia s tip tc "thng tr" v nh ra cc mc gi cho cc cuc gi quc t. V tr c quyn ca h s suy yu mt cch chm chp nn s phi mt mt thi gian di v mt lng u t ng k trin khai cc mng mi. Do vy PTO vn nh gi cao nht m h c th cho cc u cui cuc gi khi m h vn ang v tr c quyn. Theo ITU, th vic kim tra kh nng tn ti ca thoi qua Internet v vic trin khai n mt cch rng ri l cch tt nht. Thm ch cc nh cung cp dch v thoi Internet hoc cc cng ty pht trin phn mm u c th mua cc ISP .

8.3. Th trng kinh doanh dch v

Do cc u im gi thnh r v cc dch v m rng nh c trnh by trn, dch v thoi trn Internet ang v s to ra mt th trng rng ln gm mi i tng s dng gm: cc thu 132

bao gia nh, cc doanh nghip, cc t chc v c quan nh nc.. Sau y l cc d bo ca mt s nh cung cp dch v vin thng v tng lai ca dch v thoi trn Internet: Theo d bo ca IDC, s cc giao dch quc t theo phng php truyn thng s t 79 t pht cho n cui nm nay, v hng nm s tng mc 15%. Theo nhn nh ca ng Fischer th tng gi tr giao dch trn th trng l 60 t USD. Cc ngun tin tng t cho bit, giao dch qua Internet tnh n ngy nay t 198 triu pht v s tng ln mc 220% hng nm (Evagora, 1997; Frost &Sullivan,1997; Macavinta,1997; Tp ch Wall Street, 1997). D on th trng s t mc 600 triu USD vo cui nm 1999. Khi s c hn 16 triu ngi s dng. Tng gi tr giao dch ca th trng thoi qua Internet d on t mc 1.89 t USD vo cui nm 2001. Theo Frost & Sullivan th trng s t c mc tng trng hng nm mc 149% trong 5 nm lin. D bo n nm 2000, mt b phn ln dn c s s dng thoi Internet. Ch tch kim gim c iu hnh ca RSL COM, Itzhak Fischer d bo rng n nm 2000 s c 15% cuc thoi quc t c tin hnh qua Internet, v mt s ngi cho rng n nm 2005 con s ny s tng ln n 34%. Phillip Tarifica cng bo co rng s ngi s dng thoi truyn thng s gim do s dng Email v thoi qua Internet. Th trng in thoi Internet s tng trng v t doanh thu c 2,7 t USD vo nm 2002 (McKinsey Telecom Practice) Theo kin ca vin nghin cu Forrester Cambridge, dch v thoi ca Internet s t doanh s mc 2t USD vo nm 2004. n nm 2010, 30% cuc gi s c thc hin qua mng Internet (Probe Research, 1996) th hin th trng dch v thoi m Frost& Sullivan d bo vo 1997 .

133

Doanh thu (t trng dch v thoi Internet: Doanh thu trn Hnh 8. Th USD) th gii 1995 - 2001 Cng ngh mi s khin cho s bo ho ca cc th trng chm li . iu ny c ngha l phn ng gp cho th trng v cc khon u t vo nghip v marketing s t hn so vi mt th trng bo ho. Nu xt theo khu vc a l, doanh thu d tnh cho c th trng thoi Internet l : 500 triu USD Bc Phi, 523 triu USD Pacific Rim, 592 triu USD chu u v 274 triu USD cc th trng cn li. Pacific Rim, th trng chu u v cc th trng cn li ang ngy cng c mt v tr quan trng trn phm vi ton th gii c bit l so vi Bc Phi. Nm 1996, 65% doanh thu c c l t Bc Phi. Nm 2001 d on rng ch c 26% doanh thu l t Bc Phi,Thi trong khi 28% l Pacific Rim, 31% t chu u, 14 % t cc th trng cn li. Doanh thu tng ln c l nh cc nhn t sau: Kh nng min gim ph. Kh nng ci tin cht lng sn phm mt cch nhanh chng. Kh nng hot ng trn phm vi quc t c m rng. p dng cng ngh Gateway. S tng trng ca Internet v Intranets.

134

 S mong mun duy tr h thng n m v h thng d liu. Hiu qu cao hn ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi. (Theo Frost&Sullivan) Nhng xu hng trong tng lai l cung cp cc thit b vin thng Multimedia v trin khai cc sn phm in thoi Internet cng vi cc thit b ho nhp my tnh - in thoi.

8.4. Th trng phn mm u cui

Trong nm 1996, doanh thu t th trng phn mm ln n 15.1 triu USD. Ngi ta hy vng doanh thu s tng vi tc tng trng l 39%, tc l t ti 79.7 triu USD vo nm 2001. Nguyn nhn c c nhng con s trn l do 3 tp on cng nghip ln nht, Netscape, Microsoft v Intel va tung ra mt lot cc dch v thoi Internet c cht lng cao m hon ton min ph hoc c tnh km vo sn phm . iu c ngha l khng ai c th c quyn trong vic bn phn mm dch v thoi Internet. Theo Frost & Sullivan (1997), mt cng ty c th tp trung vo phn mm u cui nu c th s dng n tng thm gi tr cc sn phm khc nh mt lot cc chng trnh phn mm m nh tng c li nhun. Gi c cng tu thuc vo chc nng cu cc phn mm; nhng chng trnh phn mm vi nhng kh nng tinh xo hn th c xu hng ngy cng t. Theo Frost&Sullivan, 1997: Doanh thu (triu USD)

Thi gian

135

Hnh 8. Th trng phn mm u cui ca dch v thoi qua Internet Doanh thu tng ln c l do nhng nhn t sau: L phng tin thu ht s ch . S tng trng ca Internet v Intranet. Tip nhn my tnh Multimedia v phn cng. Ngoi ra, ngi ta hy vng cc my tnh Multimedia s sm c ci t chng trnh IT. Mong mun ho c h thng m thanh v d liu: cng ngh vin thng v cng ngh my tnh ang ho trn vi nhau. IT l bc khi u tin ti tch hp cc tnh nng vo 1 u cui. Xu hng: S cp bch ca cc sn phm c th hot ng trn phm vi quc t. S tng ln ca s lng cc hp ng OEM. S tng ln ca cc gi phn mm. S chuyn i t thoi sang truyn thng a phng tin.

8.5. Th trng Gateway

Nm 1996, doanh thu cho th trng Gateway t 4.7 triu USD. D tnh doanh thu s tng trng vi tc l 229%, tc l 1,81 t USD vo nm 2001. Tng trng doanh thu c c l nh cc yu t sau: Cht lng m thanh v tin cy. Kh nng min gim ph. Nhu cu ct gim chi phi lin lc ca cng ty . Cc nh cung cp dch v chp nhn dch v thoi Internet : h sn sng cho vi mc gi thoi ng di r hn cnh tranh. Xu hng: Chuyn hng sang cc sn phm c kh nng hot ng trn phm vi quc t. S ho nhp ca cc mng chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi S chuyn i ca cc Gateway t dng cc thit b chuyn mch sang i l tr tu vi cc kh nng qun l tin b cc cuc gi. S tng trng nhanh ca cc Gateway v kh nng fax. 136

Tm lc Cc sn phm phn mm u cui Cc nh cung cp phn mm u cui Cc loi sn phm Gateway Cc nh cung cp sn phm Gateway D bo th trng kinh doanh dch v D bo th trng Gateway v phn mm u cui

137

CHNG 9. Trin khai mng in thoi IP

9.1. nh gi c s h tng mng s liu
Cc nh trin khai phi nh gi li c s h tng mng s liu ca h. Nh phn tch cc thng tin ny ta c th xc nh c cc yu cu cn thit nng cp mng nhm h tr thoi IP. p ng cc yu cu thoi, cn phi xem xt li cc thit b, cu hnh mng v cc thng tin v cc kt ni. Thit b v ng kt ni phi m bo y dung lng cho lu lng thoi a thm vo. Cn nng cp cc kt ni vi dung lng p ng c cho mc s dng cao nht nhng gi cao im. y l vn c bn quyt nh cht lng thoi IP. Ngoi ra xc nh cc yu cu cho in thoi IP, cn xem xt li cu hnh mng, cc tnh nng v cc giao thc trn . Xem xt dung lng ca ton mng cng nh dung lng d phng. Khi nh gi c s h tng mng s liu cn phi xem xt cc vn sau: - Cu trc mng - V tr ca cc my ch, cc cng - Giao thc mng WAN - Cc yu cu v cht lng dch v hin ti - Phn tch cc thit b - Cc thng s c bn ca mng WAN (WAN baseline) Cu trc mng Cc nh t chc cn phi a ra s ca cu trc mng WAN bao gm tt c cc vng, cc thit b mng, cc giao din mng cng nh bng thng. Ngoi ra v tr ca cc my ch, firewall, cc gateway v trung tm qun l cuc gi cng phi c xc nh. Khi xem xt cu hnh mng, cn phi ch cc vn sau: - Bng thng d tr v kh nng phc hi ca mng. - nh hng ca cu trc mng n cht lng v s vn hnh ca in thoi IP. - Kh nng m rng khi lu lng tng - Bng thng d tnh v cc dch v WAN c th c thm - Cc yu cu v cht lng dch v hin ti V tr ca cc my ch, cc cng Cc my ch v cc cng gateway phi c xc nh cn thn trc khi quy hoch c s h tng cho mng WAN. 138

- My ch TFTP - My ch DNS - My ch DHCP - Firewall - Cc gateway NAT, PAT Giao thc s dng cho mng WAN Giao thc mng WAN c th nh hng n cht lng dch v thoi IP hoc nh hng n cc dch v thoi gia tng khc. Trong nhiu trng hp, mng phi c ti u ho h tr lu lng in thoi IP. Mi trng NBMA (Non-broadcast multiaccess) cng c th d b nh hng bi giao thc s dng v s tc ng n cht lng thoi. Cc yu t sau cn c xem xt: - Mo u ca giao thc IP - Kh nng multicast ca IP - S nh hng ca NBMA ln cht lng v kh nng hot ng ca thoi IP - Mo u ca cc giao thc khc nh IPX v SNA Sau khi xem xt giao thc mng WAN, cn phn tch cc vn sau y: - Ti u ho giao thc - Phn tch kh nng m rng mng khi dung lng gia tng - Phn tch cc cu hnh d phng p ng vi xu hng hi t mng trong tng lai - nh gi cht lng v tin cy ca giao thc Cc yu cu v cht lng dch v hin ti Cn phi xem xt cc yu cu v cht lng dch v ca mng WAN hin ti bit c n c p ng c cc yu cu v cht lng dch v ca thoi IP hay khng. Phn tch cc thit b Phn tch cc thit b ang c cho php xc nh c cc vn v phn cng cng nh phn mm lin quan n vic trin khai thoi IP. Phin bn ca phn mm l yu t quan trng xc nh kh nng tng thch vi cht lng dch v thoi IP. Ngoi ra cc thng tin ny cn c dng phn tch tin cy nhm nh gi tnh kh dng ca mng. Cc thng s gii hn ca mng WAN Cc thng s gii hn ca mng WAN c s dng quy hoch dung lng cho mng thoi IP. Nh vy s nh gi c cht lng ca 139

dch v thoi IP v nh hng ca thoi IP ln mng. Cc thng s sau ca mng cn phi xc nh: - Mc s dng trung bnh trn kt ni - Mc s dng ln nht trn kt ni - Kch thc hng i ln nht - Thi gian p ng cuc gi ln nht v trung bnh (trc khi trin khai thoi IP) - Mc xy ra s c b m - Mc s dng CPU ln nht v trung bnh - Mc s dng b nh ln nht v trung bnh

9.2. nh gi c s h tng mng thoi

nh gi c s h tng mng thoi s cho php ta xc nh cc yu cu t ra i vi in thoi IP. Vic nh gi c thc hin trn tt c cc vng trin khai, nh vy s gip ta xc nh c m hnh trin khai thch hp. Cu trc mng Cu trc ca mng thoi bao gm v tr t cc tng i, cc h thng th thoi v cc trung k ni gia chng. Trung k y bao gm trung k ni gia cc vng, trung k PSTN v trung k -

ca h thng th thoi. Hnh 9. Cu trc mng thoi H thng tng i Cc thng tin v h thng tng i s gip ta nm c cc chc nng v c im ca h thng hin ti. T s xc nh cc 140

yu cu kt ni gia tng i v mng IP. Cn phi nm r cc thng tin sau: - Loi tng i, nh cung cp. - S lng v v tr ca cc tng i - Phin bn ca phn mm tng i - S lng v v tr cc tng i giao din vi mng IP - S lng cc kt ni s vi tng i v s kt ni cn cha dng - S lng v dung lng ca cc trung k ISDN ni vi tng i Cc h thng th thoi Xem xt h thng th thoi xc nh kh nng tng thch ca n vi thoi IP, t a ra m hnh trin khai thch hp (liu h thng th thoi s c t trong mng IP hay mng PSTN). Cc thng tin sau cn c thu thp: - Kiu thit b v nh cung cp h thng th thoi - S lng v v tr ca cc h thng th thoi - Kt ni gia chng vi cc tng i c thc hin nh th no? - Cc phn mm hin ang c s dng cho h thng th thoi. Cc h thng trung k Cc thng tin v h thng trung k s cho php xc nh cc yu cu t ra vi Gateway. Cn phi phn bit gia trung k PSTN, trung k th thoi v trung k ni gia cc vng. Ngoi ra cng cn phi thc hin phn tch lu lng bit c lu lng gi cao im. Sau c th dng cng thc Erlang-B tnh cc yu cu i vi trung k mi. Cc nh cung cp thit b tng i thng dch v thng k lu lng gi cao im. S lng cuc gi v trong vng v cc loi dch v Cc nh t chc cn xc nh s lng cuc gi trong vng phi p ng xc nh kch c ca vng cn trin khai. Cn phi phn bit cc cuc gi s chuyn sang VoIP v cc cuc gi dng d phng. Ngoi ra cng cn phi xc nh cc dch v c cung cp nh dch v chuyn cuc gi (call tranfer), cuc gi hi ngh (call conference), nhn dng thu bao ch gi, ch cuc gi (call hold) Phng thc quay s Xem xt li phng thc quay s xc nh cc yu cu nh tuyn cuc gi, quay s tt, tnh nng nh tuyn nhm. Cc c im nh tuyn cuc gi bao gm: - Tuyn d phng. 141

Cc s dng trong trng hp khn cp. Kh nng t ng phn b cuc gi. Kho cuc gi i vi mt s, nhm thu bao.

9.3. Lp k hoch trin khai mng WAN cho in thoi IP

Vic trin khai mng WAN cung cp dch v in thoi IP cn phi c lp k hoch mt cch c th. Qu trnh lp k hoch trin khai mng WAN bao gm quy hoch dung lng mng WAN v phn tch c s h tng mng hin ti, quy hoch dung lng thoi, quy hoch cc yu cu nng cp, trin khai , v thm nh li mi trng WAN. Vic trin khai mng WAN c thc hin theo cc bc sau: - Thu thp cc thng tin v mng WAN hin ti - Xc nh yu cu bng thng thoi - Phn tch cc yu cu nng cp - Thc hin vic nng cp v chuyn i - nh gi kt qu

9.3.1. Thu thp cc thng tin v mng WAN hin ti

Bc u tin trong vic trin khai mng in thoi IP l thu thp cc thng tin v mng v thit b mng hin ti. Cc thng tin ny c s dng phn tch cc ch hng sau khi xc nh c bng thng v cc yu cu v thit b. Cc thng tin cn phi thu thp bao gm: - Cu hnh mng WAN hin ti, bao gm c thng tin thit k logic v cc thng tin v bng thng, tc cc kt ni. - Cc thng tin v thit b, bao gm cc b nh tuyn, b nh, card giao din , phn mm... - Ti nguyn s dng, bao gm mc s dng cao nht, mc s dng trung bnh trn cc kt ni WAN. Ngoi ra cn c cc thng tin v tr, tc mt gi, di pha cho mi kt ni WAN. a) Cc thng tin v cu hnh mng

142

Cc thng tin v cu hnh mng phi c xc nh tt c cc vng c trin khai thoi IP. Thit lp mt s chnh xc v tr cc vng s cho thy cc kt ni in thoi IP. Trong s phi bao gm tt c cc b nh tuyn h tr cho cc kt ni (k c cc kt ni d phng), cc nh cung cp dch v, cc giao din v cc phng tin (media). Cc thng tin v cu hnh mng WAN c th c thu thp theo nh v d bng sau:

Bng 9. Bng thng tin v cu hnh mng WAN b) Cc thng tin v thit b Cn xem xt cc thit b phn cng cng nh phn mm a ra cc yu cu cn c nng cp p ng cho mng thoi IP. Cc vn v thit b bao gm tnh nng ca phn mm, kh nng h tr ca phn cng, kh nng ca CPU v b nh. Bng 9. l mt v d v cc yu cu nng cp i vi b nh tuyn: Bng 9. Cc yu cu nng cp b nh tuyn

143

c) Mc s dng ti nguyn Bao gm : mc s dng bng thng, mc s dng CPU v mc s dng b nh. Trong bng thng l yu t quan trng trng nht. Cc thng tin ny cng vi cc yu cu cho in thoi IP s c dng xc nh tng yu cu ti nguyn ca mng . Xc nh bng thng s dng thng qua thng s gii hn ca kt ni WAN cho in thoi IP. Thng s gii hn bao gm mc s dng bng thng ln nht v mc s dng bng thng gi cao im. Mc s dng cao nht c tnh l gi tr ln nht trong cc mc s dng trung bnh trong 5 pht trn mt qung thi gian t. Mc s dng gi cao im l gi tr ln nht trong cc mc s dng hng gi tnh trong qung thi gian t. Qung thi gian t y l 2 ngy cho n 7 tun, Cisco khuyn ngh l t nht mt tun v l tng l 3 tun. Mc s dng gi cao im l rt quan trng, trong khi mc s dng trung bnh li t quan trng hn v n c th bao gm c thi gian bui m, cc ngy ngh. Cn phi cn thn v chi tit khi thu thp v phn tch gi tr ca mc s dng ln nht, bi v mt s yu t s lm sai kt qu. Trc nht mc s dng trn kt ni phi th hin c mc s dng c vo (inbound) v ra (outbound). Cc kt ni WAN l cc ng truyn dn hai chiu cng, dung lng vo v ra l bng nhau. V d nh lung T1 im - im s dng giao thc SDLC tng lin kt d liu c dung lng l 1.54Mbps mi chiu. Trong khi Ethernet l s dng chung ng truyn. iu ny c th gy kh khn cho cc cng c qun l mng v n s ly mc s dng l gi tr ln hn trong hai gi tr mc s dng vo v ra. Mt cch ti u l tnh mc s dng cho c hai chiu trn kt ni WAN. Nu nh khng c cng c h tr th cn phi tm ra phng php tnh ton. Trn cc kt ni mng WAN vic dung lng tp trung hu ht ng ra l bnh thng bi v c th l cc my ch. Lu lng thoi c th b nh hng c hai chiu, iu quan trng l phi nm c thng tin v mc s dng ln nht hoc mc s dng trung bnh hng gi trn c hng vo v hng ra. d) Thng tin v c tnh ca mng nh gi cc c tnh mng nh tr, di pha v mt gi tin s gip ta xc c cc vn v cht lng dch v v tnh ton gi tr ngng cho cc tham s tr, di pha i vi mng thoi IP. - Tr l thi gian gi tin truyn trn kt ni WAN c tnh bng giy - di pha l phm vi bin thin ca tr truyn gi trn kt ni WAN - Mc mt mt gi tin l phn trm ca cc gi tin b mt trong mng do trn b m hoc do li.

144

Vic o cc gi tr ny c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch. C th s dng lnh ping xc nh gi tr ln nht, b nht ca tr, di pha v mc mt gi tin. Trong trng hp ny cn phi gi cc gi tin xp x gi tin thoi. Ngoi ra cng c th s dng cng c IPM ca Cisco gi cc gi tin thoi nhm xc nh cc tham s trn.

Bng 9. Cc tham s c tnh ca mng WAN

9.3.2. Xc nh bng thng thoi

Yu cu v bng thng thoi ph thuc vo mt s tham s, bao gm tc ly mu, chun nn, kiu lin kt , cng ngh nn header v s lng cuc gi din ra ng thi. Trong yu t quan trng nht l s cuc gi c php din ra ng thi trn kt ni mng WAN. S lng cuc gi c th c gii hn thng qua iu khin thu nhn (admission control). Khi bit c s cuc gi ng thi ln nht trn kt ni mng WAN, ta c th xc nh c bng thng cn thm cho kt ni .

Hnh 9. Cu trc gi tin thoi Bc tip theo l xc nh lng bng thng cn thit cho mt cuc gi. V th iu quan trng l phi nm r cc thnh phn ca mt gi tin thoi VoIP. Ngoi kch thc gi tin, tc ly mu cng nh hng n bng thng yu cu. Hn na cu hnh ca b VAD cng nh hng n bng thng yu cu. S dng VAD c th s gim c khong 50% bng thng yu cu, tuy nhin cc nh 145

lp k hoch nn cn thn bi v vn c kh nng xy ra thi im m bng thng yu cu l 100%. Bng 9. a ra mt s cc tham s ca cc chun nn hin ang c s dng cho in thoi IP Bng 9. Cc chun nn v cc tham s ca n

Tc ly mu l khong thi gian m ho thng tin trc khi gi tin c gi i, thi gian ly mu thp th cht lng thoi s cao hn. C th thit lp gi tr cho tham s ny ln hn 30ms nhng nh th cht lng thoi s rt km. Nu nh tc ly mu b s cho cht lng tt hn nhng nh vy bng thng s tng ln do lng thng tin mo u tng ln. Bng 9. cho ta thy kch thc ca phn thng tin mo u, bao gm mo u ca RTP, UDP, IP v ca lp lin kt d liu, trong tng 3 thnh phn u l c nh 40 byte Bng 9. Bng thng cho mt cuc gi vi cc chun nn khc nhau

Bng thng c th tng ln nu ta s dng cc c ch VAD hoc nn mo u RTP. Nn mo u RTP c th gim kch thc ca mo u t 12 byte xung cn 2 byte. VAD c th gim c khong 50% bng thng thoi do ct khong lng.

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9.3.3. Phn tch cc yu cu nng cp

Phn cng, phn mm cng nh cc kt ni WAN cn phi c nng cp m bo cho s thnh cng ca thoi IP trn mng WAN. Phn cng phi c nng cp mnh p ng thoi IP, phn mm c nng cp h tr cho cc c tnh ca thoi IP. Cc kt ni WAN phi c nng cp p ng vi lu lng tng thm. Nn bt u vic phn tch t cc yu cu v phn mm, t y s ko theo cc yu cu v phn cng bao gm b nh v CPU. Yu cu v bng thng cng ko theo cc yu cu v phn cng p ng bng thng rng hn. Sau khi thc hin nh gi cc yu cu v phn cng, phn mm v cc yu cu i vi mng WAN, bc tip theo l thc hin gii php vi lu lng khng thoi v kim tra trc khi a vo vn hnh.

9.3.4. Thc hin nng cp v chuyn i

Vic thc hin nng cp c s h tng cho mng WAN phi c trin khai trc khi trin khai thoi, nh th s kim tra trc c liu cc yu cu v thoi c t yu cu hay khng. Tt c qu trnh nng cp ny phi c thc hin theo ng nguyn tc trnh ri ro c th xy ra. Nu c th, vic nng cp c th c tin hnh trong mi trng phng th nghim m bo s thnh cng khi thc hin trong thc t. Cc nh trin khai c th tham kho cc ti liu hng dn k thut ca nh cung cp thit b thit lp ng cu hnh cho cc thit b.

9.3.5. nh gi kt qu trin khai

Trc khi thoi c a ln mng WAN IP, cn phi kim tra cc c tnh ca lu lng thoi trn cc kt ni WAN. Nh th s xc nh c nhng vn v cu hnh cng nh kh nng hot ng ang cn tn ti, thm nh li thit k v bo m cho s thnh cng khi trin khai in thoi IP. C mt s phng php nh gi nh sau: - Kim tra trc tip - Phng php IPM (Internet Performance Manaager) - S dng VoIP Readiness Net Audit ca Cisco (phin bn II) o v nh gi c tnh v cht lng thoi gia cc vng v vng trung tm mt cch trc tip. Phng php ny l n gin nht, tuy nhin, nu cht lng khng tt ngi dng c th khng hi lng v s khng mun gii quuyt vn cht lng v khng tip tc s dng gii php ny. Mt phng php khc l IPM. IPM o c tnh ca mng da trn phng php to lu lng gi to. Sau cc thng s nh tr, di pha.. s c thu thp li nh gi. 147

Ngoi ra Cisco cn a ra cng c VoIP Readiness Net Audit nh gi mng in thoi IP.

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9.4. Mng VoIP ca cc nh cung cp Vit Nam

9.4.1. Mng VoIP ca Vietel
A X E H N i
B o h i u C 7

t h n g V ie t e l

o I P

c a

8 X

C la r e n t G a t e w a y

C is c o A 8 5 3 0 0 R o u t e r 1 X E 1 is c o A 8 5 3 0 0 R o u t e r C

A X E H M in h

C h 8 X
B o

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C la r e n t G a t e w a y

Hnh 9. Cu hnh mng VoIP ca Vietel Mng VoIP ca Vietel ch cung cp dch v cuc gi lin tnh gia thnh ph Thnh ph H Ch Minh v H Ni nn cu hnh kh n gin. Ti hai u t hai Gateway VoIP ca Clarent (Nu dng bo hiu s 7) hoc t hai Gateway VoIP ca Lucent (Nu dng bo hiu R2). Cc Gateway ny ni vi cc tng i AXE ti H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh vi giao din l E1, dung lng l 8 lung E1 (hin nay c th tng ln). Ni gia hai Gateway l ng truyn s liu c thu ring vi dung lng l 2,048Mbps (qua hai router Cisco A85300). M dch v VoIP ca Vietel l 178, v vy ti cc tng i AXE cn phi c cu hnh cc cuc gi c s thu bao b gi bt u l 178 s c nh tuyn n cc Gateway. H thng VoIP ca Vietel kh n gin nn khng cn phi s dng Gatekeeper. V th, khi c cuc gi n ti mt Gateway, n s c nh tuyn sang Gateway u kia (nh tuyn rt n gin), sau ti tng i v cui cng l ti thu bao b gi. 149

9.4.2. Mng VoIP ca VDC

Hnh 9. Cu hnh mng VoIP ca VDC
C i s c V I P Cu hnh mng VoIP ca VDC g y ochoA a 3raA 0haiS vngr vl H Ni C s e e r a t e w a y 8 5 0 v thnh ph H Ch Minh. Mng VoIP ca VDC c th cung cp c dch v in thoi IP lin tnh 2 cuc gi qucs t. i 4vi cuc v C i c o 2 9 8 I P s w i t c h 8 X E 1 gi lin tnh H Ni - thnh ph H Ch Minh, nh tuyn cuc C i s c o 2 9 4 8 C i s c o V T N - 1 S L T C c o I s i t c gi hon ton tng t P nh wca hVietel, ch khc mi I s dch v l 171. P X V T N I n t r e r e r i vi cuc gi ng di i quc t, trc y skhi v cha c cc 8 X E 1 1 x E 1 Gateway VoIP (Gateway 2) ni vi cc tnge i Toll cca VTN i H N o 3 6 6 2 G a t e k e p e r C i s C i s c o R o u t e r P S T N 3 6 4 0 3 8 0 S L quc t, cuc T gi vn c nh 4tuyn qua cc Gateway 1t1 ti C i s c o 3 C 8 i 8s c2 o X E G a t e w aR y o u t e r 1 E cc thnh ph HN vc HCM, csau3 0 n ccX b 1 nh tuyn IP i 8 4 C i s o 3C 8 i s8 2 o G a t e k e e p e r 8 X E 1 G a t e w R yo u t e r a C i s o 3 6 6 3 4 0 quc t. Hin nay, cc cuc gi in6 thoi i quc ct c 2nh H C M R o u t e r C i s c P S T N 1 X 1 tuyn ln mngo ca VTN, n cc Gateway VoIPE i quc t. Do S L T V T I n cu hnh phc tp hn nn trong mng VoIP cai s VDC c tN cc t r C c o C c o 2 9 8 I X Gatekeeper quni sl wah 4ch, nh tuynP ecucr gi. s i t c 8 X E 1I P s r v e C i s c o S L T C i s c o s e c u r e

a n e t

a n e t

T N

- 2

I P s w i t c h Tm lc 2 i s c o e c r e nh gi c s h tng mng s liu - mcC tiu vs ccu mt A C S s e r v e r cn nh gi nh gi c s h tng mng thoi - mc tiu v cc mt cn nh gi. Cc bc tin hnh quy hoch mng WAN trin khai thoi IP Cu hnh mng VoIP ca Vietel v VDC

i s c o

150

Thut ng v vit tt
Vit tt 16CIF 4CIF ACF ACR ADSL ANSI ARJ ARQ ASL ASN.1 ATM BAS BCF Ting Anh 16 times CIF 4 times CIF Admission Confirmation Absolute Category Rating Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line American National Standards Institute Admission Reject Admission Request Active Speech Input Level Asynchronous Transfer Mode Bit rate Allocation Signal Ting Vit

Xc nhn yu cu truy nhp T l tuyt i ng thu bao s khng i xng Vin tiu chun quc gia M T chi truy nhp Yu cu truy nhp Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b Tn hiu phn chia tc bit Cng nhn thay i rng bng tn Mng s a dch v bng rng T chi thay i rng bng tn Yu cu thay i bng tn iu khin v ch dn

Bandwidth Change Confirmation B-ISDN Broadband-Integrated Services Digital Network BRJ Bandwidth Change Reject BRQ C&I CIF CT CTI DCF DID DRQ DTMF ECS ECTF EIV Bandwidth Change Request Control and Indication Common Intermediate Format Computer Telephony Computer Telephony Intergration Disengage Confirmation Direct Inward Dialling Disengage Request Dial Tone Multi Frequency Encryption Control Signal Enterprise Computer Telephony Forum Encryption Initialization

Thoi my tnh Tch hp in thoi my tnh Xc nhn gii phng Quay s ni b trc tip Yu cu gii phng Quay s a tn Tn hiu iu khin m ho bo mt

151

FAS FIR GCF GK GQOS GRJ GRQ GSM GSTN GW IANA IMTC IP IPX IRQ IRR ISDN ISP ITU-T

Vector Frame Alignment Signal Full Intra Request Gatekeeper Confirmation Gatekeeper Guaranteed Quality of Service Gatekeeper Reject Gatekeeper Request Global System for Mobile communication General Switched Telephone Network Gateway Internet Assigned Number Authority International Multimedia Teleconferecing Consortium Internet Protocol Internetwork Protocol Exchange Information Request Information Request Response Integrated Services Digital Nework Internet Services Provider International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Inter Working Function Local Area Network Location Confirmation Logical Channel Number Location Reject Location Request Multipoint Controller Multipoint Communications System Multipoint Control Unit Mean Opinion Scores

Tn hiu ng b khung Xc nhn Gatekeeper Bo m cht lng dch v T chi Gatekeeper T chi Gatekeeper Mng in thoi di ng ton cu Mng in thoi chuyn mch knh S ng k dch v Internet Hip hi cc nh Multimedia quc t Giao thc Internet Chuyn i giao thc Internetwork Yu cu thng tin p ng yu cu thng tin Mng s a dch v Cc nh cung cp dch v Internet Hip hi vin thng quc t

IWF LAN LCF LCN LRJ LRQ MC MCS MCU MOS

Chc nng lin mng Mng ni b Cng nhn cp pht S knh logic T chi cp pht Yu cu cp pht B iu khin a im H thng lin lc a im Khi iu khin a im 152

MP

B vi x l iu khin a im MSN Multiple Subscriber Number S chung cho nhiu thu bao MVIP Multivendor Intergration Giao thc giao dch gia Protocol cc nh u t NACK Negative Acknowledge NIC Network Interface Card Card giao din mng N-ISDN Narrow-band-Integrated Mng s a dch v bng Services Digital Network hp PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu ch xung m PPP Point to Point Protocol Giao thc im - im QCIF Quarter CIF QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v RCF Registration Confirmation Cng nhn ng k RRJ Registration Reject T chi ng k RRQ Registration Request Yu cu ng k RSVP Resource Reservation Setup Protocol RTCP Real Time Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc RTP Real-Time Transport Giao thc truyn dn thi Protocol gian thc SBE Single Byte Extension Byte m rng SBM Subnet bandwidth Manager Qun l di tn SCM Selected Communications La chn phng thc giao Mode tip SCN Switched Circuit Network Mng chuyn mch knh SLA Service Level Agreement Bn tho thun cht lng dch v SCSA Signal Computing System Cu trc h thng Architecture SPX Sequential Protocol Exchange SQCIF Sub QCIF TCP Transmission Control Giao thc iu khin Protocol truyn dn TDM Time Division Multipled a phn chia theo thi gian TIPHON Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks 153

Multipoint Processor

TSAP

Transport Layer Service Access Point UCF Unregister Confirmation UDP User Datagram Protocol URJ Unregister Reject URQ Unregister Request VoIP Voice over IP xDSL ADSL, VDSL and other Digital Subcriber Line Techniques MSDSE Master Slave Detemination Signalling Entity CESE Capability Exchange Signalling Entity LCSE Logical Channel Signalling Entity B-LCSE Bidirectional Logical Channel Signalling Entity CLCSE Close Logical Channel Signalling Entity MTSE Multiplex Table Signalling Entity MRSE Mode Request Signalling Entity MPE Multi Pulse Excite RPE CELP Regular Pulse Excite

im truy nhp dch v lp chuyn giao Cng nhn khng ng k T chi khng ng k Yu cu khng ng k Thoi qua IP

Phn t bo hiu xc nh Master/Slave Bo hiu kh nng trao i Bo hiu knh Logic Bo hiu knh Logic hai chiu Phn t bo hiu ng knh Logic Bng cc gi tr bo hiu Phn t yu cu ch bo hiu Phng php kch thch a xung Phng php kch thch xung u M d on tuyn tnh kch thch Triu cu lnh trong 1 giy

Code Excided Linear Prediction MIPS Million Instructions Per Second WMOPS Weighted Million Operations Triu thao tc trn mt giy Per Second LP Linear Prediction D bo tuyn tnh VAD Voice Activity Detector LSP Line Spectral Pair VQ Vector Quantization

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Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nghin cu cng ngh in thoi trn Internet (Internet Telephony) - 12/1998 - ThS. inh Vn Dng - Vin Khoa Hc K thut Bu in Nghin cu trin khai th nghim dch v thoi gia mng IP v mng chuyn mch knh - 12/1999 - ThS.inh Vn Dng - Vin Khoa hc K thut Bu in L. Baker, Voice Over IP, Asian Communications. August 1998. CTI Magazine, H.323 The multimedia Commucation Standard Moves From Consensus To Compliance, Vol 2. (2) 1998. CTI magazine, H323 Gatekeepers - Essential Software for IP Telephony and Multimedia Conferencing, February 1998 . DataBeam Corp, A Primer on the H.323 Series Standard H.323 Workshop. Fall98 Voice on the Net. Washington, D.C. Sept 14, 1998. Online version available at http://pulver.com/von98/fall98/register.html JD. Doyle-Hammer Technologies, VoIP QoS Testing, Fall VON Conference. Washington, D.C. September 15th -17th 1998. Online version available at http://pulver.com/von98/fall98/slides Ericsson, Ericsson IP Telephony Solution for Carriers, No ETX/ PN/ XI-98:020. March 1998. B. Ethington - Microsoft Corporation, The Changing Role of Internet Telephony, SUPERCOMM97 Conference. Boston. June 2nd, 1997. Online version available at http://www.pulver.com/surpercomm/slides ETSI, Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network (TIPHON) - Description of technical issues, DTR/TIPHON-00001. V1.10. ETSI, Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network (TIPHON) - Network architecture and reference configurations; Scenario 1, DTS/TIPHON- 02001. V1.3.1. ETSI, Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network (TIPHON) - Network architecture and reference configurations; Scenario 2, DTS/TIPHON- 02002. V0.1.0. 155

[2]

[3] [4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8] [9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]

ETSI, Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network (TIPHON) - Call control flows for basic calls from an H.323 terminal to a PSTN/ISDN/GSM terminal, DTS/TIPHON/-03002. V1.4.1. ETSI, Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network (TIPHON) - Naming and Addressing; Scenario 1 , DTS/TIPHON-04001.V1.1.5. October 1998. ETSI, Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network (TIPHON) - General aspects of Quality of Service (QoS) , DTS/TIPHON-05001.V1.2.2. September 1998. ETSI, Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network (TIPHON) - Verification and Demonstration Implementation (VDI); Implementors handbook and test reports; Scenario 1, DTS/TIPHON06001.V0.3.1 April 1998. ITU-T Draft Recommendation H.235. Security and Encryption for H Series multimedia terminal, January, 1998. ITU-T H.225.0. November, 17th 1998. ITU-T H.245 ITU-T P.800 1996 ITU-T P.561. February, 1996 ITU-T P.861 1996 Data communication, Voice over IP, April 1998.

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